You are on page 1of 12

:

" .
" .

"


" . :
' (]]).

.
" .


" . ,
,".

' -;,-


- .
- , :
- .

13]1 ""


. ,
. ,

, .

" ,

, .


" .
".

,
.


"" . ""

" " ,

"" "".

"

- .

13

- .
( ")
. ,"

. " " "


(.)-~fracey, 1977


" ,
- Althusser .)1971(Louis Althusser
. ,
,


, , "
(
;,1987) ; Etziony- ;1989 , .)1978 ,

, .

),(IdeologicalState Apparatuses ,, ,

" . "
""
(,).
" " .
" - "" ([ramesl

, )56851)6]811])( ,(Hall, 1980 ,


" .
(; , 19%: Halt. 1980 Hartley, 198211) "

.

.


""


" .

, .

:
.

" ,, Hall~-
.

fact, free of direct ) be true that media institutions were both, could
compulsion and constralnt, and yet freetyarticulatedthemselves systematically around
() situatlon which favoured the hegemony ofthe powerful? )1982;86) ]definitions 0

.;,How

- ",
. ,

" ,
.
,
"" . :
"."? ,

.1

..-

..

"" "" (Etziony- :


.(Halevy. 1987 ,
. , ,
.

:,:2::::::::;:::


,
, (
(( . ( " ,
"
.

" ,, ,
,
" " ,- .)1969( Poulantzas
, ,
,
. , "
, "" .
. "
,) , , ( )

" " , , "



' -
' )3 . ,
, ,
,

" ,

11

- ")~ Hall . ,
, " " ,,
," (8!1. 1974:21) .
. , ""
"' ) (factuality .
2.

" ' - .


,- (-
) " / "" (
) . -
, .(Hackett, 1984
-
'
.
.

6 .
( (Hartley, 1982: Hall. 1974
'
: (encodine , ,
( ; ,," .

' . ~ ,(encodir
.
, '
1 , ,
'.

( .
,
.
('



() !
1)
'
1952 :1980
.2


- .
' .
()16111)
.
'-'- - (.]!]1

- ,
"""," "" . ,,

(.(Hall, 1974

"" .,
6 , ,
. ,
"" - ,
.

' .

(
) . ,-
. ,
(.(Hartley, !982

"" .
" " 181] .
:

._ ruchman
6*81

,'

] 0:

!,

) ,;.1 ) - .

~:he
".._factstakentogetherpresentthemselvesasself-validating.Together
_ofracricity establishing themselvesas cross referents tooneanothr'- Th

":::::::-
.

-l[asthe

."
-
. -
" -
.

"

... through the requirement 0] balance alternative definitions do get 8 hearing, but !"0

.... This interpretation111181 6 Jitutional definers establish the


h
* 8]1subsequent treatment and the terrns oflreference withint field
commands
811 further coverage takes place. Arguments against 8 p~mary interpretation are forced
81interpretative!]
definition ofwhat 8! lssue ...and this 0 10 insert themselves
(8]!,1978:58) 5 difficult 10 alter. once established. framework

"

1) , -
,) )")" " . ,
( ) ,
( ).

, ,
, -.- ,
,.,
. ,
, , -
. ,
" " .
.
-111) ( )1980
" ":
interpretation presentation, or Media frames are persistent patterns orcognition.
1601 handlers routinely organize?6 exclusion. by which 5 selection, emphasis,

(discourse. )1980:6-7

, ,
.
. ' ,
'
~ ,') ,,
."
,7 .

,
, ;
),
.

(, 1980)111)):.
'

( .
(:,.
. ,

,"
.

" ,,,1"
"

- .
"

' ,


"

, ,
, " ".
!

14

, .

,
,
." .

,
- " ,
.
."
.
. ,
(, 19881.)4


" " " " . ""
.

( 70%- ).

1!


" " . "" ( 1989 .)1990
. 150-
"" . 54 ,
.

""
: , ( ,
), ; ,
, , .
.3

""
. ( ( , (_ 1
_

. , 1

:::::::::,

, .

: ,



.
"" .(framingl

framing ,
""

'
,

.4

" (])]]8(. ]980]])]);. 198750])).

.

G.)198,a,
,,4
) .(pllblit issues
.5

direct 0] even indirect 5 0!)0 5 more than purely ill~strative. -There and text
thel
f
correspondenceI
voice-oversandI the,s
))0h0
appear.T extent
h o
w
-betweenIh
the ideological another may depend 10 which the paraltel elements contradict
(sensitivityo the subject matter." )1983:46 ,
- .
( - . , :
. .
,
,
.

]4

( ")
. "
.

:
..
7 . ()20.3.89 14-
(* )16.4.89
( 3 .)22.3.89
9 (6.4.89
( 5 * )23.2.89 " ()10.7.89

!
,

'1

..
, -

(
s/ . o
:
n
,) . "

.
,
(encodinb ) (decoding
( .(Davis. ]983 : , .
.
,
. ""
e"]...( the:
lrel
D:
().
aationshipIb
~image:

,
""6.

-
4. , -
, , , ,
.
.
,
;

:,,
! 5.



"" . .
.

-.
... ,' /// /
/ .
:

''

'

.
,

,
.

'

-,
1

t
v

o i

,f

'

.n .

w
e
i , e
s

' , . ,

. .
;~ ~
h
sh
t c
~ e
e
Oal .
,
,
'
".
()
. ,
, ,

' "...'"'"'',


.
, (.,
, ,
: /
, , , .

,
. , ,

.
:
,"" .
" .../ // /
".

. '
.:

... * )18.4.8%-
( )25.6.89... (.)5.9.89

.
.
( ') . :
.

( , ).,
:

. (,.
(
).

"",
.
.
, .

"( " "


" ." : ()22.10.89 -
.16 ."
()16.4.89 10 ." (.)9.8.89
.16
. (.)1.10.89

'

"
. , " -
: .

, . " :
17 . " " ()22.8.89
* -. .
(.)12.10.89


. ,
.

,
7.

'
'
,

!1

. " " : ,
, ,
" " . " "
"" . ,

'
1
!

( , ,
' 7'
,

,

..). " . ,
"( . .)21.2.89 (
wl)w ( ") (

".

(( )

:::

: 17"".

: :
'

.12 "". "". 1 :


( . : "" (
"" " " " " ,,

.)13.4.88

( ').
, " . ,
( "
" , , , ).

,
" ". ""
.
"" ""
" " . "" ""
: " " "
"".

,
(') . .
,
) (exclusive categories : , , ,.
, , .
, ~.-
, , ,
) .(inclusive categories
: , , .
, " ,
.
1

,.

"" "" - ,
.
, ,
( : , , ) . -
" . ,
( ').

, ,
.
" .

( : , ,).

.,

!,
,

'

20

,
- " % ( ,
) . (
/ ,, ,) " .
.
4

,,

. : " "
"" "" . -
.
.

'(

,
: ( ,
, ) . :
.

,.

,

. ".
- ( (dichotomi .
"81
( ) () . ,
- (

).

'
.

,
- " . ,
"" ,

"" ( , ,
."" .
.,
. , "
. .

, "
)(mediation .(distancind
.
( .(Davis, 1985 ,

21

,
.
-
( .(Davis, 1985 ,
.

'

(.

,1

'
,

" .
, . "
" : " .
.
:
".
.
(,,') ,
( , ').
'

_.

. ?
.
. " "
(.(Davis, 1985 ")1983( Lerman"
( , )6 Topic Transformation : The Institutional Voice
'" are devices by which speakers distance themselves from personally responsible

;
,

'

1
,

!,
,

10.6 [rom 8 given 10)5 80 .51810 ," "

, " ".

;,

- ( ) .
" " ( ") .

)DD

'

" " " ;


( ').

- .,,

,- "",
. , ,
, . ,)
, ( ').
, ,

.

'
,
,

;1

';

'

. : ,
. ,
. , ,
. ,

.
, .
, "" ,
.
. ""

, .
)
( ,) .
,,

.
.":
. , "
;
" (.)11.5.89

"

, ,

"" ".
"
) .
(

' "
.

. , .
,
, .

. : -
"

" .
.
, ,

:::::":;,::"::,:'
.

- ,
:


.

")"

'7 , .

,
'

'


. (

"

,".(.

(
!

. ,


8.

,',

,.

""



,
, - ,

( ,7"',,,

"""" "'"

,
,,,,", ,
,,,

",,,,,

"""""""'"""" "'" '77 .

--

'

'"'' "

.
1

::,,:::',"'

4'

""'.

"

""""

" " , ,

. "
.

- ",

""

: ,

. " :"
1

. 9
,
" "

'
:

,,7,

,
( ,,

"

'

1
.
1

,
....

:2:::::::%:)::987,::::

- ,


"

."

Althusser, ]. )!97!( "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses.'


his Lenin a~d
Fhilosophy and other Essays,
York, Monthly Press Review, . !27-188.
/).rian,.). 458]] .4. )1982( The,,imari(0ricalr
,funclions oft14"-Ieft-right )0"!!,um, -"]Aviv, Pinhas Sajir Center [or Development.
Arian, )19%8( National Security and Public opinion !Israe~ Jerusalem, Jerusalem
".
Post.
Davis, .
~Wa[ton. .."65. )1983( Language. Image, fitedia.Oxrord~ Brackwell.
Davis, 11. )!985( "Discourse and Media Influence," Dijk, . 4..6. Discourse and
Communication. Berlin, De Gruyter, '-60.
Dijk, ]. /1.' 6. )!985( Discourse and )-Tommunication, Berlin, De Gruyter.
Etziony-Halevy, ] .
National Broadcasti~g under Siege: ?( omparalive Study of
Australia. Britain. Israel and H~esl Germany. Basingstoke, Macmillan.
Gamson, ./).and Modigliani ., )1987( Conceplion ofSocialLife, Boston, Boston
University Press.
)["], . )1978( "Media sociology: Dominant Paradigm", Theory and Society

"

2]:;:::98:

')rnia Press.
Watching, Berkeley, UniversityOfl ,
Gramsci, ,4. )!97!( Setection /rom the Prison Notebooks, New York, International
;,

.
,,
.
Hackett,
)984( "Decline
of 8 paradigm: Bias and Objectivity 1
"news media
studies". Critical Studies Mass (?ommunication )3(:229-20.

Hall.5. )1974( "Media Power: Double 86,,Journal~fCommunicalion, Autumn:

R.h:

Hall,S.,Clarke,J.(1978),PolicingtheCrisis,London,Holges&Meier.'

ry

1,
. 56 9 .

'gy:

"

'rr,of the Repressed

"'London, Methuen,

Hartley, . )1982( (/nders/andingNews, London~Methuen.


]8. C.L. )!983( "Dominant
Discourse:
Institutional Voice 6 Control 0]

"

Topic," lang~age, Image. Media, Davis, ., ed., Oxford, Blackwell. .74-]03.


Liebes, '. )990( "Television News and the Fundamental Attribution Error: The 01tical Discussion Of Israeli Havvks 4 Doves", The Smart institute orCommuni810. Jerusalem, Hebrew University.
Poulanzas, . )!969( " Problem of the Capitalist State". New LeftReview !0)4(!
761-780.
Schlesinger, . )!98!( '"Terrorism', the Media and the liberal-democratic state: 8
tique of the orthodoxy." socialResearch 48 )!(:74-99.

"-

27

Definingthe issueofthe

others,and articulates8

',

,
,
:

, " " " ,


, ." "
",
.))1!.1980 : - " , (
. , " " ",

'

::-:::
:::

:
:

:
:
?
:
:
:

.-"4--:==

,
,
'

,
'
]

.1
."""...
......'oa

otheras 8 threat)0 national values suppresses the topics ofthe


skewed and unequal discourse which those who are already
1,are !lhersil~nced, or have 8 1]]]1"6 right )0 respond, within the
50 defined by the 1
frames orreference of the 11,.)], !983:98(.

!,

1
:

- . ,

- .
.

,, . .") " 1989( . ,


, , , ,
,,")1976() 1987( . ,

.-
.- ," , :) " 1978( . ,5YWD

26

. .
l .".
u
a

Tracey ,41. )1977(, The Production ofPolitical'Television, London, Routledge 8! Kegan


P

the Israeli)

8( Making News, New York, Free Press.Tuchman, )[. )19


rorists,orbFreedom a
. )l]985( "Tere)
i
Fighters? L
Weimann,
45._ Polifi~al t?ommunication and Persuasion 2)4(:433 "Press,

" : ! - : .
: - ,; , .
:! - , :!
! - :-".
:


" : ".
,

- ':
, . ,
, . ".

.
]

c " : u ,
. " .
- ,
.
' -
.., ,
. ) .

, .
. ..
. . : .
.

. ,
".
1
')19.3.89( :

" .
. .

!
,

''
,

'

1
!

1
'

()16 3 89

" ".
.
'.

".

,.

')22.10.89( :

" .

. ( ". ').

')10.7[89( :

" 17 " ".


.".
()(9.3.89
".

17 .
. .

YS13 ".

()18.9.89

"".

).

'

1
]

e
()17.7.89

o
-

( ""

)1 ':

')20.07.89(:

" " .

':

.
~

()12.9.89

,..." : .
.

:

" : . )
'
, ".
)13.4.89( :

1!1 1-

!1

! , ,

[' (
1.30- , 4 .))4.30
,
" :
*
" : ".
) " " . .

1113 ?

'

.
'' . ''
.
,
, .
(;Nimmoand Combs. 198
, ),
.(Edelman. 1977 , ,
"" .
. ""
. , ,
~Edelman 198 .)93-92 :1986

, ,
. ,
.
, , .

'
!

- ,
.- , , )
. , -

- .

" -, ,'.
' . - - -.
. .

You might also like