Complexe

http://arabmaths.ift.
fr Moustaouli Mohamed
1

- -

1 - C
/
C R :
(i C i
2
1 i =
(ii C : a ib + ( )
2
; a b R
(iii C R
: * N Z Q R C ID
/
( )
2
; a b R ( )
2
'; ' a b R ' ' ' a a a ib a ib = + = + ' b b =

* ' a a = ' b b = ' ' a ib a ib + = +
* ' ' a ib a ib + = + ( ) ' ' i b b a a =
' b b
'
'
a a
i
b b

( )
2
; a b R ( )
2
'; ' a b R
'
'
a a
b b
R
i R i
' b b = ' 0 a a = ' a a =
/
* z a ib = + ( )
2
; a b R
a ( ) Re z a = .
b ( ) Im z b =

z
/ 2 3 z i = / 5 3 z i = / 2 3 z i = / 17 z =
/
z a ib = + ' ' z a ib = + ( )
2
; a b R ( )
2
'; ' a b R
* ( ) ( ) ' ' ' z z a a b b i + = + + +
* ( ) ( ) ' ' ' ' ' z z aa bb ab a b i = + +
* ( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 a ib a b abi + = + ( )
( )
2
2 2
2 a ib a b abi = ( )( )
2 2
a ib a ib a b + = +

2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 a bi a bi
z a bi
a b a b a b
= = =
+
+ + +
*
*
( )( )
2 2
' '
' ' '
' '
a bi a b i
z a bi
z a b i
a b
+
= =
+
+
' 0 z
* i
n Z
1
n
i = 4 n k = k Z

n
i i = 4 1 n k = + k Z
1
n
i = 4 2 n k = + k Z

n
i i = 4 3 n k = + k Z
http://arabmaths.ift.fr Moustaouli Mohamed
2

1 -
( )
2
1 2
2 3 2 1
; ;
3 2 2 3
i
i i
i i i i

+
+

( )( )
1 2 3 2 3 2 3
2 3 2 3 2 3 4 9 13 13
i i
i
i i i
+ +
= = = +
+ +

( )( )
( )( )
3 2 2
3 2 6 2 3 4 4 7
2 2 2 5 5 5
i i
i i i
i
i i i

= = =
+ +

( ) ( )
( )
2
1 2 2 3
2 3 1 21 18
1 4 4 3 4
3 10 5 5 5 5
i i i
i
i i i i i
i i
+
+ = = + = +

2 -
2
(1 ) i +
230
(1 ) i +

2
(1 ) 2 i i + =
( )
115
230 115 4 28 3 115
(1 ) 2 2 2 i i i i
+
+ = = =
3 - 2 3 2 z iz i z i + = + C

( )
( )( )
2 3 2 1 2 2 4
2 1 2 1 2
2 4 6 8
1 2 5 5 5
iz i z i i z i
i i
i
z i
i
+ = + + = +

+
= = = +
+

6 8
5 5
S i

= +
`
)

2 - -
( ) P ( )
1 2
; ; O e e

.
( ) ; M a b ( ) P z a ib = + . ( ) M z
z a ib = + ( ) ; M a b . ( ) z aff M =
z a ib = + ( )
2
; a b R ( ) ; u a b
( ) z aff u =

* - AB

A B
A
z a ib = + ' '
B
z a ib = +
( ) ; A a b ( ) '; ' B a b ( ) ' ; ' AB a a b b

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ' ' ' '
B A
aff AB a a i b b a ib a ib z z = + = + + =

AB

B A
z z ( )
A
A z ( )
B
B z
3
* - u v +

( ) ; u a b
( '; ') v a b
( ) '; ' u v a a b b + + +

( ) ( ) ( ) aff u v aff u aff v + = +

u
( ) ( ) ( ) aff u v aff u aff v + = +

A B C 2
A
z =
1 4
B
z i = + 3
C
z i = u
1 3i +
* -
( )
A
A z ( )
B
B z ( )
C
C z / AB AC =

R

( ) ( )
/ aff AB aff AC =

R
( ) /
B A C A
z z z z = R
/
B A
C A
z z
z z

R

B A
C A
z z
z z
R
( )
A
A z ( )
B
B z ( )
C
C z
B A
C A
z z
z z
R
* -
( )
A
A z ( )
B
B z ( )
G
G z 0 +
G ( ) ; A ( ) ; B ( )
G A B
z z z + = +

* -
( )
A
A z ( )
B
B z ( )
I
I z
I
| |
; A B
2
A B
I
z z
z
+
=

( ) 1 A i + ( ) 1 3 B i +
1
2
2
C i
| |
|
\ .

4

( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
( )( )
1
3 6
2 1
3 6 1 2
3 6 6 12 3 2
2
2 3 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 10 2
i
i i
i i
i i
i i i i i
| |

+
|

+
\ .
= = = =
+ + + +
R
A B C
3 -
/
z a ib = + ( )
2
; a b R .
* z a ib = z a ib = + z a ib = .
* zz z a ib = + .
2 2
z zz a b = = +

* ( ) M z ( ) ' M z
* z a ib = +
2 2
z z a b = +
/
z a ib = + ' ' z a ib = + ( )
2
; a b R ( )
2
'; ' a b R
( ) ( ) ( ) ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' z z a a b b i a a b b i a ib a ib z z + = + + + = + + = + = +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' z z aa bb ab a b i aa bb ab i a bi a a b i bi a b i a bi a b i z z = + + = = = =

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1
1 1
a bi a b
i
z a bi
a b a b a b a b
a b
i
a ib z a b a b
| | | | | |
= = = +
| | |
+
\ . \ . + + + + \ .
= = +
+ +

1 1
z z
| |
=
|
\ .

1 1 1
' ' ' ' '
z z
z z z
z z z z z
| | | | | |
= = = =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

( )
2
; ' z z C R
*
n Z
* z z =
* ( ) ( ) 2Re ; 2Im z z z z z z i + = =
* z z z = R
* z i z z = R
5
*
( )
. . ' . ' ' '
n
n
z z z z z z z z z z z z = = = + = + ' 0
' '
z z
z
z z
| |
=
|
\ .

( )
A
A z ( )
B
B z ( )
1 2
; ; O e e

.

B A
AB AB z z = =

A
OA z =

( )
2
; ' z z C R
*
n Z
* 0 0 z z = =
* z z z = =
* ' 0 . ' '
' '
n
n
z
z
z z z z z z z
z z
= = =
* ' ' z z z z + +

M(z)
1 - 1 2 5 z i i + = 2 - i z z 2 2 + =
4 -
/
( ) P
( )
1 2
; ; O e e

z a ib = + ( )
2
; a b R
M ,
( )
1
, e OM
.
z

| |
arg 2 z .

* | |
*
arg 0 2 a a
+
R | |
*
arg 2 a a
R
* | |
*
arg 2
2
b i b

+
R | |
*
arg 2
2
b i b

R
/
* - z a ib = + ( )
2
; a b R r

2 2
z r a b = = +
( ) cos sin z r i = +
r
b
r
a
= = sin ; cos

| |
arg 2 z
) sin cos ( i r z + = z | | , r z=

2 2
1 2 2 cos sin 2;
2 2 4 4 4
i i i

| |
| |
+ = + = + =
|
|
|
\ .
\ .

2 2;
2
i

=

| |
15 15; 0 =

3 1 5 5 5
3 2 2 cos sin 2;
2 2 6 6 6
i i i

| |
| |
= = + =
|
|
|
\ .
\ .

/
6
| | , r z= | | ' , ' ' r z =
( )( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )
cos sin cos ' sin ' cos cos ' sin sin ' sin cos ' cos sin '
cos sin cos ' sin ' cos ' sin '
i i i
i i i

+ + = + +
+ + = + + +

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
' cos sin ' cos ' sin ' ' cos ' sin ' '; ' z z r i r i rr i rr = + + = + + + = +
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 1 1 cos sin 1 1
cos sin ;
cos sin
cos sin
i
i
z r i r r r

| | | |
= = = + =
| |

+
\ . + \ .

| |
1 1
; ; ' ; '
' ' ' '
z r
z r
z z r r

== = =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
os sin os sin cos sin , z r c i r c i r i r = + = = + =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
os sin os sin , z r c i r c i r = + + + = +
( )
*
; ;
n n
z n z r n =

C Z

| | ; z r =

( )
*
; ;
n n
z n z r n =

C N
0 n =
0
1 z =
| | | | 1 1; 0 1; 0 = = 0 n =
;
n n
z r n =

( )
1 1
; 1
n n
z r n
+ +
= +

| | ( )
1 1
; ; ; ; 1
n n n n n
z z z r r n r r n r n
+ +
= = = + = +

( )
*
; ;
n n
z n z r n =

C N
n

Z n N
( )
1 1 1
; ;
;
n n
n n n
z n r n
z r r n

= = = =

( )
*
; ;
n n
z n z r n =

C Z

| | , r z= | | ' , ' ' r z =
* ' ' ' z z r r et = = =
* ( ) | |
arg ' arg arg ' 2 zz z z +
| |
1
arg arg 2 z
z

| |

|
\ .

| |
arg arg arg ' 2
'
z
z z
z

| |

|
\ .

| |
' ', ' zz rr = +
1 1
;
z r

=

, '
' '
z r
z r

=

* ( ) | |
arg arg 2 z z ( ) | |
arg arg 2 z z +

| |
, z r =
| |
, z r = +
* ( )
( )
| |
*
; arg arg 2
n
z n z n z C Z
( )
*
; ;
n n
z n z r n =

C Z

2 6 2 2 i v i u + = =
1 - u v
2 -
v
u

12
7
sin ;
12
7
cos

7

( ) ( )
A B
A z B z ( ) ( )
D C
D z C z
* - M OM AB =

( )
B A
M z z
( )
( )
| |
1
arg ; 2
B A
z z e OM =

( )
( )
| |
1
arg ; 2
B A
z z e AB =

* -
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) | |
1 1
; ; ; arg arg arg arg arg 2
D C
D C B A
B A
z z
AB CD e CD e AB z z z z
z z

| |

|
\ .

( ) ( )
A B
A z B z ( ) ( )
D C
D z C z ( )
( ) | |
1
arg ; 2
B A
z z e AB =

( ) | | ; arg 2
D C
B A
z z
AB CD
z z

| |
\ .

( ) ( )
A B
A z B z ( )
C
A C z
( ) | | arg ; 2
C A
B A
z z
AB AC
z z

| |
\ .

/
* : ( )
A
A z ( )
B
B z ( )
C
C z
A B C
B A
C A
z z
z z
R | | arg 0 2
C A
B A
z z
z z

| |
\ .
| | arg 2
C A
B A
z z
z z

| |
\ .

* : ( ) ( )
A B
A z B z ( ) ( )
D C
D z C z
( ) ( ) | | | |
*
arg 2 arg 2
2 2
C D C D C D
B A B A B A
z z z z z z
AB CD i ou
z z z z z z

| | | |

| |

\ . \ .
R

. . .
( ) 1 2
o;e ;e

1 .( ( ) A 6 2i + ( ) B 1 3i +
7
C 3i
2
| |
|
\ .

( )
BA; BC

2 .( ( ) E 2 3i + ( ) F 1 2i + ( ) G 1
( )
FE; FG

----------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:
2 1
6 2
; 1
2
i
u u i
= =
1 -
1
u

2
u

2 -
1
2
u
u
cos
12
sin
12

3 -
24
6 2 6 2
1
4 4
i
| |
+
+ =
|
|
\ .

1 -
1
u
2
u

1
2 2
1 2 2;
2 2 4
u i i

| |

= = =
|

|

\ .

2
6 2 3 1
2 2;
2 2 2 6
i
u i

| |

= = =
|

|

\ .

3 -
1
2
u
u
cos
12
sin
12

8

1
2
2;
2 4
; 1;
4 6 12
2
2;
6
u
u

= = + =

( )
( )
( )( )
1
2
2 2 6 2
1
6 2
6 2 6 2
2
i i
u i
u
i
i i
+
= =
+

6 2 6 2
( )
4 4
i
+
=

6 2 6 2
1; ( )
12 2 2
i
+
=

6 2
cos
12 4
6 2
sin ( )
12 4
+
=

6 2
cos
12 4
6 2
sin
12 4
+
=

3 -
24
6 2 6 2
1
4 4
i
| |
+
+ =
|
|
\ .

| |
24
24
6 2 6 2 24
1; 1; 1; 2 1
4 4 12 12
i

| |
+
+ = = = =
|

|

\ .

R :
cos sin ; cos sin ; cos sin a i b i c i = + = =
' sin cos ; ' sin cos ; ' sin cos ; sin cos a i b i c i d i = + = = = +

R

( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) | |
cos sin cos sin 1;
cos sin cos sin 1;
cos sin cos sin 1;
a i i
b i i
c i i

= + = + =
= = + =
= = + + + = +

( ) ( )
sin cos cos sin 1;
2 2 2
' sin cos cos sin 1;
2 2 2
' sin cos cos sin 1;
2 2 2
' sin cos sin cos co
d i i
a i i
b i i
c i i

| | | |
= + = + + + = +
| |

\ . \ .
| | | |
= + = + =
| |

\ . \ .
| | | |
= = + + + = +
| |

\ . \ .
= = + + + = ( ) ( ) s sin
2 2
cos sin 1;
2 2 2
i
i

| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ . \ .
| | | |
= + =
| |

\ . \ .

4 a =
1
2 z i =
1
2 2 z i =
1
a

1
z

2
z
2
2 4
1 2
72 a z z + + =
( ) A a ( )
1
B z ( )
2
C z
9
3 - 1.3 (
BAC
B
2.3 (
( )
F
( )
{ }
( ) / 1 10 F M z z i = + + =

3.3 ( A B C ( )
F

BAC

( )
F

2 a
1
z
2
z

| |
4 4; a = =
1
2 2;
2
z i

= =

2
2 2
2 2 2 2( ) 2 2;
2 2 4
z i i

= = =

4.2
2 4
1 2
72 a z z + + =
| | | | | |
( ) ( )
2 4
4 4
2
2 4
1 2
4; 2; 2 2; 4; 2; 2 2 ; 4 4 2 2 4 4 64 72
2 4
a z z

+ + = + + = + + = = =

3 - 1.3 ( BAC B
( 4) A (2 ) B i (2 2 ) C i

( ) | |
2 2 2 2 4
( ; ) arg arg
4 2 4 2
( 2 4)
arg arg 2
4 2 2
i i i
BA BC
i i
i i
i
i

| | | |

| |

\ . \ .
| |

|

\ .

4 2 20 2 4 20 BA i BC i = = = =
BAC B
2.3 ( ( ) F
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) 1 10
( ) 10 / (1 )
( ) ; 10 / ( 1; 1)
M z F z i
M z F M i
M z F M C
+ + =
= +

( )
( )
; 10 / ( 1; 1) F C =
3.4 ( ( 4) A (2 ) B i (2 2 ) C i ( ) F
BAC

( )
F

4 1 3 10
2 1 1 3 10
2 2 1 3 10
A i i
B i i i
A i i i
= + + = + =
= + + = + =
= + + = =

A B C ( ) F

10

: (1 ) A i + B : OA OB =
| |
( , ) 2
3
OA OB

1 (
B
z .
2 ( AB .
3 ( :
1
( , ) e AB

1 (
B
z .
1 2
B
z OB OA i = = = + =

2 2
1 2 2;
2 2 4
i i

| |

+ = + =
|
|

\ .
( ) | | arg 1 2
4
i

+

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) | |
1 1
7
arg ; ; ; arg 1 2
3 4 3 12
B
z e OB e OA OA OB i

+ + + = + =

7 7
2 cos sin
12 12
B
z i
| |
= +
|
\ .

7 2 6
cos cos cos cos sin sin
12 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 4
7 2 6
sin sin sin cos cos sin
12 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 4

| |
= + = =
|
\ .
| |
= + = + = +
|
\ .

2 6 2 6 1 3 1 3
2
4 4 2 2
B
z i i
| |
+ +
= + = +
|
|
\ .

2 ( AB .
2 2 2 2
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3
1 1 2
2 2 2 2
AB
| | | | | | | |
+ + +
= + == + =
| | | |
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .

3 ( :
1
( , ) e AB

( )
( ) | |
( )
| |
( )
1
1
1
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3
; arg arg 1 arg 2
2 2 2 2
2 6 2 6 7 7
; arg 2 arg 2 sin cos 2
4 4 12 12
7
; arg 2;
2 12
B A
e AB z z i i i
e AB i i
e AB

| | | |
+ + +
+ +
| |
| |
\ . \ .
| | | | | |
+ + | |
| +
| |
|

| |
|
\ .
\ . \ . \ .
| |

| |
13 13 11
arg 2; 2
12 12 12

| |

| |

. \ .

1
( , ) e AB

11
12

f
*
C ( )
z i
f z
z
+
=
1 - M z ( ) 1 f z =
2 - cos sin z i = + 0;
2

- ( ) A i ( ) B z ( ) C z ( ) D z i +
- OCDA z i + ( ) f z
11
- ( ) f z

1 - M z ( ) 1 f z = .

*
z C z x iy = +
( )
2
; x y R ( ) ( ) ; 0; 0 x y
( ) 1 z i x iy i x i y + = + + = +
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
1 1 1 2 1 0
z i
f z z i z x y x y y
z
+
= = + = + = + =
M z ( ) 1 f z =
1
2
y =

2 - cos sin z i = + 0;
2

- ( ) A i ( ) B z ( ) C z ( ) D z i +
OD OA OC = +

( ) B z ( ) C z

- OCDA z i + ( ) f z
1 ; 1 ; 1 ; 1 OC z OA i CD i AD z = = = = = = = = OCDA
( ) OD
COA

:
( ) ( )
| |
1
; ; 2
2
OA OD OA OC

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
1 1
; arg arg 2
2 2 2
OA OD z i

| |

|
\ .

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
| |
( ) ( ) | |
( ) | |
1 1
arg ; ; ; 2
1 1
arg arg 2
2 2 2 2 2
arg 2
2 4
z i e OD e OA OA OD
z i i
z i

+ +
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ . \ .
+ +

( ) ( )
arg arg
z i
f z
z
+ | |
=
|
\ .
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
arg arg arg 2 f z z i z +
( ) ( ) | |
3
arg 2
2 4 2 4
f z

+ +
- ( ) f z
cos sin z i = + 1 z =
12
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
cos 1 sin 2 2sin
z i
f z z i
z

+
= = + = + =
4 -
/
t u
( ) aff u a =
( ) M z ( ) ' ' M z
( )
( )
( ) ' ' ' ' ' t M M MM u aff MM aff u z z a z z a = = = = = +

( ) M z ( ) P ( ) ' M z a + ( ) P
u
( ) aff u a =

1 -
u
t
( ) 1 2 u ;

( ) M z ( ) ' ' M z ( )
u
t M M' =

/ z' z
/ ( ) M z ( ) ' ' M z 1 z' z i = +
' M M

/

( ) M z ( ) ' ' M z ( ) ( ) P
( )
1 2
; ; O e e

k
( ) M z ( ) ' ' M z h ( ) ' z k z =
1 / h
2 / M ' M h

( ) M z ( ) ' ' M z ( ) ( ) P
( )
1 2
; ; O e e

k
( ) M z ( ) P ( ) ' ' M z ( ) P
( ) ' z k z = ( ) k

( ) M z ( ) ' ' M z
1
2
2
z' z i = +
1 /
1
2
2
i = +
2 / ' M M h

13

- -

1 -

( ) ( )
2 2
*
; a a a a a
+
= = R

( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2
* 2
; a i a i a a i a i a a
= = = = R
/
a
a a a a
a a i a i a

3 3 3
1 - i i
25 - 5i 5i
3 - 3 i 3 i
/
a b c a .

2
0 z az bz c + + = C

2
2
2
2
4
b
az bz c a z
a
a

| |
+ + = +
|
\ .

2
4 b ac =

2
2
2
0 0
2
4
b
az bz c z
a
a
| |
+ + = + =
|
\ .

0
2
0 0
2 2 2 2
b b
az bz c z z
a a a a
| || |

+ + = + + + =
| |
| |
\ .\ .

2
b
z
a

=
2
b
z
a
+
=
0 0 ~

2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
0 0 0
2 2
4 4
b b
az bz c z i z i
a a
a a
| | | |
+ + = + + = + + =
| |
\ . \ .

2
0 0
2 2 2 2
b i b
az bz c z z i
a a a a
| || |

+ + = + + + =
| |
| |
\ .\ .

2
b i
z
a

=
2
b
z
a
+
=

2 1
;
2 2
b d b d
z z
a a
+
= = d
a b c a .

2
4 b ac =
2
0 az bz c + + =
d
0
2
0 az bz c + + =
2 1
;
2 2
b d b d
z z
a a
+
= =
0 =
2
0 az bz c + + =
2
b
z
a
=

14

C

( )
2
3
2 2 2 2 2 0
2
z z + + + =
2
2 3 2 0 z z + =
2
2 2 3 0 z z + + =

( )
2
3
2 2 2 2 2 0
2
z z + + + =

( ) ( )
2
3
2 2 2 8 2 4 8 2 8 12 8 2 0
2
| |
= + + = + + =
|
\ .

2 2 2 1 2
4 2
z
+ +
= =
1 2
2
S

+
=
`

)

2
2 3 2 0 z z + =
9 16 25 = + =

3 5
2
4
z
+
= =

3 5 1
4 2
z

= =

1
2;
2
S

=
`
)

2
2 2 3 0 z z + + =
( )
2
4 12 8 2 2 i = = =

2 2 2 1 2
4 2 2
i
z i
+
= =

2 2 2 1 2
4 2 2
i
z i

= = +

1 2 1 2
;
2 2 2 2
S i i

= +
`

)

1 - C
z 6 z + 12 = 0 z + 2 3 z + 12 = 0
2 -
1
3 3 z i = +
1
3 3 z i = +
3 - ( ) P ( )
1 2
; ; O e e

( )
1
A z ( )
2
B z
( )
1 2
E z z + OAEB
2 /
( ) | | ( ) | | ( ) ( ) cos sin 1; 1 ; 1; cos sin
n n
n
i n n n i n

+ = = = = +

/
( )
*
cos sin cos sin
n
n i n i n + = + R Z
/ cos n sin n cos sin n

( )
3
cos sin i +

3
cos3 4cos 3cos =
3
sin3 3sin 4sin =

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
3
3 2 2 3
3 2 2 3
cos sin cos 3 cos sin 3 cos sin sin
cos 3 cos sin 3 cos sin sin
i i i
i

+ = +
= +

( )
3
cos sin cos3 sin3 i + = +
( )
( ) ( )
3 2 3 2 3
cos3 cos 3 cos sin cos 3cos 1 cos 4cos 3cos = = =

( ) ( )
2 3 2 3 3
sin3 3 cos sin sin 3sin 1 sin sin 3sin 4sin = = =

cos x cos x 5
15

* ( ) ( )
A B
A z B z ( ) ( )
D C
D z C z ( ) P
( )
1 2
; ; O e e

3 -
/
i
e

i
e
R 1
| | 1; cos sin
i
e i
= = +

2
i
e i
=
0
1 e = 1
i
e
=
4
2 2
2 2
i
e i
= +
2
3
1 3
2 2
i
e i
= +
/
'
( ) ' ' i i i
e e e
+
=
/
z r : | | ,
i
z r re
= =

z ' z
i
z re
=
'
'
i
z r e
= 0 r ~ ' 0 r ~

( ) '
' '
i
z z rr e
+
=
1 1
i
e
z r

=
( ) '
' '
i
z r
e
z r

=
n in
z r e

=

.

( )
4
2
1 3 z i =
( )
1
2 1
3 3 3
i i
z
i
=
+

*
3 2 4
2 2 1 3
2 2 1 2 2 3 3 3 6 6
2 2 2 2
i i i
i e i i e i i e

| | | |
= = = + = + =
| |
| |
\ . \ .

( )
2 4
2 4 6
12
1
3
2 1
2 2 2 2
3 3
3 3 3
6
i i
i
i
i
i i
e e
z e e
i
e

| |

|
\ .

= = = =
+

*
3
1 3
1 3 2 2
2 2
i
i i e

| |
= =
|
|
\ .

4
4
3 3
2
2 16
i i
z e e

| |
|
= =
|
\ .
/

cos sin
i
e i
= + cos sin
i
e i
=
2cos 2 sin
i i i i
e e i e e

= + =

cos sin
2 2
i i i i
e e e e
i

+
= =

:
cos
n
sin
n
cos sin
n m

cos sin a b +

4
cos

( )
4
4 4 3 2 2 3 4
1
cos 4 6 4
2 16
i i
i i i i i i i i
e e
e e e e e e e e

| |
+
= = + + + +
|
|
\ .

16

( ) ( )
4 4 2 2
4 4 4 2 2
4
1 1 1 3
cos 4 6
16 8 2 2 2 8
1 1 3
cos cos 4 cos 2
8 2 8
i i i i
i i i i
e e e e
e e e e

+ +
= + + + + = + +
= + +

4 3
sin cos
-
( ) M z ( ) ' ' M z ( ) ( ) P
( )
1 2
; ; O e e

| | ( ) 1; cos sin i = +
( ) M z ( ) ' ' M z r | |( ) ' 1; z z =
M ' M r
( ) r =
( ) ( ) M z = ( ) ' ' M z
( ) | |( ) | |
| | ( ) | |
( ) | |
'
'
1
1
'
' ' 1; 1;
'
; ' 2
arg 2
'
; ' 2
z
M
z z
M
r M M z z
z z
M M
z
M M
M M
=

= = =

| |

\ .
=

r

( ) M z ( ) ' ' M z ( ) ( ) P
( )
1 2
; ; O e e

( ) M z ( ) P ( ) ' ' M z ( ) P
| |( ) ' 1; z z =

| | ( ) 1; cos sin i = +

( ) M z ( ) ' ' M z ( ) ( ) P
( )
1 2
; ; O e e

( ) M z ( ) P ( ) ' ' M z ( ) P
( ) '
i
z e z
=

( )
1 2
; ; O e e

A B
: 2 ;
B A
z z i = =
I .
1 (
1
B B' A 2 .
2 ( B'
1
B A
4
.
3 ( A B B' .
II .
f M z ' M ' z : ( )
2
1 1
2
z' i z = + + .
1 ( f
.

2 ( f

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