Professional Documents
Culture Documents
התפקיד האידאולוגי של חדשות בטלוויזיה
התפקיד האידאולוגי של חדשות בטלוויזיה
" .
" .
"
" . :
' (]]).
.
" .
" . ,
,".
' -;,-
- .
- , :
- .
13]1 ""
. ,
. ,
, .
" ,
, .
" .
".
,
.
"" . ""
" " ,
"" "".
"
- .
13
- .
( ")
. ,"
" ,
- Althusser .)1971(Louis Althusser
. ,
,
, , "
(
;,1987) ; Etziony- ;1989 , .)1978 ,
, .
),(IdeologicalState Apparatuses ,, ,
" . "
""
(,).
" " .
" - "" ([ramesl
""
" .
, .
:
.
" ,, Hall~-
.
fact, free of direct ) be true that media institutions were both, could
compulsion and constralnt, and yet freetyarticulatedthemselves systematically around
() situatlon which favoured the hegemony ofthe powerful? )1982;86) ]definitions 0
.;,How
- ",
. ,
" ,
.
,
"" . :
"."? ,
.1
..-
..
:,:2::::::::;:::
,
, (
(( . ( " ,
"
.
" ,, ,
,
" " ,- .)1969( Poulantzas
, ,
,
. , "
, "" .
. "
,) , , ( )
" ,
11
- ")~ Hall . ,
, " " ,,
," (8!1. 1974:21) .
. , ""
"' ) (factuality .
2.
" ' - .
,- (-
) " / "" (
) . -
, .(Hackett, 1984
-
'
.
.
6 .
( (Hartley, 1982: Hall. 1974
'
: (encodine , ,
( ; ,," .
' . ~ ,(encodir
.
, '
1 , ,
'.
( .
,
.
('
() !
1)
'
1952 :1980
.2
- .
' .
()16111)
.
'-'- - (.]!]1
- ,
"""," "" . ,,
(.(Hall, 1974
"" .,
6 , ,
. ,
"" - ,
.
' .
(
) . ,-
. ,
(.(Hartley, !982
"" .
" " 181] .
:
._ ruchman
6*81
,'
] 0:
!,
) ,;.1 ) - .
~:he
".._factstakentogetherpresentthemselvesasself-validating.Together
_ofracricity establishing themselvesas cross referents tooneanothr'- Th
":::::::-
.
-l[asthe
."
-
. -
" -
.
"
... through the requirement 0] balance alternative definitions do get 8 hearing, but !"0
"
1) , -
,) )")" " . ,
( ) ,
( ).
, ,
, -.- ,
,.,
. ,
, , -
. ,
" " .
.
-111) ( )1980
" ":
interpretation presentation, or Media frames are persistent patterns orcognition.
1601 handlers routinely organize?6 exclusion. by which 5 selection, emphasis,
(discourse. )1980:6-7
, ,
.
. ' ,
'
~ ,') ,,
."
,7 .
,
, ;
),
.
(, 1980)111)):.
'
( .
(:,.
. ,
,"
.
" ,,,1"
"
- .
"
' ,
"
, ,
, " ".
!
14
, .
,
,
." .
,
- " ,
.
."
.
. ,
(, 19881.)4
" " " " . ""
.
( 70%- ).
1!
" " . "" ( 1989 .)1990
. 150-
"" . 54 ,
.
""
: , ( ,
), ; ,
, , .
.3
""
. ( ( , (_ 1
_
. , 1
:::::::::,
, .
: ,
.
"" .(framingl
framing ,
""
'
,
.4
.
G.)198,a,
,,4
) .(pllblit issues
.5
direct 0] even indirect 5 0!)0 5 more than purely ill~strative. -There and text
thel
f
correspondenceI
voice-oversandI the,s
))0h0
appear.T extent
h o
w
-betweenIh
the ideological another may depend 10 which the paraltel elements contradict
(sensitivityo the subject matter." )1983:46 ,
- .
( - . , :
. .
,
,
.
]4
( ")
. "
.
:
..
7 . ()20.3.89 14-
(* )16.4.89
( 3 .)22.3.89
9 (6.4.89
( 5 * )23.2.89 " ()10.7.89
!
,
'1
..
, -
(
s/ . o
:
n
,) . "
.
,
(encodinb ) (decoding
( .(Davis. ]983 : , .
.
,
. ""
e"]...( the:
lrel
D:
().
aationshipIb
~image:
,
""6.
-
4. , -
, , , ,
.
.
,
;
:,,
! 5.
"" . .
.
-.
... ,' /// /
/ .
:
''
'
.
,
,
.
'
-,
1
t
v
o i
,f
'
.n .
w
e
i , e
s
' , . ,
. .
;~ ~
h
sh
t c
~ e
e
Oal .
,
,
'
".
()
. ,
, ,
' "...'"'"'',
.
, (.,
, ,
: /
, , , .
,
. , ,
.
:
,"" .
" .../ // /
".
. '
.:
... * )18.4.8%-
( )25.6.89... (.)5.9.89
.
.
( ') . :
.
( , ).,
:
. (,.
(
).
"",
.
.
, .
'
"
. , " -
: .
, . " :
17 . " " ()22.8.89
* -. .
(.)12.10.89
. ,
.
,
7.
'
'
,
!1
. " " : ,
, ,
" " . " "
"" . ,
'
1
!
( , ,
' 7'
,
,
..). " . ,
"( . .)21.2.89 (
wl)w ( ") (
".
(( )
:::
: 17"".
: :
'
.)13.4.88
( ').
, " . ,
( "
" , , , ).
,
" ". ""
.
"" ""
" " . "" ""
: " " "
"".
,
(') . .
,
) (exclusive categories : , , ,.
, , .
, ~.-
, , ,
) .(inclusive categories
: , , .
, " ,
.
1
,.
"" "" - ,
.
, ,
( : , , ) . -
" . ,
( ').
, ,
.
" .
( : , ,).
.,
!,
,
'
20
,
- " % ( ,
) . (
/ ,, ,) " .
.
4
,,
. : " "
"" "" . -
.
.
'(
,
: ( ,
, ) . :
.
,.
,
. ".
- ( (dichotomi .
"81
( ) () . ,
- (
).
'
.
,
- " . ,
"" ,
"" ( , ,
."" .
.,
. , "
. .
, "
)(mediation .(distancind
.
( .(Davis, 1985 ,
21
,
.
-
( .(Davis, 1985 ,
.
'
(.
,1
'
,
" .
, . "
" : " .
.
:
".
.
(,,') ,
( , ').
'
_.
. ?
.
. " "
(.(Davis, 1985 ")1983( Lerman"
( , )6 Topic Transformation : The Institutional Voice
'" are devices by which speakers distance themselves from personally responsible
;
,
'
1
,
!,
,
, " ".
;,
- ( ) .
" " ( ") .
)DD
'
- .,,
,- "",
. , ,
, . ,)
, ( ').
, ,
.
'
,
,
;1
';
'
. : ,
. ,
. , ,
. ,
.
, .
, "" ,
.
. ""
, .
)
( ,) .
,,
.
.":
. , "
;
" (.)11.5.89
"
, ,
"" ".
"
) .
(
' "
.
. , .
,
, .
. : -
"
" .
.
, ,
:::::":;,::"::,:'
.
- ,
:
.
")"
'7 , .
,
'
'
. (
"
,".(.
(
!
. ,
8.
,',
,.
""
,
, - ,
( ,7"',,,
"""" "'"
,
,,,,", ,
,,,
",,,,,
--
'
'"'' "
.
1
::,,:::',"'
4'
""'.
"
""""
" " , ,
. "
.
- ",
""
: ,
. " :"
1
. 9
,
" "
'
:
,,7,
,
( ,,
"
'
1
.
1
,
....
:2:::::::%:)::987,::::
- ,
"
."
"
2]:;:::98:
')rnia Press.
Watching, Berkeley, UniversityOfl ,
Gramsci, ,4. )!97!( Setection /rom the Prison Notebooks, New York, International
;,
.
,,
.
Hackett,
)984( "Decline
of 8 paradigm: Bias and Objectivity 1
"news media
studies". Critical Studies Mass (?ommunication )3(:229-20.
R.h:
Hall,S.,Clarke,J.(1978),PolicingtheCrisis,London,Holges&Meier.'
ry
1,
. 56 9 .
'gy:
"
"'London, Methuen,
"
"-
27
Definingthe issueofthe
others,and articulates8
',
,
,
:
'
::-:::
:::
:
:
:
:
?
:
:
:
.-"4--:==
,
,
'
,
'
]
.1
."""...
......'oa
!,
1
:
- . ,
- .
.
.-
.- ," , :) " 1978( . ,5YWD
26
. .
l .".
u
a
the Israeli)
" : ! - : .
: - ,; , .
:! - , :!
! - :-".
:
" : ".
,
- ':
, . ,
, . ".
.
]
c " : u ,
. " .
- ,
.
' -
.., ,
. ) .
, .
. ..
. . : .
.
. ,
".
1
')19.3.89( :
" .
. .
!
,
''
,
'
1
!
1
'
()16 3 89
" ".
.
'.
".
,.
')22.10.89( :
" .
. ( ". ').
')10.7[89( :
17 .
. .
YS13 ".
()18.9.89
"".
).
'
1
]
e
()17.7.89
o
-
( ""
)1 ':
')20.07.89(:
" " .
':
.
~
()12.9.89
,..." : .
.
:
" : . )
'
, ".
)13.4.89( :
1!1 1-
!1
! , ,
[' (
1.30- , 4 .))4.30
,
" :
*
" : ".
) " " . .
1113 ?
'
.
'' . ''
.
,
, .
(;Nimmoand Combs. 198
, ),
.(Edelman. 1977 , ,
"" .
. ""
. , ,
~Edelman 198 .)93-92 :1986
, ,
. ,
.
, , .
'
!
- ,
.- , , )
. , -
- .
" -, ,'.
' . - - -.
. .