w

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W W r. |W
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W X. A a .

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W~ a D W
P W v>> .G. W
b. P W y G
WW D W PoO ,
PW C gW P.
APw p G W D
P AacPprX .

W P v>> WW B
|W AW.

Ga.. $Oa
P
W&18

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P--P :

- C-q-op B P
58, Z- P, a- -g
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W-
- &560 018.

Bharatiya Ganithashastra by Dr. (Smt.) Y.S. Gayathri. Published by National

Institute of Vedic Sciences, No. 58, Raghavendra Colony, Chamarajpet,
Bangalore-560 018.

AW

First Edition - 2008

Copies : 1000

W~ a C
WW P.
b P W, W~
W . v>> W
A D Z.

Author

Pages : 60

AW, A PoWW W
AW X BW .

Price : 75/-

|OW
W
Printers :

Darshan Prints
#58, Raghavendra Colony,
Chamarajpet, Bangalore-560 018.
Phone : 2691 4637

ii

iii

S-P -a
WP-

v>> (--)

.G.

W,

-- P-i- E---P-X P------.

C @ ---. w- - --
C

-P-

--W-

v--. W- ---- C w- ""-

W~---- A--'' G y--PR vPr-p
--

W--.

A-

A-- ---W- AP W w -gj- W

--X-.
g--- P-P-WX AP -O --W-
W --W--WX -W-~ -W--W- v-.

S-P w

- w
-

W~- Pt-|- w- --X

1.

--- W~--& -a

G-v P- -. - W~-

2.

AP-W-~-

3.

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4.

-W-~- W

5.

EW

6.

WO-P-

7.

W-P-

14

W~--- -P---W -a-- w-P-v

8.

W-W-

16

D P ---.

9.

Z T-W-

19

10.

W--

21

11.

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23

12.

PW

28

13.

&

32

14.

{W

34

15.

W&PW

37

16.

gW~

39

17.

P|
W

49

18.

HPPP P|W

51

19.

TW~

55

---

E--X---

--X

--X W Z-X --W- ---

--W- P|--.
--W

--r-

W-

--

A-P---w-Por

- C-q-op B P W,
A -g-- w p
--

p---W

-P

P--- --.

W-
Z a-
| -
13&2&2005

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vi

vii

A
1.

D T-W- A--W- .
15, 150, 1456, 3,00,000, 32.

2.

D A--W-W A-P-- T-W- -.

A, , |, , , P, .

3.

D -T-W- -.
W & AP & | & C
W| & S & W
& & M & P
& S & & AX

4.

D T-W -T-W- -.
2005, 64, 376, 1947, 3420000

5.

or -W- & o
2000 = T + .............
76 = d ...........
496 = .............
.............. = W|&&M

--- W~-- & -a

W --X.
-P b-
-W-----

b P- &--W v
D - B-P b v-- ; B
C v-? W --? G
g.

-P - -a G-W -
BX---- A C --, -P ---vW |.
C-- W --? -- E
W--P A-. W--W | A ---X-. -W
AW---X-.
aP-P----.
-W-
or
Cqr-W-W-
---W--. B -W -O-WX vx vx EW-|W--, a--W- K ---; A? D G
--W -P b--- --? D A-W-
-g -P b-W w P-w--X.
- A-W-- W~------. i--
W~--- C. C W~ WY
-g -- -|.
D W~----r b G W E v-
-P-PR W-P. -P- M-
G 1012-W T-W- --.
-- A T T-W ~-
P|--. g-W-~- - -W- v--.
T-W-~--- A --W CW E--P--X.
P -P---W- -|.

AP-W-~-
AP-W-~- -S W~- W. P-, -P-,
W|-P, W-P, W, W-, Z, Z-
Q--W- D -W J-Ww--.

T :
C --v E--X--- 1,2,3, - T-W,
- - PvW.
T-W- -W- ----- -- AW-W-|.
B--o - P---P-? C Q.. 5
-- w. W~---PR -X A
C-.
A) C A--W P T-W- ----. W W?

30

40

-
50

-
60

-
70

-
80

-
90

-
100

D A--W- T-W- W W---- -| .

E : 1) P & D - --- T & G = H = 1011
=17 P=-1=117x1011 BW-.
E : 2) = 25 x 104
S = 2532 x 104
B) -O T-. CPR T P- --s-o. D T-W E--W-
d-- P|--.
E : , a, HP = 1
, = 2
AX, -, P = 3
, = 4
|, C, - = 5 C.

A=100=1, B=101=10, C=102=100, D=103=1000, E=104=10,000,

F=105-=1,00,000, M=106=10,00,000, M=107, =108, =109, =1010,
H=1011, I=1012, K=1013, L=1014.

-T E--O :

P
1

T
2

-W
3

-[
4

-_
5

a
6

d
7

-h
8

-k
9

-m
10

p
11

s
12

-v
13

-y
14

-O
15

W M-
6
1
9
6
7 = 76916
C) d@--- C -g---W A-|. ----
-W d-- C --. E : S-~
-|- W --X & "@- ----W@ S--~'
G. G D - -- - A--W---.
-=6, -=11 A--W-W - --P --.

16

17

-
18

-
19

-
20

21

22

-
23

-
24

-
25
2

W| M
9
8
3
7

"AP W@' G -- D -T--=7389.

WO-P-

-P--W

W~---- C S- Q. WO-P-- -P
Q---Q --. P s- E--X--- W-QR
- W~-- --W- --. P --W-
C B---X.

P-, -P-, WO-P, W-P, W, W-, Z,

Z---W- -P--W- --X. P--&-P---W---
-P--W- --W-.

S
- v : D W- Q.. H- ----aW
---X. G-v- R--a- D -- W ---& "T-W --- A-W- W~, A-W-
Pw- W|----X--.
E :

(i)

145 x 12

(ii)

12

12

12

12

60

WO-P- - S Q. P- PR-W
XY- Ps-s w- --s-. C W|--Q-W
A-P---W- D P --- -W--. -
-- W|--- v- -|- A---
-----QR P ----W-. D E--W "W-~ Pr
-' G v-- ---W-- P.

W- -

145
12
12
48
60

1740

WO-P

1740

432 x 98 C--v W|--- Pv--w---P C P W|-P -- AP- 8 W~ 9

A--v W|----W-. J a--g
T-W- Pw-W W|----W-. D -
W- G -- ---X.
P- v| .

E (2) :
(i)

145

145

1
9

290
145

7
2

8
1
8

1740

= 42336

-W-~- W

E
W

1.

HPP |

1.

B|

2.

U c :

2.

3.

FW$

3.

B.

4.

4.

P: P WO

5.

ac

5.

6.

(B)

6.

7.

PP

7.

P W
a g

8.

OO

8.

AP

9.

aP

9.

10.

10. ac W~:

11. rr:

11.

12. |P a|

12. P

13. $

13. W~ ac: ac W~:

14. HP |
15. W~ ac:
16. W|P ac:

3)

108 x 109

D T-W
v---W-.

108 &

W|---

"U-'

(i)

984 x 16
16

16

16

C B T

100

a--

+08

144

64

12

109 & C B T
a--

100

(i)

984

64
15744

15744

11772, D T W|----X--.

(i)

E---O-.

100 - 14
100 - 06
12084
100 - +2
100 - -4

9800
- 08

(100+2-4)=98/-08

9792

=
6)

128

5904

E (3) :

102 x 96

144

984

100+8+9=117

5)

16

984

100 & 08
100 & 09
117 / 72

114 x 106

984

15744

+09

w --- 9x8 W~--P. 100+8+9 C

- D W|---W -W, D T W|--
--.

4)

(ii)

9792

W|----W-.

1008 x 984
1000 + +8
1000 - -16
992 / -128
(1000-16+8) A (1000+8-16)

12

992000
128
991872

456 x 28

(ii)

28

28

28

112

68

14

28
112
140
168

12768

(i)

456

12768

456

456

912
3648
12768

W-P (Zig Zag)

: C Sv W-

(i)

- C-.
E (1) :
235 x 1223
2
1223
3
1223
5
1223

= 2446
= 3669
=
6115
287405

E (2) :
1664 x 324
3
1664
2
1664
4
1664

W@ WO-P- :

= 4992
= 3328
=
6656
539136

(ii)
=
=
=

135 x (12 + 8 - 8)
135 x 20 - 135 x 8
2700 - 1080
1620

E : 1)
28
49

28 x 49

F--W$ G -
C - .

- :
= 7564
= 45384
=
45384
=
30256
12586496
164 x 18

G-v :

(164 x 10) + (164 x 8)

1640 + 1312 = 2952

1) 8 x 9
2) 9x2 + 4x8
3) 2x4

D A--X W~--W :
= 1372
.

18 T- 10+8 G W-w, 164 10 8

-X W~, A-W W|----W-.
=

135 x (12 - 2 + 2)
135 x 10 + 135 x 2
1350 + 270 = 1620

--P b-- -W-~ W- Q-W--

--P-X E-- J - --- P|--.

E (3) :
1664 x 7564
1
7564
6
7564
6
7564
4
7564

-- W|--- Pv-w-|.

2)

315

(1)

464

(3)

.
(2)

(4)

.
.

g-W~
- -
:
J T- Pw, P---- T-
---O--W---- G-W - BX. D

10

(5)

11

D A--X W|--
= 146160

W-W-

7)

654 - 1 = 653

W~- Q--W- WQ J S Q.
J T- A T- W~--W W|--
W-T.
E :

14 x 14

= 196

5 x 5

= 25

36 x 36

= 1296

999 - 653 = 346

653346

8)

142

W|----W-.

7684 x 9999 = 76832316

7684

P 2316 BW-.
T- 7684 - 1 =
C--v -P- -

-T-W W-W- v-W P --X -W-~--

W-W-.
E :

C E--X---v "H-P-- -|' G.

G T-X J Pw G.

7683

BW-.
76832316 BW-.

10 + 4
10 + 4
18 / 16 = 196

1042 =

100 + 4
100 + 4

10816

"U-' - WO-P-- v- T W-
v-.
2.

1242 =

100 + 24

1296 x 1308

100 + 24

145 x 146

15376
3. E: 1026

C-W W|--- .
434 x 35

148 / 76

1.

2.

=1000 - 26
1000 - 26
1052676

3.

5 P-W- T-W W.

C-W WO-P-PR - A--w-- P?

454 x 999

108 x 119

1544 x 1999

Sv W- ------ C-W- W~.

2473 x 69 =
154 x 98

16

13

W-P-

W-O-P-- W-P- W~-- J -S- Q. D

Q c- -W- 15 W 16 ---W---W
Pr- ---X. B -- b P- D
Q- --W----- v --
P|--. b h W-W- A----W- W
W-P w--- P|--. , -, R (>->)
C-- W-P-- A--- --W- ----.
E : 1)

1620
12

1.

C-W W--- .
434

2.

20

1728

144

1331

11

C-W X--W E- T- .
456

14

673

11

1331

13

420
12

13

60
12

E : 2)

135

W
-

1728
12

528
12

14

48
12

144

W-

D P- DW A----- -- -. -W-~- C
-- --.

14

15

C - Gr vx Z-T--- W|-- -
v---.

E : 1) 252 & HP--P | G - C

E--X---W-.

T Z A G- - .

(a) 2+1=3

W-T-W- hP-W- -.

2)

452

(b) 3x2=6

Z T-W hP :
3

1 = 1x1x1
23 = 2x2x2
33 = 3x3x3
43 = 4x4x4
53 = 125
63 = 216
73 = 343
83 = 512
93 = 729

=1
=8
= 27 = 2+7 = 9
= 64 = 6+4 = 10 = 1+0 = 1
= 1+2+5 = 8
= 2+1+6 = 9
= 3+4+3 = 10 = 1+0 = 1
= 5+1+2 = 8
= 7+2+9 = 18 = 1+8 = 9

(d) 252=625

----.

(a) 4x1=5

W hP-W- - Z-T- ---.

(c) 52=25

(b) 4x5=20

3)
(a)
4)
(a)
i)

1252
12+1=13
1552
15+1=16
3642 =

ii)

65932

(c) 52=25

(b) 12x13=156

(b) 15x16=240
364
364
132496
= 6592
6592
4343464

(d) 452=2025

(c) 52=25

(d) 252=625

(c) 52=25 = 24025

-T-W WPR F---W$ A P--.

Z T-- hP 1,8 A 9 BX--P.

hP-W :

v .

J T--- AP-W- JPPR C--W T

hP.

123 = 1728 = 1+7+2+8 = 18 = 9

E :

63 = 6 + 3 = 9
264 = 2+6+4 = 12 = 1+2 = 3
1648 = 1+6+4+8 = 19 = 1+9 = 10 = 1+10=1

Pqr- T - W-T A G D
P- ---.

20

1 x 1

= 12

= 1

2 x 2

= 22

= 4

3 x 3

= 3

4 x 4

= 42

= 16 = 1+6=7

5 x 5

= 52

= 25 = 2+5=7

= 9

17

6 x 6

= 62

7 x 7

= 7

= 49 = 4+9=13=1+3=4

8 x 8

= 82

= 64 = 6+4=10=1+0=1

9 x 9

= 9

= 36 = 3+6=9

= 81 = 8+1=9

Pqr- T hP D R T-W- G 1,4,7,9

J-X--.
E :

Z T-W-
J T- W~--W W|-- B T
Z.
Z
--W
Z-
Pv--w--
C
E--W- P|--.

142 = 196 = 1+9+6 = 16 = 1+6 = 7

--
-vx
---X-.

362 = 1296 = 1+2+9+6 = 18 = 1+8 = 9

E : 1233

T-W

Z-

Pv--w--

---a- D -- --.

-.

(A-) P AP Z.
(B-) D AP W -r AP W|-.

A
1.

2.

D T-W W-W- Pv--w-,

A--- --.

(C) G-v- AP W --r -- AP hW

W~--.

12

(D-) -G--v- AP Z. C-W- -- P J

C-- -T ZP ---W-.

17

D -- 1233 A W v--.

20

(i)

13

49

(ii)

3x12x2

12

= 1

216

(iii)

3x1x2

2454

(iv)

23

T-W - W T-W , A
G- hP-W- -.

12
(i)
(ii)

36

=
3

1728

123

= 17 2 8
2

3x12 x3 =

121

(iii)

3x12x3

676

(iv)

33
123

5625

=
=

1296
324
27
1860867

15625

18

19

T C W 5/8 D W Gr bPR TW C.
C g A, gP d P.

W--

E G W~ ""W ''
aa C EXorPv W &""A
J E W~ w QW W d
AWv AW W. C
Pv. B ....''

-- W- Pv--w- W-P W A--

--W- A-----W-.
W-P :

W PvW A J PW
d XP.
W dPR D & A
PvwP W A d Gv
d W~P. Gv
PvP. J C PP.
E : 1) 2/3 + 1/5
A 2 d 3
Gv A 1 d 5
Gv dW vP

125

1
1
22
2
245

15625
1
56
44
1225
1225

D -- T vx--r - bc WO-P--
v--P-W-.
A-- :
5

15625
5

2/3 x 5/5 + 1/5 x 3/3

= 10/15 + 3/15
= 13/15

3125
5

625
5

E : 2) 5/7 2/5
dW wPvW

125
5

25
5

52x52x52=1252

5/7 x 5/5 2/5 x 7/7

= 25/35 14/35
= 11/35

C T-W-

W dW QW v.

-W-~- --
W~---.

W-T-W-X W-w---W-.

D -- -W T-W W-v-O- W --
--W ac.

EO T 15, Gv EO
T 35 Z A G. W~
D a or W a. C
A "' P. A T W
24

E : 1)
6

1296
3
3 6

62-36=0

21

--

W---

-W-v- (----) G-v-v T-W- X-P---P.

12 - W-T 9. A W--- --P. 12&9=3,
AP 9. 39 A 3x2=6 X--P. W- 6,
3 -. 36 P T. 36-62=36-36=0. B- W-
36 BW-.
16

7056
61
8 4

14

W W a
P WW w. MW D W
P|.

56 25
72
75

1/2

3/4

1/16

1/12

1/8

1/4

D T-W ZP-W- Pv--w-.

WW
W
r
A
AW P vX. G
W vor, Jvor G.

12

EO
: 1)

A
1.

- -W- -

11
25
37
113

2.

T-W - Z T-W , A
G- hP-W- -.

ABCD b EF T ABCD Gv WWX

v. B AEFD A Gv J W. G 1/2

G.

81
125
1728
15625
16464

D 8 WWX vX. W 3/8,

22

23

 PW
x &y B k Gr G W A

w& "dW AW W E WW
W| '.

AW aPR P . |
Caf G W W~ EX.

EO
: 1) 1/2 + 1/4 & 3/5
C dW 2, 4, 5 BX.
CW A & 2, 4, 5

] P W B E. C r w.

2, 1, 2, 5

EO
: 1)

(10+53)/20 = 12/20
= 4/5

] W 1W 250 . W. | 10 1/2 |PR ,

9 W 250 . W H?
C

A)
)
P)

| 1 W 250 W.
=10
Caf=9

CW WX W
A) 5/4 ) 21/2 P) 37/4 BW$.
EO
:
2) 5/4 &21/2 B 37/4 Gr ?
37/4 x 21/2/5/4
= 37/4 x 21/2 x 4/5
= 21 x 37/10
= 807/10
= 80 7/10

B $ 2 x 2 x 5 = 20

OPW W~ G QW W v.
T 3/7 C AW 2 W 3 W~ W| 6 A
P. A d TW W| 21
d P. B T 2/3x3/7 W| 6/
21 BW. A (2/3)2 = 4/9 BW.
W W W W WW W
. A W~ C A.
G A W A , d W
d WW.
E&1) 16/25 = 225/441 = 15/21 C PR W
5/7 BW. Z ZW W Pvw.
+1/3=(6+1)/3=7/3

EO
: 3) 5 XPW 40.W 13 XPWW
Gr . PvP?
A) | = 5
B) = 40
C) Caf = 13
5 XPW .40 B 13 XPW ?
13 x 40/5
=13 x 8
=104 .W.

2 1/7= A W W a
W~W W$A T 1 C AP
W X . D W W
Pv.

1) T 1 AP W X Pw :
X :
APW d A T 1 C BW dW 1
G dW T 3 W~P. d

28

25

T 2 W P d T 2/3
W~ P'.

D W :

gW~
1=1/2+1/3+1/32+1/33+................+1/3n-2+1/2.3n-2

2) T 1 AP TW X Pw :
PW A T 1 BXW dW T 2
Wv, J T ac A A w
T '.
1
1
1
1
1
1 =
+
+
+
+
2.31/2

3.4.1/2

4.5.1/2 (2n-1)2n.1/2 2n.1/2

W T PW. W A AP
W Pqr. W Jv W
C X.

W WOPPR EO :
1)

10W. |W 7/8 W 6/5 W. |W Gr?

6/5 |W = 7/8 x 6/5
= 42/40 .W

2)

, W WOP , 2 1/3
2 1/7 W 1/3 1/2 W| W .
2 1/3 A W W (2 x 3)+1/3=7/3
2 1/7 A W W (2 x 7)+1/7=15/7
7/3 x 15/7 = 21/105
= 3/15 = 1/5
1/3 x 1/2 = 1/6

1.
2.
3.
4.

1/7 + 3/8 + 1/4

16 1/4 + 9 3/4 + 12 1/8
3/8 + 1/12 + 3/15 + 2/9
6/11 + 3/22 + 5/11

5.

, 1/5, 1/4, 1/3, 1/2, W 1/6 ?

C 3 PW ?
6.
1/14 & 1/63 ?
7.
W :
(31/2+1/4) (31/2+ 1/6)(312/+1/4 31/2)
8. PR :
A) 7/2 x 5/4 x 7/6
B) 1/2 x 3/4 x 1/4
C) 1 T W X .
D) 1 T W X
a .
9.
CW W ZTW :
2/3, 41/2, 11/3, 2 3/4
10. D TW WW?
4/9, 256/625, 81/225, 169/196
11. D W~ PW :
i) 1/3 + 2/3 =1
ii) 41/4 = 2 1/2
iii) 4, 6, 8 ..A. =12
iv) 3 & 1/3 = 2/3
v)

26

1/2 = 1/4 x 1/4

27

&
T 100PR O "' G .
EOW 100 8 W 8% G 8 G .
, W .
E&

0.2
0.35
0.75
0.5

1/5
7/20
3/4
1/2

%
20
35
75
50

E : 1) J W gT 45% C. B W
gT 64,100 B, B W T Gr?
45% = 0.45
B Pqr T 0.45W W~ W|
TX.
64,100 x 0.45 = 28845.00
W T = 28845
T = 64100 & 28845
=35255
45/100 x 64100 gPW X, A A
AW W| W TX.
D J W P|.

C A P.
A Gv A AW.
| bc ac. | Pw
PwWPR . EOWv
PR BX.
J Q J P P|. A
P vX J PW. Av C
Pv P W . W | acW
PwW A | Pw acWPR
.
P| EOW&
1) P & Q &P
2) B & g &|
3) gT & PP W .
C a&&P WW w
b |X.
aP wx v.
E 1) 100PR 3/4 WW 5 1/5 wx 62 1/2 .W
3 1/5 WWW Gr wx WP?
100 : 62 1/2 :: 26/5 : x
3/4 : 5 1/5
\ x = 26/5 x 125/2 x 16/5 x 3/4 = 39/5
= 7 4/5

D P- W~ AwX. WX D P
P --QR ---X.

E 2) 100PR WPR wx .5 B, 16 .WW

12 WWW W wx H?
100 : 16 :: 5 : x
1 : 12

E : 2) J 35% W .
1200 W W
W T Pvw.

\ x = 5 x16 x12/1 x 100

= 48/5
= 9 3/5 . W.

32

= . 9.60
29

E 3) J EXw ZpW 200 Q..W W.

A P W$ 2 Zp W
r? A W 50 Q.. Pw A W
WP Pr ?
EXw W & 200 Q../ZpW
& 2 Zp
\ W = W x
= 200 x 2 = 400 Q..
A W 50Q.. Pw BW W = 150 Q..
=400 Q..
\ = /W
= 400/150
= 2 2/3 ZpW
= 2 Zp 40 W.
C APR EO ? .

A
1.

W WW i
Gvv EOW Pw.

2.

J 5 ZpW 4000 Q.. P

3 ZpW Gr ?

3.

J PWW 5 W .235 B 27 W
Gr?

4.

P 3 ZpW 135 Q.. | w 400 Q..

| v Gr WP?

5.

GP W 280 b 220 b Gr
GP- CP?

6.

WPR 5% wx, 65.WW 5 WW wx

GrW?

7.

P 2 : 3 A | vX. AW
. 1200W APRW|X bPv.
C bc W?

8.

14. x 12 x 16 A 30 WW .1000.

CQR 4. A Pw C 14 WW H?

30

31

A
1. D ~W $?
i)
1, 3, 5, 7, &&&&&&&&&&13
ii) 2,4,6,&&&&&&&&20.
iii) 1,4,9,16,&&&&&&&&&&&144.
iv) 1,8,27, 64,&&&&&&&&&&&&3375

W T = 1200
W T = 35%
W T = 1200 x 0.35
= 420.00
W W T = 1200&420
= 780

A
1. qr W E &
1.
2.
3.
4.

36

0.2
&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&

&&&&&&&&
1/8
&&&&&&&&&
1/6

%
&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&
40%
&&&&&&&&

2.

J o 100 X W, 35 W, 12
~W. PR C o 12 1/2% X W,
20% W, 1/2 W ~ W, G
Wr PV w.

3.

, G g
. 1/3r, 1/8 r
v w. C v A?

4.

J i gT 2,48,000. C 1/8r A, 38%

, 0.12r , 1/16r PR C. D i
A, , W PR T Pvw.

33

&r :
D PVa A. &rW
P ----P.E : Gr
A r G a. C-PR W
EO PR.

{W :
TW {W. C Gv &P
W W~ {W. P { Gv TW v
. W~ { Gv W v
A.
E : P { &
1) 1,2,3,4,5,6,&&&&&&&&&&&&&
2) 1,4,7,10, 13, &&&&&&&&&&&&&&
3) 2,4,6,8,10,&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
1) 1,3,5,7,9,11,&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
D EOW J PR PR A.
1) (2&1)= (3&2)= (4&3)
2) (4&1)= (7&4)= (10&7)

E : 1) D { ?
A) 1 + 2 + ......... + 13

n (n+1) / 2 C n = 13
13 x (13+1)/2
=13x14/2
=13x7=91
B) 1 + (1+2) + (1+2+3) + ........... (1 + 2 + 3 + .........
+ 13)
C n=13
(n+1) = 13+1 = 14
(n+2 )= 13+2 = 15

= n (n+1) (n+2) / 6
= 13 x 14 x 15 / 6
= 13 x 7 x 5 = 455
4)
12 + 22 + 32 + ...........+ n2 = n (n+1) (2n+1)/6
5)
13 + 23 + 33 + .......... + n3 = [n (n+1)/2]2
S = n/2 [2a+(n-1)d]

C P { PR

W~{ &
1) 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, &&&&&&&&&&&&&
2) 3, 9, 27, 81, 243, &&&&&&&&&&&&&
3) 6, 36, 216, 1296, &&&&&&&&&&&
D {W Gv W v A.
1) 4/2 = 8/4 = 16/8 = 2
2) 9/3 = 27/9 = 81/27 = 3 X.
CW WW . Ra&P
{ D &
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + .... n = n (n+1)/2
1 + (1+2) + (1+2+3) + .... (1 + 2 + 3 + .... + n) =
n (n+1) (n+2)/6

34

W~ { &
W~{ S = a(rn -1)/(r-1)
C a W r .
E & 1) , .2 W 3
W|P w 10 W Gr | PorW?
a=2 r=3 n=10 S=?
S= a(rn -1)/(r-1)

= 2(310 & 1) /3&1

=2(58649 &1)/2
=58648

35

. P|W Pv J, Gv W
APPWX P|.
gW~ MOPW EX. J
"=' b P APR
P|. "='b Gv W W
XPR P| G .
E :

A)
)
P)
v)

a
a
a
a

+
+
+
+

2
2
1
2

=
=
=
=

4
0
3
1

gW~ ---- Ra
. D W~ W . P
W P W~ dWw J ,
W~ W P ~ w
. W~ W P W Ra
W. D W CW T
Pw D W|W.
P EOW v|.

1)

Y"tP"pR"| _"{e"W"pB"z \"S"{S"\"ZB"O"z @s"ZpN"pz E" ^J>z

^"Lo>W"pB"E"v\" S"pz {T"V"{O" E" _"{z _""X"pz"uS" {X"d: $
T"{SY"pz E"p^J>X"pz": _\"S"\"X"_"{`O":@L>O"u _\"pS"sZpB"pu
S"pB"uSQpu `[_O"S"r{W"{{W"ZS"sB"O": @p W"\"utP"_"p $$

W&PW :
3 APWorP|. E : 2, 3, 4. D APW
GvQ Gr TW b; Q TWr W
G WW WPW. C E
QW b GvQ TW & 23, 34, 24, 42,
43 36.
Q TW & 234, 423, 342, 324, 243, 432. W
BR W hvOW W & PW P.
D PR or b a.
n

pr = n!/(n-r)!
1x2x3 = 3!
4x3x2x1 = 4!
G n! A 1 n X TW W| G.

W b TW PR Pqr
r$.
n

Cr = n!/(n-r)!r!
S = (n-1)! (10n-1) x APW /9

E : 2, 3, 4 APW b Q TW
= 3p3 = 3x2x1 = 6
S=(n-1)! (10n -1)/9
= 2 x (103 &1) x 9
= 2 x 999 x 9/9
= 1998

J BW w A Ar BW 1/3WW
J W PR. 1/6 W A 1/7 Wr BW
Pw$. 1/8 W A 1/9 Wr
BW PW P Bov. W 3 O
WW bo X. XP B w
BWr?

J P qr &
P R W. A S, aP, W W.
CW Gr WW?
4
p4 = 4! = 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 24
( P 24 W

40

37

C .)

gW~
A

1) 1,4, 6 TW Gr Q TWW?
AW ?
2) 4,5,6,7,9 TW Gr (A) Q (B) RQ,
(C) IQ TW b?
W b TW ?
3) vW R WX Gr gW
?

gW~ W~ S W. C
hW G W~ QW vW. B
CPR AP W~ C . b
P TW~ gW~, iP W
TW~ P . C AW D
A PR X.
gW~ EW P P|.
P|W . J A
P|W, Gv A HPPP P|W, AP&
W HPPP P|W, WP|W, W&HPPP
P|W, bc [PW HPPP P|W, PorPW
G P|W O b . W
P| O CW ]a
A.

gW~ ?
D WPR AP W~ . AP C
G. G TW W~QW v.
P, P, W|P, WP, W~QW D
AP TW v. C C a,b,c,x,y,
AW b "', "P', "', "', "',
AW b.
E :

a
a
a
a

+
&
x

a
a
a
a

=
=
=
=

2a
0
a2
1

C W a G AP X. C W .
, , W|, W
D T

38

39

5a + 2 D W J PW P. J
10a + 4 W PvP. D PvP APW~
15a + 6 C. B C P C.
10x - 4
7x + 11
17x - 7
P W vPR.
3p - 5
C " g' G PR
2p - 7
. D A b PvP
G. G "+' b "&' BW. "&' b "+ 'BW.
W PvP. EO p+2
G-W-.
(12x2 - 5x + 3) - (15x2 -5)
C 12x2 -5x +3
- 15x2 - 0x + 5
- 3x2 - 5x + 8

WOP &
(2x+3)(3x+2) W|$W|PW J PW P.
2x+3
3x+2
C W
i) 2x x 3x = 6x2

BW T x G.
P E BW = 4
W $ BW = 1/2 + 1/2 x 1/3
Pw BW = 1/6 + 1/6 x 1/7
P P Bv BW= 1/8 + 1/8 x 1/9
BW Jor T =
x & [x(1/2 +1/2x1/3)]-- & [x(1/6+1/6x1/7)]- & [x(1/8+1/8x1/9)]
=4
x-x[2/3+4/21+5/36] =4
1
x =4
252

\ x = 252 x 4
= 1008
B w- B-W T 1008.
D W P, P WOPW
.

2)

X"@X"Zp"u_eY"z"T""pz"^"^K>v:
{e"S"Y"S"`qZ_"tY"p Y"uS"O"sY"uN" E"pY"p $
B"sT"QX"P" ^"[Lo>W": T"t{G"O"z "u^"T"v:
_@@X"_"pz {b"T"X"pAY"p{` O"_Y" $$

iii) 3 x 2 = 6
W|$ 6x2+13x+6 BW. C AP W~
W| "F W' G W.

J P 1/3 W W, 1/5 W W,
1/6W W, 1/4 W WW h
A. E B W$WW A. B
Wr?
W T x C.
W A W T&1/3
W A W T&1/5

44

41

ii) (2x2 + 3x3)x

= 4+9 = 13x

W A W T&1/6...
WW A W T&1/4
WW A W T = 6
1
1 1
+ + + )] =6
5
6 4

x &

1
[x(
3

1
20

x=6 \ x= 20x6=120

W, W v . AW 1/5
W P

, 1/3 W

. Av


r W Pog P R . J PQ
W W W BPX C . A
W Jor T .
P

W T = 1/5


W T = 1/3
Pog P R W T = 3 1/3 1/5 x 3
v =1
W T a C.
1
3

1
5

[a & a( + ) &( & ) 3] =1

a & a[

P|
W &
P
GorP|.

TW

APW

bP

E a=10

\ B W T120.
3)
T""pz"pu&{@spO@QXV"X"B"X"OeY"z"z {"rSR"z O"Y"pu:
{\"u^"{B"sN"u X"wB"p{b" @sJ>G"z L>pupY"X"pS"pu&T"Zpu $
@pSO"u @uO"@X"pO"rT"qZX"T"p"v@@p{T"Y"p
QtO"p`mO" O"_O"O"pu W"X"{O" A"u W"wpu&{_"pz \"Q $$

1 1
5 3

W Ra AP W
. D W QW

a c p
rW .

a 10PR G P W~ PwW
a=10 G P| EW.
Cv (4a =40) + (5a =50)
4a + 5a = 50 +40
9a = 90

E 2) y=3, 2y=6
2y x 2y = 4y2 =4 x 36 =144
4a, 5a, 2y, 4y2 CW "W' G.

JQR ac W APR "' G .

4y2 G 4T WOP, 2 T
[ T G .
HPPR EO&
i) 2x (ii) 4a3 (iii) 5a (iv)4y2
PR EO&
x + 10, x4 + 2x3 , 3x2 +12,
PR EO&
2x + 3y-z, x2 + y2+4, ax + by +cz

8 6
1
& ] = a=1
15 15
15

PR EO&
4x3 + 3y2 + 5a - 2, (a+b)4, (x+y)3 .
CW &

\ a = 15x1
= 15
A W Jor T=15
42

43

A
1.

AP W~ G?

2.

W~ HP, , WW EO Pw.

3.

&

i)

(x + 5),(x-8) , (x+2)

ii) (x2 +12x+35),(x2 +8x+12),(x2 -10x+25)

iii) (x2 +12a+3), (x2 +5),(a-4)
4.

&

i)

(2x-4)- (x-6)

ii)

(y2 +8y-1) - (2y2-7y-1)

iii)

(2a3+3a2 -5a+6)- (4a3+2a2 +3a-4)

5.

CW WOP &

E : 2) (5x2 +3x+6) (2x-1)

5x2 +3x+6
2x-1
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)

6 x -1 = -6 F
[(3x-1)+(6x2)] P
[(6x0) +(3x2)+(5x-1)]x2 =(0+6-5)x2 =x2
F&P
[(5x2) +(3x0) ]x3 =(10+0)x3 P
3x0=0 F

W| 10x3 + x2+ 9x-6

(x2+ 5x-6)/(x-1)

2x, -5a3 4y2 b, -x.

6.

CW W| &

iv)

(p3 - 6p2+12p-8)/(p-2)

8.

CW AW&

i)

6x2+5x+1

ii)

p2-9p+20

iii)

a2-64

iv)

4x2-12xy+9y2

48

C " g' P AwW.

A
x-1) x2+ 5x-6 1 5 -6
+1 1 +1 +6
1 +6 0
W = x+6
=0
P EX C&
x-1) x2 + 5 x -6 (x+6
x2-x
0+6x-6
6x-6
0 0
C& ? .
E : 2) (x3 -15x2+ 75x-125)/ (x-5)
x-5)x3 -15x2+ 75x-125( 1 -15 75 -125
+5 1 +5 -50 +125
-10 +25 0
45

W = x2 -10x+25
=0

2) x2 +12x+35
WW D AW :

D W WP W w
WW W~ BQ gX ac.

AW :

x2 +7x+5x +35
x2 +7x 5x +35
1:7 5:35

J T W|X W W|P
A .
E&12 D T AW 1,2,3,4,6 12
BW.

1:7 1:7
A x+7 G BW-.
Gv A x + 5 G BW-.

27 D T AW 1, 3, 9 27 BW.

W gW~ AP TW A Q
v.
D QW "B|' W "B' G
W EX.
x2 +8x+12
x2 +6x+2x +12
D APRW|X w Gv WWX wPP.
x2 +6x 2x +12
CW A 1:6 W 2:12
1:6 1:6
B A x+6
"B' gP g
, gP P g P ,
XP . x2. C
AW x2/x = x. P +12/+6=+2 B Gv
A x +2

46

47

a1x + b1y = c1

P|W

a2x + b2y = c2

P|W&

x=b1c2 - b2c1
a2b1 - a1b2
y =b1c2 - b2c1
x=a2b1 - a1b2
c1 a2 - a1c2
y=a2b1 - a1b2
2x + y = 5
3x-4y= 2
a1=2 b1=1 c1=5 a2=3 b2=-4 c2=2
x=

1x 2 4 x5 22
= =2
3 x1 2 x 4 11

5 x3 2 x 2
15 4
=
=
3 x1 2 x 4
3+8

3d3 b

11
11
4+a3 c

=1

J TW 3 PwW $ 12 B B T ?
+3 =12
W P T 9. A W? 12&3=9
C AP X, P| b.
x+3=12 . . . x=12&3
=9
9T P| G.
W~ " g' C AwW.
BW
& + BX ,+ &.
BX .
x+5=8
x=8 -5=3
3a=21
a=21 3
5x+4= 2x+1 C P|WW G ax+b=cx+d B,
D EO

a=5, b=4,c=2,d=1.

W W P W a c
D W
P W .

x=

APPW HPPP&P|W
| v. A W |.
D Bq Pv.

D x=

J Pw BW R vW$. A g ,
g, OW, BW C. J w
PX J or BW T 30,36,49,50 C. Jor BW
T Gr ?
Jor BW T x1 x2 x3 x4 C.

52

d b
ac

d b 1 4
=
=
ac 52

+x=2x 3
4

= -1

2
3

a=1,b= , c=2,d= -

2
3

49

x= -

2 3
3 4

HPPP P|W

1-2
= -

J AP P| W . Gv APW
PRX Gv P|W AP C. Cv h
J CPR "HPPP P|W' G.

17
17
= +
12
12

x +y =5 -------- (1)

-1
bq dp

ax + b
=
cx + d

x-y =1 --------(2)

P| D W x= cp aq

x= 1+y

E&

1+y+y =5
1
=
5

1+2y=5
2y=5-1

a=2,b=5, c=3,d=7,p=1,q=5

2y=4

bq dp

x= cp aq
=

y=2
1
5

10
2p3x + 75
3qx7+107

2 x5 7 x1
3 x1 2 x5

x+2 =5
x=5-2
x=3
x=3

=
\

y=2 D
P|
EXW

y=2

3
x=
7

C P| W~ X v| .
"
g' C AwPX.
x +y =5 x - 1 -------- (1) -x - y = -5 -----(3)
x-y =1 x 1--------(2) x - y =1 ------(4)
P|
(3) (4) -2x = -4
B x=2

50

51

v. D W $ , J
a PR . (1 = 96AWW)
W TW~ G BPW WY abX.
gW, BW, agW, hPW,
P|.
CW EP P W&
1. T Gr W v.
2. J W Gr WW P
v.

3.B P|W J W v B
R WX i.

4.hP P|W J P i.

56

x1 g BW, x2 g BW
x3 OW, x4 BW
x2 + x3 + x4=30
x3 + x4 + x1=36
x4 + x1 + x2=49
x1 + x2 + x3 =50
3(x1 + x2 + x3 + x4) = 165
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 55
x1=(x1 + x2 + x3 + x4)-(x2 + x3 + x4)
=55-30=25
x2=(x1 + x2 + x3 + x4)-(x3 + x4 + x1)
=55-36=19
x3=(x1 + x2 + x3 + x4)-(x2+ x4 + x1)
=55-49=6
x4=(x1 + x2 + x3 + x4)-(x2+ x3 + x1 )
=55-50=5
Jor BW T =(x1 + x2 + x3 + x4)=25+19+6+5
=55
W bP D XPR
CQR P?
X &
61x2 +y2=1 G
Ar P|
. D P|
Gv

AP W BX. D P| Q..
p G a W~ C P
P GW OWX w. P
C D P|
W. B AX
I

W Ra D P|
|X
W A.

53

A
I.

TW~

D P|W AP &

APW~ gW~W b w
WW A a wPv. DW TW~ A
W v|.

1. 2a +3=15
2. 3p-4=5
3. 2-4b=-6
4. 5x-3 =0
5. 4q =20-q
II

D P|W &

1.

5x+3=x+3

4.

4a + 3
3a 1

5.

2p + 5 4
=
3p 2 9

2. 3p-4=p-5
3. 2y-7/y-5=1/3

III. D P|W APW H?

1. 3x + 4y =7
2.
2x + y = -1
x+2y = 3
x - y = 8
3. 5p - 2q =6
4.
a-3b = -2
3p+2q=10
3a+4b=7

D g
P|. A &WW P
PvW b. D P| AW T
W~PW, AW JP PR
PX. BP| D W
ac b& v ac y aW wX.
D W W WX.
W P a PwW. P W
W , B, P, ,
|, . CW
b W W vx.
$W abX S W TP
W, gW, W, J BP PR ,
W A W $W|, Ag T
2 p CW X . PbW P
| PW .
B W A.
P rP ac . C PW
b TW~PR AP w.
TW~ MW
P|. W
PX. B W
aacPPX. OX P A G ES

54

55

5. J g 40 a... BW,
C hP A
.

5. J W J TW v
C B W agW $
X.

6. J ag 120 a. AwW. A
W A TW v
B EWWW 7 Aw A A E&AWW?

agW &
R WX BPW ag.
D BPW W X A X
r BPW agW . XW
ArP
agWpW.
AW

W?
D b TW EOX. Gv
AS WW T P|.
D BP b P| Gv gW
X. g $ bxh.

6. B W b ag
hPX B Ar.

W &

C Gv gWW . = bx(h1+h2) D BP
X. C g = h(a1+a2)[h = G,
(a1+a2) = gW .]
ag P|
. &

Ra

PR W b& aP P|
i. A i B W.
Gv BPW $ J G C WP.
60

57

X
P
g P P .

A
g $ gW W W g
W|X &

a2 + b2 = c2
g PR or Q..
I Bo.

C a W &
E x AW&E x AW B E ; HP
C WX.

A
ag $ ( xG )bxh B g
$ b P| A WX. B =bxh.
g $PR R () D w&
s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)

1. J B E=15. AW=12. B A
$W b hP ?
hP B A$ G
. B = E x AW =15 12 =180
a . hP B A
G 180/2=90 a .
2. J g 18 a .. W, A
ag PVw.
3. J a (aacP) J g
A WWW X. a
64 a.. B, g A?

g J W A
W X WX. g
gW AW A D
x=[a+ (c2 -b2 )/a]
y=

4. J g 10AwW,
26AwW, g A,
Pvw.
5. J HP 32 a.Q.. B,
D B Er?

[a-(c2 -b2)/a]

58

59

D b
ABCD P| AC= AD2 -AM2

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. History of Hindu Mathematics - B.B. Datta & A.N. Singh.
Vol. I & II.
2. Vedic Mathematics - Jagadguru Sri Bharathi Krishna
Thirtha - Pub. : Motilal Banarasidass Edition-1994.
3. Veda Ganitam-S. Haridas-Bharateeya Vidya BhavanFirst Edition-September 2000.
4. Ganitha Sara Sangraha of MahaveeracharyaDr. (Smt.) Padmavathamma - Siddhantha Keerthi
Grantha Mala - Hombucha 2000.
5. Shutvasutras-S.N.Sea & A.K.Bag-Indian
Science Academy, New Delhi-1983.

National

6. A concise history of Science in Ancient IndiaBy B.V. Subbarayappa, B.M. Bose & S.N. Sen, Indian
National Science Academy, New Delhi.
7. Lilavati of Bhaskaracharya - Translated by Krishnaji
Shankara
Patwardhan,
Somashekhara
Amrita
Namapally, Shamlal Singh. Motilal Banarsidass, New
Delhi. 2001 Edition.

64

CM =CD DM
AC= MC2 + AM2

W &
W $W bW
P "p' Bo W &

C.

MVwa{YH$ eV_>JwU mf{Q>VWm ghmUm_

A`wV`{dH$^_ Amgmo dmn[aUmh B{V&
D P A & "T 100 4 62,000PR
, 20,000 X W 3.1416 PR "'
X' G. A r w Pv
"' A .
[(100+4) x 8 + 62000] / 20000 = 3.1416 G
Pqr.

W &

61

g Gv W EpW B g
PR .

&
ABC AD BC W X . AE X.
CE A W.
ACE = ABD = 900 (A P P
BX.)
AEC=ABD G ABC G
.
\ CAE=DAB

AD AC
=
AB CE

AB.AC

1. J -g -- 25 .. C, - 6 ..
C, J 4 .. C -g ---,
C - A-- Pv--w-.
2. D -W -P-- -g -, C .
1) 3, 4, 5
2) 6, 7, 8 3) 13, 5, 12
4) 25, 12, 13 5) 10, 8, 6
3. J g -W 10 .., 12 .. W
15 .. B, A --- W - A
w.

\ DADB @ DACE

D CW EXv. C S G
A.

4. J aQ a--g Gv -W A --X,
J - A- 8 .. BX. -
10 .. BX-, C -- 30 .. BX-, 4
- A H? A --- TVa w.

=AD.CE

aQ ag &

5. J 21 . B A -- W
--- Pv--w-.

agPR bW B ag aQ
ag G.
W C .
= (s-a)(s-b)(s-c)(s-d)

62

63