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Heat Exchanger Lecture - Nd-Edu
Heat Exchanger Lecture - Nd-Edu
'
=
.
.
!
out in
h h
.
.
h
h
p h h
T C m A Q A = . . .
c
c
p c c
( ! . . .
0
0 0 0
Control Volume
Cross Section Area
HOT
COLD
Thermal Boundary Layer
Q hot Q cold
T
h
T
i,wall
T
o,wall
T
c
Region I : Hot Liquid-
Solid Convection
NEWTONS LAW OF
CCOLING
dq
x
= h
h
. T
h
T
iw
)
.dA
Region II : Conduction
Across Copper Wall
FOURIERS LAW
dq
x
! k.
dT
dr
Region III: Solid
Cold Liquid
Convection
NEWTONS LAW OF
CCOLING
dq
x
! h
c
. T
o
T
c
)
.dA
THERMAL
BOUNDARY LAYER
Energy moves from hot fluid
to a surface by convection,
through the wall by
conduction, and then by
convection from the surface to
the cold fluid.
Velocity distribution and boundary layer
When fluid flow through a circular tube of uniform cross-
suction and fully developed,
The velocity distribution depend on the type of the flow.
In laminar flow the volumetric flowrate is a function of the
radius.
V = u2zrdr
r =0
r =D/ 2
V = volumetric flowrate
u = average mean velocity
In turbulent flow, there is no such distribution.
The molecule of the flowing fluid which adjacent to the
surface have zero velocity because of mass-attractive
forces. Other fluid particles in the vicinity of this layer,
when attempting to slid over it, are slow down by viscous
forces.
r
Boundary
layer
Accordingly the temperature gradient is larger at the wall
and through the viscous sub-layer, and small in the
turbulent core.
The reason for this is
1) Heat must transfer through the boundary layer by
conduction.
2) Most of the fluid have a low thermal conductivity (k)
3) While in the turbulent core there are a rapid moving
eddies, which they are equalizing the temperature.
heating
cooling
Tube wall
T
wh
T
wc
T
c
Metal
wall
o
Warm fluid
cold fluid
q
x
= hAAT
q
x
= hA(T
w
T)
q
x
!
k
H
A(T
w
T)
h
Region I : Hot Liquid
Solid Convection
T
h
T
iw
=
q
x
h
h
.A
i
q
x
=h
hot
. T
h
T
iw
)
.A
Region II : Conduction
Across Copper Wall
q
x
!
k
copper
.2TL
ln
r
o
r
i
T
o,wall
T
i,wall
=
q
x
.ln
r
o
r
i
'
+
'
k
copper
.2TL
Region III : Solid
Cold Liquid Convection
T
o,wall
T
c
=
q
x
h
c
.A
o
q
x
=h
c
T
o,wall
T
c
)
A
o
+
T
h
T
c
!q
x
1
h
h
.A
i
+
ln
r
o
r
i
'
+
'
k
copper
.2TL
+
1
h
c
.A
o
q
x
=U.A. T
h
T
c
)
1
1
.
ln .
.
'
+
'
+ =
cold i copper
i
o
o
i hot
o
h r k
r
r
r
r h
r
U
U = The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient [W/m.K]
T
h
T
c
=
q
x
R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3
U =
1
A.LR
r
o
r
i
Calculating U using Log Mean Temperature
cold hot
dq dq dq ! !
c h
T T T ! (
c h
dT dT T d ! ( ) (
h
h
p h h
dT C m dq . . !
c
c
p c c
dT C m dq . . =
Hot Stream :
Cold Stream:
'
+
'
! (
c
p c
c
h
p h
h
C m
dq
C m
dq
T d
. .
) (
dA T U dq . .( !
'
+
'
+ ( ! (
c
p c
h
p h
C m C m
dA T U T d
.
1
.
1
. . . ) (
'
+
'
+ !
(
(
(
(
2
1
2
1
.
.
1
.
1
.
) (
A
A
c
p c
h
p h
T
T
dA
C m C m
U
T
T d
) ) ) . J
out
c
in
c
out
h
in
h c h
T T T T
q
A U
T T
q
A U
T
T
= A + A =
'
+
'
A
A . . .
ln
1
2
'
+
'
(
+
(
!
(
(
(
(
2
1
2
1
. .
) (
A
A
c
c
h
h
T
T
dA
q
T
q
T
U
T
T d
'
+
'
(
(
( (
!
1
2
1 2
ln
.
T
T
T T
A U q
Log Mean Temperature
CON CURRENT FLOW
'
+
'
(
(
( (
! (
1
2
1 2
ln
T
T
T T
T
Ln
7 3 1
T T T T T
in
c
in
h
= = A
10 6 2
T T T T T
out
c
out
h
! ! (
COUNTER CURRENT FLOW
10 6 2
T T T T T
in
c
out
h
= = A
7 3 1
T T T T T
out
c
in
h
! ! (
U !
m
h
.
C
p
h
. T
3
T
6
)
A.(T
Ln
!
m
c
.
C
p
c
. T
7
T
10
)
A.(T
Ln
T1
T2
T4 T5
T3
T7 T8 T9
T10
T6
Counter - Current Flow
T1
T2
T4 T5
T6
T3
T7
T8 T9
T10
Parallel Flow
Log Mean Temperature evaluation
T
1
A
1 2
T
2
T
3
T
6
T
4
T
6
T
7
T
8
T
9
T
10
Wall
T1
T2
A
A
1 2
T
1
A
1 2
T
2
T
3
T
6
T
4
T
6
T
7
T
8
T
9
T
10
Wall
q ! h
h
A
i
(T
lm
(T
lm
=
(T
3
T
1
) (T
6
T
2
)
ln
(T
3
T
1
)
(T
6
T
2
)
q = h
c
A
o
AT
lm
AT
lm
=
(T
1
T
7
) (T
2
T
10
)
ln
(T
1
T
7
)
(T
2
T
10
)
Nu = f (Re, Pr, L / D ,
b
/
o
)
DIMENSIONLESS ANALYSIS TO CHARACTERIZE A HEAT EXCHANGER
Q
V . .D v
k
C
p
Q .
k
D h.
Nu a.Re
b
.Pr
c
Further Simplification:
Can Be Obtained from 2 set of experiments
One set, run for constant Pr
And second set, run for constant Re
q !
k
H
A(T
w
T)
h
Nu !
D
H
For laminar flow
Nu = 1.62 (Re*Pr*L/D)
Empirical Correlation
14 . 0
3 / 1 8 . 0
. Pr . Re . 026 . 0
'
+
'
=
o
b
Ln
Nu