Linux

1. pwd print working directory

directory . :
$ pwd
/home/ugrads/cl2004/nbathana
2. cd change directory
cd directory.
:
cd [directory]
:
cd , home directory
cd / root directory
cd .. directory
cd ../.. directories
cd /usr/tmp directory path /usr/tmp
cd /share/lib directory share/lib (
relative path share/lib
directory )
cd ~john/papers directory directory
papers home directory john (
john home directory
username john)
3. mkdir make directory
mkdir directories
:
mkdir [] directory
:
-p directory parent directories
-m mode directory permissions mode
:
$ mkdir /home/test
$ mkdir -p test1/test2/test3
4. rmdir remove directory
directory
:
$ rmdir test
$ rmdir /home/test/test1
5. ls list directory contents
directory ,
.
: ls [] []
:
-a directories
directory.
-d directories
directory
-g group
-l directory
:
$ls
debug
linux-2.4
misc
fedora
share
$ ls -a
.
debug
share
$ ls -la
wx-sr-x
wx-xr-x

linux-2.4

workshop
root

acs
sys

misc

512
512

fedora

Jun 7
May 20

..

11:12
09:59

6. cp copy
cp directories
:
cp [] [argument]
:
-i (interactive mode)


-r directory directories
,
cp:
$ cp old_filename new_filename
7. mv move
mv directories
:
$ mv [] [argument]
:
-i (interactive mode)


-f directory


:
mv old_filename new_filename
8. rm remove
rm directories
:
rm [] [argument]
:
-i
9. chmod change mode
chmod permissions directory.
modes read, write execute.
( 8 )
:

read
write
execute

4
2
1

read
write
execute

r
w
x

:
chmod mode file
mode ,
.
permissions ,
. ,
modes (r,w,x).
permissions : (u)
, group (g)
(o), .
(mode 2), (mode4)
(mode 1) , (u)
mode 7 (2+4+1). group (g)
(o). , mode 744,
, read/write/execute , read group read
.
permissions mode u=rwx,go=r.
permissions
, ""

"+" ,
mode u-r
".
:
file1
, ,
group .
:
$ chmod 754 file1
:
$ chmod u+wx file1
$ chmod go+rx file1
10.echo
echo
:
echo []
:
$ echo This is a test
This is a test
11.cat concatenate files
cat
:
$ cat filename(s)
:
$ cat file1 file2 file2
12. more
more 2 :
() ( cat)
,
spacebar.
:
$ more filename
() (.. ls),
,
spacebar.
:
$ ls |more
( | (backslash)
13.man
man (manual)
.
.
:
man [] keyword
:
-k (manual pages)

:
$ man man
( man)
$ man ls
( ls)
$ man -k date
( manual pages "" date)
14.passwd
(password)
:
passwd [username]
:

$ passwd
Enter old passwd: ********
Enter new passwowd: *********
Confirm new password: ********

:
1. directory Windows
2.
3. Shell
Command.com DOS
4. Linux

/-091

email: nbathana@tem.uoc.gr
: http://www.edu.physics.uoc.gr/~ph150/
: Linux -