Bonding Outline I. Ionic Bonding A. One or more valence electrons transfer from a metal to a nonmetal atom. i.

metal atom loses electron(s) and becomes a positive ion and gets smaller as it loses it's valence shell. ii. the nonmetal atom gains electrons and becomes a negative ion and gets larger. iii. the positive ion and the negative ion attract each other B. Metals i. low electronegativity, low ionization energy ii. tend to lose electrons, forming positive ions C. Nonmetals i. high electronegativity, high ionization energy ii. have an attraction for electron and it's difficult for it to lose electrons iii. gain electrons to form negative ions D. Electron Dot Diagram (Lewis Structure) II. Covalent Bonding A. Nonmetals reach noble gas configuration by sharing electrons B. Sharinf electrons (steps) i. write element symbols b/w each atom ii. put a pair of shared electrons b/w each atom iii. add in any extra valence electrons iv. make sure each atom has the stable noble gas electron configuration C. Types of Covalent Bonds i. Polar Covalent a) atoms of 2 elements share electrons unequally b) nonmetal atom is partially negative, the electrons are pulled closer to it. ii. NonPolar Covalent a) two atoms share the electrons equally b/c their electronegativity is the same. b) diatomic molecules: H(subscript2), Br(subscript2) iii. Difference in Electronegativity a) NaI > CCl (subscript4) > N (subscript2) b) the greater the difference b/w the electronegativity, the more polar the bond. D. Molecular Polarity- a molecule is a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds i. Polar Molecule

a) molecule w/ asymmetrical distribution of charge ii. NonPolar Molecules a) molecules have symmetrical distribution of charges III. Ionic Compounds A. Ionic Compounds i. bond b/w metal and nonmetal ii. due to strong attraction b/w ions, they have high melting points iii. Poor conductors as solids, good conductors as liquids or when dissolved B. Covalent Compounds i. low melting points ii. poor conductors of electricity iii. allotropes- different forms of the same element due to different molecular structures IV. Metallic Bonding A. Bonding b/w metal atoms B. metal atoms lose electrons and form positive ions C. electrons move from atom to atom being shared by the positive metal atoms