1. (i) what do you mean by op-codes?

Ans:-Op-codes:-The operation code of an instruction is a group of bits that defi ne such operations as add, subtract, multiply, shift, and compliment. The no. of bits required for the operation code of an instruction depends on the total no. of operations available in the computer. The operation code must consist of at least n bits for a given 2k distinct op erations. The operation part of an instruction code specifies the operation to b e performed. This operation must be performed on some data stored in processor r egister or in memory. 15 12 11 0 (ii)Define the term location counter. Ans: - Location Counter (LC):-The assembler uses a memory word called a locatio n counter that is used to keep track of the location of instructions. The conten t of LC stores the value of memory location assigned to the instruction or opera nd presently being processed. The ORG pseudo-instruction initializes the location counter to the value of th e first location. Instructions are stored in sequential locations; the content o f LC is incremented by 1 after processing each line of code. (iii)What is the purpose of ALU. Ans:-Arithmetic Logic Unit:-the ALU performs that requires micro-operations for executing the instructions. The ALU provides arithmetic, computational and logic operations. The shifter may be placed in the input of the ALU to provide a pre4 shift capability, or at the output of the ALU to provide post-shifting capabilit ies. The ALU performs an operation and the result of the operation is then transferre d to a destination register. The ALU is a combinational circuit so that the enti re register transfer can be performed during one clock pulse period.