STRUCTOR'S RESOURCE MANUAL

SkVC/ :R.{5tivru
SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY - EDWARDSVILLE

....

..
EIGHTH EDITION

PRENTICE HALL, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Executive Editor: George Lobell Editorial Assistant: Gale A. Epps Special Projects Manager:Barbttta A. J~array Production Editor: Wendy Rivers Supplement Cover Manager: Paul Gourhan Supplement Cover Designer: PM Workshop Inc. Manufacturing Buyer: Alan Fischer

© 2000 by Prentice Hall

Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4

ISBN

0-13-085140-X

Prentice-Hall International (UK) Limited, London Prentice-Hall of Australia Pty. Limited, Sydney Prentice-Hall Canada, Inc., Toronto Prentice-Hall Hispanoamericana, S.A., Mexico Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd., Singapore Prentice-Hall of Japan, Inc., Tokyo Editora Prentice-Hall do Brazil, Ltda., Rio de Janeiro

Contents
SOLUTIONS

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Preliminaries Functions and Limits The Derivative Applications The Integral Applications of the Integral Functions of the Derivative

1 39 93 154 218 264 310 364 416 453 511 558 618 662 711 759 796 821

Transcendental Techniques

of Integration Forms and Improper Integrals

,...

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Indeterminate Infinite Series

Numerical Methods, Approximations Conics and Polar Coordinates Geometry in the Plane, Vectors Geometry in Space, Vectors The Derivative in n-Space The Integral in n-Space Vector Calculus Differential Equations

PRINTED

TEST

BANK

841

CHAPTER

1
1.1 Concepts Review
1. rational

Preliminaries

2.

Ji.;1r

3. real 4. theorems

Problem Set 1.1

1. 4-2(8-11)+6 = 4-2(-3)+6 = 4+6+6 = 16

9.~~(5=tr ~~( 1:r = ~~L~)' =

=

2. 3[2-4(7-12)J=3[2-4(-5)] = 3[2 + 20] = 3(22)= 66 3. -4{5(-3+12-4)+2(13-7») = -4{5(5) 2(6») -4{25+ 12) + = = -4(37) = -148 4.5[-1(7+12-16)+4]+2 = 5[-1(3)+4]+ 2 = 5(-3 +4)+ 2 =5(1)+2=5+2=7 5 I 65 7 5. ---=---=7 3 4-7 31 21 6 58 13 91 91 91 331 -3 21 6 42 6 7 =--+---=-42 42 42 137 ---+248 12. 1 3 7 -+--248 43 42 (%-5) 10. (1-~)

~~(%r
=

=~(:9)=

:9

(~-¥) (= (~_~)

(%)

3;)

33 =-6=-2

11

6. -+---=-+---

4675 ---+8 8 8=~=~ 467 33 -+--- 8888

13. 1-_1_=1-_!_=1-~=!-~=_!_ 1+1. 1. 333

2 2

14. 2+_3_=2+_3_=2+2. 1+~ ~-~

2

14 6 =2+-=-+-=7 7

2 6

7... 2

20
7

15.

(-J5+~)(J5-~)=(,rsf
=5-3=2

_(~)2
Section 1.1 1

Instructor's Resource Manual

16. (J5 - J3}2 = (J5)2 - 2( J5)( J3) + (J3}2

= 5-2Jl5 +3

26.

(21 +3)3 = (21+3)(21+3)(21+3) =(4r +12t+9)(21+3) = 813 + 1212+24t2 +361 + 181+ 27 = 813 +3612 +541+ 27

= 8-2Jl5

.,

]7. 3J2( J2 -J8) = 314 -3J16

=3·2-3·4 =6-12=-6 ]8. 2~[lf2+VI6J=2W+2~ = 2·2+2·4 =4+8::12 28.

27. x- -4 = (x-2)(x+2)
r-7 x-2

.,

=x+2

x- -x-6 x-3

.,

= (x-3)(x+2)
(x-3)

::x+2

29.

1- - 41- 21 = (I + 3)(1- 7) = 1_ 7 1+3 (+3 2x - 2x2 x3 - 2x2 + x

.,

20.

(~-

2~r2

=L~::( - 2~r2 ---=

30.
2~r2

- _ 2.\:(1- x) ___:__..:....._ x(x2 - 2x + I)

= -2x(x-l) x(x-I)(x-I) 2 x-I

(-2~r :
I 8

31.

--+-+x 12 x(x+2)

12 2 +2x x

2 x+2 2x x(x+2)

=9
21. (3x-4)(x+l)
= 3x- +3x-4x-4 = 3x2 -x-4

4(x+2) x(x+2)

.,

12+4x+8+2x x(x+ 2) 6x+20 x(x+2) 2(3x+10) x(x+2) 2 y 2y+1 1-3y

22. (2x-3)2

= (2x-3)(2x-3)

= 4x2 -6x-6x+9

= 4x2
23. (3x-9)(2x+

-12x+9

32. --+----6y-2 9i 2 2(3y-l) +

1) = 6x2 +3x-18x-9 =6x2 -15x-9

-I

y
(3y+I)(3y-l)

+-3y-1

2y+1

24. (4x-11)(3x-7)=12x2-28x-33x+77
= 12x2 -61x+

2(3y+l) 2y _ ___:_~~-+----~--2(3y+ 1)(3y-l) 2(3y+I)(3y77

I)

(2y+ 1)(3y+l) 2(3y+ 1)(3y-1) 6y+ 2+ 2y+ 12)12+ lOy + 2 2(3y+I)(3y-l)

25.

(312 -I + 1)2

= (312 -I
:: 914 4

+ 1)(312 -1+1) + 3/2 - 313 + ,2

_,

3/3

312 _I

+I

91 - 6t3 + 712 - 21 + I

Section 1.1

Instructor's Resource Manual

= = =

12y- + 18y+4 2(3y+ 1)(3y -I) 2(6y2 +9y+2) 2(3y+ 1)(3y -1) 6i+9y+2 (3y+ 1)(3y-l)

f.

--

5 44 295 308 < --' -< --' False 7 59' 413 413'

38. a.

a < b; a: < ab and ab < b", so a- < b:

a < b; - < I' - < -' - >b 'b a' a b

.,

"

b.

33.

t2 + t -12

x2 - 6x - 7
I)

x2-18t-t2-15 (t+4)(t -3)(x-7)(x+ (t + 4)(x -7) (x-I)(t-5) 2 2 -4x+3 x-3 x 5 5 x x _ x-3 -

39. a < b; 2a < a + b and a + b < 2b, so a+b 2a < a + b < Lb: a < -- 2 < b , 40. a. b. is false if a < 0 is always true is always true is false True; If x is positive, then x2 is positive. False; Take x

-(x + 1)(x -1)(t - 3)(t - 5)

c.
2 d. 41. a. (x-3)(x-l) 5

34.

--+-x-I

x+3

=---'--~-5(x-3)+5(x-l) x2 -x-2 5x-15+5x-5 (x-2)(x+l) x +! ...;__----'...;__~ = -lO(x- 2) 10

x-I x-3 x(x-I)-2

--+--

b.

= -2. Then
X

x2 > 0 but
c. False;
X2

< O.

Take X

= t. Then
is even and prime.

= t < x.
n

35. a.

0·0= 0

b. .Q is undefined.
0

d.
e.

True; True;

=2
= x2

Let x be any number. Take

c.

_Q_=O
17 05 =0

d. ~ is undefined.
0 f. False; every x2• g. True; f. 17° = I 0

+ 1. Then y > x2

There is no number larger than

e.
36. If.Q

= a , then

= O· a , but

this is meaningless

1/ n can be made arbitrarily 2 -n can be made arbitrarily

close to O.

because a could be any real number. No single value satisfies .Q= a .

h.

True close to O.

37. a.

-3<-7;False

b. -I >-17;

True 42. a. If n is odd, then there is an integer k such that n = 2k+1. Then n2 = (2k + 1)2 = 4k2 + 4k + 1= 2(2k2 + 2k) + 1

c. d. e.

22 21 22 -3 < --' -< --' False 7' 7 7'

-5>

-J26; -55 > -J26;

39 273 273'

True

~ < 34 ; 234 < 238. True

7

Instructor's

Resource Manual

Section 1.1

b.

Prove the contrapositive. Suppose 11 is even. Then there is an integer k such that 11 = 2k. Then
112
::0

b.
c. d.

3 0.375 = -; rational 8 1- J2; (I +13)2 irrational irrational

(2k)2
112

= 4k2 = 2(2k2)

Thus c.

is even.
11

= 1+ 213 = 1514

+3

= 4+

2J3;

Parts (a) and (b) prove that only if

112

is odd if and e.

is odd. (3J2)(5.j2)

= 30: rational

43. a. b. c.

243 = 3·3·3·3·3 127 = 1·127 5100 = 2·2550 e.

5J2; irrational

= 2·2·1275 = 2·2·3·425
= 2·2·3·5·5 ·17

= 2·2·3·5·85

50. The sum of two irrational numbers is not always irrational. If the numbers are additive inverses, the sum is 0, which is rational. 51. If m were a perfect square, its prime factors would occur even numbers of times. If m is not a perfect square, some factors will occur an odd number of times and 52.

d.

346 = 2 ·173 then A2=b2·c4·d6,so

44. Let A=b.c2.d3;

the square of the number is the product of primes which occur an even number of times
2

rm

will be irrational.

45.

J2 = P ; 2 = P., : 2q2

q-

= i: Since

J6 + 13'"4.18154
J2 - 13 +
10giO

is irrational. is irrational.

the prime

53. 54.

J6 '" 2.13165

factors of p2 must occur an even number of times, 2q2 would not be valid and J!...

5", 0.69897 is irrational Converse: If I get an A in this course,

= J2

55. a.

must be irrational. 46.

then I do all of the homework. Since the prime Contrapositive: If I don't get an A in this

13 = p ; 3 = p~ : 3q2 = p2:
q

')

factors of p: must occur an even number of times, 3q2 would not be valid and J!...

.,

course, then I don't do all of the homework.

= 13

b.

Converse: If x is an integer, then x is a real number. Contrapositive: If x is not an integer,

must be irrational. 47. Let a. b, p, and q be natural numbers, so band p . Ia p - are ranona . - + q bq aq = --- +bp bq
a

then x is not a real number. c. Converse: If triangle, then triangle. Contrapositive: If

ThiIS sum IS .

MBC MBC

is an isosceles is an equilateral

the quotient of natural numbers, so it is also rational. 48. Let a be an irrational number and p and q be natural numbers. a·J!... = ap . Since the q q numerator is not a natural number, the product is irrational. 49. a.

MBC

is not an is not an

isosceles triangle, then equilateral triangle.

MBC

-.J9 = -3;

rational

Section 1.1

Instructor's

Resource Manual

1.2 Concepts

Review

3.

.846153 13)11.000000 104 60 52 80 78 20 13 70 65 50 39 11

1. 0.333 ..... (3s repeat): 0.200 ... (Os repeat); 3.14159 ... 2. rational 3. rational; irrational 4. real

Problem
1.

Set 1.2
.0833 12)1.0000 96 40 36 40

4.

.294117 17)5.000000 34 160 153 70 68 20 17 30 17 130

2.

.285714 7)2.000000

I4
60 56 40 35 50 49 10

ill
II 5.
3.66 3)1l.00 9 20 18 20 18 2

7
30 28

Instructor's

Resource Manual

Section 1.2

6.

.846153 13)11.000000

11. x

104 60 52 80 78 20 13 70 65 50 39 11

= O. 199999 ... 100x = 19.99999 ... lOx = 1.99999 ... 90x = 18

18 X=-=90 1 5

""-.

12. x

= 0.399999 ... 100x = 39.99999 ...

IOx = 3.99999 ... 90x

= 36
2 5

36 x=-=90

13. Those rational numbers that can be expressed

by a terminating 14. decimal followed by zeros.

7.

x = 0.123123123 ... 1000x = 123.123123 ... x=0.123123 999x = 123 123 x=-=999 41 333 ...

t: =
q q=

2n . 5m, then

q= 1

cr cr
'2 . 5"
Thus

p( ..!..} q

so we only need to look at

.!.. If
q

= (0.5)11(O.2)m. The product decimals is also a

of any number of terminating terminating

8.

x = 0.217171717 ... 1000x = 217.171717 ... lOx 990x

decimal, so (0.5)11 and (O.2)m. and

= 2.171717 = 215
43

hence their product, decimal. expansion. 15. Answers 1

Jrl

..!.., is a terminating
q

..........

...

!!..
q

has a terminating decimal

215 X=-=990 9.

198

x = 2.56565656 ... 100x = 256.565656 ... x 99x

will vary. Possible answer: 0.000001, ...

-2 :::; 0.0000010819

= 2.565656 = 254
254 99 ...

...

x=10. x

16. Smallest positive integer: 1; There is no smallest positive rational or irrational number. 17. Answers will vary. Possible answer: 3.14159101001... 18. There is no real number between 0.9999 ... (repeating 9'5) and 1. 0.9999 ... and I represent

= 3.929292
x

100x = 392.929292 ...

= 3.929292
389 99

...

99x =389 x=-

the same real number. 19. Irrational 20. Answers

-Jr

will vary. Possible answers:

and n,

-J2 and J2

21.

(J3 + 1)3 ... 20.39230485

...........

Section

1.2

Instructor's Resource Manual

22. 23. 24.

(J2 -

J3f ::::

0.0102051443

34.

V = 7!'(8.004)2(270) - 7'(8)2 (270) :::: 4.3 in.) 5 At x = 2iT: 286.866542 Atx=2.l5:9.16925 Atx= 2.71828: 16.34874967 At x = 1.1: 4.292
-

~l.I23 - ~1.09 :::: .00028307388 0 (3.l415rl/2 ::::0.5641979034

35. a. b. c. d.

25.

.Ji3O -.j5

31.2 -3

::: 12.43322783

36.
(0.00 121)( 5.23 x 10-3) 26. 6.I6x 10
-4:::

x4

3x3 + 4x2 + 6x - 10

0.0102732143

= (x3 -3x2 +4x+6)x-IO

= [ (x2

3x + 4 )x + 6] x-I 0 - IO

27.

J8.9rt2 + I - 3rt :::: .000691744752 0

= [«x- 3)x+4)x+6]x
a. b. At x=I;-2

At x==ir:52.71823452 At x == 14.2;32, 950.5856 At x

29. Let a and b be real numbers with be a natural number that satisfies

a < b. Let n

c. d. 37. a. c.

1112 < b- a. Let S

= {k:kin> b}. Since

a nonempty set of integers that is bounded below contains a least element, there is a

= 1.2157; 0.0000269681
b. -2

ko

S such

that

ko / n > b but
Then

-2
x

(ko-I)/n'5,b.

= 2.4444 ... ;
x=2.4444 9x=22
22 x=9

ko -1 ko 1 1 --=--->b-->a n n n 11 Ie -I b . If -leo-I < b ,then choose Thus, a < n 5 n

_0_

lOx == 24.4444 . .

r = -n-' Otherwise. choose r = -n-'

30. Answers will vary. Possible answer: ::::120 in3 31. r=4000mi x5280~=21,120,000
m1

leo-I

leo-2

d.
e.
11=

l:x=0,1I=2:
5

X=-,

ft ft
n =4: x==-

3 2 n=3: X=--, 2 3

equator = 27'(r = 27'(21, 120.000) :::: 32,700,874 1

The upper bound is ~. 32. Answers will vary. Possible answer: 70 beats x 60 min x 24 hr x 365 day x 20 yr min hr day year
= 735.840,000

f. 38.
3.

J2
Answers will vary. Possible answer: An example is S == {x: x2 < 5,x a rational number}. Here the least upper bound is.j5, which is real but irrational.

beats 16 ( 2.12

33.

V=rtr2h=rt

)2 (270·12)
in.3 b.

:::: 3,807,453.98 9 volume of one board foot (in inches): 13 123 12 = 144 in.! number of board feet: 93,807,453.98:::: 651,441 board ft 144 Instructor's Resource Manual

True

Section 1.2

1.3 Concepts

Review

5. 7x-2~9x+3 -5~2x x~-%:[-%,oo)

1. interval; intervals

2. [- I, 5); (-00,2] 3. b > 0; b < 0 4. -5,-4,3 Problem Set 1.3

1. a.

· . ·
4

-4

I ~I -3 -2

I
-I 0

.,

6. 5x-3 > 6x-4 J > x: (-00, J)

-3 -2 -I
3

I -)

-4

-2

-I

[
0

]
1

-4

7. IOx+ I> 8x+5

b.

-4

-3

-2

-I

:1

4 1

2x>4 x> 2;(2,00)

-4

C.

-3

-2

-I

I 3
4

.,

-4

-3

-2

-I

:1

d.

8. -2x+5 ~ 4x-3

--4

-3

-2

-I

]
0 2

8>6x x~~{ 3'

--co}) .3
-I

e.

-4

-3

-2

-I

•I
-4

-I -2
j

3"

1 j

]
4

.........

f.

-4

-3

-2

-I

9. -4 <3x+2 < 5 -6 <3x<3 -2 < x < 1:(-2,-1)

2. a. c. 3.

(2,7)

h. [-3,4)
d.
[-1,3]

(--co,2]

-4

-3 -2

-I

~
1

10. -3<4x-9<11 6 < 4x < 20

x-7 < 2x-5 -2 <x;(-2, co)

-I
2

~<X<5{~
2
0

' 2'

5)

--4

-3

-2

•
11.

4. 3x-5 < 4x-6

-2

-I

I 2

~
5

I 6

1 < x;(I,oo)
I

-3 < 1-6x ~4 -4 < -6x ~3

-4

-3

-2

-I

I•
2 3 4

3.>x~_L[
3

2'

_ _!_})
23
I

·
8

E
-I -2 j

-4

-I

~
:3
2

:3

""

Section 1.3

Instructor's

Resource Manual

12.

,""

4<S-3x< 7 -1 <-3x < 2

_!_ > x > -~,

18.

4x2-Sx-6<0 (4x+3)(x-2) <O{ -~,2)

3'

(-~,_!_) 33
:3
0

-4

'3

-I -2

(
-I

1
3

4'

-4

-3 -2 -I

'(
0

19. x+4 :;:;0;[-4,3)

x-3
-4

13. 2 + 3x < Sx + 1 < 16 2 + 3x < Sx + 1 and Sx + 1 < 16 1 < 2x and Sx < IS

•f
20.

-3 -2

-I

x > ~ and x < 3; (~, 3)

3x-2 --~O; x-I

·
14.

I
1

-4

-3

-2 -I

1 4

.
21.

( -GO,2] 3
-3
-2 -I

u(l,oo)

•I -4

H
1

I• 4

2x - 4 ~ 6- 7x ~ x + 6 2x - 4 ~ -7 x and 6 - 7x ~ 3x + 6 9x~10andl0x~0 lOJ x~9 10 and x z O:[ 0'9

2 -<S x --5<0 x 2-5x --<0; x

2

-2

'3

-4

-2
9

~
9

~
3

~• ~ ill
9 9

(-OO,O)u(~,oo)
•I -4 -3 -2

15. x2 + 2x - 12 < 0;

'5

'5

'5

-I

'5

x=

_2±~(2)2

-4(1)(-12) 2(1)

-2±.J52
2 22.

'5

'5

I•

'5

'5

=-I±m [x-( -1+m)][x-(-I-m)]

(-l-m,-I+m)

7 -~7 4x 7 --7~0 4x

< 0;

.
16.

1(

-5

-4

-3

-2

-I

7-28x 4x

s 0;

(-GO,O)u[~,oo)
•

x -Sx-6 (x+l)(x-6)

>0 > 0;
-4
!

(-oo,I)u (6,00)

.
-I

-3 -2 -I

)[
0

I•
7

17. 2x2 + 5x - 3> 0; (2x - 1)(x + 3) > 0;

(-OO,-3)U(~'00)

,..

-4

-3 -2

-I

I
1

I• 2 3
4

Instructor's

Resource Manual

Section 1.3

23.

1 --$4

3x-2

29.

x3

5x2

6x < 0 <0:

---4$0 _1_-_4..:....(3_x_-_2-,-) 0 < 3x-2 9-12x --$0; 3x-2

" J

1 3x-2

x(x2 - 5x - 6) < 0 x(x+I)(x-6) (-co,-I)u(0,6)

• I ) (

-2

-I

-00,-

2)
2

U[3-,00 )

(x~ -I)(x-I)
! •

>0

-I (;

J[
'3
1

(x

+ I)(x _1)2 > 0:

:1

36

(-I.I)u(l,co)
• I { ! •

24.

-->2
x+5

-4

-3

-2

-I

012

3 ---2>0
x+5 3-2(x+5) x+5 >0

31. a.

3x + 7 > 1 and 2l" + 1 < 3 3x > -6 and 2x < 2 x>-2 andx< 1; (-2,1) 3x + 7 > 1 and 2l" + 1 > -4 3x > -6 and 2x > -5 5 x> -2 and x> --; (-2, co) 2 3x + 7 > I and 2l" + 1 < -4 5 x>-2 and x <--;0 2

b.

_-2_x_-_7 > x+5 '

• I ( ')

0'(-5 _7..)
,2
I I •

c.

--6 25. (x

-5

-4

-3

-2 -I

+ 2)(x
-3

-l)(x - 3) > 0; (-2, I) u(3, 8)

32. a.
4

2x - 7 > I
{4<x} 2x > 8 or 2x < 2;x > 4 (-co,l)u(4,co)

.'
26.

--4

-2

-I

J
<

('.

or 2x+l

<3

(2x+3)(3x-l)(x-2)

o{-oo,-%)UG,2)
b.
!

or x < I;

2x-7 {x$4}

$1

'

,)

I(

J
2 3

-4

-3

-2

-I

x
c.

$4

or 2x+1 <3 or x < 1;(-00,4]

$1

27.

(2x-3)(x-l)2(x-3)

~O;
,

(-CO,i]U[3,CO)
]

2x-7 {x
$

-4

-3

-2

-I

!.
33. a.

or 2x + 1 > 3 x $ 4 or x> 1; (-00, co)

4}
(x

28.

(2x - 3)(x _1)2 (x - 3) > 0;

+ 1)(x2 + 2x
x3 + 3x2
_

- 7) ~ x2 -1
-

(-co. 1)u( 1,%)U(3,co)

•

5x - 7 ~ x2

x3 + 2x2 - 5x - 6 ~ 0

-4

-3

-2

-I

X) 1

(!

(x+3)(x+

I)(x- 2) ~ 0

[-3,-I)v[2,co)

10

Section 1.3

Instructor's

Resource Manual

h.

x4_2x2~8 X4_2x2 -8~ 0

(xl _ 4)(x2 + 2) ~ 0

- 4.98 x<-2.99 5.02 --<x<-3.01 (

and

-5.02 x>-3.01

4.98 2.99

(x2 +2)(x+2)(x-2)~0 (-<Xl, 12]U [2, CXl)

_ 5.02 ,_ 4.98) 3.01 2.99

c.

(x2+1)2_7(x2+I)+10<0 [(x2 +1)-S][(x2 +1)- 2] < 0

I(

!)'
-1.667 -1.666 -1.665

-1.668

(x2 _4)(x2 -I) < 0 (x+ 2)(x+ I)(x-I)(x (-2,-I}u(I,2) 34. Suppose .r > O. If we divide both sides of the inequality - 2) < 0 c. 3-&<--<3+& x+2 (3- &}(x + 2) < 1< (3+ &)(x + 2) (3 - &}x + (3 - &)2 < 1 < (3 + &}x + (3 + &)2 1- 2(3 - s) 3-& and I _-_2(~3_+_&~) . 3+&
I

1> 0 by

X,

we obtain 11 x> O. To

prove the converse, divide both sides of the equation I > 0 by 11.r , This gives _1_ > _Q_ .
11x II x

x<

x>-

which is equivalent to :c > O.

1- 2(3+&), 1-2(3 3+& 3-&

C»)

,...

35.

a.

1.99< - < 2.01 x 1.99x< 1< 2.01x 1.99x < I and x<1 1.99 and 1 1.99 1< 2.0lx x>1 2.01 37.

36.

1+x+x 2

+x 3 +... +x 99 < 0 _;

(-00,-1) 1 1 1 -~-+-+R 10 20 1 6+3+2 -<--R60 1 30

I -<x<2.01 (2.~1 '1.~9)

-<R - 60 R~ 60
11

11

.. I 0.49 0.495

g
0.500

I .. 0.505
0.510

h.

1 2.99<--<3.01 x+2 2.99(x + 2} < 1 < 3.0 l(x + 2)

1 1 1 -~-+-+R 20 30 1 6+4+3 R~-1-20-

1 40

->R -120 R
13

13

2.99x + 5.98 < 1 and

1 <3.01x+6.02

s 120 s 120
13

60 ~R
11

,...
Instructor's Resource Manual

Section 1.3

11

1.4 Concepts Review

1. -I; 5 2.

7. 12x-71 > 3; 2x - 7 < -3 or 2x - 7 > 3 21: < 4 or 2x > IO x<20rx>5: (-<Xl,2)u(5.00) 8. 15x-

la +bl ~ lal +Ibl

0.2 = 0.04 5

3. b,c 4.

61> I;
5x - 6 > I

5x - 6 < -lor

5x < 5 or 5x > 7 x < I or x > ~;(-<Xl,I)U(~'oo) 9. 14x+2121O: 4x+2

Problem Set 1.4

1. Ix+21<1: -1<x+2<1 -3<x<-1 (-3. -I) 2. Ix-2125;

s -100r4x+2

2 10

x s -3 or x 2 2 (-00, -3]u[2, (0) 25 x x

4x ~ -12 or 4x 2 8

x-2 ~-5 orx-2 x~-3 or x27

(-<Xl, 3]u(7, 3. 12x-11 > 2; (0)

- + 7 ~ -2 or - + 7 2 2
2 2

2x - 1 < -2 or 2x - 1 > 2
2x<-lor2x>3; x < -.!. or x > ~ (-00 2 2" 4. 14x+51 s 10: -IO~4x+5~1O -15~4x~5

-_!_)v(~.
2 2

9 or -2-)x 2 2 x ~ - 18 or x 2 -10
x -~00) (-00, -JS]u[ -10,00)

11.

12 +

~I
x
5

> I; 5

_1:s

s %:[ _

I:'%]

5 2+-<-10r2+->1 5

x
x

3 + - < 0 or I + - > 0
x 3x+5 --< 0

OT-->

x+5

_1<2+1<1 4

(-00, -5)U(

-~. 0)U(O, 00)

-2 <2 <0' 4' -8 <x < 0; (-8, 0) 6. 2

1 X -

12.

1~-31
x
x I +3x --<

> 6;

I 1 - - 3 < -6 or - - 3 > 6

512 7
7
2x -21 2

2x 2x - - 5 ~ -7 or - - 5 2 7

1 I - + 3 < 0 or - - 9 > 0
0

2x -~-2or

or-->

x 1-9x

x~-7

orx242;

(-<Xl,-7]u[42,00)

12

Section 1.4

Instructor's Resource Manual

13.

2 -3x-4~0:

23. -4(1)(-4) 2(1) 3±5 =-=-1.4 2 4.1X!) -4(1)(4) 2(1) 24. =2

16x+ 361< s c:> 16(x +6)1 < s

c:> 61x+61 < c
C> Ix+61

.'"
14.

x=

3±~(_3)2

(x+ I)(x -4) = 0;(-00. -I]u[

<~;O' =~ 6 6

x- - 4x + 4 $ 0; x = (x- 2)(x-

4±~(-4)2

ISx+ 251 < e C> 15(x+ 5)1< s c> Slx+51 < e c> Ix+51<~'

2) $ O;x = 2 25.
'"

5'

a =~ 5

15. 3x2+ 17x-6>0;

x=

C=7rd Ic -101

-17±~(17)2_4(3)(-6) 2(3)

-17±19 6

-6.3

s 0.02

Irrd -101 $ 0.02

(3x - I)(x + 6) > 0: (-co, - 6)UG.

IX!)

In(d - 1:)1 s 0.02

Id - I~I $ 0.~2 :::: .0064 0 We must measure the diameter to an accuracy of 0.0064 in.

16.

14x2 + IIx - 15 $ 0:
x=

-11±J(l1)2_4(14)(-15) 2(14) 35 27

-ll±31 28 26.

x=--.(x+

,..

%)( %) $ o{- %, %]
x-

IC-5o

$1.5,1%(F -32)-501$1.5;

~1(F -32)-901

$1.5

17. Ix - 31< 0.5 c> 51x - 31< 5(0.5) c> 15x-151 < 2.5

IF -1221

s 2.7
i.r F.

We are allowed an error of 18. Ix+21 < 0.3 c> 41x+ 21< 4(0.3) c> 14x+ 181< 1.2 27. 19. Ix- 21< ~ <:::> 61x - 21 < s <:::> 16x-121 < s 6 20. 21. IX+41 < E <:::> 21x+ 41 < s <:::> 12x+81 < s IX-II < 21x-31 Ix -11 < 12x- 61
(x_I)2 x2 -2x+1 «2x-6)2

<4x2 -24x+36

3x2 - 22x + 35 > 0 (3x-7)(x-5)

> 0;

j3x-151 < e <:::> 13(x-5)1 c> 31x-51 < s

<e
( -OO,f)U(5,1X!)

& <:::> Ix - 5 < -: 3 22.

C a = -3

28.

12x-11 ~ Ix+ll
(2x-l)2 ~(X+I)2

14x- 81< s <:::> 14(x - 2)1 < s c> 41x-21

c> Ix - 21< -'

<c e
4'

4x2 - 4x + 1~ x2 + 2x + 1 3x2 -6x ~ 0 3x(x-2) ~0

,...

a =4

(-IX!, 0] U [2, IX!)

Instructor's Resource Manual

Section 1.4

13

29.

212x-31 < Ix+ 101 14x - 61< Ix+ 101

(4x-6)2 16x
2 -

30.

«x+l0)2 48x+36 < x2 + 20x + 100

15x2 - 68x - 64 < 0 (5x+ 4)(3x < 0:

-16)

13x-ll < 21x+61 13x-ll <12x+121 (3x-l)2 «2x-12)2 2 -6x+ 1< 4x2 +48x+ 9x 5x2 -54x-143 < 0 (5x+ I 1)(x-13) < 0;
(- 151 ,13)

144

(_~, 136)

31. Ixl < IYI=> Ixllxl slxllYI => Ixf <IYI2

=> x2 < y2
Conversely,

and

IxllYI<IYIIYI Order property: x < Y <=> xz < yz

Transitivity

when z is positive,

(lxl2
2

x2)

x2 < y2 => x < lyI

I l2

(x2

= Ix12)

=>

(Ixl-IY!) (Ixl + lyl) < 0 => Ixl-IYI < 0 => Ixl < IYI Fa)
2

=> Ixl2 -lyl2 < 0

Subtract

Il from each side,

Factor the difference of two squares, . This is the only factor that can be negative. Add

IYI to each side.

32.

0 < a < b => a = (

and b = (

JEt
31,

,so

(Fa)2
33. a. b.

<(

Fb)2,

34·lx/+3 -'xl~21=

X/+3

and, by Problem

IFaI < IFbI => Fa < Jb

la-bl=la+(-b)ISlal+l-bl=lal+lbl la - bl ~ Iial-Ibil ~ lal-Ibl
of absolute values. Use Property 4

$f~+I-~
=

+( -lxl~2)

L/+3f ~llx' ~ 21
1

1 =--+-2 +3 x

Ixl+2

c.

la +b+cl

= I(a +b)
$

+cl $ la+bl+lcl

by the Triangular Inequality, and since

lal+lbl +Icl

x2

1 +3>0, Ix I+2>0::::>-2->0'-11->0.x 1 x +3 +2

x2 + 3 ~ 3 and
-2-$-

+3 3 1 I --+--<-+-Ixl + 2 2 +3 x
x

Ixl + 2 ~ 2, so 1 1 and -II-s-, thus, x +2 2

I 3 1 2

14

Section 1.4

Instructor's Resource Manual

35.

IxI
1

~-2!=!X+(-2) +9 x2 +9

40.

a <b

a + a < a + b and a + b < b + b -2 + x2 + 9

x-211 x2 + 9

~I s~
sx

I!
2 Ixl+2 +9 = 2 +9

2a < a +b < 2b a+b a<--<b 2

41.

X-2! 2 +9

Ixl 2 +9+

x2

O<a<b a2 < ab and ab < b2 a2 < ab <b2 a<j;b<b

'9 S· IIlce x- + ~ 9 ,-, I ~ -I x- +9 9

--<-x2 +9 -

Ixl+2

Ixl+ 2 9 9

!x
36.

~I~lxl+2 2 +9

42 •

..r;;b s ~(a
~0 ~0 424 4

+b) ~ ab ~~(a2

2 +2ab+b ) - 2ab+b2)

Ixl ~ 2 =+.2 + 2x + 71s Ix21+ 12xl + 7

~4+4+7=15 and Ix2 + II
2

s ..!.a2 -..!.ab+..!.b2 = '!'(a2

4

s ..!.(a -

b)2 which is always true.

~I

1 so -2-x +1

s I.

Thus,

x + 2x + 71= x2 + I

Ix2 + 2x + 711_1 2

x +1

-I

43. For a rectangle the area is ab, while for a square the area is

a = ( a;
2

r.
s

From Problem 42, so the square

~15·1=15

37.

4 1 I x +2x 3 +4'x 2 +i1x+16 I 1

~ ab 22' has the largest area.

..r;;b s .!.(a +b)

(a +b)2

~lx41+~lx31+~lx21+ilxl+ ~ 1+ - + - + - + 2 4 8 16

/6

44.

=ttr

;A

= 4;r(1 0) 2 = 400Jr

since Ixl~ 1. 4;rlr2 -1001 < 0.01

14;rr2 -400;r1 < 0.01

So 38. a.

Ix4

+..!.x3 +..!.x2 +'!'x+_..!..1s 1.9375 < 2. 2 4 8 16 x <x2

r2 -1001 < 0.01 4;r

x-x2 x(l-x)<O

<0 x c O or x> I

_ 0.01 < r2 -100 < 0.01 4;r 4;r

VJVv-4;"

r.::-o.m < r <

r'10-0-+-0-.0-1 4,T

t5 :::: 0.00004 in

h.

x2 <x x2 -x<O x(x-I)<O O<x<1

Instructor's

Resource Manual

Section 1.4

15

1.5 Concepts
1. II: IV

Review

4.

~ 2. J<x+2)2 +(y_3)2 3.
(x + 4)2 + (v - 2)2 = 25

4. (-2+5,
2

3+7)=<1.5.5) 2 . d=J<-1-6)2+(5-3)2 =~49+4=J53

Problem Set 1.5

1.

:::7.28

5.

d = J(I.345-56.34)2
2.
y

+(-1.234-89.56)2

::: 106.151

6.

y
• (n , 8.145)

d = J<-3-2)2 3.

+(5+2)2 y

J74::: 8.60
7. dl =J(5+2)2+(3-4)2 =~49+1=J50

• (4, 5)

d2 = J<5 _10)2 + (3 _8)2 =..J2s+25 = J50

d3 = J<-2 _10)2
• (5, -8)

+(4_8)2

= ~144+ 16 = Ji60

dl = d2 so the triangle is isosceles .

8.

a=J(2-4)2+(-4-0)2 b=J(4-8)2+(0+2)2

=~4+16=f20 =~16+4=f20 2)2

c=

J(2 _8)2 +(-4+

= .J36+4

J40

16

Section 1.5

Instructor's Resource Manual

a2 + b2 = C2, so the triangle is a right

18. Since the circle is tangentto the x-axis, r = 4.

(x-3)2 +(y_4)2

triangle. 9.
(-I,

= 16

-1), (-1, 3); (7, -1), (7, 3); (I, I), (5, I) +(0-1)2 = ~(x-6)2
x2-6x+10=x2 6x=42 x=7~(7,0) +(0-4)2;

19. Substitute x =.!. into the equationand solve

4

10. ~(x-3)2

for y. ( -"4 3f
(y-I) y-l=±y=l±+(y-It=1'

-12x+52

7 =16

11. (-2+4 . -2+3)=(1'!'}'2 2 2

d=

(1+2)2 + 2-3

Cr H
=
9+
e

J7 J7
4 4

3.91 4::::

.. 12. midpointof ad e C+2 3+6) -2-'-2-

20. Substitute y
x.

=I

into the equationand solve for

2'2 9)

(x_I)2 + (0)2 = I
x-I
=

.. midpointof Cfi
d=

(4+3 7+4) = ell) -2-'-22'2

±1

(%-~r

x=0,2

+(~_121f

21. x2 + 2x + 10+ i
(x2 +2x+l)+(y2

- 6y - 10= 0 -6y=0

= J4+1 =..J5 :::: 124 2

x2 +2x+ i

13. (x - 1)2+ (y - 1)2= 1 14. (x+ 2)2 +(y _ 3)2 = 42

(x+2)2 +(y_3)2

-6y+9)=1+9

(x+l)2 +(y_3)2 =10

center = (-1,3): radius = JlO 22.

x2 + i -6y=36

= 16

15. (x_2)2 +(y+ 1)2 = r2

(5-2)2+(3+1)2 r2 =9+ 16 = 25 (x_2)2 +(y+ 1)2= 25 =r2

x2 + (y2 -6y+9)

= 16+9

x2 + (y - 3)2 = 25

center = (0,3); radius = ..[s 23.

x2 + y2 -12x+35 x2-12x+i=-35 (x2 -12x+36)+ (x-6)2 i =0

2 16. (x-4) +(y-3)

(6-4)2+(2-3)2 r2 = 4+1 = 5 (x_4)2 +(y_3)2

2 = r2
=r2

= -35+36 =I

+i

=5
3+7) = (2, 5) -2-

center = (6, 0); radius = I 24. =.!.J4+16 2

x2 + i

17. center = C+3 -2-'

-lOx+IOy=O
+(y+5)2 = 50
=

(x2 -lOx + 25)+(y2 + IOy+25) = 25+ 25 (x-5)2

,...

radius=.!.~(1-3)2+(3-7)2 2 = .!.J20 = ..J5 2 2 (x- 2) +(y-5) 2 = 5

center = (5, -5); radius 25. 4x2 + 16x+ 15+4i

4(x2 +4X+4)+4(l

J50 = 5J2

+6y = 0

+~ y+~)= 2 16

-15+16+~

4
17

Instructor's Resource Manual

Section 1.5

4(x+2)2

13 +4 ( y+- 3}2 =4 4 +(Y+~r

=

Cost by plane by plane. 30.

= 4.82(279) = $1344.78; cheaper

(x+2)2 center
=

(-2, -%l

:!

Distance running = 6 mi
,-------

Distance swimming =
=~

(10-6)2

+(~r

radius

= ~16+~ Time :::;Distance8 = ~ + Rate 8

31.

= J16.25 hr

26.

? lOS? 4x- + 16x+-+4y16 4 +4X+4)+4(y2

+3y = 0

Jl625 ::::; 2.09

3

=--+16+16 4(x+ 2)2 +4(Y+~r

+~ y+_2_) 4 64 105 9
16
= 10

Put the vertex of the right angle at the origin with the other vertices at (a. 0) and (0, b). The midpoint of the hypotenuse is (~, distances from the vertices are

%). The

(a-~r +(o-%y
~

=~

=.!_~a2 +b2

'

center =(-2'-~}

radius =j{=

27.

center:e;6,

-1;3)

= (4, I)

. . = 2+ 3+ 3) midpoint ( -2-'6 -2-:::; (4 , 3) inscribed circle: radius = ~r-(-4-_-4-)2-+-(1-_-3-)-2

=14 =2
(x_4)2 +(y_I)2 =4 which are all the same. circumscribed circle: radius=~(4-2)2+(l-3)2

=J8

32. From Problem 31, the midpoint of the hypotenuse, (4,3,), is equidistant from the vertices. This is the center of the circle. The radius is ../16+9 = 5. The equation of the circle The
IS

(x-4l +(y_I)2

=8

28. The radius of each circle is centers are (1,-2)

.J16 = 4.

and (-9,10).

The length of

(x _4)2 +(y _3)2 = 25. 33. x2+y2_4x-2y-ll=0 (x2 -4x+4)+(i (x-2)2 - 2y+ 1) = 11+4+ 1 +(y_l)2

the belt is the sum of half the circumference of the first circle, half the circumference ofthe second circle. and twice the distance between their centers. L =L2Jr(4)+.!_.21I"(4)+2~(l+9)2

= 8Jr + 2• 00+ 144

./1

+(-2-10)2

= 16

::::56.37

x2 + +20x-12y+ 72 = 0 2 +20x+100)+(y2 (x -12y+36) =-72+100+36 {x+IO)2 +(y_6)2

= 64

29.

AC=JAB2+BC2 Cost by truck

=J(214)2+{l79)2 + 179) $1458.03

:::; .}77,837 ::::; . 278.99

= 3.71(214 =

center of first circle: (2, 1) center of second circle: (-10, 6)

18

Section 1.5

Instructor's Resource Manual

d = ~(2+ 10/ +(1-6)2

= .J144+25

(a-R)2 (a-R)
2

+(a-R)2
=2

= R2

=.Ji69 = 13
However. the radii only sum to 4 + 8 = 12, so the circles must not intersect if the distance between their centers is 13.

R2

a=(I±~)R
Since a <

R, =(1- ~)R.
a

At the same time, the point where the two circles touch must satisfy

(a-r)2+(a-r)2=r2

Since a » r, a=(I+ ~}. Equating the two expressions for a yields 35. Label the points C. P, Q. and R as shown in the figure below. Let d a = IpRI. Triangles

= IOpl,

h=

IOQI, and

(1- ~)R=(l+
1- .J2

~}

AOPR and ACQR are r=-_2-R=-

similar because each contains a right angle and they share angle LQRC . For an angle of 30° , d I h = .fj/2. Thus, using a property of similar triangles.

(1-

~J'

IQCI/IRC! =.fj12 2 .fj --=a-2 2 a=2+4IJi Thus, h=2a=2(2+4Ji)=4(l+2J3)·

By the Pythagorean Theorem, we have +4 ~ 7.464

1+~ (1+ ~)(I1-.J2+.!.. R r= 2

2 r =- (3- 2.J2)R "" O.1716R Y
1- .!.

~J

~h2 _a2

= Jia = 2Ji

x
r

36. The equations of the two circles are

(x- R)2 +(y(x-r)2

Let

R)2

= R2
= r2

37. The centers of the circles are

+(y_r)2

J(10 - 2)2 + (8 - 2)2 =.JlOO

B

= 10 units apart,

(a, a) denote the point where the two

circles touch. This point must satisfy

so the belts cross at a point 5 units from each center. The belt makes a right angle with the radius at point B, as shown in the figure.

From the Pythagorean Theorem. the length of Instructor's Resource Manual

Section 1.5

19

the belt from A to B is sin () =

~52

_32

= Jl6 = 4.

40.

See the figure below. The angle at T is a right angle, so the Pythagorean Theorem gives (PM + r)2 = (PT)2 + r2

radians. The situation on 5 the lower half of the wheel is identical, and the two wheels are identical. so the length of the belt around each wheel is 3(2Jr -1.86) :::: 3.3 units. The length of the belt 1 is 2(13.3) + 4(4) ::::42.6 units.

~ ~ () ::::0.93

<=> (PM)2 + 2rPM + r2 <=> PM (PM +2/")

= (PT)2

+ r2

= (PT)2

PM + 2,. = PN so this gives (PM)(PN) = (pT)2

4(x- -2x+l+

y- -2y+l)
=x
2 -

.,

6x

+9+ i -8y + 16
4; 17 = -;

3x- - 2x+3y3.c - 2x + 3y (x2 -~x+.!.)+ 39.,

.,

= 9+

16-42

2 ., 17; x - - x + y-

v=
2

!2+.!.9 3

41. The lengths A. B. and C are the same as the corresponding distances between the centers of the circles: A

center:

(x-~r+i = 5: G,o):

= Jr-(_-2)-2-+(-8)-2=$8::::
=

8.2

radius: (

~J

B = ~(6)2 +(8)2

C=J(8)2+(0)2

JiOo = 10 =164 =8

39. Let a, b, and c be the lengths of the sides of the right triangle, with c the length of the hypotenuse. Then the Pythagorean Theorem says that a2 + b2 = c2
2 2 1ta 7tb2 1tC Thus, --+--=or 8 8 8

Each circle has radius 2, so the part of the belt around the wheels is 2(2ir - a -;r) + 2(2Jr - b -;r) + 2(2Jr - c -Jr)
= 2[3Jr- (a +b +c)] = 2(2;r) = 4;r

Since a + b + C = tt , the sum of the angles of a triangle. The length of the belt is :::: .2 + ] 0 + 8 + 8

41t

~1t(%y +~1t(%r = ~1t(~r ~1t(~r is the area of a semicircle with

diameter x, so the circles on the legs of the triangle have total area equal to the area of the semicircle on the hypotenuse. From a2 +b2 = c2,

::::38.8 units.

.J3 a2 + 13 b2 = 13 c2
4 4 4
is the area of an equilateral triangle with 4 sides of length x, so the equilateral triangles on the legs of the right triangle have total area equal to the area of the equilateral triangle on the hypotenuse of the right triangle.

.J3 x2

42.

In Problems 28 and 41, the curved portions of the belt have total length Zn:r, The lengths of the straight portions will be the same as the lengths of the sides. The belt will have length 2Jrr+d1 +d2 + ... +dn·

20

Section 1.5

Instructor's

Resource Manual

1.6 Concepts Review

1. (d -b)
(c-a)

IS.

m=--;

5+3 2-2

undcffned.x+uv
'J

z= O

3. y

= IIIX

+ b: x

16. x

= -5;x+Oy+5

=0

2. 0

4. Ax+By+C=O

17. 3y=-2x+l:

2 y=--x+-: 3

I 2 slope=--' 3 3'

Problem Set 1.6

"-1 1. ---=1 2-1

. 2. -=1 4-3 -6+4 4. --=1 0-2 6-0 6. --=1 0+6

7-5
18.

v-mtercept

= -3

-4y = 5x-6 5 y=--x+4 3 2

=-

-6-3 9 3. --=-5-2 7 5-0 5 S. --=--

5. s1 ope = --' j=mtercept 4' 19.6-2y=IOx-2 -2y=10x-8 y = -5x+4; slope = -5: y-intercept 20. 4x+ 5y

3 2

0-3

7.

-3.456-5.678:::: -1.028 7.654 + 1.234

=4

= -20
4

8.

1.642

J2 -.Jj :::: 0.212

-Jr

5y=-4x-20 y=--x-4 5 4. s1 ope = --; j--mtercept 5 21. a. m = 2: y+3 = 2(x-3) y= 2x-9

=-

9.

y-2 x+y-4=0

= -1(x-2)

y-2=-x+2

10.

y-4 = -1(x-3) y-4 = -x+3 x+y-7=0

II.
12.

y= 2x+3 2x- y+3=0 y=Ox+5 Ox+y-5 =0

h.

m=--'

1 2'

1 y+3=--(x-3) 2 1 y=--x--

13.

m=--=-:

8-3

c.

2x+3y = 6 3y=-2x+6 2 y=--x+2: 3

4-2

5 y-3=-(x-2) 2 2y-6 = 5x-10 5x-2y-4 2-1 14. m=8-4

=0

="4;

1
I

y-I=-(x-4) 4 4y-4=x-4 x-4y+0

=0

2 y+3 = --(x-3) 3 2 y=--x-I 3

Instructor's Resource Manual

Section 1.6

21

d.

3 m=-; 2 y+3 = -(x-3) 2 15 3 y=-x-2 2

3

24.

a.

In

= 2: = 10
k
10 -3y=-kx+IO y=-x--

kx-3y

e.

-1-2 m=--=--:

3
4

k -=2;k=6 3 . 1 2' 1

3+ I 4

3 y+3 = --(x-3) 3 y=--x-4

b.
3
4

m=--' k

3
k=-~

2 2

f.

x=3 3x+cy = 5
3(3)+c(I)=5

g. y=-3
c.

22. a.

2x+3y=6 3y = -2x+6 Y=--x+2'

c=-4

2 3

'

b.
c.

c=O 2x+ y =-1

3k3 9 m=-' -=-' k=2' 3 2' 2 25. Y

26.
= 3(3) - 1

v = -2x-1
111=-2; 3x+cy=5 cy=-3x+5 y=--x+3 -2=-c 3 c=2 d. c must be the same as the coefficient so c = 3, y-2=3(x+3);
perpendicular slope = of x,

= 8; (3,

9) is above the line,

(a, 0), (0, b); m=-=--

b-O

O-a

3 c

5 c

y = --

b a

x + b. - + y
a

bx

b;- + a

a xy b

=I

27. 2x+3y=4 -3x+ y= 5 2x+3y=4 9x-3y = -15 11x =-11 x=-1 -3(-1)+ Y

e.

=5
(-I, 2)

-.!;
3

y=2
Point of intersection:

--=--

3 c c=9

3y=-2x+4 Y =--x+-

2
3

4
3

3 23 . m=-'2' 3 y+l=-(x+2) 2 3 y=-x+2 2

3 m=2

3 y-2=-(x+l)
2

3 7 y=-x+-

22

Section 1.6

Instructor's Resource Manual

28.

4x-5}

=8

30. 5x-2y=5 2x+3y = 6 15x-6y= 4x+6y= 19x IS 12 = 27 x=27 19 6

2x+ y =-10 4x-5y=8 -4x2)'

= 20

-7y = 28 y=-4 4x-5(-4)=8

ofX

= -12

x=-3 Point of intersection: 4x-5y=8 -5y (-3. -4);

2U;)+3Y= 3y=y=-

60
19 20 19

= -4x+8
8

4 y=-x--

m=--

5 4
4

. P· OInt 0r: intersecnon: (27 20) : -.19 ·19

5x-2y =5 -2y = -5x+5

5 y+4=--(x+3) 5 y=--x-29.3x-4y=5 2x+3y = 9 9x-12),=15 8x+12y = 36 17x =51 x=3 3(3)-4y=5 -4y=-4 y= 1 Point of intersection: (3, 1); 3x - 4y -4y = -3x+5 y=-x-= 5;

31

y=-x-111=--

5 2

5 2

2
5

y- ~~= -~( x- ~;) 2 y=--x+-+5 2 y=--x+5 31. A=3,B=4,C=-6 d _13(-3)+4(2)+(-6)1_7... J(3)2 +(4)2 -5 14 _ 54 20

95 19 154 95

32.

_12(4)-2(-1)+4)1_ dJ(2)2 +(2)2

J8 --2-

7.Ji

4
33. A

m=--

= 12, B = -5, C = 1
J(12)2 +(_5)2 - 13

d _112(-2) - 5(-1) + 11_ ~

4 y-I=-3(x-3) y = --x+5 3
4

34.

A=2,B=-I,C=-5 d = 12(3)-1(-1)-51 ~(2)2 +(_1)2

_2_ = 2J5

J5

Instructor's

Resource Manual

Section 1.6

23

35. 2x+4(O) = 5
X=-

5
2

44.

d=

12(~)+4(O)-71

J(2)2 +(4)2
y=I 5

2 =-=-

J5
5

-+-=1 aa
a

J20

~=I
a=

36. 7(0)-5.1'=-1

'::+E=I 55 x+y-5=0

d=

7(0) - 5 (~) 5 ~(7)2 + (_5)2

61

tx: = _7_ = 7,,74

54

45.

74

37.

120,000(0.08)

= 9600; V = 120.000 - 96001

(-22 3;2)=( _~,~)

+1, y-~=~(x+~) y=-x+5

-2-3 m = -1+2

= --'

5 3'

3 m = -' passes through 5'

38. Slope = -9600; The bulldozer depreciates at $9600 per year. 39. (0, 700,000), (10, 820,000) m = 820,000 - 700,000 = 12,000 10-0 N= 12,000n + 700,000 At 11 = 25: N= 12,000(25) + 700,000 1,000,000 40. (0, 80,000), (20,2000)
In

4
5

46.

m = --

0-4 2-0

= -2' m

'

= -'

I passes through 2'

( = 2000-80,000 = -3900 20-0 V = - 3900n + 80, 000 When x = 0, P = -2000, which indicates that the company loses money if no items are sold. Slope = 450; this is the amount of profit gained with the sale of each item. Slope = 0.75; this is the amount of money

0+ 2 4+0) 2 '2
2

= (I 2) '

I y-2=-(x-I) 1 y=-x+3

2
I = 3; m = - -; passes through 3
= (3, 3)

41. a.

( 2; 4,0; 6)
y-3 I I y=--x+4 3 -x+-=--x+4 2 2 3 -x=6 2 x=3
I

6-0 m = -4-2

b.

= -3(x-3)

42. a.

added to the cost with each item produced. b. When x = 0, C = 200. This is the fixed cost. that is, the cost to produce zero units .. 43. If (xo. Yo) is on both lines, then 2xo - Yo + 4

=0

and Xo + 3Yo - 6 = 0 so

2xo - Yo +4+k(xo +3yo - 6) = O+O·k which means that (xo, Yo) is on the line

= 0,
center 47.

y=-(3)+-=3

2t - y + 4 + k(x + 3y - 6) = 0 regardless of the value of k.

(3, 3)

Let the origin be at the vertex as shown in the figure below. The center of the circle is then

(4 - r, r) , so
(x-(4-r»2 24 Section 1.6

it has equation +(y-rl

= r2.

Along the side of Manual

Instructor's Resource

length 5, the y-coordinate the x-coordinate.

is always ~ times
4

50. A=m,B=-I,C=B-b;(O.O) d Jm(O)-l(O)+B-b

Thus. we need to find the

Jm

2 +(_1)2

Jm

IB -bl
2

+I

value of r for which there is exactly one xsolution to (x-4+r)2 +(y_r)2 =r2. Solving 51.

The midpoint of the side from (0, 0) to (a, 0) is

for x in this equation gives x=

(o~a,o;o)=(~.o)
1111=--=-b-a

2~(16- ± ~24(
r

The midpoint of the side from (0. 0) to (b. c) There is

_r2 + 7r-6)).

(O~b.

O;c) =(%.~)
c
b-a c == --; b-a

IS

exactly one solution when _,.2 + 7r - 6 = 0, that is. when r == I or r extraneous.

c-O

= 6.

The root r

=6

is

Thus. the largest circle that can be

m2 == -;:---;

£-0 2
2 2

1111 = 1112

.1<--

inscribed in this triangle has radius r = I.

52. See the figure below. The midpoints of the sides are p(XI +x2 . YI + Y2). Q(X2 +X3 . Y2 + Y3)
2 . 2 2· 2 '

R ( x3 ; X4 , Y3 ; Y 4
4-r
4

).

48. The line tangent to the circle at perpendicular

(a,b) will be (a,b) and the

s(

xI ~X4 . YI ;>'4

and The slope of PS is

to the line through

I -[YI + Y4 -(YI + Y2)] _., 2 == Y4 Y_. The slope of

~[XI +x4

center of the circle, which is (0.0). The line through O-b

-(xI +X2)]

X4 -x2

(a, b) and
b a

(0,0) has slope

2

m =--=-;ax+by=r

O-a

~ Y=--bX+-b

r2

I -[Y3 + Y4 -(Y2 + Y3)] QR is 2 = Y4 - Y2 . Thus I[x3 +x4 -(x2 +x3) ] x4 - .:r., _ 2 PS and QR are parallel. The slopes of SR and

so ax + by = r2 has slope -:: perpendicular

and is

PQ are both Y3 - YI • so PQRS is a

x3
-XI

to the line through

(a, b)

and

parallelogram.

(0.0). so it is tangent to the circle at

49. 12a + Ob = 36 a=3

(a. b).

32+b2==36
b

= ±3.J3
= 36

3x-3.J3y x-.J3y=12

53. x2 + (y - 6)2 == 25; passes through (3, 2) tangent line: 3x - 4y = I The dirt hits the wall at y
=

3x+3.J3y==36 x+.J3y
= 12

8.

Instructor's

Resource Manual

Section 1.6

25

1.7 Concepts Review

1. y-axis 2. (4, -2) 3. 8; -2, I, 4 4. line; parabola

4. y

= 4x2 - I; y-intercept

= -I = -~,~

y = (2x+ 1)(2x-l);x-intercepts

Symmetric with respect to the y-axis. y

Problem Set 1.7

1. y=_x2+

x-intercepts

I;y-intercept= l;y=(1 +x)(I-x); = -I. 1 Symmetric with respect to the j-axis

y

.r

5.

x2 + Y = 0; Y = -x2
.r-intercept = 0, y-intercept = 0 Symmetric with respect to the y-axis
y

2. x

= _y2

+ I; y-intercepts = -I, I;

x-intercept

=1
y

Symmetric with respect to the x-axis.

6. y = x2 y

2x; y-intercept = 0 - x); x-intercepts = 0,2

y

= x(2

3. x = -4y2 - 1; x-intercept =-1 Symmetric with respect to the x-axis y

'''.
26
Section 1.7 Instructor's Resource Manual

7. txl + 3y

0; 3y = -7xl; y =

_2x2
3

10.

3x2 +4/

= 12;y-intercepts

= -J3,fi

x-intercept = 0, y-intercept = 0 Symmetric with respect to the y-axis

)'

x-intercepts = -2,2 Symmetric with respect to the x-axis, j-axis, and origin

8.

= 3x2

- 2x

+ 2; y-intercept = 2
y

11. y = -x2

2x + 2: y-intercept = 2

. 2±.J4+8 x-intercepts =

-2

2±2J3 = ---

-2

= -I ± ,,3

r:

9. xl+ y2=4 .r-intercepts = -2, 2; y-intercepts = -2, 2 Symmetric with respect to the x-axis, j-axis, and origin
y

12. 4x2+3/

=12; y-intercepts=-2,2

x-intercepts = Symmetric with respect to the x-axis, y-axis. and origin

-13,13

Instructor's Resource Manual

Section 1.7

27

13. x2_y2

=4

x-intercept = -2,2 Symmetric with respect to the x-axis, y-axis. and origin
y

16. x2-4x+3i=-2
x-interccpts == 2 s Symmetric with respect to the x-axis y

Ji

14. x2 + (y

_1)2

= 9; y-intercepts = -2.4

x-intercepts = Symmetric with respect to the y-axis y

-2J2,2J2

17. x2 + 9(y + 2)2 == 36; j-jntercepts x-intercept == 0 y

= -4, 0

Symmetric with respect to the y-axis

18.

x4

15. 4(x - 1)2 + y2

+ l = l:y-intercepts = -1.1

==

36;

y-intercepts == ±.Jfi = ±4.fi x-intercepts = -2, 4 Symmetric with respect to the x-axis
y

x-intercepts = -1.1 Symmetric with respect to the x-axis. j-axis, and origin y 21-

r
_l

"""
~
-2
I-

j_

-2
\..

2x

28

Section 1.7

Instructor's Resource Manual

19.

x4 + y4 = 16; y-intercepts = -2,2 x-intercepts = -2,2 Symmetric with respect to the j-axis, x-axis and origin y

x. 22. y=--;y-mtercept=O

x2 +1 x-intercept = 0 Symmetric with respect to the origin

20. Y

y-intercepts = 0; y = x(x2 - I) = x(x + I )(x - I); x-intercepts = -I, 0, I Symmetric with respect to the origin y

= x3 - x;

23.

2x- -4x+3y-

, 2(x- -2x+I)+3(y2(x-l)2+3(y+2)2

.,

+ 12y=-2
')

+4y+4)=-2+2+12 =12 3

. y-mtercepts
x-intercept

.J3O = - 2 ±-=I
y

21.

x +1 Symmetric with respect to the y-axis y

24. 4 (x

=-2-; y-mtercept

I.

- 5)2 + 9(y + 2)2 = 36; x-intercept = 5

y

-5

Instructor's Resource

Manual

Section 1.7

29

25. Y = (x - 1)(x - 2)(x - 3); y-intercept =-6 x-intercepts = L 2, 3 y

29.

Ixl+IYI=l;

y-intercepts=-I,

1;

x-intercepts = -I, 1 Symmetric with respect to the x-axis, y-axis and origin
y

-5
26. y = x2(x - 1)(x - 2); y-intercept = 0 .r-intercepts = 0, I, 2

30. Ixl+ IYI= 4; y-intercepts = -4,4; x-intercepts = -4. 4 Symmetric with respect to the x-axis, y-axis and origin y

27. y

= x2 (x _1)2;

y-intercept

=0

x-intercepts = 0, 1 y -x+l=(x+li -x+l=x2+2x+l 31. x +3x 2

x(x+3)=0 x = 0,-3 Intersection points: (0, I) and (-3. 4) y

28. y = x4(x-I)4(x+I)4;y-intercept

x-intercepts =-1,0,1 Symmetric with respect to the y-axis y

30

Section 1.7

Instructor's

Resource Manual

32.

2x + 3 = -(x x2

_1)2

34.

-2x+3=-3x2-3x+12
0 No points of intersection

2x - 3 = - X2 + 2x - I +4
=

3x2 -x+9=

0
y

No points of intersection

33.

= -2(x-4)2 -2x+3 = _2x2 + 16x-32

-2x+3 2x2 -18x+35=0 x= 18±J324-280
4 9

x2 +x2 = 4 35. x2

=2 = ±.J2
y

18±2Jil
4

9±Jil
2

Intersection points:

(-.fi. -.fi). (.fi ..fi)

Intersection points: (

-;U.-

6+

.s:)-

(9+f1,-6-Jil)
y

36.

2x2 +3(x-l)2 = 12 2x2 +3x2 -6x+3 = 12 5x2 -6x-9 x= =0 3±3J6 5 -2+3J6) 5

6± .,)36+180 6±6J6 =--10 10

points:

Intersection

3 -3..[6 -2- 3J6).(3+3J6 5 '5 5'

y

Instructor's Resource Manual

Section 1.7

31

37.

40.

x2 +

= 13;(-2.-3),(-2.3).(2.-3),(2.3)

d( = ~(2+2)2 +(_3+3)2 = 4
y = 3x+ I d2

= ~(2+2)2 +(-3-3)2

= J5i

= 2JI3

2 +2x+(3x+I)2 X

= 15

d3 =~(2-2)2 +(3+3)2 =6 Three such distances

x2+2x+9x2+6x+I=15 IOx + 8x - 14 = 0 2(5x2 +4x-7)

=0
2

41.

x2+2x+y2-2y=20;

(-2.1+J21).

x:::: -1.65. 0.85 Intersection points: (-1.65, -3.95) and (0.85,

(-2,1-£1).
d( =J(-2-2)2

(2,1+

J13),( 2, I-JI3)

3.55)
y

+[I+51-(I+JI3)J

= ~16+( 51-J13f
=~50-253
d2

::::4.12 1- JI3)y

= J<-2 _2)2 +[ 1+ 51-( = )16+{ 51 +J13)2

38.

x- + (4x + 3)- = 81 x2 + 16x2+ 24x + 9 = 81

17x2 + 24x-72
x:::: =0

.,

.,

= ~50+ 253
d3

:::: .11 9 J21)J =2J21 ::::9.17

= J(-2 + 2)2 +[1 + 51-(1=)0+(51+51)2

-2.88. 1.47
d4

=)(2J21/

Intersection points: (-2.88, -8.52), (1.47,8.88)

= )(-2 - 2)2+[1-51-0 =)16+(-51-Jl3)2

+JI3)J
=~50+2J273 ::::9.11

-I

ds

=~(-2-2)2 +[I-51-(I-JI3)J =)16+(Jl3-51)2

=~50-2.J273 ::::4.12

d6 =~(2-2)2 +[1+Jl3-(1-Ji3)]2 h. ax3 +bx2 +cx+d, with a> 0: (I)

= )o+{ Jl3 +J13)2 = )(2JI3)2 = 2JI3::::7.21

Four such distances (d2 = d4 and d(

= ds ).

d.

Y = ax3, with a > 0: (4)

32

Seetien 1.7

Instructor's Resource Manual

1.8 Chapter Review Concepts Test

1. False: 2. True:

16. False:

This only holds if x and yare greater than O. 4 Ixl < IYI~ Ixl < lyl4 Ixl4 :::x and Il
4

17. True:

P and q must be integers.

f!J_ _ P2 = PIq2 - P2ql ; since
ql q2 q,q2 PI, ql ' P2, and q2 are integers, so

=/,

sox4 <y4.

18. True:

Ix+

YI:::

-(x+ y) = Ixl+IYI

:::-x+(-y) 19. True: Ifr=O, then

are PJQ2 - P2Ql and QIQ2' 3. False: which is rational. 4. True: Between any two distinct real numbers there are both a rational and an irrational number. 0.999 ... is equal to 1. If the numbers arc opposites (-tr and tr) then the sum is 0,

_1_=_1_=_1_= 1+ 1- r I

Irl

-Irl

For any r, I +Irl ~ I-Irl. Since 1 i+lrl-I-ri' Irl < I, I-trl > 0 so 1 also,-I

--<--'

<r< I.

5. False:

If -I < r < 0, then IrI = -r and I - r :::1 + Irj, so

6. True:
be be

--=-<-1+ Irl 1- r - i -lrI' (a-bt-c

«

7. False: 8. True:

;a·(b·c)=a
and x z

If 0 < r < I. then IrI = rand

Since x~Y~z

z .x

1- r :::I-Irl,

so 1 1-Irl'

1 1 --<-=-1 + IrI - 1- r 20. True:

9. True:

If x was not 0, then

E=

Ixl would

be a positive number less than Ixl. 10. True: y-x = -(x- y) so (x- y)(y-x)
= (-I)(x-y)2.

If Irl > I, then I-Irl < O. Thus, since 1+1r1~1-!rI. I -II I-r 1 ~-II' I+r l-r:::I-lrl,so 1 If

= (x-

y)(-l)(x-

y)

r>l, 1 I-irl

Irl=r,and 1 l-r-I+IrI'

--:::-<--

(x_y)2 z O for all x andy, so -(x- y)2

s O.

If r < -I, Irl = -r and 1- r = 1+ Irl ' so--<-=-I-Irl-I-r 1+lrl' 21. True: If x and yare the same sign, then Ilxl-lyll :::Ix -

11. True: 12. True:

a 1I a < b < O' a < b: - > I' - < , 'b' ba [a,b] and [h,c] sharepointbin common.

YI·

Ix -

YI ~ Ix + YI
If x and y

when x and yare the same sign, so Ilxl-lyll ~ Ix + yl· Ilxl-lyll =lx-(-y)1 (x> 0, y < 0) or Ilxl-lyll have opposite signs then either

13. True:

If(a, b) and (c, d) share a point then c < b so they share the infinitely many points between b and c.

= Ix+ YI

14. True: 15. False:

j;2 = Ixl = -x
If x
=

if x < O.

=I-x- YI::: Ix+ YI

~n1.8

O. the number has no sign.

(x < 0, Y > 0). In either case

Instructor's

Resource Manual

33

Ilx1-1)'11 = 1x+ YI·

If either x = or y = 0, the inequality is easily seen to be true. 22. True: Ify is positive, then x = x 23. True:
2
1

32. True:

YI = Y2' so (XI,

yd

and (X2' Y2 )

are on the same horizontal line. 33. True: d

= ~[(a

+b)- (a _b)]2 +(a _a)2 =

.JY satisfies = (.JYt = y.

== J(2b)2
34. False:

12bl

For every real number y, whether it is positive, zero, or negative. the cube root x = ~

The equation of a vertical line cannot be written in point-slope form. This is the general linear equation. Two non-vertical lines are parallel if and only if they have the same slope. The slopes of perpendicular negative reciprocals. lines arc

35. True: 36. True:

satisfiesr'
24. True:

= (vy)3 = Y s

For example x2 [0]. x 2

has solution

37. False:

25. True:

+ a.:r + y2 + Y = ° Ia I x- + ax +- + i + y +- = - +4' 4 44
1

38. True:

a2

If a and b are rational and (a, 0), (0, b) are the intercepts, the slope is

-!!..
a

which is rational.

is a circle for all values of a. 26. False: If x = b = 0 and c < the equation does not represent a circle.

39. False:

ax + y = c => y

= -ax

+c

°,

a.~- y=c=>
(a)(-a):;t 40. True: -1.

y==ax-c

--...,

27. True;

3 y-b = -(x-a) 4 3 3a y=-x--+b; 4 4

The equation is (3 + 2m)x+(6m - 2)y+4 -2m = 0 which is the equation of a straight line unless 3 + 2m and 6m - 2 are both 0, and there is no real number m such that 3 + 2m = 0 and 6m - 2 = 0.

Ifx= a +4: 3

y=-(a+4)--+b

3a

4
= b+3

3a 3a = -+3--+b

Sample Test Problems

1. a.

28. True:

If the points are on the same line, they have equal slope. Then the reciprocals of the slopes are also equal. If ab > 0, a and b have the same sign, so (a, b) is in either the first or third quadrant. Let x=&/2. and x< e. If &>0, then X·O

(11+~r ;(l+f)l =2{2+~r (-2+ ~2r2 2~

(112
-

25
4'

29. True:

b.

n + 1)2;[ (1)2 -(J)+lY

= I;

[(2)2-(2)+IY 30. True:

=9; [(_2)2 -(-2)+IJ =49

31. True:

If ab = 0, a or b is 0, so (a, b) lies on the x-axis or the y-axis. If a = b = 0, (a, b) is the origin.

c.

34

Section 1.8

Instructor's

Resource Manual

9. 1-3x>

0
1

3x < 1 x<-

(-OJ,~)
2. a. mn mn+n+m mn=n+ m
-4

'3

-I

-2
j

-I j

I j

1 j

.3

10. 6x+3 > 2x-5 4x>-8 x> -2;( -2,00)

-4

2 b.
x+1

x x2 -x-2

2 _ x+1

x (x-2)(x+l)

3
x+I

2
x-2

3
x+1

2
x-2

-3

-2

-1

234

11. 3- 2x ~ 4x + I ~ 2x + 7
3 - 2x ~ 4x + I and 4x + 1 ~ 2x + 7 6x ~ 2 and 2x ~ 6

:: _.....:2(~x_-....:2)_-_x_

3 (x - 2) - 2(x + 1) x-4
x-8

x ~ ~ and x
•I I

s 3;
-I

[~, 3]
I

[!
1 2

]
3

I.

c.

«(3 -I) =

«( -1)(12

-4

-3

-2

I-I

+ 1+ 1) = (2 + I + I I-I

12. 2x2+5x-3<0;(2x-I)(x+3)<0; -3 < x <

3. Let a, b, c, and d be integers.

__

f+.£. 2

= _a

2b

+_c

L(-3 .!.)
2' '2
-1 0

2d

ad+be = __ 2bd

.. . which IS rational. 13.

-4

-3

-2

234

4. x

... 1000x = 4128.282828 ... lOx = 41.282828 ... 990x = 4807 4807 x=-990

= 4.1282828

21t2 -44/+12
t=

~-3;2It2 -4(21)(15) 2(21)

-44t+15 44±26 42

~O;
:-

44±~442

35 7'3
-

(1-~ Xt -%) s 0; [%'%]

• I
! [ !

I.

-2

5. Answers will vary. Possible answer:

No;::;

'3

-1

'3

'3

4 j

'3

0.50990 ...

(~8.15XI04 6. 3.24

-1.32

14.

2x-1 -->0; x-2

• !

( -00,- u(2,oo) 2
! )

1)
0

-4

-3

-2

-I

!.

;::; 45.39 5

15.

(x+ 4)(2x _1)2 (x- 3)

-4

s 0;[-4,3]
234

7.

(n_m)2.5 -ru;::; 2.66

-3

-2

-1

16. 13x8. sin2 (2.45) + cos2 (2.40) -1.00 .. -0.0495 3

41 < 6;-6

< 3x - 4 < 6;-2 < 3x < 10;

-~ < x <
•I

.!.Q.(-~3' .!.Q) 3' 3

I(
!

!)
234

-4

-3

-2

-I

Instructor's Resource Manual

Section 1.8

35

17.

3 -<? I-x -3 --2~0

c. The distance between x and a is greater than

b.
25.
y

I-x
I-x

3- 2(l-x)

<0

2x+1 ~O;
I-x

-4

-3

-2

-1

18. 112-3x

l ~ Ixl
~ x2 ~0
] [ I •

dCA, B) = J(l+2)2

+(2-6)2

= J9+
=J49+1

16 = 5

(12 - 3x)2 ~ x2

d(B,C)=J(S-I)2+(S-2)2 d(A,C)=J(S+2)2+(S-6)2

=JI6+9=5

144-72x+9x2 8(x-3)(x-6) (-oo,3]u[6,oo)

• !
! !

8x2 -72x+ 144 ~ 0

=.J50

=s,[2
(AB)2

+ (BC)2

= (AC)2,

so !!ABC is a right

triangle . 26. midpoint: (T'T)=(4,S) d=~(4-3)2+(S+6)2 2+10 center = ( -2-' radius =JI+121=M

012345678

19. For example, if x

= -2,

1-(-2)1 = 2

:#=

-2

I-xl
20. If

:F-

x for any x < 0

I-xl = x, then Ixl = x.

x~O
21.

27.

0+4) -2- = (6, 2) - 2)2 + (4 - 0)2

1/-

SI = I-(S - t)1 = IS - tl If IS- II = S - t, then S - t ~ O. t~S

= .!.J(lO
2
=2J5

= .!.J64
2

+ 16

22.

I/-al=I-(a-t)I=la-tl Ifla-/l=a-t, then a-t~O.

t~Q

circle: (x-6)2 28. x2 +

+(y_2)2
=0

= 20

i -8x+6y

x2 - 8x + 16+ then (x_4)2 center =

']

+ 6y + 9 = 16+ 9

23. If

Ixl s 2,
Ix2

+(y+3)2 = 2S;

o s 12x2 +3x+ 21s 12x21+13xl+2 s 8+6+ 2 = 16

also + 21~ 2 so

(4. -3). radius

2

Ix

1 +2

I s .!.. Thus 2
s I6('!')
2

x- - 2x + y + 2 y 29. x- -2x+l+ (x-Ii center

= ']
']

, y- +2y+l
2

=2
= 2+1+1

2x2 + 3x + 2[ = 12x2 + 3x + 211_1_1 ~+2 x2+2 =8 24. a. The distance between x and 5 is 3.

+(y+ 1)2 = 4

(1, -1)

x- +Sx+ Y -4y =-7 x2 + 6x + 9 + center

i -Y + 4 = -7 + 9 + 4 4
=6 =JI6+9=S

b. The distance between x and -I is less than or equal to 2.

(x+3)2 +(y_2)2
=

(-3,2)

d=~(_3_1)2+(2+1)2

"
I

36

Section 1.8

Instructor's Resource Manual

30. a.

3x+2y=6 2y=-3x+6 3 y=--x+3 2 3 111=--

d. x=-3

3 y-2=--(x-3)

3 y=--x+-

13

2
31.

3.

3-1 m=--=-' 7+2

2 9'

2 y-I =-(x+2) 9 2 13 y=-x+-

h.

3x-2y=5 -2y = -3x+5 3 5 Y ="2x-"2; 3 m=-

h. m=-'

3'

2 y+1 =-(x-I) 3 2 5 y=-x--

3 y-I ="2(x+2)
y

3 y=-x+4 2 c. 3x+4y= 9 4y=-3x+9; 3 9 y=--x+-'

4

4'

4 111=3

Y -1

= "3(x+ 2)
II

4 y=-x+c.

=9
c.

d. x=-2 contains (-2, I) and (0, 3): m y=x+3 3+ 1 4 11-3 5-2 =3;1112 11-5 = 11+1 12 9 4 3 11-2 3-1 = --; 0+2

32.

ml = m3 ml

=6=3;

=--=-== m2

= 1113. the points lie on the same so

line,

Instructor's

Resource Manual

Section 1.8

37

33. The figure is a cubic with respect to y. The equation is (b) x = 34.

i.

38.

The figure is a quadratic, opening downward. with a negative y-intercept. The equation is (e) y = ax2 + bx + c. with a < 0, b > 0, and c < O.

35.

s
39. y=x2 - 2x+ 4 andy-x x +4 x(x-3) =4;

=x

2x + 4

x2 -3x =0
=0

points of intersection: (0, 4) and (3, 7)

36.

x- -2x+ y- = 3 x2 _ 2x + I + y2 = 4 (x-

.,

.,

40.

4x- Y = 2 y=4x-2; 4 contains (a,O),(O,b): ab =8 2 ab= 16 b=.!i b-O O-a

a

It + y- = 4
y

.,

.,

m=--

=-~=-'4;

a =4b

37.

a2 =64

a=8 b=S=2;y=-'4x+2

16

38

Section 1.8

Instructor's Resource Manual