1

MT S CU HI L THUYT V SU IN LI
Cu 1 : a) S in li l g? Lm th no bit c mt cht A khi tan vo nc c in li
hay khng?
b) in li l g? in li c gii hn trong khong no v ph thuc vo nhng yu
t no?
c) Hy gii thch s in li ca NaCl khi tan vo nc v ca dung dch HCl.
d) Th no l cht in li mnh, yu, khng in li? Cho cc v d minh ho.
Cu 2: Trong dung dch c th tn ti ng thi cc ion sau y c khng? Gii thch.
a) Na
+
, Cu
2+
, Cl
-
v OH
-
c) K
+
, Ba
2+
, Cl
-
v SO
4
2-

b) K
+
, Fe
2+
, Cl
-
v SO
4
2-
d) HCO
3
-
, H
+
(H
3
O
+
), Na
+
v Cl
-

Cu 3: B tr 4 b dng c th nghim nh hnh v ri ln lt vo
mi bnh 100ml mt dung dch khc nhau: Bnh I l dung dch
Ba(OH)
2
, bnh II l CH
3
COOH, bnh III v KOH (Cc dung dch
u c cng nng l 0,001M) cn bnh IV ch cho 100ml
H
2
O. Hy so snh sng ca n mi bnh trong cc th
nghim sau (sng, sng m hay khng sng) v gii thch hin
tng xy ra:
Th nghim 1: ng kho K;
Th nghim 2: tip vo mi bnh 100ml dung dch MgSO
4
0,001M ri ng kho K.
(Trch thi HSG lp 11 Thnh ph H Ni nm 2000/2001)
Cu 4: Dung dch A c cha ng thi cc ion sau: Na
+
, K
+
,Cl
-
, NO
3
-
v CO
3
2-
.
a) C th ho tan 3 mui no vo nc c mt dung dch c cha cc ion trn.
b) Nu cc hin tng ho hc c th xy ra khi cho dung dch Fe(NO
3
)
3
vo dung dch
A. Vit phng trnh phn ng ho hc minh ho.
(Trch thi HSG Thnh ph H Ni - Vng I - Lp 11 nm 1998/1999)
Cu 5: C cc dung dch A, B, C, D, mi dung dch ch cha 3 trong s cc loi ion sau:
Na
+
, Mg
2+
, Ba
2+
, Cl
-
, OH
-
, CO
3
2-
v SO
4
2-
.
Hy xc nh trong cc dung dch A, B, C, D c th cha nhng ion no trong s cc
ion ni trn, bit rng mi loi ion ny ch c mt trong khng qu hai dung dch ni
trn (Gi thit cc ion do nc phn li l khng ng k).
(Trch thi HSG Thnh ph H Ni nm 1999/2000)
Cu 6: C 3 ng nghim, mi ng cha 2 cation v 2 anion (khng trng lp gia cc ng
nghim) trong s cc cation v anion sau: NH
4
+
, Na
+
, Ag
+
, Ba
2+
, Mg
2+
, Al
3+
, v Cl
-
, Br
-
,
NO
3
-
, CH
3
COO
-
, PO
4
3-
, CO
3
2-
. Hy xc nh cc cation v anion trong tng ng
nghim.

K
2
Cu 7: a) Cho rt t t dung dch A cha x (mol) HCl vo dung dch B cha y (mol)
Na
2
CO
3
. Sau khi cho ht A vo B ta thu c dung dch C. Hi trong dung dch C c
nhng cht g, bao nhiu mol (tnh theo x, y)?
Nu x = 2y th pH ca dung dch C l bao nhiu sau khi un nh ui ht kh.
b) Mt dung dch cha a (mol) Na
+
, b (mol) Ca
2+
, c (mol) HCO
3
-
v d (mol) Cl
-
. Hy lp
biu thc lin h gia a, b, c, d v cng thc tnh tng khi lng mui trong dung
dch.
c) Mt dung dch A cha a (mol) Na
+
, b (mol) NH
4
+
, c (mol) HCO
3
-
, d (mol) CO
3
2-
v e
(mol) SO
4
2-
(khng k cc ion H
+
v OH
-
ca nc). Thm (a + d + e) (mol) Ba(OH)
2

vo dung dch A, un nng thu c kt ta B, dung dch X v kh Y. Tnh s mol ca
mi cht trong kt ta B, kh Y duy nht c mi khai v mi ion trong dung dch X
theo a, b, c, d, e.
d) Kt qu xc nh nng mol ca cc ion trong mt dung dch nh sau: Na
+
: 0,05 ;
Ca
2+
: 0,01 ; NO
3
-
: 0,01 ; Cl
-
: 0,04 v HCO
3
-
: 0,025. Hi kt qu ng hay sai, ti
sao?
Cu 8: Theo nh ngha mi v axit-baz ca Bronsted, cc cht v ion sau ng vai tr l
axit, baz, lng tnh hay trung tnh? Ti sao?
Na
+
, Cl
-
, CO
3
2-
, HCO
3
-
, HSO
4
-
, NH
4
+
, C
6
H
5
O
-
, Al
3+
[Al(H
2
O)
3+
], S
2-
, Cl
-
, Zn(OH)
2
,
Al(OH)
3
, K
+
, CH
3
COO
-
.
b) Trn c s ca cu a hy cho bit cc dung dch cho di y c pH ln hn hay nh
hn 7:
NaCl ; K
2
CO
3
; CH
3
COONa ; NH
4
Cl ; NaHSO
4
; C
6
H
5
ONa ; Na
2
S ; Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.
c) Hy gii thch ti sao nc nguyn cht c pH = 7 v nc ct khi ngoi khng kh
mt thi gian c pH < 7.
d) Th no l mui trung ho, mui axit. Cho v d. Axit photphor (H
3
PO
3
) l axit hai
ln axit. Vy hp cht Na
2
HPO
3
l mui axit hay mui trung ho?
e) Nhng loi mui no d b thu phn? Phn ng thu phn c phi l phn ng trao i
ptoton hay khng? Nc ng vai tr l axit hay baz? Cho v d minh ho.
f) Vit cng thc ca phn nhm-amoni v xoa? Theo quan nim mi ca Bronsted
chng l axit hay baz? Hy gii thch bng phng trnh phn ng.
g) Dng thuyt Bronsted gii thch v sao Al(OH)
3
, H
2
O , NaHCO
3
, (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
,
Zn(OH)
2
v (NH
2
)
2
CO c coi l nhng hp cht lng tnh.
Cu 9: a) Vit phng trnh phn ng dng phn t v ion thu gn ca dung dch NaHCO
3

vi tng dung dch: H
2
SO
4
long, KOH, Ba(OH)
2
d. Trong mi phn ng , ion
HCO
3
-
ng vai tr axit hay baz.
(Trch TTS vo Trng HBK H Ni nm 1998/1999)
b) Pha long 10ml HCl vi nc thnh 250ml. Dung dch thu c c pH = 3. Hy tnh
nng ca HCl trc khi pha long v pH ca dung dch .
(Trch TTS vo Trng HKTQD nm 1999/2000)
3
Cu 10: a) Dung dch HCl c pH = 3. Cn pha long dung dch ny (bng nc) bao nhiu
ln thu c dung dch HCl c pH = 4?
b) Cho a mol NO
2
hp th hon ton vo dung dch NaOH. Dung dch thu c c pH ln
hn hay b hn 7? Ti sao?
c) Cho dung dch NaOH c pH = 12 (dung dch A).
- Cn pha long dung dch A bao nhiu ln thu c dung dch NaOH c pH = 11?
- Cho 0,5885 gam mui NH
4
Cl vo 100ml dung dch A v un si dung dch, sau
lm ngui v thm mt t phenolphtalein vo. Hi dung dch c mu g?
Cu 11: a) S in li l g? Lm th no bit mt cht khi tan vo nc c in li khng?
b) in li l g? Cc yu t nh hng n in li?
c) Mt dung dch c cha 3 gam axit CH
3
COOH trong 250ml dung dch. Cho bit in
li ca axit l = 1,4%.
- Tnh nng cc phn t v ion trong dung dch axit.
- Tnh pH ca dung dch axit trn.
(Trch TTS vo Trng Cao ng kim sot nm 1999/2000)
d) pH l g? dung dch HCl c pH = 3. Tnh nng ion [H
+
], [OH
-
], [Cl
-
] theo mol/l.
(Trch TTS vo Trng H Thng mi nm 1999/2000)
e) Theo nh ngha mi v axit, baz th NH
3
, NH
4
+
cht no l axit, cht no l baz?
Cho phn ng minh ho, gii thch ti sao NH
3
c tnh cht ?
(Trch TTS vo HVCNBCVT nm 1999/2000)
Cu 12: Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra khi cho AlCl
3
v FeCl
3
ln lt vo cc dung
dch Na
2
CO
3
v dung dch KOH d.
Cu 13: Ho tan m gam kim loi Ba vo nc thu c 1,5 lt dung dch X c pH =13. Tnh
m.
(Trch TTS vo Trng H Thng mi nm 2001/2002)
Cu 14: a) Trn ln 50 ml dung dch HCl 0,12M vi 50 ml dung dch NaOH 0,1M. Tnh pH
ca dung dch thu c.
b) Tnh pH ca dung dch CH
3
COOH 0,1M vi =0,01
Cu 15: Trong mt dung dch c cc ion Ca
2+
, Na
+
, Mg
2+
, HCO
3
-
, Cl
-
. Hy nu v gii thch:
a) Trong dung dch c th c nhng cht no?
b) Khi c cn dung dch thu c nhng cht rn no?
c) Khi nung hn hp cht rn sau khi c cn c th thu c nhng cht g?
(Trch TTS vo Trng HGTVT nm 2000/2001)
Cu 16: a) Tnh in li ca dung dch axit HA 0,1M c pH = 3. Vic thm mt t dung
dch HCl vo dung dch HA c lm thay i in li ca axit ny khng?
(Trch TTS vo Trng HKTQD nm 2000/2001)
4
b) Cc dung dch trong H
2
O ca tng cht NaCl, Na
2
CO
3
, NH
4
Cl, Cu(NO
3
)
2
, Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
c
pH = 7 ln hay b hn 7? V sao?
(Trch TTS vo HVQY nm 2000/2001)
c) Cho t t dung dch AlCl
3
vo dung dch NH
4
OH th c hin tng g? Vit phng
trnh phn ng. Nu thay dung dch NH
4
OH bng dung dch KOH (t l s mol AlCl
3
:
KOH bng 1 : 3), hin tng c g khc? Vit phng trnh phn ng gii thch.
(Trch TTS vo Trng H Nng nghip I nm 2000/2001)
d) Dng thuyt in li gii thch v sao cc cht: Al(NO
3
), H
2
O, NaHCO
3
c coi l cht
lng tnh.
(Trch TTS vo Trng H M a cht nm 2000/2001)
Cu 17: a) Theo quan im mi v axit-baz (theo Bronsted) th phn nhm-amoni c cng
thc l NH
4
Al(SO
4
)
2
.12H
2
O v xoa c cng thc l Na
2
CO
3
l axit hay baz. Vit
phng trnh phn ng gii thch.
(Trch TTS vo trng HVCNBCVT nm 2000/2001)
b) Cc dung dch ring bit sau y: Na
2
CO
3
, NH
4
Cl, KNO
3
, CH
3
COONa c mi trng
axit, baz hay trung tnh? Gii thch.
(Trch TTS vo Trng HDL ng nm 2000/2001)
Cu 18: Cho dung dch A gm HCl v H
2
SO
4
. Trung ho va ht 1 lit dung dch A cn
400ml dung dch NaOH 0,5M. C cn dung dch to thnh th thu c 12,9 gam mui
khan.
a) Tnh nng mol/l cc axit c trong dung dch A
b) Tnh pH ca dung dch A
Cu 19: a) So snh pH ca cc dung dch c cng nng mol ca HCl v CH
3
COOH. Gii
thch?
b) So snh (c gii thch) nng mol ca cc dung dch CH
3
COONa v NaOH c cng pH.
c) Tnh th tch dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,025M cn cho vo 100ml dung dch gm HNO
3
v
HCl c pH=1,0 pH ca hn hp thu c bng 2,0.
(Trch TTS vo Trng HSP H Ni nm 2001/2002)