-

. , .
2004

3. Z-
LTI

3.1
X( z ) =

x( n ) z

(3.1)

n=

X ( z ) = x( n ) z n

(3.2)

n=0

z
.
z : (ROC)

z
2


x1 (n) = {1, 2, 5, 7, 0,1}
X 1 ( z ) = 1 + 2 z 1 + 5 z 2 + 7 z 3 + z 5

ROC: z z=0

x2 (n) = {2, 4, 5, 7, 0,1}

ROC: z z=0 z=

X 1 ( z ) = 2 z 2 + 4 z + 5 + 7 z 1 + z 3

z
n

1
x ( n) = u ( n)
2
2

1
1
1
X ( z ) = 1 + z 1 + z 2 + L + z n + L =
2
2
2

1 n 1 1
= z = z

n =0 2
n=0 2

1 + A + A2 + A3 + L =
X ( z) =

1
1
1 z 1
2

1
1 A

ROC : z >

<1

1
2


(3.2) -z z=0.

(3.2) .

 z
3.1.2

x( n ) =

1
n 1
X
(
z
)

z
dz

c
2j

(3.3)

- .

3.2 z-
(linearity)
Z
x( n ) = a1 x( n ) + a2 x ( n )
X ( z ) = a1 X 1 ( z ) + a2 X 2 ( z )

ROC(X)=ROC(X1)ROC(X2)
(time shifting)
Z
x( n )
X( z )
Z
x( n k )
z k X ( z )

-z (scaling in the z-domain)

Z
x( n )
X( z )

ROC: r1<|z|<r2

Z
a n x( n )
X ( a 1 z )

ROC: ||r1<|z|< || r2

(time reversal)
Z
x( n )
X( z )
Z
x( n )
X ( z 1 )

ROC: r1<|z|<r2
ROC: (1/r2)<|z|<(1/r1)

 (differentiation)

Z
x( n )
X( z )
Z
n x( n )
z

dX ( z )
dz

ROC

(convolution)
Z
x1 ( n )
X1( z )
Z
x( n ) = x1 ( n )* x2 ( n )
X ( z ) = X1( z ) X 2 ( z )
Z
x2 ( n )
X2( z )

ROC(X)=ROC(X1)ROC(X2)

z- .
z-.
z.

(initial value theorem)

x ( 0 ) = lim X ( z )
x(n)
z

(final value theorem)

lim x ( n ) = lim ( z 1 ) X ( z )
n

z1

3.3 z-.
3.3.1
M
M 1
+ ... + b1 z + bo
N ( z ) z + b M 1 z
X( z ) =
=
N 1
D( z ) z N + a
z
+ ... + a1 z + ao
N 1
: z .

(3.3)

: z .
()=0
: z .
: z .
()=

(3.4)

(3.3)

X( z ) =

( z z1 )( z z2 )...( z z M )
( z p1 )( z p2 )...( z p N )

zi: , pi:

3.3.2 .

x( n ) = a n u( n )
X( z ) =

1
1 az 1

.

.

10
n.

X ( z ) =
x( n ) = na u( n )
n

az 1

(1 az )

1 2

11

(. )
LTI
12

3.3.3 LTI
y( n ) = h( n )* x( n ) Y ( z ) = H ( z ) X ( z )

H( z ) =

Y( z )
X( z )

H(z):

(3.5)

z-
.

H ( z) =

n
h
(
n
)
z

n =

.
N
M
y( n ) = a y( n k ) + b x ( n k )
k

k =1

k =0

H( z ) =

b z
k =0
N

1 + ak z k
k =1

(3.6)
13


H(z) trivial

ak = 0 , 1 k N
M

H ( z ) = bk z k
k =0

(all-zero system)
FIR

bk = 0 , 1 k M
H( z ) =

bo
N

1 + ak z k
k =1

bo
N

ak z k

, ao 1

H(z) trivial
.
(all-pole system)

IIR

k =0

14

3.4 z-

(3.3)
.

X ( z ) = cn z n
n=0

x ( n ) = cn
.
, x(n).

.

15

 z-
.
z-
.

N ( z ) b0 + b1 z 1 + L + bM z M
X ( z) =
=
D( z ) 1 + a1 z 1 + L + a N z N
M<N
(M>N)

N1 ( z )
X ( z ) = c0 + c1 z + L + cM N z
+
D( z )
z
1

( M _ N )

X ( z ) = A1 X 1 ( z ) + A2 X 2 ( z ) + ...
Xi(z), xi(n) , :

x ( n ) = a1 x1 ( n ) + a2 x2 ( n ) + ...

16


< X(z)

b0 z N + b1 z N 1 + L + bM z N M
X ( z) =
z N + a1 z N 1 + L + a N
X ( z ) b0 z N 1 + b1 z N 2 + L + bM z N M 1
=
z
z N + a1 z N 1 + L + a N

1)

AN
X ( z)
A1
A2
=
+
+L+
z
z p1 z p2
z pN

(3.7)

Ak
1
1

p
z
k =1
k

X( z ) =

17

( z pk ) X ( z ) ( z pk ) A1
( z pk ) AN
=
+ L Ak + L +
z
z p1
z pN
Ak =

( z pk ) X ( z )
z

(3.8)

z = pk

2) (l)

A1k
A2 k
+
1 pk z 1 1 pk z 1

+ .... +

Alk

(1 p z )

1 l

Aik
.

18

3)

.
:

Ak
1 pk z

A
1

k*
p*k z 1

:
Ak = Ak e jak , pk = pk e j k

:
n

2 Ak pk cos( k n + ak )u( n )
19

3.5
h(n)0, n.

H(z): z- impulse response.

H(z) .

.

.
.

20

3.5
Y ( z) = H ( z) X ( z)

H(z), p1, p2, ,pk

X(z), q1, q2, . qm

pkqm k, m

:
N

L
Ak
Qk
Y ( z) =
+

1
1
k =1 1 pk z
k =1 1 qk z

:
N

y (n) = Ak ( pk ) u (n) + Qk (qk ) n u (n)

k =1

Tranasient response

k =1

Steady state response

21

y (n) = 0.5 y (n 1) + x(n)

1
H ( z) =
1 0.5 z 1
Y ( z) = H ( z) X ( z) =
ynr (n) = 6.3(0.5) n u (n)

x(n) = 10 cos

n
4

u ( n)

1 1

101
z
2

X ( z) =
1 2 z 1 + z 2
j 28.7 o

j 28.7 o

6.3
6.78e
6.78e
+
+

j
j
1 0.5 z 1
1 e 4 z 1 1 e 4 z 1

n
n
j
j

28.7
28
.
7
y fr (n) = 6.78e e 4 + 6.78e e 4 u (n) = 13.56 cos n 28.7 o u (n)

22

x ( n ) = A cos( n ) X ( z ) = A
Y( z ) =

K1
1 e

j 1

K1 *
1 e

K1 =
K1 =

j 1

1 z 1 cos
1 2 z 1 cos + z 2

+ terms generated by the poles of H(z)

z
H ( z ) A ( 1 z 1 cos )

( 1 e j z 1 )

z = e j

A
H ( e j )
2

H ( e j )= H ( e j ) e j ( )

A
K 1 = H ( e j ) e j ( )
2

yss ( n ) = A H ( e j ) cos[ n + ( )]

(3.9)
(3.10)
23