Cao c gic

Thit k bi ging

ha hc

tp mt

Nh xut bn H ni

Li ni u
h tr cho vic dy hc mn Ha hc 10 theo chng trnh sch gio khoa mi p dng t nm hc 2006 2007, chng ti bin son cun Thit k bi ging Ha hc 10 tp 1, 2. Sch gii thiu cch thit k bi ging theo tinh thn i mi phng php dy hc nhm pht huy tnh tch cc nhn thc ca hc sinh. V ni dung : Sch bm st ni dung SGK Ha hc 10 theo chng trnh chun ca B Gio dc v o to ban hnh. mi tit dy u ch r mc tiu v kin thc, k nng, thi , cc cng vic cn chun b ca gio vin v hc sinh, cc phng tin tr ging cn thit nhm m bo cht lng tng bi, tng tit ln lp. Ngoi ra sch cn m rng, b sung thm mt s ni dung lin quan n bi ging bng nhiu hot ng nhm cung cp thm t liu cc thy, c gio tham kho vn dng ty theo i tng v mc ch dy hc. V phng php dy hc : Sch c trin khai theo hng tch cc ha hot ng ca hc sinh, ly c s ca mi hot ng l nhng vic lm ca hc sinh di s hng dn, gi m ca thy, c gio. Sch cng a ra nhiu hnh thc hot ng hp dn, ph hp vi c trng mn hc nh : th nghim, quan st vt tht hay m hnh, tho lun, thc hnh, nhm pht huy tnh c lp, t gic ca hc sinh. c bit sch rt ch trng ti khu thc hnh trong bi hc, ng thi cng ch r tng hot ng c th ca gio vin v hc sinh trong mt tin trnh dy hc, coi y l hai hot ng cng nhau trong c hc sinh v gio vin u l ch th. Chng ti hi vng cun sch ny s l ti liu tham kho hu ch, gp phn h tr cc thy, c gio ang trc tip ging dy mn Ha hc 10 trong vic nng cao cht lng bi ging ca mnh. Rt mong nhn c kin ng gp ca cc thy, c gio v bn c gn xa cun sch c hon thin hn.

tc gi

Tit 1 A. Mc tiu

n tp

1. Gip HS h thng li cc kin thc ho hc c bn c hc THCS c lin quan trc tip n chng trnh lp 10. 2. Phn bit c cc khi nim c bn v tru tng : Nguyn t, nguyn t ho hc, phn t, n cht, hp cht, nguyn cht v hn hp. 3. Rn luyn k nng lp cng thc, tnh theo cng thc v phng trnh phn ng, t khi ca cht kh. 4. Rn luyn k nng chuyn i gia khi lng mol (M), khi lng cht (m), s mol (n), th tch kh ktc (V), v s mol phn t cht (A).

B. Chun b ca GV v HS
GV : My chiu, giy trong, h thng bi tp v cu hi gi . HS : n tp cc kin thc thng qua hot ng gii bi tp.

C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng ca GV Hot ng 1 (15 pht) I. n tp cc khi nim c bn 1. Cc khi nim v cht GV : Yu cu HS nhc li cc khi HS : Pht biu a ra v d. nim : Nguyn t, phn t, nguyn t ho hc, n cht, hp cht, nguyn cht v hn hp. Ly v d. GV : Chiu ln mn hnh s phn bit cc khi nim :
Cng loi n cht Phn t Hp cht Hn Khc loi hp Cng loi Nguyn cht Nguyn t Nguyn t

Hot ng ca HS

Khc loi

2. Mi quan h gia khi lng cht (m), khi lng mol (M), s mol cht (n), s phn t cht (A) v th tch cht kh ktc (V) GV : Yu cu HS a ra cc mi quan HS : Ghi cc cng thc : h : m n= M Khi lng cht (m) khi lng mol (M) m = n.M Khi lng cht (m) s mol (n) m M = n Khi lng mol (M) s mol (n)

S mol kh (n) Th tch kh (V)

n Kh =

V( ) 22, 4

S mol (n) s phn t, nguyn t (A)

V = 22, 4.n
(V l th tch kh o ktc) n= A A = N.n N

(N = 6. 1023 phn t, nguyn t)

GV : Chiu ln mn hnh s :

3. T khi hi ca kh A so vi kh B GV : T mi quan h gia n v V trong s ta c :

cng iu kin VA = VB n A = n B T, P

GV : Yu cu HS nhc li nh ngha v HS : Ghi cng thc : t khi ca cht kh.

dAB =

m A M A .n A M A = = mB M B .n B MB

(mA, mB l khi lng kh A v B do cng th tch, nhit v p sut)

GV : Bit khng kh cha 20% VO2 v

80% VN 2 tnh d

M KK = d A KK =

KK ?

32.20 + 28.80 = 29 100 MA 29

g mol

Hot ng 2 (25 pht) II. mt s bi tp p dng

GV : Chng ta s luyn tp mt s dng bi tp vn dng c bn c hc lp 8, 9. GV : Chiu ln mn hnh Bi tp 1 : a) Hy in vo trng ca bng sau cc s liu thch hp : Nguyn t 1 S p Nguyn t 1 Nguyn t 2 Nguyn t 3 Nguyn t 4
19 17 19

HS : in vo bng nh sau : S p
19 17 19 17

S n
20 18 21 20

S e
19 17 19 17

S n S e Nguyn t 2
20

Nguyn t 3
18 21 20 17

Nguyn t 4

Nguyn t 1 v 3 thuc cng mt nguyn t ho hc v c cng s p l 19 (nguyn t kali)

b) Trong 4 nguyn t trn, nhng cp Nguyn t 2 v 4 thuc cng mt nguyn t no thuc cng mt nguyn nguyn t ho hc v c cng s p l t ho hc ? V sao ? 17 (nguyn t clo) c) T 4 nguyn t trn c kh nng to n cht : K, Cl2 ra c nhng n cht v hp cht ho Hp cht : KCl. hc no ?

Bi tp 2 : Xc nh khi lng mol ca HS : VX = VO n X = n O 2 2 cht hu c X, bit rng khi ho hi 3gX thu c th tch hi ng bng th tch 3 = 1, 6 M = 60 X MX 32 ca 1,6g O2 trong cng iu kin. GV : Gi HS s dng mi quan h gia V (kh hoc hi) v s mol n. Bi tp 3 : Xc nh d A H2 bit ktc
5,6 lt kh A c khi lng 7,5g ?

HS : n A =

5, 6 = 0, 25 (mol) 22, 4 7,5 = 30 0, 25

MA =

GV : Tnh n A M A d A H2

d A H2 =

30 = 15 2

Bi tp 4 : Mt hn hp kh A gm SO2 HS : M A = 3.16 = 48 v O2 c d A = 3 . Trn V lt O2 vi CH 4 32.V + 48.20 MB = = 16.2,5 = 40 V + 20 20 lt hn hp A thu c hn hp B c d B CH4 = 2,5 . Tnh V ? V = 20 (lt). GV : Tnh M A M B V Hot ng 3 (5 pht) dn d bi tp v nh GV : Nhc HS ni dung s luyn tp tit 2 v yu cu HS n tp cc ni dung sau :
1. Cch tnh theo cng thc v tnh theo phng trnh phn ng trong bi ton ho hc. 2. Cc cng thc v dung dch : tan, nng C%, nng CM, ...

GV : Cho HS ghi mt s BT thuc dng sau v nh chun b bi c tt hn. Bi 1. Mt hn hp kh A gm 0,8 mol O2; 0,2 mol CO2 v 2 mol CH4.
a) Tnh khi lng mol trung bnh ca hn hp A. b) Cho bit kh A nng hn hay nh hn khng kh ? bao nhiu ln ? c) Tnh % th tch v % khi lng mi kh trong A ?

Bi 2. Phi dng bao nhiu gam tinh th CaCl2.6H2O v bao nhiu gam nc iu ch c 200 ml dung dch CaCl2 30% ? Bi 3. C bao nhiu gam tinh th NaCl tch ra khi lm lnh 600 g dung dch NaCl bo ho t 900C xung O0C. Bit rng :
SNaCl(O0C) = 35 g v SNaCl(900C) = 50 g.

Bi 4. Cho m g CaS tc dng vi m1 g dung dch axit HBr 8,58% thu c m2 g dung dch trong mui c nng 9,6% v 672ml kh H2S (ktc).
a) Tnh m, m1, m2 ? b) Cho bit dung dch HBr dng hay d ? Nu cn d hy tnh nng C% HBr d sau phn ng ?

Bi 5. Ngm mt l nhm ( lm sch lp oxit) trong 250 ml dung dch AgNO3 0,24M sau mt thi gian ly ra (ra nh, lm kh) thy khi lng l nhm tng thm 2,97g.
a) Tnh lng Al phn ng v lng Ag bm vo l nhm ? b) Tnh nng mol ca cc cht trong dung dch sau phn ng ? Bit th tch dung dch thay i khng ng k.

Tit 2

n tp (tip)

A. Mc tiu
1. Tip tc rn luyn k nng tnh theo cng thc v tnh theo phng trnh phn ng m lp 8, 9 cc em lm quen.

2. n tp li cc khi nim c bn v dung dch v s dng thnh tho cc cng thc tnh tan, nng C%, nng CM, khi lng ring ca dung dch.

B. Chun b ca GV v HS

GV : My chiu, giy trong, bt d, h thng bi tp v cu hi gi . HS : n tp cc ni dung m GV nhc nh tit trc v gii mt s bi tp vn dng theo ngh ca GV.

C. Tin trnh Dy hc
Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS

Hot ng 1 (10 pht) I. n tp cc khi nim v cng thc v dung dch GV : Yu cu cc nhm HS h thng HS : Tho lun nhm (3 pht). li cc khi nim v cng thc thng dng khi gii cc bi tp v dung dch. GV : Chiu ln mn hnh cc ni dung HS : Ghi cc kt qu trn mn hnh m HS tho lun (lu li gc bng vo v hc. tin s dng) :

1. Dung dch

Cht tan (rn, lng, kh) m dd = m t + m dm Dung mi (H 2 O)

mt .100 (g) S= m dm S(g) ho tan trong 100g dm

2. tan (S) : m t ho tan trong m dm

a s cc cht rn : S tng khi to tng. Vi cht kh : S tng khi to gim, p tng.

3.

Phn loi dung dch da vo gi tr tan :

Nu mt = S dung dch bo ho. Nu mt < S dung dch cha bo ho. Nu mt > S dung dch qu bo ho.

4. Cc loi cng thc tnh nng dung dch :

a) Nng phn trm C% S gam cht tan trong 100g dung dch. m dd .C% m t = 100 m C% = t .100 (%) m dd m = m t .100 dd C% b) Nng mol CM S mol cht tan trong 1 lt dung dch (1000 ml). n = C M .V( n n.1000 = = n V( ) V(ml) V( ) = C M
)

CM

5.

Mi quan h gia C% v CM.

m t (g) .100 m dd (g) n.1000 CM = C%.10.d V(ml) CM = M m (g) d = dd (M l khi lng mol cht tan) V(ml) m t (g) M= n C% =
Hot ng 2 (30 pht) ii. hng dn gii mt s dng bi tp GV : Chiu bi tp 1 ln mn hnh

HS theo di.

Bi tp 1. Tnh khi lng mui NaCl HS : Suy ngh 3 pht. tch ra khi lm lnh 600g dung dch NaCl bo ho t 900C xung 00C ? Bit SNaCl(00C) = 35g

SNaCl(900C) = 50g.
GV : Gi mt HS nhc li tan ca HS : tan gim. NaCl thay i nh th no khi gim t0 dung dch ? GV : Lm th no tnh c khi HS : SNaCl(900C) = 50 g/100g H2O lng cht tan NaCl v khi lng 900C : dung mi H2O trong 600g dung dch 50g NaCl + 100g H2O 150g dd NaCl bo ho 900C ?

200g NaCl 400g H2O 600g dd

GV : Nu gi m l khi lng NaCl HS : Gi m l khi lng NaCl tch ra tch ra khi lm lnh dung dch t 00C : mt = (200 m)g 0 0 0 90 C 0 C th ti O C mt v mdm l bao nhiu ? mdm = 400g GV : p dng cng thc tnh tan

NaCl 0 C phng trnh bc nht

0

HS : S NaCl (0 0 C) =

200 m .100 = 35 400

n m m ?
GV : Nhn xt v chm im, ng thi nhc li cc bc lm chnh.

m = 60g.

(c th HS lp lun theo cch khc).

GV : Chiu bi tp 2 ln mn hnh : Bi tp 2. 120C c 1335g dung dch HS : Suy ngh 3 pht. CuSO4 bo ho. un nng dung dch ln 900C. Hi phi thm vo dung dch bao nhiu gam CuSO4 c dung dch bo ho 900C ?

Bit S CuSO4 (12 0 C) = 33,5g S CuSO4 (90 0 C) = 80g

GV : Tng t NaCl, tan ca CuSO4 HS : tan tng. s thay i nh th no khi tng nhit ? GV : Tng t bi tp 1 hy ngh HS : S CuSO (12 0 C) = 33,5g 4 cch tnh khi lng cht tan CuSO4 v khi lng dung mi H2O trong 1335g 120C :

dung dch bo ho 120C ?

33,5g CuSO4 + 100g H2O 133,5g dd 335g CuSO4 1000g H2O 1335g dd

GV : 120C dung dch trng thi HS : Ti 900C dung dch s cha

bo ho, vy khi un nng dung dch bo ho. ln 900C, trng thi dung dch s nh th no ?
GV : Nu gi m l khi lng CuSO4 HS : Gi m l khi lng CuSO4 thm

cn thm vo thu c dung dch vo bo ho ti 900C th ti 900C mt v mdm l bao nhiu ? 900C : mt = (335 + m)g mdm = 1000g.
GV : p dng cng thc tnh tan HS :

CuSO4 900C phng trnh bc nht n m m ? S CuSO4 (90 0 C) =

335 + m .100 = 80 1000

 m = 465g.
GV : Nhn xt v chm im, ng HS : Cc nhm tho lun cch lm cho

thi nhc li cc bc lm chnh. Kt dng bi tp ny. hp vi li gii bi tp 1. GV c th rt ra cc bc gii tng qut cho bi ton "tnh lng cht tan cn thm vo
hoc tch ra khi thay i nhit dung dch bo ho cho sn". GV : Chiu bi tp 3 ln mn hnh : Bi tp 3. Cho m gam CaS tc dng vi HS : Chun b 3 pht. m1gam dung dch HBr 8,58% thu c m2gam dung dch trong mui c nng 9,6% v 672ml kh H2S (ktc).

a) Tnh m, m1, m2 ? b) Cho bit dung dch HBr dng hay d ? Nu cn d hy tnh nng C% HBr d sau phn ng ?
GV : Vit phng trnh phn ng khi HS : CaS + 2HBr CaBr2 + H2S ho tan CaS vo dung dch HBr ? Tnh nH S = 672 : (22,4 . 100) = 0,03 (mol) 2 s mol H2S ? GV : Nu CaS tan ht (HBr hoc d) HS : CaS + 2HBr CaBr2 + H2S hy tnh s mol cc cht trong phng 0,03 0,06 0,03 0,03 trnh phn ng theo s mol H2S ? GV : T hy xut cch tnh m, HS : m = mCaS = 72. 0,03 = 2,16 (g). m1, m2 ? m CaBr2 = 200.0, 03 = 6 (g)

m2 =
GV : Lm th no tnh c m1 ?

6.100 = 62,5(g) 9, 6

HS : p dng LBTKL :

m + m1 = m2 + m H2 S m1 = 62,5 + 34.0,03 2,16 = 61,36 (g)

GV : Lm th no chng t HBr d 61,36.8,58 HS : m HBr b = = 5, 26 (g) chp nhn gi thit CaS tan ht ? 100

Theo phn ng : mHBr p = 81.0,06 = 4,86 (g) HBr d gi thit CaS tan ht l ng.
GV : Tnh C% HBr d ? HS : mHBr d = 5,26 4,86 = 0,4 (g)

C% (HBr d) =
GV : Nhn xt v chm im. Gii p thc mc ca HS. Nu r nhng ch khi tnh ton theo C%. GV : Chiu bi tp 4 ln mn hnh :

0, 4 .100 = 0, 64% . 62,5

Bi tp 4. Cho 500ml dung dch HS : Chun b 3 pht. AgNO3 1M (d = 1,2 g/ml) vo 300 ml dung dch HCl 2M (d = 1,5 g/ml). Tnh nng mol cc cht to thnh trong dung dch sau pha trn v nng C% ca chng ? Gi thit cht rn chim th tch khng ng k. GV : Tnh s mol AgNO3 v HCl ban HS : n AgNO = 0,5.1 = 0,5 mol 3 u ? nHCl = 0,3. 2 = 0,6 mol GV : Vit phng trnh phn ng xy HS : AgNO3 + HCl AgCl + HNO3 (1) ra khi trn 2 dung dch ? 0,5 < 0,6 0,5 0,5 GV : Xc nh li thnh phn ca cht HS : tan trong dung dch sau phn ng ?

(Ch loi cc cht kt ta).

HNO3 : 0,5 mol dd sau phn ng HCl : 0,1mol

GV : tnh c CM cn phi bit V ?

HS : Vdd = 0,5 + 0,3 = 0,8 lit

C M (HNO3 ) = C M (HCl) =

0,5 = 0, 625 M 0,8

0,1 = 0,125 M 0,8

GV : tnh c C% cn phi tnh HS : m dd AgNO = 500.1, 2 = 600 (g) 3 khi lng dd sau khi trn ? mdd HCl = 300. 1,5 = 450 (g)

(1) mAgCl = 0,5. 143,5 = 71,75 (g) mdd sau p = m dd AgNO3 + m ddHCl
AgCl

= 600 + 450 71,75 = 978,25 (g) C%(HNO3 ) = C%(HCl) =

GV : Nhn xt v chm im. Nu r cch p dng cc cng thc tnh CM, C% v LBTKL.

63.0,5 .100 = 3, 22% 978,25

36,5.0,1 .100 = 0,37% 978, 25

Hot ng 3
dn d bi tp v nh (5 pht) GV : Yu cu HS n li mt s kin thc trng tm c bn ca lp 8, 9 chun b cho chng trnh lp 10. C th yu cu HS v nh lm mt s bi tp sau cng c kin thc :

Bi tp 1. Ho tan 15,5g Na2O vo nc thu c 0,5 lt dung dch A.

a) Vit phng trnh phn ng v tnh CM dung dch A ? b) Tnh th tch dung dch H2SO4 20% (d = 1,14 g/ml) cn dng trung ho ht dung dch A ? c) Tnh CM cc cht trong dung dch sau phn ng trung ho ?
Bi tp 2. Cho 50ml dung dch H2SO4 1M tc dng vi 50 ml dung dch NaOH thu c dung dch A lm qu tm ho . dung dch A khng lm i mu qu tm ngi tan phi thm vo 20ml dung dch KOH 0,5 M.

Tnh nng CM ca dung dch NaOH dng ?

Bi tp 3. Kh hon ton 10,23g hn hp 2 oxit l CuO v PbO bng kh CO nhit cao. Ton b lng kh CO2 sinh ra c dn qua bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 d thu c 11g kt ta.

a) Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra ? b) Tnh th tch kh CO (ktc) tham gia phn ng ? c) Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng ca mi oxit trong hn hp ?
Bi tp 4. Ho tan a gam mt kim loi M va trong 200g dung dch HCl 7,3% thu c dung dch X trong nng ca mui M to thnh l 11,96% (theo khi lng).

Tnh a v xc nh kim loi M ?

Chng 1 nguyn t
Tit 3
A. Mc tiu

thnh phn nguyn t

1. Gip HS lm quen vi cc loi ht c bn cu thnh nguyn t : proton (p), electron (e), v ntron (n). T hiu c s lc v cu to nguyn t gm lp v electron ca nguyn t v ht nhn nguyn t. 2. Hiu v s dng cc n v o lng v khi lng, in tch v kch thc
o

ca nguyn t nh : u, tv, nm, A . 3. Tp pht hin v gii quyt vn qua cc th nghim kho st v cu trc nguyn t.
B. Chun b ca GV v HS

GV : Thit k th nghim m phng v ng tia m cc ca Tm-xn hoc phng to hnh 1.3 (SGK). GV v HS : C th tham kho phn mm Elements hoc Atoms, Bonding and Structures (2003) ti website : www.rayslearning.com vi phin bn mi nht.

C. Tin trnh dy hc Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS

i. thnh phn cu to ca nguyn t (30 pht) GV t vn : T trc CN n th k XIX ngi ta cho rng cc cht u c to nn t nhng ht cc k nh b khng th phn chia c na gi l nguyn t. Ngy nay, ngi ta bit rng nguyn t c cu to phc tp : gm c ht nhn mang in tch dng v lp v electron mang in tch m. Hot ng 1 (10 pht) 1. Eelectron a) S tm ra electron GV hng dn HS tm hiu th nghim minh ho hnh 1.3 (SGK) theo phng php dy hc t v gii quyt vn .

GV : Khi phng in vi mt ngun HS : Phi c chm tia khng nhn thy in ( 15kV) gia 2 in cc bng c pht ra t cc m p vo thnh kim loi gn vo 2 u mt ng thu ng. tinh kn trong cn rt t khng kh (gn nh chn khng) thy thnh ng thu tinh pht sng mu lc nht chng t iu g ? GV : Ngi ta gi chm tia l nhng HS : Chm tia khng nhn thy pht ra tia m cc (pht ra t cc m). t cc m gi l tia m cc. GV : Trn ng i ca tia m cc nu HS : Tia m cc l mt chm ht ta t mt chong chng nh thy chuyn ng rt nhanh. chong chng quay chng t iu g ? GV : Ht vt cht trong tia m cc c HS : C th t ng phng tia m cc mang in hay khng ? Mang in dng gia 2 bn in cc mang in tri du.

hay m ? Lm th no chng minh Nu tia m cc mang in th n c iu ny ? phi lch v pha bn in cc mang in ngc du
GV : Minh ho qua th nghim m HS : Tia m cc l chm ht mang phng hoc m t Tia m cc lch in m. v pha bn in cc dong.

Vy tia m cc l chm ht mang in dng hay m ?

GV kt lun : Ngi ta gi nhng ht to thnh tia m cc l electron (k hiu l e). Electron c mt mi cht, n l mt trong nhng thnh phn cu to nn nguyn t ca mi nguyn t ho hc. HS : Tia m cc l chm ht electron (e).

Electron to nn lp v nguyn t ca mi nguyn t ho hc.

b) Khi lng v in tch ca electron GV : Yu cu HS c v ghi khi lng HS : me = 9,1. 1031kg v in tch electron vo v. = 9,1. 1028g 0,00055u.

GV : biu th khi lng ca nguyn t v cc tiu phn ca n, ngi ta dng n v khi lng nguyn t, k hiu l u (atomic mass 1 unit) : Mt u l khi lng ca mt 12 nguyn t ng v cacbon 12 (c gi tr l 19,9265. 1027kg).

1u =

19, 9265.10 27 kg 12

= 1,6605. 1027kg = 1,6605. 1024g.

GV : Electron c in tch m v c gi HS : qe = 1,602. 1019C = 1 tr qe = 1,602. 1019culng, l in tch nh nht nn c dng lm in tch n v (tv) : qe = 1 Hot ng 2 (10 pht) 2. S tm ra ht nhn nguyn t GV t vn : trn chng ta bit nguyn t cha cc ht electron mang in tch m m nguyn t th trung ho v in. Vy chc chn phi cha nhng phn t mang in tch dng. chng minh iu ny, chng ta tin hnh tm hiu th nghim ca R-d-pho c minh ho hnh 1.4 (SGK). GV : M t th nghim hnh 1.4 (s HS : Nghin cu cc thit b ca th dng hnh v phng to hoc m phng nghim v mc ch ca chng. th nghim bng my tnh) : S dng cht phng x rai phng ra mt chm ht nhn anpha () mang in tch dng, c khi lng gp khong 7500

ln khi lng ca electron, qua khe h nh v pha tm bia bng vng mng, xung quanh l mn hunh quang hnh vng cung, ph ZnS quan st cc ht bn v cc pha (mn s lo sng khi c ht bn vo).
GV thng bo kt qu th nghim. HS : Hu ht cc ht xuyn qua tm

Hu ht cc ht xuyn qua tm vng mng chng t nguyn t khng phi l nhng ht c kht m vng mng. c cu to rng. Mt s t ht (khong 1/10000 tng Cc ht tch in dng, chng b s ht ) b bt tr li. lch ng i hoc b bt tr li Kt qu ny chng t iu g ? chng n gn cc phn t tch in dng nn b y.
GV hng dn HS kt lun :

V ch c mt phn rt nh cc ht Nguyn t c cu to rng, ht nhn b lch hng cc ht tch in ca nguyn t mang in dng nm dng trong nguyn t gy nn va tm ca nguyn t v c kch thc chm ch chim mt th tch rt nh nh b so vi kch thc ca nguyn t. trong nguyn t.

Xung quanh ht nhn c cc electron to nn v nguyn t khi lng nguyn t hu nh tp trung ht nhn. HS : Ghi kt lun.
Hot ng 3 (10 pht) 3. Cu to ca ht nhn nguyn t GV t vn : Ht nhn nguyn t cn phn chia c na khng, hay n c cu to t nhng ht nh no ? a) S tm ra proton

GV : M t th nghim ca R-d-pho nm 1918 : Khi bn ph ht nhn

nguyn t nit bng ht , ng thy xut hin ht nhn nguyn t oxi v mt loi ht c khi lng 1,6726.1027kg mang mt n v in tch dng, l proton.
GV : Kt lun: Ht proton (p) l mt HS : Ghi kt lun v nhn xt thnh phn cu to ca ht nhn Ht proton (p) l mt thnh phn cu nguyn t. to ca ht nhn nguyn t. GV : Khi lng v in tch ht nhn qp = 1,602 . 1019C = e0 = 1+ proton l bao nhiu ? mp = 1,6726 . 1027kg 1u (ht my chiu cc thng tin v ht proton) b) S tm ta ntron GV : Nm 1932, Chat-uch dng ht HS : Nghe v ghi thng tin. bn ph ht nhn nguyn t Beri thy xut hin mt loi ht mi khng mang in : ht ntron. GV : Ht my chiu thng tin v ht ntron :

Ntron cng l mt thnh phn cu to ca ht nhn nguyn t. qn = 0 ; mn = 1,6748 . 1027kg u.

c) Cu to ca ht nhn nguyn t GV : Vy t cc th nghim trn, hy kt HS : Nu kt lun (SGK tr 7). lun v cu to ht nhn nguyn t ? ii. kch thc v khi lng nguyn t (10 pht) Hot ng 4 (5 pht) 1. Kch thc

GV : Nguyn t ca cc nguyn t khc HS : n v o kch thc nguyn nhau c kch thc khc nhau. Nu t v cc ht p, n, e l nanomet (nm)

hnh dung nguyn t nh mt qu cu hoc angstron () : trong c cc electron chuyn ng 1nm = 109m = 10 rt nhanh xung quanh ht nhn, th n 1 = 1010m = 108cm c ng knh khong 1010m con s ny l rt nh, nn ngi ta thng dng n v nanomet (nm) hay angstrom () biu din kch thc ca nguyn t v cc ht p, n, e. Ch : 1nm = 109m = 10 1 = 1010m = 108cm
GV thng bo : HS : Ghi cc kt lun thng bo ca GV.

ng knh nguyn t khong 101nm.

Kt lun : Cc electron c kch thc ng knh ca ht nhn nguyn t rt nh b chuyn ng xung quanh khong 105nm. ht nhn trong khng gian rng ca ng knh ca electron, proton vo nguyn t. khong 108nm. Hot ng 5 (5 pht) 2. Khi lng

GV : Cn phn bit khi lng nguyn HS : Khi lng nguyn t tuyt i l

t tuyt i v tng i : a) Khi lng tuyt i l khi lng thc ca mt nguyn t, bng tng khi lng ca tt c cc ht trong nguyn t : m = mp + mn + me. V d : Khi lng nguyn t H l : mH = 1,67. 1024g Khi lng nguyn t C l : mC = 19,92. 1024g

khi lng thc ca mt nguyn t

m = mp + mn + me.

HS : Ghi v d.

b) Khi lng tng i ca mt HS : Khi lng tng i ca mt nguyn t l khi lng tnh theo n nguyn t l khi lng tnh theo n v nguyn t (u) vi quy c : v nguyn t (u). 1 khi lng tuyt i ca mt 12 nguyn t 12C. 1u =
GV : Vy 1u bng bao nhiu gam ? GV : Cng thc (1) dng chuyn n v gia u v g hoc ngc li. HS : 1u =

19, 92.10 24 12

= 1,66. 1024g (1)

V d : Tnh khi lng nguyn t HS : Theo (1) ta c : tng i ca nguyn t H bit 1, 67.1024 24 1u . KLNT (H) = mH = 1,67. 10 g. 1, 66.10 24
Ch : Khi lng nguyn t dng HS : Ghi ch . trong bng tun hon chnh l khi lng tng i gi l nguyn t khi.

Hot ng 6 (5 pht) cng c bi

Proton Li (ht nhn) mang in dng (p) Ntron (n) Nguyn t trung ho in V (cc electron) mang in m

qp = +1,6. 1019C = 1+ =e0 mp = 1,67. 1024g 1u qn = 0 (khng mang in) mn = mp = 1u

qe = qp = 1,6. 1019C = 1 = e0 me = 9,1. 1028g 0,00055u

Bi tp v nh : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (SGK).

D. t liu tham kho Nm 1901, Perrin xut m hnh hnh tinh : "Mi nguyn t gm hai phn : mt phn l mt hay nhiu khi tch in dng rt mnh, kiu nh Mt Tri dng m in tch rt ln, cn phn kia l nhng ht nh, kiu nh nhng hnh tinh m, nhng khi ny chuyn ng do tc dng ca nhng lc in v in tch m tng cng bng ng in tch dng, do nguyn t l mt h trung ho in".
Nm 1903, Thomson xut m hnh tiu cu : "Nguyn t l mt qu cu nh c in tch dng, nhng electron chuyn ng bn trong qu cu ny". Nm 1911, Rutherford lm th nghim tn x ht bi l vng mng. Kt qu cho thy m hnh Thomson l khng ng. Do Rutherford sa i

m hnh hnh tinh nh sau : "Mt ht nhn trung tm duy nht tch in dng, cc electron quay quanh ht nhn theo nhng qu o trn". Nhng m hnh c in ny khng nht qun. Khi chuyn ng trn nhng qu o trn, cc electron c gia tc php tuyn khc khng, m theo vt l c in, th ht tch in c gia tc s pht nng lng lin tc, dn n nng lng ca nguyn t gim lin tc v electron dn dn s ri vo ht nhn Nguyn t l mt h khng bn vng.
Nm 1913, Bohr khc phc tnh khng nht qun ca m hnh Rutherford bng cch vn dng thuyt lng t ho ca Plank v chp nhn mun cho qu o trn l bn vng th bn knh r ca qu o v vn tc v ca electron phi tho mn h thc :

me. v. r = n.

vi n N* v

h gi l hng s Plank rt gn. 2

Chun ca vect vn tc v lin h vi bn knh r theo h thc : v= e2 1 . 4o m e r

(o l lng t nng lng tnh theo h thc o = h). iu kin lng t ho mevr = n
r = n2 .

dn n h thc :

4 o 2 2 = n2 . o 2 m e .e2 .m e .e

i lng

4 o 2 2 = o 2 ny ng nht vi di, nn theo truyn m e .e2 .m e .e 4 o 2 2 = o 2 m e .e2 .m e .e

thng, n c gi l bn knh Bohr v k hiu l ao : ao =

Nhng qu o bn vng ca electron l nhng vng trn c bn knh r sao cho r = n2.ao.

 C th suy ra nhng gi tr tng ng ca nng lng ton phn E ca nguyn t. V r b lng t ho bi n nn E cng b lng t ho bi n theo biu thc : En = m e .e4 1 e2 1 . 2 = . 2 2 2 8. o .h n 8.. o .a o n

T nhng mc nng lng ca m hnh Bohr v t gi thuyt Einstein v nng lng ca photon vi tn s V, c th suy ra dng v ca ph nguyn t hiro. Tuy nhin m hnh Bohr khng th gii thch c ph ca nhng nguyn t khc nguyn t hiro. y l mt hn ch ln ca m hnh ny. Nhiu d kin thc nghim khc (v d hiu ng Comptom) thc y cc nh vt l m rng lng tnh sng ht ra cho tt c cc vi ht nh lm vi photon v mn c hc sng ca de Broglie xut hin trong hon cnh . Cng trnh ca de Broglie c b sung bng nhng cng trnh ca Schrodinger, Heisenberg, Pauli v Dirac v thng c gi ph bin l Vt l lng t v m ra cho ho hc mt lnh vc l th l Ho hc lng t.

e. hng dn gii bi tp trong sgk

1. Cu ng l B. 2. Cu ng l D. 3. Cu ng l C. 4. T s v khi lng ca electron so vi proton. 9,1095.10 31 kg 1 1, 6726.10 27 kg 1836 T s v khi lng ca electron so vi ntron : 9,1095.10 31 kg 1 . 27 1, 6748.10 kg 1839 5. a) Khi lng ring ca cht rn tnh theo cng thc : d= m(g) (g / cm3 ) . V(cm3 )

Th tch ca 1 nguyn t Zn l : V =

4 3 r 3

r = 1,35. 101nm = 1,35. 108cm V= 4 .3,14(1,35.10 8 )3 = 10,29. 1024cm3. 3

Khi lng ca 1 nguyn t Zn l : 65. 1,66. 1024 = 107,9. 1024g d Zn =

107, 9.10 24 g = 10, 48 10, 29.10 24 cm3
g cm3

Ch : Gi tr khi lng ring ny tng ng vi gi thit tt c cc nguyn t Zn c xp kht vo nhau sao cho khng cn ch trng no trong tinh th (tinh th c kht). Thc t, trong tinh th, cc nguyn t Zn ch chim hn 70% th tch, phn cn li l rng nn thc t khi lng ring ca Zn l 7,3 g/cm3. b) Tnh khi lng ring ca ht nhn nguyn t Zn : Th tch ht nhn nguyn t Zn l V = r = 2. 106nm = 2. 1013cm V= 4 3 4 r = .3,14.(2.10 13 )3 = 33, 49.10 39 cm3 3 3 4 3 r 3

Thc t, hu nh ton b khi lng ca nguyn t tp trung ht nhn nn khi lng ca ht nhn l : 65. 1,66. 1024 = 107,9. 1024g Khi lng ring ca ht nhn nguyn t Zn l :
107, 9.10 24 g = 3, 22.1015 39 3 33, 49.10 cm
g cm3

Tit 4

ht nhn nguyn t nguyn t ho hc. ng v

a. mc tiu

Gip HS hiu c cc khi nim in tch ht nhn, s khi, nguyn t khi v cch tnh. T hiu c nh ngha nguyn t ho hc v k hiu nguyn t ca nguyn t.
b. chun b ca GV v HS

My tnh, my chiu, bt d, giy trong. M hnh hoc hnh v cu to ht nhn ca mt s nguyn t.

c. tin trnh dy hc Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS

Hot ng 1 (10 pht) kim tra bi c v cha bi tp v nh GV : Yu cu 1 HS trnh by tm tt HS : Phi trnh by c nguyn t thnh phn cu to ca nguyn t v gm 2 phn : cho bit in tch, khi lng cc ht q p = 1 + c bn (p, n, e). Ht nhn (p, n) q n = 0 m = m = 1u n p

q e = q p = 1 Lp v electron (e) me = 0, 00055u

GV : Gi 1 HS khc lm nhanh bi tp HS : Lm bi tp. trc nghim 1, 2, 3 (SGK) v 2 HS khc ln bng lm bi tp 4, 5 (SGK). GV : Nhn xt v cho im.

i. ht nhn nguyn t (10 pht) Hot ng 2 (5 pht) 1. in tch ht nhn GV : bi trc cc em bit ht HS : S n v in tch ca ht nhn nhn nguyn t gm p v n nhng ch bng s proton (p). c p mang in. Mi ht p mang in tch 1+. Vy suy ra s n v in tch ca ht nhn phi bng s ht no trong ht nhn ? GV : Nu ht nhn c Z proton th in tch ca ht nhn bng Z+ v s n v in tch ht nhn bng Z. GV : in tch ca mi ht e l 1 m HS : S p = s e. nguyn t trung ho v in, vy c nhn xt g v s p v s e trong nguyn t ? p dng : Cho in tch ht nhn ca HS : S p = s e = 7 nguyn t N l 7+. Hi nguyn t N c bao nhiu p v bao nhiu e ? GV : Biu thc lin h gia s n v HS : Z = s p = s e. in tch ht nhn Z, s proton v s electron :

S n v in tch ht nhn Z = s proton = s electron.

Hot ng 3 (5 pht) 2. S khi

GV : Nu nh ngha v s khi A

HS : Ghi nh ngha v cng thc :

Cng thc : A = Z + N Nhn xt v s khi A ?

A=Z+N Z : s n v in tch ht nhn (s ht proton) N : s ht ntron S khi A l mt s nguyn.

GV : Tnh s khi ca Li bit ht nhn HS : A = 3 + 4 = 7.

Li c 3 proton v 4 ntron ?
GV kt lun : S n v in tch ht HS : Ghi kt lun.

nhn Z v s khi A c trng cho ht nhn v cng c trng cho nguyn t, v khi bit Z v A ca mt nguyn t s bit c s proton, s electron v c s ntron (N = A Z) trong nguyn t .
p dng : Trong nguyn t Na bit HS : Na c 11p, 11e v 23 11 = 12n. A = 23, Z = 11. Tnh s ht c bn p, n v e trong nguyn t Na ? ii. nguyn t ho hc (12 pht) Hot ng 4 (5 pht) 1. nh ngha GV t vn : Tnh cht ho hc ca

mt nguyn t ph thuc vo s electron v do ph thuc vo s n v in tch ht nhn Z ca nguyn t cc nguyn t c cng s n v in tch ht nhn Z th c cng tnh cht ho hc.

GV chiu ln mn hnh nh ngha : Nguyn t ho hc l nhng nguyn t c cng in tch ht nhn. GV : Tt c cc nguyn t c cng s

HS : Ghi nh ngha.

n v in tch ht nhn l 11 u thuc nguyn t natri. Chng u c 11p v 11e.

GV : Cho n nay, ngi ta bit khong

92 nguyn t ho hc c trong t nhin v khong 18 nguyn t nhn to c tng hp trong cc phng th nghim ht nhn. (GV chiu bng tun hon ln mn hnh).
Hot ng 5 (2 pht) 2. S hiu nguyn t GV : Chiu ln mn hnh nh ngha : HS : Ghi nh ngha

S n v in tch ht nhn nguyn t ca mt nguyn t gi l s hiu nguyn t ca nguyn t , k hiu l Z.

GV : Tm s hiu nguyn t ca HS : Z1Na = 11 nguyn t Natri ? Hot ng 6 (5 pht) 3. K hiu nguyn t GV : Chiu ln mn hnh, k hiu mt HS : Ghi k hiu nguyn t.

nguyn t :

X : K hiu ho hc ca nguyn t A Z X Z : S hiu nguyn t (s n v in tch ht nhn) A : S khi (A = Z + N)

GV : Nguyn t Na c 11p, 11e v 12n. HS : A = 11 + 12 = 23 Hy cho bit k hiu nguyn t Na ? 23 11 Na GV : K hiu nguyn t oxi :
16 8

HS : Nguyn t O c 8p, 8e v 8n.

Hy cho bit nguyn t O c bao nhiu p, n, e ?

iii. ng v Hot ng 7 (10 pht) GV : Hy tnh s p, s n, ca cc HS : Tr li nguyn t sau : Proti : Ch c 1p, khng c n.
1 1

2 1

3 1

teri : 1p, 1n. Triti : 1p, 2n.

(Proti)

(teri)

(Triti)

GV : Hy cho bit im chung ca cc HS : u c cng proton (1p) nn c nguyn t trn ? cng in tch ht nhn. GV : Cc nguyn t trn c khi lng HS : Chng c khi lng khc nhau nh th no ? Ti sao ? v ht nhn ca chng c s ntron khc nhau. GV : Cc nguyn t trn thuc cng HS : ng v l nhng nguyn t ca mt nguyn t ho hc (nguyn t cng mt nguyn t ho hc c cng

hiro) gi l cc ng v. Vy mt em s proton nhng khc nhau v s ntron nn s khi (A) ca chng khc hy cho bit khi nim ng v ? nhau. GV : Hiro trong t nhin l hn hp ca 3 ng v :
1 1

H (99,984 s nguyn t) H (0,016 s nguyn t) H (rt t)

2 1

3 1

Hot ng 8 (3 pht) cng c bi tp v nh

Bi tp : 1, 2 (SGK)

Tit 5

ht nhn nguyn t nguyn t ho hc. ng v (tip)

A. Mc tiu
1. HS hiu c khi nim ng v. 2. Bit cch tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca cc nguyn t ho hc.

B. Chun b ca GV v HS
GV : Phng to hnh 1.4 (SGK). HS : n li khi nim ht nhn nguyn t, nguyn t ho hc.

c. tin trnh bi ging Hot ng ca GV Hot ng 1 (5 pht) kim tra bi c v cha bi tp Hot ng ca HS

GV : Gi 3 HS lm bi tp s 1, 2 v 4 HS : Ln bng lm bi tp. (SGK). GV : Nhn xt v cho im. IV. nguyn t khi v cc nguyn t khi trung bnh ca cc nguyn t ha hc Hot ng 2 (10 pht) 1. Nguyn t khi GV : Nu nh ngha v nguyn t khi HS : Ghi nh ngha. theo SGK : Nguyn t khi ca mt nguyn t cho bit khi lng ca nguyn t nng gp bao nhiu ln n v khi lng nguyn t (u). GV : Bit nguyn t Mg c 12p, 12n v HS : m12p = 1,6726. 1027kg 12 = 12e. Tnh nguyn t khi ca Mg v t = 20,0712. 1027kg. s khi lng ca electron trong nguyn m12n = 1,6748. 1027kg 12 = t so vi khi lng ton nguyn t ? = 20,0976. 1027kg.
m12e = 9,1095. 1031kg 12 = = 0,0109. 1027kg. Khi lng nguyn t Mg = m(12p + 12n + 12e) = = 40,1797. 1027kg. Khi lng nguyn t Mg tnh ra u :
40,1797.10 27 kg 24,197u 1, 6605.10 27 kg

Nguyn t khi ca Mg :

24, 2039 u = 24, 2039 1u T s : Khi lng cc e = Khi lng nguyn t Mg

= 0, 0109.10 27 kg 40,1797.10 27 kg

= 0,00027 0,0003

GV kt lun :
Khi lng ca e qu nh b (khong 3 phn vn ca khi lng ton nguyn t) Khi lng ca nguyn t Khi lng ca ht nhn = mp + mn. V khi lng ca mi ht proton hoc ntron u xp x 1 u Nguyn t khi coi nh bng s khi (khi khng cn chnh xc cao).

HS : Ghi kt lun.

p dng : Xc nh nguyn t khi ca HS : Khi lng ca mt nguyn t l photpho (P), bit Z = 15 v N = 16. 15 + 16 = 31 u.
Nguyn t khi ca P l 31.

Hot ng 3 (10 pht) 2. Nguyn t khi trung bnh GV : Hu ht nguyn t ho hc l hn hp ca nhiu ng v nn nguyn t khi ca mt nguyn t l nguyn t khi trung bnh ca hn hp cc ng

v tnh theo phn trm s nguyn t ca mi ng v.

GV : Nu gi A1, A2, ... Ai l nguyn t HS : khi ca cc ng v v x1, x2, ... xi l A x + A 2 x 2 + ... + A i x i % s nguyn t ca cc ng v tng A = 1 1 x1 + x 2 + ... + x i ng. Hy tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh () ? A x + A2 x2 + ... + Ai xi = 1 1 100 p dng : Trong t nhin Clo tn ti 2 HS : ng v : 35.75, 77 + 37.24, 23 35,5 A Cl = 35 100 Cl chim 75,77% s nguyn t. 17
37 17

Cl chim 24,23% s nguyn t.

Tnh nguyn t khi ca Clo ?

Hot ng 4 cng c bi hng dn gii bi tp (20 pht) GV : Hng dn HS lm cc bi tp 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 (SGK). Bi tp v nh : Trong t nhin nguyn t clo c hai ng v 35Cl v 37Cl c % s lng nguyn t tng ng l 75% v 25%. Nguyn t ng c 2 ng v trong 63 Cu chim 73% s lng nguyn t. Bit ng v clo to c hp cht CuCl2 trong Cu chim 47,228% khi lng. Xc nh ng v th hai ca ng ?

d. hng dn gii bi tp SGK

1. p n C. 2. p n D. 3. p n B
7 4. Th d : 3 Li cho ta bit :

 S hiu nguyn t ca nguyn t Li l 3, in tch ht nhn nguyn t l 3+, trong ht nhn c 3 proton v (7 3 = 4 ntron). V nguyn t Li c 3 eletron. Nguyn t khi ca Li l 7u. 5. Gi x l % s lng nguyn t ca ng v 65Cu. 65x + 63(100 x) = 63,54 x = 27% 65Cu 73% 63Cu. 100
2 6. Trong nc nguyn cht cha ch yu ng v 1 H v 1 H . 1 2 Gi x l % s nguyn t ng v 1 H ta c :

2x + 1.(100 x) = 1,008 x = 0,8 100

d H2 O = 1 g ml 1ml H2O c khi lng 1g. M H2O = 18 g mol 1g H2O c s mol l

1 mol H2O. 18

1mol phn t H2O c 6,02. 1023 phn t H2O. 1ml H2O hay 1 6, 02.10 23 mol H2O c phn t H2O. 18 18

1 phn t H2O c 2 nguyn t H s nguyn t H ca c 2 ng v c trong 1ml H2O hay 6, 02.10 23 2. 6, 02.10 23 phn t H2O l . 18 18 2.6, 02.10 23 0,8 . = 5,35.10 20 (nguyn t). 18 100

2 s nguyn t ca ng v 1 H l

7. Theo t l bi, ta c :
16

17

18

99,757 nguyn t ? S nguyn t 16O l

0,039 nguyn t 1 nguyn t

0,204 nguyn t ?

99, 757 = 2558 nguyn t. 0, 039

S nguyn t 18O l 8. Ta c : A Ar =

0, 204 = 5 nguyn t. 0, 039

40.99, 6 + 38.0, 063 + 36.0,337 = 39, 98 100

Khi lng mol nguyn t Ar l 39,98g.

ktc th 1mol Ar hay 39,98g c th tch l 22,4 lt.

20g Ar c th tch ktc l : 22, 4.20 = 11, 205 l. 39, 98

E. t liu tham kho

Theo h thc thc Anhxtanh : E = m. C2 th khi tng hp ht nhn t nhng proton v ntron lun lun c hin tng ht khi lng v khi lng ht ny l ng k v nng lng gii phng l rt ln. V vy khng nn ni mt cch khng nh l khi lng ca ht nhn bng tng khi lng ca cc proton v cc ntron to thnh. iu ny cho php gii thch ti sao oxi c 3 ng v 16O, 17O, v 18O nhng nguyn t khi trung bnh li l 15,993 < 16 ? Trong t nhin oxi c 3 ng v vi % s nguyn t nh sau : 16O (99,762%), 17 O (0,038%), 18O (0,200%). Trn thc t, khi lng ht nhn nh hn tng khi

lng ca proton v ntron to nn ht nhn v hin tng ht khi. Do , khi xc nh bng thc nghim khi lng cc ng v ca oxi nh sau : 16O l 15,99491 u ; 17O l 16,99914 u v 18O l 17, 99916 u. V vy nguyn t khi trung bnh ca oxi l : A= 15, 99491.99, 762 + 16, 99914.0, 038 + 17, 99916.0, 200 100

= 15,9993 u. Cng da vo hin tng ht khi c th gii thch c thc mc : Ti sao nguyn t cacbon c cu to bi 6 proton, 6 ntron v 6 electron m mi proton cng nh ntron u c khi lng ln hn 1u th nhng nguyn t cacbon li c khi lng chnh xc bng 12u ? iu ny cng gii thch v sao mt tri to ra mt nng lng khng l v c th coi nh vnh cu, v l nng lng ca phn ng nhit hch : S kt hp
2 tng cp 2 ht nhn nguyn t 1 H to ra ht nhn nguyn t 4 He . 2

Tit 6

luyn tp : thnh phn nguyn t

A. Mc tiu
1. Cng c kin thc v : Thnh phn cu to nguyn t, ht nhn nguyn t, kch thc, khi lng, in tch ca cc ht, nh ngha nguyn t ho hc, k hiu nguyn t, ng v, nguyn t khi, nguyn t khi trung bnh. 2. Rn luyn k nng xc nh s electron, proton, ntron v nguyn t khi khi bit k hiu nguyn t, tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh khi bit % s nguyn t cc ng v v ngc li.

B. Chun b ca GV v HS

GV : My chiu, giy trong, bt d, h thng bi tp v cu hi gi .

HS : n tp cc kin thc v thnh phn nguyn t thng qua hot ng

gii bi tp.

C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS

Hot ng 1 (10 pht) a. kin thc cn nm vng

GV : Kim tra 3 HS.

1. Cho bit thnh phn cu to nguyn HS : Nguyn t bao gm ht nhn t v khi lng, in tch ca cc ht mang in tch dng (p, n) v to nn nguyn t ? electron mang in tch m (e) : mp = mn 1u qp = 1+ v qn = 0 me 0,00055u qe = 1 2. Mi quan h cc ht trong nguyn HS : Z = s p = s e t vi s n v in tch ht nhn Z ? 3. Trnh by k hiu nguyn t ? nh HS : Tr li theo SGK. ngha nguyn t ho hc ? ng v ? Cng thc tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca cc ng v ?

Hot ng 2 (32 pht) b. bi tp p dng

GV : Chiu bi tp 1 :
Bi 1.
a) Hy tnh khi lng (kg) ca nguyn t nit (gm 7p, 7n, 7e).

HS : Chun b 2 pht

b) Tnh t s khi lng ca e trong nguyn t nit so vi khi lng ca ton nguyn t.

GV : T s liu bng 1 c th tnh khi HS : m7p = 1,6726. 1027kg 7 = lng ca 7p, 7n v 7e = 11,7082. 1027kg Khi lng (kg) ca nguyn t m7n = 1,6748. 1027kg 7 = nit ? = 11,7236. 1027kg
m7e = 9,1094. 1031 7 = = 0,0064. 1027kg mN = 23,4382. 1027kg

GV : Hy lp t s gia khi lng cc HS : e so vi khi lng ca nguyn t nit me 0, 0064.10 27 kg = Nhn xt ? m N 23, 4382.10 27 kg
= 0,00027 0,0003. Nhn xt : Khi lng cc e qu nh b khi lng nguyn t coi bng khi lng ca ht nhn (b qua khi lng e).

GV : Chiu bi tp 2 :
Bi 2. Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh HS : Chun b 2 pht. ca nguyn t K bit rng trong t nhin thnh phn % cc ng v ca K
l 93,258% 6,730%
41 19

39 19

K ; 0,012%

40 19

K v

K.

GV : p dng cng thc tnh A K v HS :

cho bit gi tr trung bnh gn vi s khi no nht ? Ti sao ? AK = 39.93, 258 + 40.0, 012 + 41.6, 730 100

= 39,13484 39 (% ng v 39K l ln nht).

GV : Chiu bi tp 3 :
Bi 3. a) nh ngha nguyn t ho hc.
b) K hiu nguyn t cho bit nhng c trng g ca nguyn t ca mt nguyn t ho hc, ly v d nguyn t kali.

HS : Chun b 2 pht
19p K 19e 20n

39 19

Z = 19, A = 39, N = 20.

GV : Chiu bi tp 4 :
Bi 4. Cn c vo u m ngi ta bit HS : Mi gi tr Z ch c 1 nguyn t chc chn rng gia nguyn t H (Z = t Z = 1 n Z = 92 c 90 gi tr Z 1) v nguyn t urani (Z = 92) ch c c 90 nguyn t c Z t 2 n 91. 90 nguyn t ?

GV : Chiu bi tp 5 :
Bi 5. Tnh bn knh gn ng ca HS : Chun b 3 pht. nguyn t canxi bit th tch ca 1 mol canxi tinh th bng 25,87cm3. Bit trong tinh th, cc nguyn t canxi ch chim 74% th tch, cn li l khe trng.

GV : Trong tinh th canxi, thc t cc 74 HS : V1 mol nguyn t Ca = 25,87. = nguyn t canxi ch chim 74% th 100 tch, cn li l khe trng. Vy th tch = 19,15(cm3). thc ca 1 mol nguyn t canxi l bao nhiu ?

GV : Theo nh lut Avogadro, 1 mol 19,15 HS : V = 3.10 23 (cm3 ) 23 23 nguyn t canxi c 6.10 nguyn t. 6.10 Vy th tch ca nguyn t Ca l bao nhiu ? GV : Nu coi nguyn t Ca l mt qu HS : cu th bn knh ca n l bao nhiu ?
r=
3

3V = 4

3.3.10 23 4.3,14

1,93. 108 (cm).

GV : Chiu bi tp 6 :
Bi 6. Vit cng thc cc loi phn t HS : Chun b 2 pht. ng (II) oxit, bit rng ng v oxi c cc ng v sau :
65 29

Cu,

63 29

Cu, v

16 8

O, 17 O, 18 O . 8 8

GV : Bit cng thc ng (II) oxit l HS : C 6 cng thc : 65 CuO. Hy vit cng thc CuO vi cc Cu16O, 65Cu17O, 65Cu18O. ng v 65 Cu, 63 Cu vi cc ng v 63 29 29 Cu16O, 63Cu17O, 63Cu18O.
16 8

O, 17 O, 18O ? 8 8

Hot ng 3 (3 pht) bi tp v nh

Bi tp :
1. Oxi c 3 ng v
16 8

O, 17 O, 18O vi thnh phn % s lng cc ng v tng 8 8

ng l x1, x2, x3 tho mn x1 = 15x2 v x1 x2 = 21x3. Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca oxi ? (S : A O = 16,14 ). 2. Mage c 2 ng v l X v Y. Nguyn t khi ca X bng 24. ng v Y hn X mt ntron. S nguyn t ca X v Y t l 3 : 2. Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca mage ? (S : A Mg = 24, 4 ).

Tit 7

cu to v nguyn t

A. Mc tiu
HS hiu c trong nguyn t, electron chuyn ng quanh ht nhn to nn v electron ca nguyn t. HS hiu c cu to n gin v v electron ca nguyn t : Khi nim lp, phn lp electron, obitan nguyn t.

B. Chun b ca GV v HS
GV : Phng to hnh 1.6 (SGK), phn mm obital viewer, my chiu. HS : Chun b bi c thm : Khi nim v obital nguyn t (tr. 22, SGK).

C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS

Hot ng 1 (10 pht) kim tra bi c v cha bi tp v nh

GV : Kim tra bi c 1 HS : Thnh HS : Nguyn t gm ht nhn v v phn cu to nguyn t ? electron. GV : Gi 2 HS ln cha bi 1 v 2. HS1 : Bi 1.
x1 x2 = 15x2 x2 = 14x2 = 21x3 x3 = 14 2 x2 = x2 21 3

A1 = 16, A2 = 17, A3 = 18. 2 16.15x 2 + 17x 2 + 18. x 2 3 A0 = 2 15x 2 + x 2 + x 2 3 = 16,14

HS2 : Bi 2.
Gi x1, x2 l thnh phn % s nguyn t ca 2 ng v X v Y. x1 : x2 = 3 : 2 x 2 = 2 x1 3

A1 = 24, A2 = 24 + 1 = 25 24x1 + 25. x1 + 2x1 3 =

A Mg =

2x1 3

24.3 + 25.2 = 24, 4 5

GV : Nhn xt v cho im.

Hot ng 2 (10 pht) i. s chuyn ng ca cc electron trong nguyn t

GV : Gii thiu m hnh nguyn t ca HS : Ghi cc kt lun. R-d-pho, Bo v Xom-m-phen (Hnh 1.6 SGK). Hng dn HS c SGK rt ra kt lun :

M hnh hnh tinh nguyn t ca R-d-pho, Bo v Xom-m-phen c tc dng rt ln n s pht trin l thuyt cu to nguyn t, nhng khng y gii thch mi tnh cht ca nguyn t. Ngy nay, ngi ta bit cc e

chuyn ng rt nhanh xung quanh ht nhn nguyn t khng theo nhng qu o xc nh to nn v electron ca nguyn t.

S electron v electron ca nguyn t ca mt nguynt ng bng s proton trong ht nhn nguyn t v cng bng s th t Z ca nguyn t nguyn t trong bng tun hon.

Khu vc khng gian xung quanh ht nhn m ti xc sut c mt electron l ln nht (khong 90%) gi l Obitan nguyn t, k hiu l AO (Atomic Orbital). Mi AO cha ti a 2e.

Hot ng 3 (20 pht) ii. lp electron v phn lp electron

GV : Trong v nguyn t, cc electron chu lc ht bi ht nhn. Do electron chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn c th gn hay xa nhn m nng lng cn cung cp tch eclectron phi khc nhau. Nhng e gn ht nhn nht, lin kt vi ht nhn cng mnh, bn cng cao (kh tch ra khi nguyn t), ta ni chng c mc nng lng thp. Ngc li, nhng e cng xa nhn, lin kt vi ht nhn cng yu, bn cng thp (cng d b tch ra khi nguyn t), ta ni chng c nng lng cng cao.
By gi ta tm hiu xem cc e trong nguyn t sp xp theo quy lut no ?

1. Lp electron

GV : Tu theo mc nng lng cao hay HS : Ghi khi nim lp v k hiu lp thp m cc electron trong v nguyn electron. t c phn b theo tng lp electron :

Lp electron gm nhng electron Cc lp c sp xp theo th t c nng lng gn bng nhau. nng lng tng dn t thp n cao tng ng vi n = 1, 2, 3, ... C ti a 7 lp c nh s t trong ra ngoi v gi theo th t :

Lp e (n) Tn lp

6 7

Trong mi lp cc electron c nng lng gn bng nhau.

K L M N O P Q

2. Phn lp electron

GV : Hng dn HS c SGK rt ra HS : Ghi cc nhn xt : nhn xt. Mi lp e li phn chia thnh cc phn lp.

Cc electron trn cng mt phn lp c mc nng lng bng nhau. Electron phn lp no c tn ca phn lp y. Cc phn lp c k hiu bng cc ch s, p, d, f, ... S phn lp trong mi lp bng s th t ca lp .

GV : Hy cho bit s phn lp v k HS : hiu phn lp ca cc lp n = 1 3 ? Lp th nht (lp K, n = 1) :

c 1 phn lp k hiu l 1s

Lp th hai (lp L, n = 2) :

c 2 phn lp k hiu l 2s v 2p.

Lp th 3 (lp M, n = 3) :

c 3 phn lp k hiu 3s, 3p v 3d.

GV : S lng cc AO trong mt phn HS : lp ph thuc vo c im ca phn Phn lp lp. C th : S AO Phn lp s c 1 AO

Phn lp p c 3 AO Phn lp d c 5 AO Phn lp f c 7 AO

s 1

p 3

d 5

f 7

Hot ng 4 (5 pht) cng c bi tp v bi tp v nh

GV yu cu HS nm vng :

Khi nim v k hiu lp, phn lp electron. Khi nim AO v s lng cc AO trong mt phn lp.

Bi tp v nh : 1, 2 (SGK).

Tit 8

cu to v nguyn t (tip)

A. Mc tiu

Tnh c s electron ti a trong mt AO, phn lp v lp electron. Vit c s s phn b electron trn cc lp ca mt s nguyn t

B. Chun b ca GV v HS

GV : Phng to hnh 1.7 (SGK), my chiu, my tnh. HS : n li khi nim AO, lp, phn lp v k hiu.

C. Tin trnh dy hc Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS

Hot ng 1 (10 pht) kim tra bi c v cha bi tp v nh

GV : Kim tra 1 HS v khi nim v k HS : Tr li theo ni dung tit trc. hiu AO, phn lp v lp electron.

GV : Gi 2 HS khc ln gii bi tp 1, HS1 : (Bi 1) 2 (SGK). Nguyn t M c 75e Z = 75

c 110n A = 75 + 110 = 185.

K hiu ca nguyn t M l :
185 75

M (p n A).

HS2 : (Bi 2)
19p v 20n A = 39

p n B :
GV : Nhn xt v cho im
Hot ng 2 (20 pht)

39 19

K.

iii. s electron ti a trong mt phn lp, mt lp

GV : Hy cho bit s electron ti a HS : 2 electron trong 1 AO ? GV : S AO trong cc phn lp s, p, d, HS : f? Phn lp

S AO

s 1

p 3

d 5

f 7

GV : Da vo s e ti a trong 1 AO

s e ti a trong 1 phn lp v
trong 1 lp (xt 3 lp u n = 1 3).

GV : in s e ti a ca phn lp v HS : in vo bng : ca lp vo bng sau :

K Lp

M Lp n=3
s p d 1 3 5

M n=3
s p d 1 3 5

n=1 n=2 Phn lp S AO S e ti a ca phn lp S e ti a ca lp

s 1 s 1 p 3

n=1 n=2 Phn lp S AO S e ti a ca phn lp S e ti a ca lp

2 8 2 2 6 s 1 s 1 p 3

2 6 10

18

GV : T kt qu bng trn c th suy ra HS : S electron ti a ca lp n l 2n2. s e ti a ca lp n bng bao nhiu ? GV : T cng thc tnh hy suy ra HS : n = 4 s e ti a ca lp N l s e ti a ca lp th t (lp N, n = 4) 2.42 = 32 electron. l bao nhiu ? GV : Hy cho bit s phn b electron HS : in vo ch trng ca bng : trn cc phn lp ?
Lp S e ti a ca lp Phn b e trn cc phn lp K (n = 1) L (n = 2) M (n = 3)
2 8 18 1s2

Lp

S e ti a ca lp

Phn b e trn cc phn lp

K (n = 1) L (n = 2) M (n = 3)

2 8 18

1s2 2s22p6 3s23p63d10

Hot ng 3 (10 pht) th d p dng

GV : Hng dn HS lm th d trong SGK (GV chiu ln mn hnh) : V d : Xc nh s lp e ca cc

nguyn t sau
14 7

N v

24 12

Mg

GV : Hy cho bit nguyn t N c bao HS : Z = 7 N c 7e, 7p, v 14 7 = nhiu p, n, e ? 7n. GV : Hy cho biy s phn b cc e HS : 7e trong lp v c phn b nh trong lp v ca nguyn t N trn cc sau : 2e trn lp K (n = 1) v 5e trn lp. lp L (n = 2). GV : Hng dn HS v s phn b HS : Quan st hnh 1.7 v v vo v. e trn cc lp ca nguyn t N.

7+

GV : Hng dn tng t cho HS vi nguyn t Mg.

Hot ng 4 (5 pht) cng c bi bi tp v nh

Trng tm : Cch tnh s e ti a trong 1 phn lp v 1 lp. Bi tp : 3, 4, 5, 6 (SGK)

d. hng dn gii bi tp SGK

1. p n : A 2. p n : B 3. p n : B 4. p n : D 5. Theo SGK 6. a) Z = 18 Ar c 18p v 40 18 = 22n 18e b) S phn b electron trn cc lp : 1s22s22p63s23p6.

Tit 9

cu hnh electron ca nguyn t

A. Mc tiu
3. Gip HS hiu c quy lut sp xp cc electron trong v electron. 4. Bit vn dng vit cu hnh electron nguyn t thuc 20 nguyn t u bng tun hon.

B. Chun b ca GV v HS

GV : Phng to hnh 1.10 v bng cu hnh e nguyn t ca 20 nguyn t u bng (tr. 26 SGK), my chiu. HS : n li khi nim lp v phn lp electron.

c. tin trnh dy hc Hot ng ca GV Hot ng 1 (3 pht) kim tra bi c Hot ng ca HS

GV : Gi 2 HS yu cu tr li :

1. Khi nim AO, lp v phn lp HS1 : Tr li theo SGK. electron. 2. S phn b electron trong 1 lp v HS2 : 1s22s22p4. phn lp vi nguyn t oxi.

Hot ng 2 (10 pht) i. th t cc mc nng lng trong nguyn t

GV : Chiu ln bng : S phn b HS : Quan st. mc nng lng ca cc lp v cc phn lp. GV : Cc electron trong nguyn t ln lt chim cc mc nng lng nh HS : Theo th t t thp n cao. th no ? GV : T hy sp xp dy th t cc HS : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p mc nng lng trong nguyn t ? 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p ... GV : Mc nng lng ca cc lp tng theo th t t 1 n 7 k t ht nhn, v ca cc phn lp tng theo th t s, p, d, f. Khi in tch ht nhn tng, c s chn mc nng lng lm cho mc nng lng phn lp 3d > 4s, 5d > 4f > 6s v 6d > 5f > 7s.
Hot ng 3 (30 pht) ii. cu hnh electron ca nguyn t 1. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t

GV : Chiu ln bng : Cu hnh electron HS : Quan st. nguyn t ca 20 nguyn t u bng tun hon. GV cho bit : Cu hnh electron nguyn HS : Ghi nh ngha cu hnh electron. t biu din s phn b electron trn

phn lp thuc cc lp khc nhau.

GV trnh by cc quy c vit cu hnh HS : Ngi ta quy c vit cu hnh electron. electron nh sau :
S th t lp electron c ghi bng ch s (1, 2, 3, ...). Phn lp c ghi bng cc ch ci thng (s, p, d, f). S electron c ghi bng s pha trn bn phi ca phn lp (s2, p6, ...).

GV : Vit mu cu hnh electron nguyn t H minh ho quy c trn. Hng dn HS vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t He, Li, Cl. Sau GV cho HS t mnh chn ly v d, t vit ri t sa sai theo bng (tr. 26 SGK).

HS :
H ( Z = 1) : 1s1. He (Z = 2) : 1s2 ( bo ho). Li (Z = 3) : 1s22s1.

Cl (Z = 17) : 1s22s22p63s23p 5 hay [Ne] GV : Electron cui cng ca nguyn t 3s23p5. Li in vo phn lp s Li l nguyn t s. Electron cui cng ca nguyn t Cl in vo phn lp p.

Cl l nguyn t p.
GV : Trnh by cc bc vit cu hnh HS : Cc bc vit cu hnh e : electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t ? Xc nh s e ca nguyn t (Z).
Sp xp cc e theo th t tng dn nng lng : 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p6 ... Sp xp theo cu hnh e : theo th t tng lp (1 7), trong mi lp theo th t tng phn lp (s p d f).

GV : Vit cu hnh e ca Fe (Z = 26).

HS : Z = 26 Fe c 26e.
Th t nng lng : 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6. Suy ra cu hnh e : 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2. hay [Ar] 3d64s2.

GV nhn xt : Electron cui cng ca

nguyn t Fe in vo phn lp d Fe l nguyn t d. Tuy nhin electron lp ngoi cng phi biu din theo ngha cu hnh electron c ngha l 4s2 ch khng phi l 3d6.

2. Cu hnh electron nguyn t ca 20 nguyn t u

GV : Cho HS t chn cc nguyn t t HS : Vit cu hnh electron ca cc

Z = 1 20 vit cu hnh electron. nguyn t c Z = 1 20.

Sau chiu bng (tr. 26 SGK) HS Quan st bng v sa li nu sai. nhn xt v t sa nu sai.

3. c im ca lp electron ngoi cng

GV : Hng dn HS nghin cu bng HS : i vi cc nguyn t ca tt c trn v cho bit nguyn t ch c th cc nguyn t, lp ngoi cng c c ti a bao nhiu electron lp nhiu nht l 8 electron (tr He). ngoi cng ? GV : Cc nguyn t c 8 electron ngoi cng (ns2np6) u rt bn vng, chng khng tham gia vo cc phn ng ho hc (t mt s trng hp c bit). l cc kh him.

GV : Hy vit cu hnh electron ca HS : Na, K c 1e lp ngoi cng.

cc kim loi Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca v cho bit c bao nhiu electron lp ngoi cng ? Mg, Ca c 2e lp ngoi cng. Al c 3e lp ngoi cng.

GV : Hy vit cu hnh electron ca cc HS : N, P c 5e lp ngoi cng

phi kim N, O, F, P, S, Cl v cho bit c bao nhiu electron lp ngoi cng ? O, S c 6e lp ngoi cng. F, Cl c 7e lp ngoi cng.

GV : Hng dn HS rt ra kt lun.

Kt lun :

Nhng nguyn t kim loi thng c 1, 2, 3 electron lp ngoi cng. Nhng nguyn t phi kim thng c 5, 6, 7 electron lp ngoi cng.

Nhng nguyn t kh him c 8 electron lp ngoi cng (tr He).

GV b sung : Cc nguyn t c 4
electron ngoi cng c th l kim loi (nu thuc chu k ln) hoc phi kim (nu thuc chu k nh).

Hot ng 4 (2 pht) cng c bi bi tp v nh

 Yu cu HS phi :
Bit cch vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t ca cc nguyn t khi bit gi tr ca Z. Bit cch biu din cu hnh electron theo obitan. Da vo s electron lp ngoi cng d on tnh cht kim loi, phi kim ca mt nguyn t.

Bi tp v nh : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (SGK).

d. hng dn gii bi tp SGK

1. p n A.

2. p n C.
3. p n D. 4. Ta c : Z + N + E = 2Z + N = 13 N = 13 2Z T nguyn t Z = 2 82 trong bng tun hon lun c : 1 N 1,5 Z

Z N 1,5Z Z 13 2Z 1,5Z 3,7 Z 4,33 Z = 4 N = 13 4 4 = 5.

a) Nguyn t khi : A = 4 + 5 = 9. b) Z = 4 : 1s22s2.

5. Vit cu hnh electron : Z = 3 : 1s22s1 c 1e lp ngoi cng. Z = 6 : 1s22s22p2 c 4e lp ngoi cng. Z = 9 : 1s22s22p5 c 7e lp ngoi cng. Z = 18 : 1s22s22p63s23p6 c 8e lp ngoi cng. 6. a) Z = 1 : 1s1 Phi kim. Z = 3 : 1s22s1 Kim loi. b) Z = 8 : 1s22s22p4 Phi kim. Z = 16 : 1s22s22p63s23p4 Phi kim. c) Z = 7 : 1s22s22p4 Phi kim. Z = 9 : 1s22s22p5 Phi kim.

s phn b mc nng lng ca cc lp v cc phn lp

E 7 7p 6d 5f 7s 6 6p 5d 4f 5 6s 5p 4d 4 5s 4p 3d

S phn b electron trn cc lp v cu hnh electron nguyn t ca 20 nguyn t u S electron n=1 (K) n=2 (L) n=3 (M) n=4 (N)

S hiu Tn K nguyn nguyn t hiu t Z

Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

hiro heli liti beri bo cacbon nit oxi flo neon natri magie nhom silic photpho lu hunh clo agon kali canxi

H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca

1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 8 1 2

1s1 1s2 1s22s1 1s22s2 1s22s22p1 1s22s22p2 1s22s22p3 1s22s22p4 1s22s22p5 1s22s22p6 1s22s22p63s1 1s22s22p63s2 1s22s22p63s23p1 1s22s22p63s23p2 1s22s22p63s23p3 1s22s22p63s23p4 1s22s22p63s23p5 1s22s22p63s23p6 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 1s22s22p63s23p64s2

Tit 10

luyn tp cu to v nguyn t

A. Mc tiu
5. Cng c kin thc v : Lp, phn lp electron. Th t cc phn lp electron theo chiu tng ca nng lng trong nguyn t. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t. 6. Rn luyn k nng gii mt s bi tp c bn v vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t khi bit gi tr Z v xc nh c s electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t 20 nguyn t u, t suy ra tnh cht c bn ca nguyn t. Da vo s electron ti a trong mt AO tnh s electron ti a trong mt phn lp, mt lp.

B. Chun b ca GV v HS

GV : Phng to bng 3 v 4 (SGK), n chiu. HS : Chun b cc bi luyn tp (SGK).

C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS

Hot ng 1 (15 pht) a. kin thc cn nm vng

GV : Yu cu 1 HS in vo cc HS : in thng tin vo bng. trng ca bng sau y :

Lp S phn lp K hiu phn lp S e ti a phn lp S e ti a lp

n=1 n=2 n=3 n=4 (K) (L) (M) (N)

GV : Chiu bng 3 (SGK) ln mn HS : Nghin cu bng 3 (SGK) v t hnh HS i chiu v sa cha sa cha (nu sai). nhng sai st trn bng va in. GV : Yu cu HS khc in vo cc HS : in thng tin vo bng. trng ca bng sau y : Cu hnh e lp ngoi cng S e lp ngoi cng D on loi nguyn t Tnh cht c bn ca nguyn t GV : Chiu bng 4 (SGK) ln mn HS : Nghin cu bng 4 (SGK) v t hnh HS i chiu v sa cha sa cha (nu sai). nhng sai st trn bng va in. ns1 ns2 ns2np1 ns2np3 ns2np6 ns2np2 ns2np4 He: 1s2 ns2np5

Hot ng 2 (28 pht) B. gii bi tp sgk

GV t chc hng dn HS gii bi tp trong SGK, khuyn khch em no lm xong trc ln bng trnh by. Sau hng dn HS khc nhn xt bi gii. GV : Chiu bi 1 ln mn hnh.

Bi 1. Th no l nguyn t s, p, d, f ? HS 1 : Ly v d nguyn t s, p, d. Nguyn t s l nhng nguyn t m nguyn t c e cui cng in vo phn lp s.

V d : Z = 11 : 1s22s22p63s1. HS 2 :

Nguyn t p l nhng nguyn t m nguyn t c electron cui cng c in vo phn lp p.

V d : Z = 8 : 1s22s22p4. HS 3 :

Nguyn t d l nhng nguyn t m nguyn t c electron cui cng c in vo phn lp d.

V d : Z = 26 : 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2. HS 4 : GV : Electron cui cng l electron Nguyn t f l nhng nguyn t m c in sau cng vo phn lp c nguyn t c electron cui cng c nng lng cao nht. in vo phn lp f. V d trong nguyn t Fe, electron cui cng c hiu l electron th su trn phn lp 3d. GV : Chiu bi tp 2 ln mn hnh.

Bi 2. Cc electron thuc lp K hay L HS : Cc electron thuc lp K lin kt lin kt vi ht nhn cht ch hn ? V vi ht nhn cht ch hn v gn ht nhn hn v mc nng lng thp hn. sao ?
GV : Minh ho qua hnh v sau:

K L

GV : Chiu bi tp 3 ln mn hnh.

Bi 3. Trong nguyn t, nhng HS : Trong nguyn t, nhng electron electron ca lp no quyt nh tnh lp ngoi cng quyt nh tnh cht cht ho hc ca nguyn t nguyn t ho hc ca nguyn t nguyn t.
? Cho v d. V d : Mg c 2e, Ca cng c 2e lp ngoi cng u th hin tnh cht ca phi kim. GV : Chiu bi tp 4 ln mn hnh.

Bi 4. V electron ca 1 nguyn t c HS : Chun b 2 pht.

20 electron. Hi : a) Nguyn t c bao nhiu lp electron ? b) Lp ngoi cng c bao nhiu electron ? c) Nguyn t l kim loi hay phi kim ?

2 2 6 2 6 2 GV : Nguyn t c 20e Z = 20. HS : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s .

Vit cu hnh electron ? GV : Nguyn t c bao nhiu lp HS : 4 lp e. electron ? GV : Lp ngoi cng c bao nhiu HS : 2 electron thuc phn lp 4s. electron ? thuc phn lp no ? GV : Da vo s e ngoi cng hy kt HS : Kim loi. lun kim loi hay phi kim ?

Hot ng 3 (2 pht) dn d bi tp v nh
Bi tp : 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 (SGK).

Tit 11

luyn tp cu to v nguyn t (tip)

A. Mc tiu
Tip tc rn luyn k nng : Vit cu hnh electron t suy ra s lp electron, lp e ngoi cng, s electron trn phn lp v lp, d on tnh cht ca nguyn t.

B. Chun b ca GV v HS

GV : My chiu, giy trong, bt d, h thng bi tp SGK v cu hi gi . HS : n tp cc kin thc thng qua hot ng gii bi tp.

C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS

Hot ng 1 (40 pht) b. gii bi tp sgk

GV : Chiu bi tp 5 ln mn hnh.

Bi 5. Cho bit s electron ti a cc HS : Chun b 2 pht. phn lp sau :

a) 2s ; b) 3p ; c) 4s ; d) 3d. GV : Cho bit s AO ca phn lp s, p HS : Phn lp s c 1 AO. v d. Phn lp p c 3 AO. Phn lp d c 5 AO. GV : Mi Ao c ti a 2e. Vy phn HS : Phn lp s c ti a 2e. lp s, p, d c ti a bao nhiu e ? Phn lp p c ti a 6e. Phn lp d c ti a 10e. GV : Ghi s electron ti a ln cc HS : a) 2s2 ; b) 3p6 ; c) 4s2 ; d) 3d10. phn lp 2s, 3p, 4s v 3d. GV : Chiu bi tp 6 ln mn hnh.

Bi 6. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t HS : Chun b 3 pht. photpho l :

1s22s22p63s23p3. Hi : a) Nguyn t P c bao nhiu e ? b) S hiu nguyn t ca P l bao nhiu ? c) Lp electron no c mc nng lng cao nht ? d) C bao nhiu lp e, mi lp c bao nhiu e ? e) P l nguyn t kim loi hay phi kim ? V sao ? GV : Yu cu mi HS chun b mt cu tr li. i vi HS yu c th gi thm v cch tnh s e ? S hiu nguyn t ? S lp e ? S e trn mi lp ? Tnh cht nguyn t ? HS : a) Nguyn t P c 15e. b) S hiu nguyn t P l 15. c) Lp th ba (lp M) c nng lng cao nht.

d) C 3 lp, s e trn mi lp: 2, 8, 5. e) C 5e lp ngoi cng P l phi kim. GV : Chiu bi tp 7 ln mn hnh.

Bi 7. Cu hnh electron nguyn t cho HS : Chun b 2 pht. ta bit nhng thng tin g ? Cho th d.
GV : C th yu cu HS ly mt v d v cu hnh electron ca 20 nguyn t u. V d : S (Z = 16) : 1s22s22p63s23p4. GV : T cu hnh e c th bit nhng HS : S phn b e trn cc lp v phn thng tin g ? lp D on tnh cht c bn ca nguyn t nguyn t. (S l phi kim). GV : Yu cu HS phn tch tip mt s cu hnh khc. GV : Chiu bi tp 8 ln mn hnh.

Bi 8. Vit cu hnh electron y HS : Chun b 3 pht. cho cc nguyn t c lp electron ngoi cng l :
a) 2s1 ; d) 3s23p3 ; b) 2s22p3 ; e) 3s23p5 ; c) 2s22p6 ; f) 3s23p6.

GV : Electron ang in vo lp HS : Cc lp bn trong c s e ti a ngoi cng, chng t cc lp bn (bo ho). trong c s e nh th no ?

GV : T suy ra cu hnh electron HS : y ? a) 1s22s1 Kim loi. GV : C th yu cu HS tr li thm v b) 1s22s22p3 Phi kim. cc nguyn t l kim loi, phi kim hay kh him ? c) 1s22s22p6 Kh him. GV : Chiu bi tp 9 ln mn hnh. d) 1s22s22p63s23p3 Phi kim.

Bi 9 : Cho bit tn, k hiu, s hiu e) 1s22s22p63s23p5 Phi kim. nguyn t ca : f) 1s22s22p63s23p6 Kh him. a) 2 nguyn t c s e lp ngoi cng HS : Chun b 3 pht. l ti a ; b) 2 nguyn t c 1 electron lp ngoi cng ; c) 2 nguyn t c 7 electron lp ngoi cng.
20 40 GV : Hng dn HS s dng bng cu HS : a) 10 Ne ; 18 Ar. hnh e nguyn t ca 20 nguyn t u 23 39 b) 11 Na 19 K. (tr. 26 SGK) tm nguyn t tho mn bi. 35 c) 19 F 17 Cl. 9 GV : Nhn xt v vic chun b bi tp v cch trnh by ca cc HS trong lp. Cho im.

Hot ng 2 (5 pht) dn d chun b cho bi sau

GV : Yu cu cc em gii li cc bi tp ny vo v bi tp v n tp li cc kin thc c bn ca chng 1 chun b cho tit sau nghin cu chng 2.

Chng 2 bng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc v nh lut tun hon

Tit 12

bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc

A. Mc tiu
1. Gip HS hiu :

Nguyn tc sp xp cc nguyn t ho hc vo bng tun hon. Cu to ca bng tun hon ( nguyn t, chu k, nhm nguyn t).

2. Rn luyn k nng vn dng : T v tr ca nguyn t trong bng tun hon suy ra cu hnh electron v ngc li.

B. Chun b ca GV v HS

GV : Bng tun hon v chn dung Men--l-p (phng to). HS : Bng tun hon (c nh).

C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS

Hot ng 1 (10 pht) s lc v s pht minh ra bng tun hon

GV : Chiu bng tun hon v nh chn HS : Quan st bng tun hon v c dung . I. Men--l-p ln mn hnh, SGK. ri cho HS nghin cu SGK (c qua phn ch nh) bit r s lc v s pht minh ra bng tun hon.

Hot ng 2 (10 pht) i. nguyn tc sp xp cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon

GV : Chiu bng tun hon ln mn HS : Quan st bng tun hon. hnh, cho HS quan st, ri rt ra nguyn tc sp xp cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon. GV : in tch ht nhn nguyn t HS : Tng dn. ca cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon thay i nh th no ? GV : Cc nguyn t trong cng mt HS : C cng s lp electron trong hng c c im g ging nhau ? nguyn t. GV : Cc nguyn t trong cng mt HS : C cng s electron lp ngoi ct c c im g ging nhau ? cng trong v electron ca nguyn t. GV : y l 3 nguyn tc c bn HS : Cc nguyn t ho hc c sp sp xp cc nguyn t vo bng tun xp vo bng tun hon theo ba nguyn hon. tc sau : GV : Chiu 3 nguyn tc ln mn 1. Cc nguyn t c sp xp theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn hnh v gii thch : Electron ho tr l nhng electron c nguyn t. kh nng tham gia hnh thnh lin kt ho hc. Chng thng nm lp ngoi cng v c th c phn lp st ngoi cng cha bo ho. 2. Cc nguyn t c cng s lp electron trong nguyn t c sp xp thnh mt hng. 3. Cc nguyn t c s electron ho tr trong nguyn t nh nhau c sp xp thnh mt ct.

Hot ng 3 (20 pht) ii. cu to ca bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc 1. nguyn t

GV : Chiu mt nguyn t bt k HS : Quan st. trong bng tun hon (v d s 13, nguyn t Al) ln mn hnh. Sau gii
S hiu nguyn t thiu cho HS bit cc thng tin c (S th t ca ) ghi trong nh : s hiu nguyn t Nguyn t khi (13), k hiu ho hc (Al), tn nguyn trung bnh 26,98 13 t (nhm), nguyn t khi (26,98), K hiu ho hc m in (1,61), cu hnh electron m in Tn nguyn t ([Ne] 3s23p1) v s oxi ho (+3). Nhm 1,61 [Ne] 3s23p1

Al

S oxi ho

Cu hnh e

+3

GV : Chn mt s trong 20 nguyn HS : Quan st v tr li. t u bng tun hon ri yu cu HS nhn vo trnh by cc thng tin m HS thu nhn c. GV : Cc thng tin ny rt quan trng gip chng ta tm hiu cu to, tnh cht ca nguyn t. GV cn nhn mnh HS bit cc HS : S th t nguyn t = s n v nh khoa hc xc nh c s th in tch ht nhn (Z) = s proton = s t ca ng bng s hiu nguyn t electron trong nguyn t. ca nguyn t . V vy khi bit s th t ca nguyn t trong bng tun hon th c th suy ra s n v in tch ht nhn nguyn t, s proton, s electron.

2. Chu k

GV : Chiu bng tun hon ln mn HS : hnh v ch vo v tr ca tng chu k Chu k l dy nhng nguyn t m v rt ra nhn xt. nguyn t ca chng c cng s lp electron.

S th t ca chu k bng
s lp electron trong nguyn t.

Chu k no cng c bt u bng mt kim loi kim v kt thc bng mt kh him (tr chu k 1).
GV cho HS nghin cu tng chu k (t 1 7). GV : Chu k 1 c bao nhiu nguyn t ? M u l nguyn t no ? Kt thc l nguyn t no ? C bao nhiu lp electron ? Mi lp bao nhiu electron ? GV : Hi tng t vi chu k 2 ? HS : Chu k 1 gm 2 nguyn t l H (Z = 1) 1s1 v He (Z = 2) 1s2. Nguyn t ca 2 nguyn t ny ch c 1 lp e, l lp K. HS : Chu k 2 gm 8 nguyn t, bt u t Li (Z = 3) 1s22s1 v kt thc l Ne (Z = 10) 1s22s22p6. Nguyn t ca cc nguyn t ny c 2 lp electron : Lp K (gm 2 electron) v lp L (c s e tng t 1 8). GV : Hi tng t vi chu k 3 ? HS : Chu k 3 gm 8 nguyn t, bt u t Na (Z = 11) 1s22s22p63s1 v kt thc l Ar (Z = 18) 1s22s22p63s23p6. Nguyn t ca cc nguyn t ny c 3 lp electron : lp K (2e), lp L (8e) v lp M (c s e tng t 1 8).

GV : Hi tng t vi chu k 4 ?

HS : Chu k 4 gm 18 nguyn t, bt u t K (Z = 19) [Ar] 4s1 v kt thc l Kr (Z = 36) [Ar] 3d104s24p6. HS : Chu k 6 gm 32 nguyn t, bt u t Cs (Z = 55) [Xe] 6s1 v kt thc l kh him Rn (Z = 86) [Xe] 4f145d106s26p6.

GV : Chu k 6 ?

GV b sung : Chu k 7 cha y , d on c 32 nguyn t tng t chu k 6 :

Cc chu k 1, 2, 3 c gi l chu k nh. Cc chu k 4, 5, 6, 7 c gi l chu k ln.

Ch : 14 nguyn t ng sau La (Z = 57) thuc chu k 6 c gi l cc nguyn t thuc h lantan. 14 nguyn t thuc chu k 7 sau Ac (Z = 89) gi l cc nguyn t thuc h actini. Hai h ny c cu hnh electron tng qut:
(n - 2) f (n - 1) d n s2 v c xp ring thnh 2 hng phn cui bng.

Hot ng 4 (5 pht) cng c bi tp v nh

GV cng c ton b tit th nht, lu HS hai :

Nguyn tc sp xp cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon. Cc c im ca chu k.

Bi tp v nh : 1, 2, 3, 4 (SGK).

Tit 13

Bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc (tip)

A. Mc tiu
1. Tip tc nghin cu cu to bng tun hon : Nhm nguyn t. 2. Da vo cu hnh e ca nguyn t nguyn t kt lun nguyn t thuc nhm A hay B. 3. Rn luyn k nng xc nh v tr ca nguyn t trong bng tun hon.

B. Chun b ca GV v HS

GV : Bng tun hon, my chiu. HS : Bng tun hon.

C. Tin trnh dy hc Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS

Hot ng 1 (10 pht)

kim tra bi c v cha bi tp v nh

GV : Yu cu 1 HS trnh by c im HS : ca chu k trong bng tun hon ? Nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trong cng mt chu k c cng s lp electron.

S th t ca chu k bng s lp electron trong nguyn t. Chu k no cng c bt u bng mt kim loi kim v kt thc bng mt kh him (tr chu k 1).
GV : Yu cu 4 HS tr li 4 bi tp trc nghim 1, 2, 3, 4 (SGK).

Bi 1. Cc nguyn t chu k 6 c s HS 1 : p n C. lp electron trong nguyn t l :

A. 3 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7

Bi 2. Trong bng tun hon cc HS 2 : p n B. nguyn t, s chu k nh v s chu k ln l :

A. 3 v 3 C. 4 v 4 B. 3 v 4 D. 4 v 3

Bi 3. S nguyn t trong chu k 3 v HS 3 : p n A. 5 l :

A. 8 v 18 C. 8 v 8 B. 18 v 8 D. 18 v 18

Bi 4. Trong bng tun hon, cc HS 4 : p n D. nguyn t c sp xp theo nguyn tc :

A. Theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn B. Cc nguyn t c cng s lp electron trong nguyn t c xp thnh 1 hng. C. Cc nguyn t c cng s electron ho tr trong nguyn t c xp thnh 1 ct. D. C A, B, C.

GV : Nhn xt v cho im.

Hot ng 2 (30 pht)

3. Nhm nguyn t

GV : Chiu bng tun hon ln mn hnh v ch vo v tr ca tng nhm v nhn mnh c im :

 Nhm nguyn t gm cc nguyn t c cu hnh electron nguyn t lp ngoi cng tng t nhau do tnh cht ho hc gn ging nhau c xp thnh mt ct. Bng tun hon c 18 ct c chia thnh 8 nhm A (nh s t I A n VIII A) v 8 nhm B (nh s t III B n II B) Mi nhm l 1 ct, ring nhm VIII B gm 3 ct.
a) Xc nh s th t nhm A GV : xc nh s th t ca nhm cn da vo cu hnh electron ho tr. GV : Yu cu 1 HS cho bit cu hnh HS : Nhm A nsanpb electron ho tr tng qut ca cc nhm a, b l s electron trn lp s v p : A? 1 a 2 v 0 b 6 GV : Cch xc nh STT ca nhm ?

STT nhm A = a + b.

GV : Da vo s electron ho tr c th HS : Nu a + b 3 Kim loi d on tnh cht nguyn t ? Nu a + b = 4 Kim loi / Phi kim

Nu 5 a + b 7 Phi kim Nu a + b = 8 Kh him

GV : Cc nguyn t nhm A bao gm HS : Cc nhm A bao gm cc nguyn nhng nguyn t no ? V d ? t s v p. V d :
Na (Z = 11) 1s22s22p63s1 I A O (Z = 8) 1s22s22p4 VI A

b) Xc nh s th t nhm B

GV : Cc nguyn t nhm B bao gm nhng nguyn t d (t nhm III B n VIII B) v nguyn t f (h lantan v
actini). y ta ch gii hn xc nh STT nhm B ca cc nguyn t d.

GV : Cho bit cu hnh electron ho tr HS : Nhm B bao gm nguyn t d v ca cc nguyn t d dng tng qut. f. Cu hnh electron ho tr ca nguyn t d : (n 1) dansb
iu kin : b = 2, 1 a 10

Nu a + b < 8 STT nhm = a + b Nu a + b = 8, 9, 10 STT nhm = 8 Nu a + b > 10 STT nhm = (a +

b) 10

GV : Vit cu hnh e ca nguyn t c HS : Z = 26 [Ar] 3d64s2

Z = 26 v cho bit v tr ca nguyn t trong bng tun hon (chu k, nhm V tr A/B) ?

chu k 4 (Fe) nhm VIII B

GV : Cc nguyn t d gi l cc kim loi chuyn tip. GV : Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t HS : Z = 29 [Ar] 3d94s2 ca nguyn t c Z = 29. GV : Phn lp 3d9 ch thiu 1e l t HS : [Ar] 3d104s1 phn lp bo ho bn vng 3d10, do chu k 4 1e phn lp 4s s nhy vo to ra V tr (Cu) nhm I B hin tng bo ho gp. Vy cu hnh electron ng phi l th no ? Suy ra v tr ca nguyn t trong bng tun hon ?

GV : Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t HS : Z = 24 [Ar] 3d44s2 ca nguyn t c Z = 24. GV : Phn lp 3d4ch thiu 1e l t HS : [Ar] 3d54s1 phn lp na bo ho 3d5 bn vng, do chu k 4 1e phn lp 4s s nhy vo to V tr (Cr) nhm VI B ra hin tng na bo ho gp. Vy cu hnh electron ca nguyn t phi nh th no ? Suy ra v tr ca nguyn t trong bng tun hon ? GV : Vy khi vit cu hnh electron ca HS : b = 2, a = 9 b = 1, a = 10 nguyn t d cn ch ngoi l no ? b = 2, a = 4 b = 1, a = 5
Hot ng 3 (5 pht)

cng c v bi tp v nh

GV yu cu HS cn nm vng cch xc nh s th t nhm A v nhm B t suy ra v tr ca cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon da vo cu hnh electron ho tr. Bi tp v nh : 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 (SGK).
D. hng dn gii bi tp SGK
1. p n C. 2. p n B. 3. p n A. 4. p n D. 5. p n C. 6. Nh SGK. 7. Nh SGK. 8. S th t nhm A = tng s electron ho tr. 9.

Chu k 2

Li

Be

Ne

S e lp ngoi cng e. t liu tham kho

Vo thng 8 1997, ti Geneve (Thu S), trong mt hi ngh gm cc thnh vin ca 40 nc tham gia IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) thng nht cch t tn cho cc nguyn t ho hc t 104 n 118 thuc chu k 7 nh sau :

Nguyn t 104 c t tn l Rutherfordium k hiu l Rf mang tn nh bc hc Rutherford, ngi pht hin ra ht nhn nguyn t. Nguyn t ny khng cn mang tn Kursatovium (Ku) m trc y Lin X (c), cc nc Scandinave vn dng tn vinh nh bc hc Kusatp, cha ra nn nguyn t hc X Vit.
Nguyn t 105 : Dubnium (Db) mang tn a danh Dubna (Nga) ni c phng th nghim Dubna. Trc y c nc gi nguyn t ny l Nibsbohrium (Ns). Nguyn t 106 : Seaborgium (Sg) mang tn nh bc hc Gleen Seaborg, ngi lnh o ti ba phng th nghim Berkeley (M), ni tng hp c hng lot nguyn t siu urani. y l trng hp cha tng c i vi mt nh khoa hc khi cn sng. Nguyn t 107 : Bohrium (Bh) mang tn nh bc hc Nils Bohr (an Mch), ngi c cng t nn mng cho l thuyt cu to nguyn t. Nguyn t 108 : Hassium (Hs) mang tn a danh Hass (c), ni c trung tm nghin cu cc nguyn t siu nng. Nguyn t 109 : Meitnerium (Mt) mang tn nh bc hc Lise Meitner (c), ngi cng tc vi Otto Hahn trong cng trnh phn ng phn chia ht nhn. Cc nguyn t 110 n 118 tm thi t tn theo h thng cc con s (nil l 0, un l 1, bi l 2, tri l 3, quad l 4, ...) thm tip v ng ium. Ngha l :
Nguyn t 110 c tn l Ununnilium (Uun) Nguyn t 111 c tn l Unununium (Uuu)

Nguyn t 112 c tn l Ununbiium (Uub) Nguyn t 113 c tn l Ununtriium (Uut) Nguyn t 114 c tn l Ununquadium (Uuq) Nguyn t 115 c tn l Ununpentium (Uup) Nguyn t 116 c tn l Ununhexium (Uuh) Nguyn t 117 c tn l Ununseptium (Uus) Nguyn t 118 c tn l Ununoctium (Uuo)

Tit 14

s bin i tun hon cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t ho hc

A. Mc tiu
1. HS hiu c s bin i tun hon cu hnh electron ca nguyn t cc nguyn t. 2. Hiu c s electron ngoi cng quyt nh tnh cht ho hc ca cc nguyn t thuc nhm A. 3. T v tr ca nguyn t trong mt nhm A suy ra c s electron ho tr ca n v d on tnh cht ca nguyn t.

B. Chun b ca GV v HS

GV : Phng to bng 5 (SGK) Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t nhm A. HS : Bng tun hon.

C. Tin trnh dy hc Hot ng ca GV

Hot ng 1 (5 pht)

Hot ng ca HS

kim tra bi c

GV : Trnh by cc nguyn tc sp xp HS : 3 nguyn tc. cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon ? GV : Th no l nguyn t s, p, d v f ? HS : Theo SGK Ly v d nguyn t s, p. GV : Nhn xt, cho im.
Hot ng 2 (15 pht) i. s bin i tun hon cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t

GV : Chiu bng 5 (SGK) ln mn HS : Lp i lp li Bin i mt hnh v yu cu HS nhn xt v s cch tun hon. bin thin ca s electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trong cc nhm A qua cc chu k ? GV : Hy cho bit s electron lp HS : S th t cc nguyn t trong ngoi cng c quan h nh th no vi nhm A = s electron lp ngoi cng s th t ca nhm A ? (s electron ho tr). GV : B sung : S bin i tun hon cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t khi in tch ht nhn tng dn chnh l nguyn nhn ca s bin i tun hon tnh cht ca cc nguyn t.
Hot ng 3 (10 pht) II. cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t nhm A 1. Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t nhm A

GV hng dn HS quan st bng 5 (SGK) tr li cc cu hi. GV : Hy nhn xt v s electron lp HS : Trong cng mt nhm A cc ngoi cng ca cc nguyn t thuc nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c cng

cc nguyn t trong cng mt nhm A ?

s electron ngoi cng (electron ho tr).

GV : Cho bit cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t nhm A thuc chu k n ? V ch ra HS : nsanpb s electron lp ngoi cng ? (1 a 2, 0 b 6) GV : S electron lp ngoi cng ca S electron lp ngoi cng = a + b cc nguyn t nhm A c gi l s electron ho tr. GV : Cho bit electron ho tr ca cc HS : Phn lp s cc nguyn t s. nguyn t nhm IA v IIA thuc phn lp no ? GV : Electron ho tr ca cc nguyn HS : Phn lp s v p cc nguyn t t nhm IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA v p. VIIIA thuc phn lp no ?
Hot ng 4 (13 pht) hng dn gii bi tp (SGK)

GV : Chiu bi tp 1 (SGK) ln mn hnh :

Bi 1. Cc nguyn t thuc cng mt HS : p n C. nhm A c tnh cht ho hc tng t, v v electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t nhm A c :
A. S electron nh nhau. B. S lp electron nh nhau. C. S electron lp ngoi cng nh nhau. D. Cng s electron s v p.

GV : Chiu bi tp 2 (SGK) ln mn hnh :

Bi 2. S bin thin tnh cht ca cc nguyn t thuc chu k sau li c lp li tng t nh chu k trc l do :
A. S lp li tnh cht kim loi ca cc HS : S bin thin tnh cht ca cc nguyn t chu k sau so vi chu k nguyn t thuc chu k sau li c trc. lp li ging nh chu k trc v c s B. S lp li tnh cht phi kim ca cc bin i tun hon s electron lp nguyn t chu k sau so vi chu k ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t khi in tch ht nhn tng dn trc. p n C. C. S lp li cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t chu k sau so vi chu k trc ( ba chu k u).

GV : Chiu bi tp 3 (SGK) ln mn hnh.

Bi 3. Nhng nguyn t thuc nhm A no l cc nguyn t s, nguyn t p ? S electron thuc lp ngoi cng trong nguyn t ca nguyn t s v p khc nhau th no ?

HS : Cc electron ho tr ca cc nguyn t thuc nhm IA, IIA l electron s cc nguyn t s.

Cc electron ho tr ca cc nguyn t thuc nhm IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA v VIIIA l cc electron s v p cc nguyn t p. S electron thuc lp ngoi cng trong nguyn t ca cc nguyn t s l 1 v 2. S electron thuc lp ngoi cng trong nguyn t ca cc nguyn t p l 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.

Hot ng 5 (2 pht)

dn d bi tp v nh

Bi tp v nh : 4, 5, 6, 7 (SGK).
Tit 15

s bin i tun hon cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t ho hc (tip)

A. Mc tiu
1. Tip tc tm hiu s bin i tun hon cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t thuc nhm A. 2. Nghin cu mt s nhm A tiu biu. Gii thch s bin i tun hon tnh cht cc nguyn t. 3. T cu hnh electron d on tnh cht ca nguyn t.

B. Chun b ca GV v HS

GV : My chiu, giy trong, bng 5 (SGK). HS : Bng tun hon.

C. Tin trnh dy hc Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS

2. Mt s nhm A tiu biu

Hot ng 1 (7 pht)

a) Nhm VIIIA l nhm kh him GV : Chiu bng 5 ln mn hnh v gii thiu : Nhm VIIIA l nhm kh him bao gm cc nguyn t heli (He), neon (Ne) agon (Ar), kripton (Kr), xenon (Xe), raon (Rn). GV : Yu cu 1 HS nhn xt v s electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t trong nhm ? Vit cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng dng HS : Nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trong nhm (tr He) u c 8 electron lp ngoi cng.

cu hnh ns2np6.

tng qut ?

(tr He : 1s2).

GV : Cu hnh lp v ngoi cng ns2np6 HS : Hu ht cc kh him u khng l rt bn vng hu ht cc kh him tham gia phn ng ho hc. u khng tham gia cc phn ng ho hc (tr mt s trng hp c bit) ngi ta cn gi cc kh him l nhng kh tr. GV b sung : iu kin thng, cc HS : iu kin thng, cc kh him kh him u trng thi kh v phn u trng thi kh v phn t ch t ch gm mt nguyn t. gm mt nguyn t.
Hot ng 2 (7 pht)

b) Nhm IA l nhm kim loi kim GV : Chiu bng 5 (SGK) ln mn hnh HS : Quan st. v gii thiu : Nhm IA l nhm kim loi
kim gm cc nguyn t liti (Li), natri (Na), Kali (K), rubii (Rb), xesi (Cs) v Franxi (Fr).

GV yu cu 1 HS nhn xt : Cu hnh HS : ns1 ch c 1 electron lp ngoi electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cng. cc nguyn t ny ? GV nhn xt : V nguyn t ch c 1 HS : Ghi nhn xt. electron lp ngoi cng nn trong cc phn ng ho hc, nguyn t ca cc nguyn t kim loi kim c khuynh hng nhng ng i 1 electron t n cu hnh electron bn vng ca kh him. Do , trong cc hp cht cc nguyn t kim loi kim ch c ho tr 1.

GV hng dn HS c SGK bit v cc HS : Kim loi kim c mt s tnh tnh cht ho hc c bn ca kim loi cht ho hc c bn sau : kim v yu cu HS vit phng trnh Tc dng mnh vi oxi oxit phn ng. 4Na + O2 2Na2O
4Li + O2 2Li2O Tc dng mnh vi nc to thnh dung dch baz : Na + H2O NaOH + 1/2 H2 K + H2O KOH + 1/2 H2 Tc dng vi cc phi kim khc to thnh mui : 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl 2K + S K2S Hot ng 3 (7 pht)

c) Nhm VIIA l nhm halogen GV chiu bng 5 (SGK) ln mn hnh HS : Quan st. v gii thiu : Nhm VIIA l nhm halogen gm cc nguyn t flo (F), Clo (Cl), brom (Br), iot (I), atatin (At). GV yu cu 1 HS nhn xt : S electron HS : C 7e ngoi cng lp ngoi cng v cu hnh electron ns2np5. ca nguyn t cc nguyn t ny. GV nhn xt : Nguyn t ca cc GV : Ghi nhn xt. nguyn t halogen c 7e lp ngoi cng do trong cc phn ng ho hc, cc nguyn t halogen c khuynh hng thu thm 1e t cu hnh e bn vng ca kh him (8e) trong

cc hp cht vi kim loi, halogen c ho tr 1.

GV b sung : dng n cht, cc HS : Phn t halogen gm 2 nguyn t : phn t halogen gm 2 nguyn t : F2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2. Cl2, Br2, I2. l nhng phi kim in hnh (At l nguyn t phng x). GV hng dn HS c SGK bit cc HS : Halogen c mt s tnh cht ho tnh cht c bn ca halogen v vit hc c bn sau : cc phng trnh phn ng. Tc dng vi kim loi mui :
2Al + 3Cl2 2AlCl3 2K + Br2 2KBr Tc dng vi hiro hiro halogenua F2 + H2 2HF Cl2 + H2 2HCl Br2 + H2 2HBr I2 + H2 2HI Hiroxit ca cc halogen l nhng axit : HClO, HClO3, ...

Hot ng 4 (20pht) hng dn gii bi tp SGK

GV chiu bi tp 4 ln mn hnh :
Bi 4. Nhng nguyn t no ng u HS : Chun b 2 pht. cc chu k ? Cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c c im g

chung ?

GV chiu bng tun hon cho HS quan HS : Nhng nguyn t kim loi kim st. ng u cc chu k (tr chu k 1). Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t cc nguyn t kim loi kim c 1 electron lp ngoi cng ns1 (n = 2 7). GV chiu bi tp 5 ln mn hnh :
Bi 5. Nhng nguyn t no ng cui HS : Chun b 2 pht. cc chu k ? Cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c c im g chung ?

GV : Chiu bng tun hon cho HS HS : Nhng nguyn t kh him ng quan st. cui cc chu k. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t cc nguyn t kh him u c 8e lp ngoi cng (tr He l 2e) ns2np6. GV chiu bi tp 6 ln mn hnh :
Bi 6. Mt nguyn t chu k 3, nhm HS : Chun b 3 pht. VIA trong bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc. Hi :
a) Nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c bao nhiu electron lp ngoi cng ? b) Cc electron ngoi cng nm lp electron th my ? c) Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t nguyn t trn ?

GV : T v tr ca nguyn t trong HS : C 3 lp electron, lp th ba bng tun hon (chu k 3, nhm VIA) (ngoi cng) c 6 electron. c th cho bit : c bao nhiu lp electron ? Lp ngoi cng c bao nhiu electron ?

GV : Suy ra cu hnh electron ? GV chiu bi tp 7 ln mn hnh :

HS : 1s2222p63s23p4.

Bi 7. Mt s nguyn t c cu hnh HS : Chun b 3 pht. electron ca nguyn t nh sau :

1s22s22p4 ; 1s22s22p3 ;

1s22s22p63s23p1 ; 1s22s22p63s23p5. a) Hy xc nh s electron ho tr ca tng nguyn t. b) Hy xc nh v tr ca chng (Chu k, nhm) trong bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc.

GV gi : Nhn vo cu hnh electron HS : ca nguyn t cc nguyn t cho trong 1s22s22p4 chu k 2, nhm VIA. bi tp hy suy ra : 1s22s22p3 chu k 2, nhm VA S lp electron s th t chu k. 1s22s22p63s23p1 chu k 3, nhm IIIA Electron ngoi cng l s v p u 1s22s22p63s23p5 chu k 3, nhm l nguyn t p nhm A. VIIA. S electron lp ngoi cng s th t ca nhm. GV nhn xt cc bi gii v cho im.
Hot ng 5 (4 pht) dn d bi tp v nh

GV cho HS lm thm bi tp sau : Bi tp : Bit nguyn t Br thuc chu k 4 nhm VIIA.

a) Nguyn t ca nguyn t c bao nhiu electron lp ngoi cng ? b) Cc electron ngoi cng lp electron th my ? c) Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t Br ?

Tit 16

s bin i tun hon tnh cht ca cc nguyn t ho hc nh lut tun hon

a. mc tiu
1. Gip HS hiu c tnh kim loi, tnh phi kim, m in v s bin i tnh cht ny theo mt chu k v mt nhm A. 2. T hiu c tnh cht ca mt nguyn t bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn. 3. C kh nng vn dng qui lut gii thch cho cc chu k v nhm A c th.

b. chun b ca GV v HS

GV : My chiu, giy trong, hnh 2.1 (SGK), bng 6 (SGK), bng tun hon. HS : Chun b bi theo SGK.

c. tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng ca GV Hot ng 1 (5 pht) kim tra bi c cha bi tp v nh Hot ng ca HS

GV gi 1 HS ln bng yu cu tr li : HS : Lp i lp li sau mi chu k Xt mt chu k khi i t tri qua phi bin i tun hon.

cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t bin i nh th no ?

GV gi 1 HS khc ln cha bi tp v nh. GV chiu bi tp ln mn hnh Bi tp : Bit nguyn t Br thuc chu HS : Nguyn t Br k 4 nhm VIIA. a) Thuc nhm VIIA c 7e ngoi a) Nguyn t Br c bao nhiu electron cng ns2np5. lp ngoi cng ? b) Chu k 4 lp th 4 l lp ngoi b) Cc electron ngoi cng nm lp cng 4s24p5. th my ? c) [Ar] 3d104s24p5. c) Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t Br ? GV nhn xt, cho im.
Hot ng 2 (5 pht) i. tnh kim loi, tnh phi kim

GV chiu ln mn hnh ni dung tnh HS ghi chp cc khi nim : kim loi, tnh phi kim. Tnh kim loi l tnh cht ca mt nguyn t m nguyn t ca n d mt electron tr thnh ion dng. Nguyn t cng d mt electron th tnh kim loi ca nguyn t cng mnh.
Tnh phi kim l tnh cht ca mt nguyn t m nguyn t ca n d thu electron tr thnh ion m. Nguyn t cng d thu electron th tnh phi kim ca nguyn t cng mnh.

GV Chiu bng tun hon ln mn hnh v gii thch thm :

Ranh gii tng i gia nguyn t kim

loi, phi kim trong bng tun hon c phn cch bng ng dch dc in m. Pha phi l cc nguyn t phi kim, pha tri l cc nguyn t kim loi.

Hot ng 3 (10 pht) 1. S bin i tnh cht trong mt chu k

GV chiu bng tun hon ln mn hnh v cho HS c SGK tho lun v s bin i tnh cht kim loi, phi kim trong chu k 3 theo chiu tng in tch ht nhn. GV : Hy nhn xt v s bin i tnh HS : Tnh kim loi gim dn v tnh kim loi, tnh phi kim ca cc nguyn phi kim tng dn. t trong chu k 3 theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn ? GV lu cho HS : Quy lut no c lp i lp li i vi mi chu k. GV chiu ln mn hnh phn nhn xt HS : Ghi nhn xt vo v. v s bin i tnh cht trong mt chu k : Trong mt chu k, theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn, tnh kim loi ca cc nguyn t yu dn, ng thi tnh phi kim mnh dn. GV chiu hnh 2.1 (SGK) ln mn hnh HS : Bn knh nguyn t gim dn. v ngh HS quan st s bin i bn knh nguyn t theo chu k. GV gii thch : Trong mt chu k. Khi HS : Nghe ging. i t tri sang phi, in tch ht nhn tng dn nhng s lp electron ca nguyn t cc nguyn t bng nhau lc ht ca ht nhn vi electron

lp ngoi cng tng ln khong cch gia ht nhn vi electron lp ngoi cng gim dn bn knh nguyn t gim dn.

GV gii thiu trn hnh 2.1, bn knh nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trong chu k gim dn theo chiu tng in tch ht nhn, c hin th tng trng kch thc cc qu cu gim dn. S gim bn knh nguyn t c lp i lp li qua cc chu k. GV : Khi bn knh nguyn t gim th HS : Bn knh nguyn t cng gim kh nng nhng v thu electron ca kh nng nhng e ca nguyn t nguyn t tng hay gim ? gim v kh nng thu electron ca nguyn t tng. GV kt lun : Nh vy trong mi chu HS : Ghi kt lun. k bn knh nguyn t gim dn theo chiu tng in tch ht nhn lm cho tnh kim loi ca cc nguyn t yu dn, ng thi tnh phi kim mnh dn.
Hot ng 4 (10 pht) 2. S bin i tnh cht trong mt nhm A

GV chiu ln bng tun hon ln mn hnh v cho HS c SGK tho lun v s bin i tnh cht kim loi, phi kim trong nhm IA v nhm VIIA theo chiu tng in tch ht nhn (t trn xung di). GV : Hy nhn xt s bin i tnh HS : Trong nhm IA tnh kim loi tng kim loi (nhm IA) v tnh phi kim dn (xesi l nguyn t kim loi mnh (nhm VIIA) khi i t trn xung di ? nht). Trong nhm VIIA, tnh phi kim gim dn (Flo l nguyn t phi kim

mnh nht).

GV lu cho HS : Quy lut ny c lp i lp li i vi mi nhm A. GV chiu ln mn hnh phn nhn xt HS : Ghi nhn xt vo v. v s bin i tnh cht trong mt nhm A : Trong mt nhm A. theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, tnh kim loi ca cc nguyn t mnh dn, ng thi tnh phi kim yu dn. GV chiu hnh 2.1 (SGK) ln mn hnh HS : Bn knh nguyn t tng nhanh v ngh HS quan st s bin i bn dn. knh nguyn t trong nhm A khi i t trn xung di ? GV gii thch : Trong mt nhm A, khi HS : Nghe ging. i t trn xung di, in tch ht nhn tng nhng ng thi s lp electron cng tng vt mnh hn lm cho bn knh nguyn t ca cc nguyn t tng nhanh. GV gii thiu trn hnh 2.1, kch thc HS : Quan st hnh v. ca cc qu cu tng nhanh trong mi nhm A, hin th bn knh nguyn t tng nhanh. S tng nhanh bn knh nguyn t c lp i lp li qua mi nhm A. GV : Khi bn knh nguyn t tng th HS : Bn knh nguyn t tng kh kh nng nhng v thu electron ca nng nhng e cng d v thu electron nguyn t tng hay gim ? cng kh. GV kt lun : Trong mt nhm A, theo HS : Ghi kt lun. chiu t trn xung di, bn knh nguyn t ca cc nguyn t tng nhanh nn kh nng nhng electron ca cc nguyn t tng ln tnh kim loi tng, kh nng nhn electron ca cc nguyn

t gim tnh phi kim gim.

GV b sung : Nguyn t Cs c bn knh nguyn t ln nht nn d nhng electron hn c, n l kim loi mnh nht. Nguyn t F c bn knh nguyn t nh nht nn d nhn thm electron hn c, n l phi kim mnh nht.
Hot ng 5 (10 pht) 3. m in

a) Khi nim GV chiu khi nim m in ln HS : Ghi khi nim vo v. mn hnh : m in ca mt nguyn t c trng cho kh nng ht electron ca nguyn t khi hnh thnh lin kt ho hc. GV : m in c nh hng g n HS : m in ca mt nguyn t tnh kim loi, tnh phi kim ca mt cng ln th tnh phi kim ca n cng nguyn t ? mnh v ngc li. b) Bng m in GV chiu bng 6 (SGK) ln mn hnh HS : Quan st. v gii thiu : Trong ho hc, c nhiu thang m in khc nhau do cc tc gi tnh ton trn nhng c s khc nhau. Trong SGK l bng gi tr m in do nh ho hc Pau-linh thit lp nm 1932. V nguyn t flo l phi kim mnh nht, Pau-linh quy c ly m in ca n lm chun xc nh m in tng i ca cc nguyn t nguyn t khc nhau. GV : Hy nhn xt s bin thin gi tr HS : Nhn xt : m in theo chu k v nhm A ? Trong mt chu k, khi i t tri sang phi theo chiu tng ca in tch ht

nhn, gi tr m in ca cc nguyn t ni chung l tng dn. Trong mt nhm A, khi i t trn xung di theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, gi tr m in ca cc nguyn t ni chung l gim dn.

GV : Quy lut bin i gi tr m in ph hp vi s bin i tnh kim loi, phi kim ca cc nguyn t trong mt chu k v trong mt nhm A m ta xt trn. GV kt lun : Tnh kim loi, tnh phi HS : Ghi kt lun. kim ca cc nguyn t bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn.
Hot ng 6 (5 pht) cng c bi tp v nh

Hng dn HS gii bi tp 1, 2 (SGK) Bi tp v nh : 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11.

Tit 17

s bin i tun hon tnh cht cc nguyn t ho hc nh lut tun hon (tip)

a. mc tiu
1. Gip HS hiu c s bin i tun hon ho tr cao nht vi oxi ca nguyn t trong oxit v ho tr trong hp cht kh vi hiro. 2. Nm c s bin thin tnh cht oxit v hiroxit ca cc nguyn t nhm A. Trn c s hiu c nh lut tun hon. 3. Rn luyn k nng suy lun trong gii bi tp.

b. chun b ca GV v HS

GV : Bng tun hon, bng 7, bng 8 (SGK), my chiu. HS : n li tit trc v chun b cc bi tp giao.

c. tin trnh bi ging Hot ng ca GV Hot ng 1 (20 pht) kim tra bi tp v nh Hot ng ca HS

GV : Gi ln lt 7 HS tr li cc bi tp HS : Chun b tr li cc bi tp. 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 (SGK). Yu cu cc bn cn li nhn xt v GV nhn xt, cho im.

(Tham kho li gii mc D).

Hot ng 2 (10 pht) ii. ho tr ca cc nguyn t

GV chiu bng 7 (SGK) ln mn hnh cho HS : Quan st. HS quan st. GV : Nhn vo bng bin i ho tr ca cc nguyn t chu k 3 trong oxit cao nht v trong hp cht kh vi hiro, em pht hin ra quy lut bin i g theo chiu in tch ht nhn tng dn ?

HS nhn xt :
Trong chu k 3, i t tri sang phi, ho tr cao nht ca cc nguyn t trong oxit tng ln lt t 1 n 7 cn ho tr trong hp cht kh vi hiro ca cc phi kim gim t 4 n 1.

GV b sung : S bin i ho tr ca cc nguyn t trong cc chu k khc cng din ra tng t nh chu k 3.

Hot ng 3 (10 pht) iii. oxit v hiroxit ca cc nguyn t nhm a

GV chiu bng 8 (SGK) ln mn hnh cho HS : Quan st. HS quan st. GV : Nhn vo bng 8 v s bin i tnh HS : Tnh baz ca cc axit v axit bz ca hp cht oxit v hiroxit ca hiroxit tng ng yu dn, ng cc nguyn t nhm A thuc chu k 3, thi tnh axit ca chng mnh dn. em c nhn xt g ? GV : Na2O l mt oxit c tnh baz mnh, HS : Na2O + H2O 2NaOH tan trong nc cho dung dch baz mnh (kim).
Vit phng trnh phn ng ?

GV : MgO l mt oxit c tnh baz yu HS : MgO + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2O hn Na2O do khng tan trong nc m ch tan trong dung dch axit to thnh mui v nc. Vit phng trnh phn ng ? GV : Tng t Mg(OH)2 cng l mt HS :
baz yu khng tan trong nc ch tc Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl MgCl2 + 2H2O dng vi axit mnh. Vit phng trnh phn ng ?

GV : So vi Na2O m MgO th Al2O3 c tnh HS : Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O baz yu hn v bt u th hin c tnh Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O axit, Al2O3 c coi l oxit lng tnh, c kh nng phn ng trong axit mnh v baz mnh. Hy vit phng trnh phn ng ? GV : Tng t Al(OH)3 l mt hiroxit HS : lng tnh, khng tan trong nc, nhng Al(OH)3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O tan trong axit mnh v baz mnh. Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O

Vit phng trnh phn ng ?

GV : SiO2 khng cn th hin tnh baz HS :

m bt u th hin tnh axit yu ch tan c trong baz mnh c nng. Hiroxit tng ng H2SiO3 l mt axit yu. GV gi cho HS vit phng trnh phn ng :
t SiO2 + 2NaOH Na 2 SiO3 + H 2 O
o

t SiO2 + 2NaOH Na2SiO3 + H2O

H2SiO3 + 2NaOH Na2SiO3 + 2H2O

H2SiO3 + 2NaOH Na2SiO3 + 2H2O

GV : P2O5 l mt oxit axit mnh hn HS : P2O5 + 3H2O 2H3PO4 SiO2, tan trong nc to ra hiroxit H3PO4 l mt axit trung bnh. GV gi HS vit phng trnh phn ng ? GV : So vi SiO2 v P2O5 th SO3 l mt HS : SO3 + H2O H2SO4 oxit ca axit mnh, tan tt trong nc to axit mnh H2SO4 tng ng. Vit phng trnh phn ng ? GV : Oxit ca nguyn t cui cng trong HS : Cl2O7 + H2O 2HClO4 chu k 3 l Cl2O7 c tnh axit mnh nht, khi tan trong nc thu c hiroxit tng ng HClO4 l mt axit rt mnh. GV gi HS vit phng trnh phn ng ? GV : S bin i tnh cht nh th c

lp li nh cc chu k sau.
GV kt lun : Trong mt chu k, i t tri HS : Ghi kt lun.

sang phi theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, tnh baz ca cc oxit v

hiroxit tng ng yu dn, ng thi tnh axit ca chng mnh dn.

Hot ng 4 (4 pht) iv. nh lut tun hon

GV : Trn c s kho st s bin i tun HS : Nghe ging. hon ca cu hnh electron nguyn t, bn knh nguyn t, m in ca nguyn t, tnh kim loi v tnh phi kim ca cc nguyn t ho hc, thnh phn v tnh cht ca cc nguyn t ho hc bin i theo chiu in tch ht nhn tng, nhng khng lin tc m tun hon sau mi chu k. chnh l ni dung ca nh lut tun hon. GV chiu ni dung nh lut ln mn HS : Ghi ni dung nh lut. hnh cho HS ghi vo v : Tnh cht ca cc nguyn t v n cht cng nh thnh phn v tnh cht ca cc hp cht to nn t cc nguyn t bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t.
Hot ng 5 (1 pht) dn d bi tp v nh

Bi tp : 3, 6, 12 (SGK).

d. hng dn gii bi tp SGK

1. p n D. 2. p n D.

3. Nhng tnh cht sau y bin i tun hon :

a) Ho tr cao nht i vi oxi. c) S electron lp ngoi cng.

4. p n A. 5. p n A. 6. p n C. 7. p n C. 8. Mg (Z = 12) : 1s22s22p63s2 hay [Ne] 3s2.

t cu hnh electron ca kh him gn nht (ne), nguyn t Mg nhng 2electron. Mg th hin tnh cht kim loi.
9. S (Z = 16) : 1s22s22p63s23p4 hay [Ne]3s23p4.

t c cu hnh electron ca kh him gn nht (Ar), nguyn t S nhn 2 electron. S th hin tnh cht phi kim.
10. m in ca mt nguyn t c trng cho kh nng ht electron ca

nguyn t nguyn t khi hnh thnh lin kt ha hc. Trong nhm A, khi i t trn xung di theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, gi tr m in ca nguyn t cc nguyn t gim dn.
11. Nguyn t ca nguyn t F c gi tr m in ln nht v F c tnh phi

kim mnh nht. Ngi ta quy c ly m in ca n l 3,98 ( 4) xc nh m in tng i ca cc nguyn t khc.

12. Trong 2 dy cht sau :

Li2O

BeO

B2O3

CO2

N2O5

CH4 Ho tr cao nht vi oxi tng t 1 n 5. Ho tr vi hiro gim dn t 4 n 1.

NH3

H2O

HF

Tit 18

ngha ca bng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc

A. Mc tiu

1. HS hiu c mi quan h gia v tr () nguyn t, cu to nguyn t v tnh cht ca nguyn t, n cht, hp cht ca chng. 2. Bit khai thc, vn dng mi quan h trong bi tp.
B. Chun b ca GV v HS

GV : My tnh, n chiu, h thng cu hi v bi tp.

HS : Tng kt v vn dng kin thc tm hiu ngha ca bng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc.
C. Tin trnh dy hc Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS

Hot ng 1 (15 pht) i. quan h gia v tr v cu to

GV hng dn HS nghin cu th d 1 v 2 (SGK). Th d 1 : Nguyn t K c s th t l HS : Chun b 2 pht. 19, thuc chu k 4, nhm IA. Hy cho bit cc thng tin v cu to nguyn t K? GV : S th t 19 cho bit iu g ? HS : S th t 19 Z = 19 19p v 19e.

GV : Chu k 4 cho bit thng tin g ? GV : Nhm IA cho bit thng tin g ?

HS : Chu k 4 c 4 lp electron. HS : Nhm IA c 1 electron lp ngoi cng.

GV : Vit cu hnh electron ca HS : 1s22s22p63s23p64s1. nguyn t K ? GV cho HS lm tip mt p dng sau :

p dng : Nguyn t X thuc chu k 3, HS : Chun b 2 pht. nhm VI A. a) 1s22s22p63s23p4.

a) Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t X ? b) Cho bit in tch ht nhn ca X b) in tch ht nhn ca X bng 16+. bng bao nhiu ?
Th d 2 : Cho cu hnh electron ca HS : Chun b 2 pht. nguyn t X l :

1s22s22p63s23p4. Xc nh v tr ca nguyn t trong bng tun hon ?

GV : Hy so snh dng bi tp th d HS : Hai loi bi tp ngc nhau. 2 v th d 1 ? GV : Tng s e l 16 cho bit thng tin HS : Tng s e l 16 s th t ca g ? nguyn t l 16. GV : X l nguyn t p cho bit thng HS : Nguyn t p thuc nhm A. tin g ? GV : 6 e lp ngoi cng cho bit thng HS : 6 e ngoi cng nhm VI A. tin g ? GV : 3 lp electron cho bit iu g ? GV cho HS lm tip mt p dng sau : HS : 3 lp electron chu k 3.

p dng : Nguyn t X c s hiu HS : Chun b 2 pht. nguyn t l 20. Hy : a) ZX = 20 ta c :

a) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t 1s22s22p63s23p64s2. ca nguyn t X ? b) S th t : 20. b) Xc nh v tr nguyn t X trong Chu k 4. bng tun hon ? Nhm : II A.
GV tng kt mi quan h gia v tr v HS : Hon thnh s . cu to theo s cm sau v yu cu HS in thng tin vo cc v tr v cu to :
V tr nguyn t Cu to nguyn t V tr nguyn t S th t nguyn t S th t chu k S th t nhm A Cu to nguyn t S p, s e S lp e S e lp ngoi cng Cu hnh e.

Hot ng 2 (10 pht) ii. quan h gia v tr v tnh cht

GV t vn : Bit v tr ca mt HS : Tho lun theo nhm. nguyn t trong bng tun hon c th T v tr ca nguyn t trong bng suy ra c nhng tnh cht ha hc tun hon c th suy ra : c bn ca n c khng ? Nguyn t c tnh kim loi hay phi GV chia nhm HS, yu cu tho lun kim. tng nhm, sau nhn xt a ra kt Ha tr cao nht ca nguyn t vi lun. oxi.

Cng thc oxit cao nht v hiroxit tng ng. Cng thc hp cht kh vi hiro (nu c). Oxit v hiroxit c tnh axit hay baz.
GV yu cu HS vn dng : Th d : Bit nguyn t S th 16 HS : Chun b 2 pht. trong bng tun hon. T suy ra S nhm VI A, chu k 3, l phi kim. c nhng tnh cht g ca n ? Ha tr cao nht vi oxi l 6, cng thc oxit cao nht l SO3.

Ha tr vi hiro l 2, cng thc hp cht kh vi hiro l H2S. SO3 l oxit axit v H2SO4 l axit mnh.
Hot ng 3 (15 pht) iii. so snh tnh cht ha hc ca mt nguyn t vi cc nguyn t ln cn

GV t vn : Da vo quy lut bin i tnh cht ca cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon, ta c th so snh tnh cht ha hc ca mt nguyn t vi cc nguyn t ln cn (lng ging) c khng ? GV chia nhm HS, yu cu tho lun.

HS : Tho lun theo nhm

1. Trong chu k, theo chiu Z tng : Tnh kim loi yu dn, tnh phi kim mnh dn. Oxit v hiroxit c tnh baz yu dn, tnh axit mnh dn. 2. Trong nhm A, theo chiu Z tng : Tnh kim loi tng dn. Tnh phi kim gim dn. Oxit v hiroxit c tnh baz mnh dn, tnh axit gim dn.

GV kt lun : Quy lut bin i tnh HS : Ghi kt lun. axit baz ca oxit v hiroxit tng ng vi quy lut bin i tnh phi kim kim loi ca nguyn t. GV chiu th d (SGK) ln mn hnh cho HS phn tch. Th d : So snh tnh cht ha hc ca P (Z = 15) vi Si (Z = 14) v S (Z = 16), vi N (Z = 7) v As (Z = 33) ? HS : Tho lun theo nhm.

Cc nguyn t Si, P, S thuc cng mt chu k c Z tng dn theo dy : Si, P, S P c tnh phi kim yu hn S nhng mnh hn Si. Trong nhm VI A, theo chiu Z tng : N, P, As tnh phi kim gim dn P c tnh phi kim yu hn N v mnh hn As. Vy P c tnh phi kim yu hn N v S Tnh axit H3PO4 yu hn HNO3 v H2SO4.

GV cho HS tho lun p dng sau :

p dng : Hy sp xp cc nguyn t sau theo chiu tnh kim loi tng dn : Ca (Z = 20), Mg (Z = 12), Be (Z = 4), B (Z = 5), C (Z = 6), N (Z = 7) ? Vit cng thc oxit cao nht ca cc nguyn t trn ? Cho bit oxit no c tnh axit mnh nht ? oxit no c tnh baz mnh nht ?

HS tho lun theo nhm.

a) Tnh kim loi : N < C < B < Be < Mg < Ca. b) Cng thc oxit cao nht : CaO, MgO, BeO, B2O3, CO2, N2O5. c) N2O5 c tnh axit mnh nht. CaO c tnh baz mnh nht.

GV gi HS vit cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t Ca, Mg v Be l nhng nguyn t kim loi thuc cng nhm II A. Cn Be, B, C v N l nhng nguyn t thuc chu k 2.
Hot ng 4 (5 pht) Cng c bi bi tp v nh

GV cng c ton bi theo 3 ni dung :

Quan h gia v tr v cu to. Quan h gia v tr v tnh cht. So snh tnh cht ha hc ca mt nguyn t vi cc nguyn t ln cn.

Bi tp v nh : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (SGK). D. hng dn gii bi tp SGK

1. p n D. 2. p n B. 3. p n C. 4. a) Mg : 1s22s22p63s2.

Mg c 2 e lp ngoi cng th hin tnh kim loi.

Ha tr cao nht i vi oxi l 2. MgO l oxit baz v Mg(OH)2 l baz.
b) Na : 1s22s22p63s1.

Mg : 1s22s22p63s2. Al : 1s22s22p63s23p1.

C 1, 2, 3 electron lp ngoi cng u l kim loi. Tnh kim loi gim dn theo chiu Na > Mg > Al.
Tnh baz gim dn theo chiu NaOH > Mg(OH)2 > Al(OH)3.
5. a) Brom thuc nhm VII A, chu k 4, c 35 e cu hnh theo lp electron l Br (2, 8, 18, 7).

Br c 7 e ngoi cng tnh phi kim. Ha tr cao nht i vi oxi l 7. Ha tr trong hp cht kh vi hiro l 1 v c cng thc HBr. b) Tnh phi kim gim dn theo chiu Cl > Br > I.
6. a) Fr l nguyn t kim loi mnh nht. F l nguyn t phi kim mnh nht.

b) Cc nguyn t kim loi c phn b khu vc bn tri ng dch dc trong bng tun hon.

c) Cc nguyn t phi kim c phn b khu vc bn phi ng dch dc trong bng tun hon.
d) Nhm I A gm hu ht l nhng kim loi in hnh. Nhm VII A gm hu ht l nhng phi kim in hnh.

e) Cc nguyn t kh him nm nhm VIII A bng tun hon.

7. Nguyn t At (Z = 85) thuc chu k 6, nhm VII A nn c 85 e phn b thnh 6 lp, lp ngoi cng c 7 e nn th hin tnh phi kim. At cui nhm VII A nn tnh phi kim yu nht trong nhm.

Tit 19

Luyn tp bng tun hon, s bin i tun hon cu hnh electron ca nguyn t v tnh cht ca cc nguyn t ha hc

A. Mc tiu

1. HS hiu cu to bng tun hon, nh lut tun hon. 2. C k nng s dng bng tun hon nghin cu s bin i tun hon cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t, tnh kim loi, tnh phi kim, bn knh nguyn t, m in v ha tr. 3. Rn luyn k nng suy lun : T v tr nguyn t suy ra tnh cht, cu to nguyn t v ngc li.
B. Chun b ca GV v HS

GV : My tnh, my chiu, bng tun hon v h thng bi tp cu hi theo SGK. HS : Bng tun hon, SGK.
C. Tin trnh dy hc Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS

a. kin thc cn nm vng Hot ng 1 (10 pht) 1. Cu to bng tun hon

GV chiu bng tun hon ln mn hnh HS : Tho lun theo nhm. v gi HS tho lun :

a) Bng tun hon c xy dng trn nguyn tc no ? b) Bng tun hon c cu to nh th no ? c) Th no l chu k ? d) C bao nhiu chu k nh, chu k ln ? Mi chu k c bao nhiu nguyn t ? e) S th t ca chu k cho ta bit thng tin g ? f) Trong mt chu k : Tnh kim loi, tnh phi kim bin i nh th no ? Gii thch.
b. bi tp p dng (30 pht)

Hot ng 2

GV chiu bi tp 2 (SGK) ln mn hnh :

Bi 2. Tm pht biu sai trong nhng HS : Tho lun 1 pht cu di y : Cu C v D sai. A. Trong chu k, cc nguyn t c xp theo chiu in tch ht nhn tng dn.

B. Trong chu k, cc nguyn t c xp theo chiu s hiu nguyn t tng dn. C. Nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trong cng mt chu k c s electron bng nhau. D. Chu k bao gi cng bt u l mt kim loi kim, cui cng l mt kh him.
Hot ng 3

GV chiu bi tp 4 (SGK) ln mn hnh :

Bi 4. Trong bng tun hon, cc nhm

A no gm hu ht cc nguyn t kim HS : Chun b 2 pht. loi, nhm A no gm hu ht cc nguyn t phi kim, nhm A no gm cc nguyn t kh him ? c im s electron lp ngoi cng ca cc nguyn t trong cc nhm trn.
GV chiu bng tun hon ln mn hnh HS : c im ca nhm A : v yu cu HS tr li : Nhm A c S th t ca nhm bng s electron nhng c im g ? ca lp ngoi cng (s electron ha tr) ca nguyn t thuc cc nguyn t trong nhm.

Nhm A c c nguyn t thuc chu k nh v chu k ln. Cc nguyn t nhm IA, IIA c gi l nguyn t s.

 Cc nguyn t nhm IIIA n VIIIA c gi l nguyn t p.

GV yu cu HS quan st bng tun HS : Trong bng tun hon : hon tr li bi tp. Nhm IA, IIA, IIIA gm hu ht cc nguyn t l kim loi.

Nhm VA, VIA, VIIA gm hu ht cc nguyn t l phi kim. Nhm VIIIA gm cc kh him

Nguyn t ca cc nguyn t kim loi c 1, 2, 3 e lp ngoi cng. Nguyn t ca cc nguyn t phi kim c 5, 6, 7 e lp ngoi cng.
Hot ng 4

GV chiu bi tp 6 (SGK) ln mn hnh :

Bi 6. Mt nguyn t thuc chu k 3,

nhm VIA trong bng tun hon. a) Nguyn t ca nguyn t c bao nhiu electron lp electron ngoi cng ? b) Cc electron ngoi cng lp electron no ? c) Vit s electron tng lp electron ?

HS : Chun b 2 pht.

GV hng dn HS suy lun t v tr HS : nguyn t cu to nguyn t. a) V chu k 3 c 3 lp e cc e ngoi cng lp th ba.

b) V nhm VIA c 6e lp ngoi cng.

c) S e tng lp l : 2, 8, 6.
Hot ng 5

GV chiu bi tp 7 (SGK) ln mn hnh :

Bi 7. Oxit cao nht ca mt nguyn t HS : Chun b 2 pht. l RO3, trong hp cht ca n vi hiro c 5,88%H v khi lng. Xc nh nguyn t khi ca nguyn t . GV : Trong hp cht oxit RO3, R c HS : R c ha tr vi hiro l 8 6 = 2 ha tr 6. Trong hp cht kh vi H th RH2. R c ha tr bao nhiu ? GV : Trong phn t RH2, %mH = HS : %mR = 100 5,88 = 94,12%. 5,88% %mR = ? GV : Xc nh nguyn t khi ca R ? HS : R =

2.94,12 = 32 5,88

R l S SO3 v H2S.
Hot ng 6 (5 pht) cng c bi dn d

1. GV yu cu HS nh vn dng : Nguyn tc sp xp cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon. c im ca chu k. c im ca nhm A. 2. Chun b cc bi tp : 5, 8, 9 (SGK).

Tit 20

luyn tp bng tun hon, s bin i tun hon cu hnh electron ca nguyn t v tnh cht ca cc nguyn t ha hc (tip)

A. Mc tiu

1. HS c k nng vn dng bng tun hon v trnh by v s bin thin tun hon tnh cht kim loi, phi kim, gi tr m in qua tng chu k theo chiu in tch ht nhn tng dn.

2. HS c k nng vn dng bng tun hon v trnh by v s bin thin tun hon ca cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t, ha tr cao nht vi oxi, ha tr trong hp cht kh vi hiro cc nguyn t thuc chu k 2 v 3 theo chiu in tch ht nhn tng dn.
b. chun b ca GV v HS

GV : My tnh, n chiu, bt d, giy trong, h thng cu hi v bi tp (SGK), bng tun hon. HS : Bng tun hon, SGK.
c. tin trnh dy Hc Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS Hot ng 1 (10 pht)

GV chiu bng tun hon ln mn hnh v yu cu HS nhn xt : HS : Quan st bng tun hon v tho S bin thin tun hon tnh cht kim lun theo tng nhm. loi, phi kim, gi tr m in qua tng chu k theo chiu in tch ht nhn tng dn.
S bin thin tun hon ca cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t, ha tr cao nht vi oxi, ha tr trong hp cht kh vi hiro cc nguyn t thuc chu k 2 v 3 theo chiu in tch ht nhn tng dn.

HS tho lun xong, GV chiu s (trang 53, SGK) ln mn hnh :

Chu k Nhm A

(Chiu mi tn l chiu tng)

HS : in thng tin vo bng :

Bn knh nguyn t

Gi tr m in

Tnh kim loi

GV yu cu HS nu ni dung ca nh lut tun hon. GV hng dn HS vn dng kin thc :

T v tr ca nguyn t trong bng tun hon suy ra cu to nguyn t v

Tnh phi kim

Chu k GV yu cu HS in cc thng tin v tnh kim loi, phi kim, bn knh Nhm A Bn knh nguyn t nguyn t v gi tr m in ca Tnh kim loi cc nguyn t ln mi tn cho ph hp theochiu tng dn. Gi tr m in Tnh phi kim

(Chiu mi tn l chiu tng dn)

tnh cht ha hc c bn ca nguyn t . T cu to nguyn t suy ra v tr ca nguyn t trong bng tun hon.

So snh tnh cht ca mt nguyn t vi cc nguyn t ln cn. Quy lut bin i tnh axit baz ca oxit v hiroxit Quy lut bin i ha tr cao nht ca nguyn t vi oxi v ha tr ca nguyn t vi hiro.
Hot ng 2 (10 pht)

GV chiu bi tp 5 (SGK) ln mn hnh.

Bi 5. Tng s proton, ntron, electron HS : Chun b 2 pht. ca nguyn t mt nguyn t thuc a) Gi tng s p l Z, tng s n l N, nhm VII A l 28. tng s e l E ta c : a) Tnh nguyn t khi. Z + N + E = 28, v Z = E

b) Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn 2Z + N = 28 N = 28 2Z t nguyn t . S dng bt ng thc : 1 N 28 2Z = 1,5 Z Z

8 Z 9,3 Z = 8 1s22s22p4 nhm VI A (loi) Z = 9 1s22s22p5 nhm VII A N = 10 A = 9 + 10 = 19 Nguyn t Flo.

b) Cu hnh electron ca F : 1s22s22p5.
Hot ng 3 (5 pht)

GV chiu bi tp 8 (SGK) ln mn hnh :

Bi 8. Hp cht kh vi hiro l RH4. Oxit cao nht ca n cha 53,3% oxi v khi lng. Tm nguyn t khi ca nguyn t . Xc nh cng thc oxit cao nht v hp cht kh vi hiro.

HS : Chun b 2 pht.

Hp cht kh vi hiro ca mt nguyn t l RH4 cng thc oxit cao nht ca n l RO2. Trong phn t RO2 c 53,3% oxi v khi lng

%mR = 100 53,3 = 46,7%

R=

32. 46,7 = 28 53,3

R = 28 (Si) Cng thc oxit cao nht l SiO2 v hp cht vi hiro l SiH4.
Hot ng 4 (5 pht)

GV chiu bi tp 9 (SGK) ln mn hnh :

Bi 9. Khi cho 0,6g mt kim loi HS : Chun b 2 pht. nhm II A tc dng vi nc to ra M + 2H O M(OH) + H 2 2 2 0,336 lit kh hiro (ktc). Xc nh tn M (g) 22,4 (l) kim loi. 0,6 (g) 0,336 (l)

M=

0,6.22, 4 = 40 (g) 0,336

Nguyn t khi l 40. Kim loi Ca.

Hot ng 5 (10 pht)

GV chiu bi tp sau ln mn hnh: Bi tp: Hai nguyn t A, B ng k HS : Chun b 3 pht.

tip nhau trong mt chu k ca bng Trng hp 1: ZB = ZA + 1 tun hon c tng s n v in tch ZA + ZB = 2ZA + 1 = 25 ht nhn l 25. ZA = 12, ZB = 13. a) Vit cu hnh electron xc nh 2 nguyn t A v B thuc chu k ? nhm Cu hnh electron nguyn t: A (Z = 12) : 1s22s22p63s2. no ? b) So snh tnh cht ho hc ca chng ? Nguyn t A thuc chu k 3, nhm II A. B (Z = 13): 1s22s22p63s23p1.

Nguyn t B thuc chu k 3, nhm III A.

 A, B thuc cng chu k A c tnh kim loi mnh hn B. Trng hp 2: ZB = ZA 1

Gii v l lun tng t nh trn (vi vai tr nguyn t A, B i nhau)
GV nhn xt li gii ca HS v cho im nh gi.
Hot ng 6 (5 pht) bi tp v nh 1. Hp cht X c to bi 2 nguyn t A v B thuc phn nhm chnh (nhm A) c MX = 76g/mol. Bit:

A v B c s oxi ho cao nht trong oxit l +n1 v +m1. A v B c s oxi ho m trong cc hp cht vi hiro l n2 v m2. Tho mn: +n1 = n2 v +m1 = 3m2. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X ? Bit A c s oxi ho cao nht trong X.
2. X v Y l 2 nguyn t nm k tip nhau trong mt phn nhm chnh ca bng tun hon (dng ngn). Tng s proton trong hai ht nhn ca chng bng 58.

a) Vit cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t X v Y. b) Xc nh v tr ca X, Y (chu k no ? nhm no ?) trong bng tun hon.

D. hng dn gii bi tp
1. Nhn xt:

S oxi ho dng cao nht ca nguyn t thuc phn nhm chnh bng STT ca nhm. S oxi ho m bng 8 STT nhm. Gi STT nhm ca A, B ln lt l x, y. Ta c:
n1 = x x = 8 x x = 4 (nhm IV A). A n 2 = 8 x

 m1 = y y = 3(8 y) y = 6 (nhm VI A). B m 2 = 8 y

S oxi ho dng cao nht ca A l 4.

S oxi ho m ca B l 8 6 = 2.

Cng thc ca X l AB2 c M = 76. A + 2B = 76. A l C B = A l Si B =

M = 24). 76 12 = 32 B l S 2 76 28 = 24 (loi v nhm VI A khng c nguyn t no c 2

X l CS2.
2. Gi s Y xp sau X ta xt 2 trng hp:

Nu XY ZX = 8 kt hp vi ZX + ZY = 58. ZX = 25, ZY = 33 X v Y u thuc chu k 4 (t nguyn t 19 n nguyn t 36) tri vi bi (loi). Nu ZY ZX = 18 kt hp vi ZX + ZY = 58. ZX = 20, ZY = 38 Cu hnh electron:
X : 1s22s22p63s23p64s2. Y : 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p65s2. b) V tr ca X v Y trong bng tun hon.

STT : 20 X Chu k : 4 Nhm : II A

STT : 38 Y Chu k : 5 Nhm : II A

Chng 3 lin kt ho hc
lin kt ion tinh th ion

Tit 21 A. Mc tiu

3. HS hiu c ion l g ? Khi no nguyn t bin thnh ion ? C my loi ion ? 4. HS bit cch biu din cc phng trnh to ra ion v c c tn cc ion thng gp.
B. Chun b ca GV v HS

GV : S dng cc m hnh ng v s hnh thnh cc ion hoc s dng hnh v trang 56, 57 (SGK) v s hnh thnh ion Li+ v F, my tnh, my chiu, bt d, giy trong.
HS : n tp mt s nhm A tiu biu.

C. Tin trnh dy hc Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS

i. s hnh thnh ion, cation, anion 1. Cation, anion v ion Hot ng 1 (12 pht)

a) S to thnh cation GV t vn : Cho Li c Z = 3. Hy HS : Lp lun: chng minh nguyn t Li trung ho v Li c 3p mang in tch 3+ in Li c 3e mang in tch 3

Nguyn t Li trung ho v in.

GV : Nu nguyn t Li nhng 1e HS : Lp lun: Tnh in tch cn li ca nguyn t ? C 3p mang in tch 3+

C 2e mang in tch 2

 Phn cn li ca nguyn t Li mang in tch 1+.

GV : Vit cu hnh e ca nguyn t Li ? HS : 1s22s1. GV : C th biu din qu trnh nhng HS : 1s22s1 1s2 + 1e e ca Li theo s sau (GV chiu s (Li) (Li+) trang 56, SGK) ln mn hnh:

3+

3+

1s22s1 (Li)

1s2 (Li+)

GV kt lun: Nguyn t trung ho v HS : Ghi kt lun: in, s p mang in tch dng bng Li Li+ + 1e s e mang in tch m, nn khi nguyn t nhng electron s tr thnh phn t mang in dng gi l cation (Li+).
Hot ng 2 (12 pht)

b) S to thnh anion GV t vn : Cho F c Z = 9. Hy HS : F c 9 p mang in tch 9+ chng minh nguyn t F trung ho v F c 9 e mang in tch 9 in ? GV : Nu nguyn t F nhn thm 1 e HS : Phn t to thnh: Tnh in tch ca phn t to C 9 p mang in tch 9+ thnh ? C 10 e mang in tch 10

Phn t to thnh mang in tch 1

GV : Vit cu hnh e ca nguyn t F ?

HS : 1s22s22p5.

GV : C th biu din qu trnh nhn e HS : ca F theo s sau (GV chiu s 1s22s22p5 + 1 e 1s22s22p6 trang 57, SGK) ln mn hnh: (F) (F)

3+

3+

1s22s22p5 (F)

1s22s22p6 (F)

GV kt lun: Nguyn t trung ho v HS : Ghi kt lun: in, khi nhn electron s tr thnh F + 1 e F phn t mang in m gi l anion (F ).
Hot ng 3 (12 pht)

c) Khi nim ion, tn gi GV : Cc cation v anion c gi HS : chung l ion: Cation Ion dng Cation Ion dng Anion Ion m

Ion

Anion Ion m
GV : Cc nguyn t kim loi, lp ngoi HS : Na Na+ + 1 e cng c 1, 2, 3 electron d nhng Mg Mg2+ + 2e electron to ra ion dng (cation) Al Al3+ + 3e c cu hnh electron lp v kh him bn vng. Ly mt vi v d ? GV : Cc cation kim loi c gi tn HS : Na+ gi l cation natri. theo kim loi. Th d: Mg2+ gi l cation magie. Li+ gi l cation liti Al3+ gi l cation nhm.

Na+ gi l ..... ?

Mg2+ gi l ..... ? Al3+ gi l ..... ?

GV : Cc nguyn t phi kim lp ngoi HS : Cl + 1 e Cl cng c 5, 6, 7 e (ns2np3, ns2np4, O + 2 e O2 2 5 ns np ) c kh nng nhn thm 3, 2, 1 electron tr thnh ion m (anion) c cu hnh electron lp v kh him bn vng. Ly mt vi v d ? GV : Cc anion phi kim c gi tn theo gc axit (tr O2 gi l anion oxit).

Th d: F gi l anion florua. Cl gi l ..... ? O2 gi l ..... ?

HS : Cl gi l anion clorua.

O2 gi l anion oxit.
Hot ng 4 (5 pht)

2. Ion n nguyn t v ion a nguyn t

GV cho HS nghin cu SGK sau chiu cc ni dung v khi nim ion n nguyn t v a nguyn t ln mn hnh.

HS : Ghi cc ni dung.

a) Ion n nguyn t l ion to nn t mt nguyn t. Th d cation Li+, Na+, Mg2+, Al3+ v anion F, Cl, S2, ... b) Ion a nguyn t l nhng nhm nguyn t mang in tch dng hay m. Th d: cation amoni NH4+, anion hiroxit OH, anion sunfat SO42, ...

Hot ng 5 (4 pht) dn d bi tp v nh

GV yu cu HS phn bit cation, anion. Bi tp v nh: 5, 6 (SGK).

Tit 22 A. Mc tiu

lin kt ion tinh th ion (tip)

1. n li khi nim cation, anion. 2. HS hiu c s hnh thnh lin kt ion. 3. HS vn dng xt s nh hng lin kt ion n tnh cht ca cc hp cht ion.
B. Chun b ca GV v HS

GV : S dng m hnh ng v s to thnh phn t NaCl hoc phng to hnh v s trang 58 (SGK), my tnh, my chiu, m hnh tinh th NaCl (hnh 3.1, SGK).
HS : n li khi nim cation, anion.

C. Tin trnh dy hc Hot ng ca GV

Hot ng ca HS

Hot ng 1 (10 pht) kim tra bi c bi tp v nh

GV gi 1 HS ln bng yu cu phn HS : Trnh by theo SGK. bit khi nim cation v anion ? Ly v d minh ho. GV gi HS gii hai bi tp 5 v 6 (SGK), u tin cc em chun b bi y .
Bi 5. So snh s electron trong cc ion HS : sau: Na+, Mg2+, Al3+ ? Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t Na, Mg, Al cu hnh electron ca cation Na+, Mg2+, Al3+.

Tnh s e ca cc cation.

u c 10 electron.

Bi 6. Trong cc hp cht sau y, cht HS : Cc ion a nguyn t: no cha ion a nguyn t ? a) H3PO4 c anion photphat PO43. a) H3PO4 ; b) NH4NO3 ; c) KCl ; b) NH4NO3 c cation amoni NH4+ v anion nitrat NO3. d) K2SO4 ; e) NH4Cl ; g) Ca(OH)2.

c) KCl khng c ion a nguyn t. d) K2SO4 c anion sunfat SO42. e) NH4Cl c cation amoni NH4+.
GV : Nhn xt, cho im.

g) Ca(OH)2 c anion hiroxit OH.

Hot ng 2 (15 pht)

ii. s to thnh lin kt ion

GV biu din th nghim natri chy HS : Quan st th nghim. trong bnh kh clo to ra cht bt mu trng l tinh th phn t NaCl. GV chiu hnh v (trang 58, SGK) HS : Quan st hnh v. biu din phn ng ca natri v clo to mui natri clorua ln mn hnh. GV : Hy gii thch s hnh thnh HS : Nguyn t natri nhng 1 electron cho nguyn t clo bin thnh cation phn t NaCl ? Na+, ng thi nguyn t clo nhn 1 e ca nguyn t natri bin thnh anion Cl : 1e
Na (2,8,1) + Cl Na+ (2,8,7) (2,8) + Cl (2,8,8)

Hai ion to thnh Na+ v Cl mang in tch ngc du ht nhau bng lc ht tnh in, to nn phn t NaCl: Na+ + Cl NaCl
GV : Lin kt gia cation Na+ v anion HS : Lin kt ion l lin kt c hnh Cl l lin kt ion. Vy th no l lin thnh bi lc ht tnh in gia cc kt ion ? ion mang in tch tri du.

GV: Biu din phn ng gia Na vi HS : Cl2 bng PTHH ? 2Na + Cl2 2Na+Cl GV : Tng t nh trng hp hnh HS : thnh phn t NaCl, hy vit qu trnh Ca + Cl2 Ca2+Cl2 2+ hnh thnh cc ion Ca v Cl , s hnh thnh phn t CaCl2 t cc ion Ca2+ v Cl, s hnh thnh phn t t cc nguyn t. GV : Lin kt ion ch c hnh thnh gia kim loi in hnh v phi kim in hnh.
iii. tinh th ion Hot ng 3 (5 pht) 1. Tinh th NaCl

GV chiu m hnh tinh th NaCl (hnh 3.1, SGK) ln mn hnh cho HS quan st thy cu trc dng lp phng

ca tinh th v s phn b cc ion trong tinh th. GV ch r HS thy th no l nt mng. Sau , GV yu cu HS m t li cu trc tinh th natri HS : Tinh th NaCl: clorua ? C cu trc lp phng. Cc ion Na+ v Cl phn b lun phin, u n nt mng. Mi ion c bao quanh bi 6 ion tri du.
GV b sung: Tinh th natri clorua gm

rt nhiu ion Na+ v Cl. Cc ion ny lin kt vi nhau cht ch n mc khng th tch ring bit tng phn t. C th coi tinh th natri clorua l mt phn t khng l. Tuy nhin, trong thc t, n gin, ngi ta vit NaCl biu din cho mt phn t natri clorua. V c hnh thnh t cc ion, tinh th NaCl c xp vo loi tinh th ion. Cc hp cht nh KCl, MgCl2,... trng thi rn cng c mng tinh th ion.
Hot ng 3 (5 pht) 2. Tnh cht chung ca hp cht ion

GV t vn : Bng hiu bit ca mnh, HS : Tho lun: hy cho bit tinh th mui n (NaCl) Tinh th NaCl rt bn v gin:

c c im g v tnh bn vng, trng thi, kh nng bay hi, nng chy, tan trong nc v kh nng phn li thnh ion, dn in ?

khng b phn hu, khi p mnh th v vn ra. Tinh th NaCl kh bay hi, kh nng chy.
Tan nhiu trong nc, d phn li thnh ion.

Khi nng chy v khi ho tan trong nc, chng dn in, cn trng thi rn th khng dn in.
GV kt lun: iu kin thng, cc hp cht ion thng tn ti dng tinh th. Tinh th NaCl cng nh cc tinh th ion khc u c tnh cht l rt bn vng v c nhit nng chy cao. Th d nhit nng chy ca mui n NaCl l 8000C, ca MgO l 28000C.

GV : Ti sao tinh th ion c nhng tnh HS : Tinh th ion gm cc ion. Cc cht c bit k trn ? ion ny lin kt vi nhau nh lc ht tnh in. l lin kt ion, mt loi lin kt ho hc mnh, mun ph v chng cn tiu tn nng lng rt ln.
Hot ng 5 (10 pht) gii bi tp sgk

GV chiu bi tp 1 (SGK) ln mn hnh:

Bi 1. Lin kt ho hc trong NaCl HS : Chun b 1 pht. c hnh thnh l do: p n D. A. Hai ht nhn nguyn t ht electron rt mnh. B. Mi nguyn t Na v Cl gp chung 1 electron.

C. Mi nguyn t nhng hoc thu

electron tr thnh cc ion tri du ht nhau.

D. Na 1 e Na+ Cl + 1 e Cl Na+ + Cl NaCl Chn p n ng nht.

GV gi 1 HS khc nhn xt, sau cho im. GV chiu bi tp 2 (SGK) ln mn hnh:

Bi 2. Mui n th rn l:

HS : Tho lun 1 pht.

A. Cc phn t NaCl. B. Cc ion Na+ v Cl. C. Cc tinh th hnh lp phng: Cc ion Na+ v Cl c phn b lun phin u n trn mi nh. D. Cc tinh th hnh lp phng : Cc ion Na+ v Cl c phn b lun phin u n thnh tng phn t ring r. Chn p n ng nht.
GV cho HS khc nhn xt, sau cho im. GV chiu bi tp 13 (SGK) ln mn hnh.

p n C.

Bi 3. a) Vit cu hnh electron ca HS : Tho lun 2 pht. cation liti (Li+) v anion oxit (O2). a) Li+ : 1s2 b) Nhng in tch ion Li+ v O2 do O2 : 1s22s22p6. u m c ? b) in tch Li+ do mt 1 e m c. c) Nguyn t kh him no c cu hnh in tch O2 do nhn thm 2 e m c. + electron ging Li v nguyn t kh c) Nguyn t kh him He c cu hnh him no c cu hnh ging O2 ? electron ging Li+.

Nguyn t kh him Ne c cu hnh electron ging O2. d) V sao 1 nguyn t oxi kt hp c d) V mi nguyn t liti ch c th vi 2 nguyn t Liti ? nhng 1 e, m mi nguyn t oxi c th thu 2 e : 2 Li 2 Li+ + 2 e O + 2 e O2 2 Li+ + O2 Li2O

GV gi HS khc nhn xt bi lm, sau cho im. GV chiu bi tp 4 (SGK) ln mn hnh. Bi 4. Xc nh s p, n e trong cc HS : Chun b 1 pht. nguyn t v ion sau: 2 a) 1 H + c s p : 1 S e : 0 2 40 35 a) 1 H + , 18 Ar, 17 Cl , 56 Fe2 + 26

S n : 1

b)

40 20

32 Ca 2 + , 16 S 2 ,

27 13

Al3+
40 18
35 17 56 26

Ar c s p : 18 Cl c s p : 17

18 18

22 18 30 20 16 14

Fe2 + c s p : 26 24
40 20

b)

Ca 2 + c s 18 c s p : 16 18

p : 20
32 2 16

27 13

Al3+ c s p : 13 10

Hot ng 6 (1 pht) Dn d chun b bi sau

Tit 23 a. mc tiu

lin kt cng ho tr

1. Gip HS hiu c s hnh thnh mt s phn t n cht (H2, N2) v mt s phn t hp cht (HCl, CO2). 2. T hiu c khi nim lin kt cng ho tr khng cc, c cc v lin kt n, lin kt i, lin kt ba.
b. chun b ca GV v HS

GV : My tnh, my chiu, cc m hnh ng v s xen ph obitan to cc phn t n gin nh H2, HCl (thit k bng phn mm flash hoc n gin hn bng phn mm trnh din Powerpoint c sn trong office), bng tun hon. HS : Chun b bi c thm v s xen ph obitan nguyn t v s lai ho cc obitan nguyn t (trang 56, SGK).
c. tin trnh Dy Hc Hot ng ca GV Hot ng 1 (5 pht) kim tra bi c Hot ng ca HS

GV chiu bng tun hon ln mn hnh HS: v yu cu HS tr li cc cu hi sau:

a) Ti sao nguyn t kim loi li c a) Nguyn t kim loi thng ch c 1, kh nng nhng e lp ngoi cng 2, 3, (e) lp ngoi cng nn d nhng 1, 2, 3 (e) to thnh cation c cu to cc cation ? Ly v d ? hnh lp v bn ca kh him trc . V d : Na [Ne] 3s
1

Na+ [Ne]

1e

b) Ti sao nguyn t phi kim li c b) Nguyn t phi kim thng c 5, 6, kh nng d nhn e lp ngoi cng 7 (e) lp ngoi cng nn c xu hng to thnh cc anion ? Ly v d ? nhn thm 3, 2, 1 (e) to thnh anion c cu hnh lp v bn ca kh him d) Lin kt ion thng c to nn t k tip. nhng nguyn t ca cc nguyn t: Cl V d: Cl + 1e A. Kim loi vi kim loi. [Ar] [Ne] 3s23p5 B. Phi kim vi phi kim. c) Do lc ht tnh in gia cc ion C. Kim loi vi phi kim. D. Kim loi vi kh him. E. Phi kim vi kh him. Chn p n ng.
GV nhn xt, cho im v gii thiu bi mi.

c) S hnh thnh lin kt ion ?

tri du. d) p n C.

i. s hnh thnh lin kt cng ho tr 1. Lin kt cng ho tr hnh thnh gia cc nguyn t ging nhau S hnh thnh n cht Hot ng 2 (10 pht)

a) S hnh thnh phn t hiro H2 GV chiu m hnh xen ph 2 obitan s HS : Quan st.

ca 2 nguyn t H to thnh phn t H2 ln mn hnh cho HS quan st. Sau gi cho HS tho lun:
HS:
1 2 Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t H : 1s v He: 1s . H v nguyn t He.

So snh cu hnh electron ca nguyn H cn thiu 1 e th t cu hnh kh t H vi cu hnh electron ca nguyn him He. t He (kh him gn nht).

GV: Do vy hai nguyn t hiro lin HS : S hnh thnh phn t H2: kt vi nhau bng cch mi nguyn t H + H H : H H gp 1 electron to thnh mt cp electron chung trong phn t H2. Nh H H H2 th, trong phn t H2 mi nguyn t c

2 electron ging v electron ca nguyn t kh him heli: H + H H : H

GV b sung mt s quy c sau:

Mi chm () bn k hiu nguyn t biu din mt electron lp ngoi cng. K hiu H : H c gi l cng thc electron, thay hai chm (:) bng mt gch (), ta c H H gi l cng thc cu to. Gia 2 nguyn t hiro c 1 cp electron lin kt biu th bng (), l lin kt n.
Hot ng 3 (5 pht)

b) S hnh thnh phn t N2 GV: Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn HS: t N v nguyn t Ne ? N : 1s22s22p3.

Ne : 1s22s22p6.
GV : So snh cu hnh electron ca HS : Thiu 3 electron. nguyn t N vi cu hnh electron ca nguyn t Ne l kh him gn nht c lp v electron bn th lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t N cn thiu my electron ?

GV : Hai nguyn t N lin kt vi nhau bng cch mi nguyn t N gp 3 electron to thnh ba cp electron chung ca phn t N2. Khi trong phn t N2, mi nguyn t N u c lp ngoi cng l 8 electron ging kh him Ne gn nht. GV yu cu 1 HS vit cng thc electron HS : v cng thc cu to phn t N2. :N N: NN GV b sung : Hai nguyn t N lin kt Cng thc electron Cng thc cu to vi nhau bng 3 cp electron lin kt biu th bng ba gch (), l lin kt ba. Lin kt ba bn hn lin kt i. nhit thng, kh nit rt bn, km hot ng do c lin kt ba.
Hot ng 4 (5 pht)

c) Khi nim lin kt cng ho tr GV gii thiu : Lin kt c to thnh Kt lun : trong phn t H2, N2 va trnh by Lin kt cng ho tr l trn c gi l lin kt cng ho tr. lin kt c to nn gia hai nguyn t bng mt hay nhiu cp electron dng chung.

Mi cp electron chung to nn mt lin kt cng ho tr, nn ta c lin kt n (trong phn t H2), lin kt ba (trong phn t N2). Lin kt trong cc phn t H2, N2 to nn t hai nguyn t ca cng mt nguyn t (c m in nh nhau), do lin kt trong cc phn t khng phn cc. l lin kt cng ho tr khng phn cc.

2. Lin kt gia cc nguyn t khc nhau S hnh thnh hp cht Hot ng 5 (10 pht) a) S hnh thnh phn t hiro clorua HCl

GV : Nguyn t H c 1 e lp ngoi cng cn thiu 1 e c v bn kiu He. Nguyn t Cl c 7 e lp ngoi cng cn thiu 1 e c v bn kiu Ar. GV : Hy trnh by s gp chung HS : Mi nguyn t H v Cl gp 1 electron ca chng to thnh phn electron to thnh 1 cp electron chung t HCl ? to thnh 1 lin kt cng ho tr. GV : Gi tr m in ca Cl (3,16) HS : ln hn m in ca H (2,20) nn ii cp electron lin kt b lch v pha H + Cl ii nguyn t Cl lin kt cng ho tr ny b phn cc :
ii H + Cl H ii

: Cl :
ii

ii

H Cl

: Cl :
ii

ii

(Cng thc electron)

H Cl

HCl

(Cng thc cu to) (Cng thc phn t) GV chiu m hnh ng v s hnh HS : Quan st. thnh lin kt trong phn t HCl ln mn hnh cho HS quan st.
GV kt lun : Lin kt cng ho tr HS : Ghi kt lun. trong cp electron chung b lch v pha mt nguyn t (c m in ln hn) gi l lin kt cng ho tr c cc hay lin kt cng ho tr phn cc.

GV gii thch thm : Trong cng thc electron ca phn t c cc, ngi ta t cp electron chung lch v pha k hiu ca nguyn t c m in ln hn.
Hot ng 6 (8 pht)

b) S hnh thnh phn t kh cacbonic CO2 (c cu to thng) GV : Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn HS : C : 1s22s22p2 (2, 4) t C (Z = 6) v O (Z = 8) ? O : 1s22s22p4 (2, 6) GV : Hy trnh by s gp chung HS : Trong phn t CO2, nguyn t C electron ca chng to thnh phn gia 2 nguyn t O, nguyn t C

t CO2, sao cho xung quanh mi gp chung vi mi nguyn t O hai nguyn t C hoc O u c lp v 8 e electron, mi nguyn t O gp chung bn. T hy suy ra cng thc vi nguyn t C hai electron. Ta c : electron v cng thc cu to. Bit : O :: C :: O : O = C = O phn t CO2 c cu to thng. (Cng thc electron) (Cng thc cu to)
GV kt lun : Theo cng thc electron, mi nguyn t C hay O u c 8 e lp ngoi cng t cu hnh ca kh him nn phn t CO2 bn vng. Trong cng thc cu to, phn t CO2 c hai lin kt i. Lin kt gia O v C l phn cc, nhng thc nghim cho bit phn t CO2 c cu to thng nn phn t ny khng phn cc.
Hot ng 7 (2 pht) cng c bi bi tp v nh

GV cng c bi, bng cch yu cu HS nhc li s hnh thnh lin kt cng ho tr trong phn t n cht v hp cht nh th no ? So snh vi s to thnh lin kt ion (v d trong phn t HCl v NaCl). Bi tp v nh : 1, 2, 3, 4 (SGK).

Tit 24

lin kt cng ho tr (tip)

A. Mc tiu
7. HS bit c tnh cht ca cc cht c lin kt cng ho tr. 8. HS c kh nng vn dng hiu m in phn loi mt cch tng i : lin kt cng ho tr khng cc, lin kt cng ho tr c cc, lin kt ion.

B. Chun b ca GV v HS
Bng 6 (tr. 45, SGK) : Gi tr m in ca nguyn t mt s nguyn t nhm A.
My tnh, n chiu, bt d, giy trong.

C. Tin trnh dy hc Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS Hot ng 1 (12 pht)

kim tra bi c GV gi 2 HS yu cu trnh by cc ni HS : Ln bng trnh by. dung sau : 1. Trnh by s to thnh lin kt cng HS 1 : Vit cng thc electron v ho tr ca cc phn t : H2, HCl v cng thc cu to cc phn t H2, HCl CO2 ? v CO2. Gii thch. 2. So snh s to thnh lin kt trong HS 2 : Gii thch s to thnh lin kt phn t NaCl v HCl ? ion (NaCl) v lin kt cng ho tr (HCl) GV nhn xt, cho im. Hot ng 2 (10 pht) 3. Tnh cht ca cc cht c lin kt cng ho tr GV cho HS c SGK v t tng kt HS : Tho lun 2 pht. Sau kt theo cc ni dung sau : lun : 1. K tn cc cht m phn t ch c 1. Cc cht m phn t ch c lin kt lin kt cng ho tr ? cng ho tr c th l : Cc cht rn : ng, lu hunh, iot, ... Cc cht lng : nc, ru, xng, du, ... Cc cht kh : kh cacbonic, kh clo, kh hiro, ...

2. Tnh cht ca cc cht c lin kt cng ho tr ? GV c th hng dn HS lm cc th nghim : Ho tan ng, ru etilic, iot vo nc. Ho tan tan ng, iot vo benzen.

2. Cc cht c cc nh ru etylic, ng, ... tan nhiu trong dung mi c cc nh nc.

Phn ln cc cht khng cc nh lu hunh, iot, cc cht hu c khng cc tan trong dung mi khng cc nh benzen, cacbon tetra clorua, ...

So snh kh nng ho tan ca cc Ni chung cc cht c lin kt cng ho tr khng cc khng dn in cht trong dung mi khc nhau. mi trng thi.
ii. m in v lin kt ho hc Hot ng 3 (8 pht) 1. Quan h gia lin kt cng ho tr khng cc, lin kt cng ho tr c cc v lin kt ion

GV t chc cho HS tho lun, so snh rt ra s ging nhau v khc nhau gia lin kt cng ho tr khng cc, lin kt cng ho tr c cc v lin kt ion.

HS : Tho lun theo nhm.

Rt ra kt lun : 1. Trong phn t, nu cp electron chung gia 2 nguyn t lin kt ta c lin kt cng ho tr khng cc. 2. Nu cp electron chung lch v mt nguyn t (c gi tr m in ln hn), th l lin kt cng ho tr c cc. 3. Nu cp electron chung lch hn v mt nguyn t, ta s c lin kt ion.

GV kt lun : Nh vy gia lin kt cng ho tr khng cc, lin kt cng ho tr c cc v lin kt ion c s chuyn tip vi nhau. S phn loi ch c tnh cht tng i. Lin kt ion c th c coi l trng hp ring ca lin kt cng ho tr.

Hot ng 4 (10 pht) 2. Hiu m in v lin kt ho hc

GV t vn : xc nh kiu lin kt trong phn t hp cht, ngi ta da vo hiu m in. Theo thang m in ca Paulinh, ngi ta dng hiu m in phn loi mt cch tng i loi lin kt ho hc theo quy c sau :

Hiu d m in () 0 < 0,4

Loi lin kt Lin kt cng ho tr khng cc

HS : Ghi bng phn loi lin kt da vo hiu m in.

0,4 < 1,7 Lin kt cng ho tr c cc.

1,7

Lin kt ion

GV hng dn HS vn dng bng phn HS : a) Trong NaCl : = 3,16 0,93 loi lin kt trn lm cc th d = 2,23 > 1,7 lin kt gia Na v Cl trong SGK. l lin kt ion.

b) Trong phn t HCl : = 3,16 2,2 = 0,96 0,4 < < 1,7 lin kt gia H v Cl l lin kt cng ho tr c cc. c) Trong phn t H2 : = 2,20 2,20 = 0,0 0 < 0,4 lin kt gia H v H l lin kt cng ho tr khng cc.
GV : Nhn xt cch gii.
Hot ng 5 (5 pht) cng c bi v bi tp v nh

GV yu cu HS :

 Phn bit lin kt cng ho tr khng cc, lin kt cng ho tr c cc, lin kt ion. S dng hiu m in xt tnh cht ion, cng ho tr ca mt s hp cht, n cht.

Bi tp v nh : 5, 6, 7 (SGK).

d. hng dn gii bi tp
1. p n D. 2. p n B. 3. p n A. 4. Theo SGK.

5.
Phn t Hiu m in () Loi lin kt CaCl2 2,16 Ion AlCl3 1,55 CaS 1,58 Al2S3 0,97

Cng ho tr c cc

6. Cng thc electron v cng thc cu to cc phn t sau :

Cl Cl H:C C:H
HCCH

7. a) 9X : 1s22s22p5 y l F c m in l 3,98.
19 8

A : 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 y l K c m in l 0,82.

Z : 1s22s22p4 y l O c m in l 3,44.

b) Cp X v A, = 3,98 0,82 = 3,16 lin kt ion. Cp A v Z, = 3,44 0,82 = 2,62 lin kt ion. Cp X v Z, = 3,98 3,44 = 0,54 lin kt cng ho tr c cc.

d. t liu tham kho

Hin nay c hai phng php c hc lng t kho st lin kt ho hc l phng php lin kt ho tr hay phng php cp electron (vit tt VB Valence Bond) v phng php obitan phn t (vit tt MO Molecular Orbital). (*)
1. Phng php VB

a) Ni dung c bn

Phng php VB cho rng trong phn t cc electron vn chuyn ng trn cc obitan nguyn t (AO Atomic Orbital). S phn b electron v cc AO to nn cu hnh electron ca phn t. Mi lin kt cng ho tr c hnh thnh do s ghp i hai electron c spin i song m mi electron ny trc khi tham gia lin kt thuc mt nguyn t (trng hp chung). Trong s hnh thnh lin kt ho hc c s xen ph hai AO tham gia lin kt. S xen ph ny c u tin theo phng ca trc ni hai ht nhn nguyn t (tnh nh hng ca lin kt cng ho tr) v c phn b theo hng s xen ph ln nht (nguyn l xen ph cc i). xen ph cc AO ho tr cng ln th lin kt cng bn ( xen ph cng ln khi nng lng v hiu nng lng cc AO ho tr cng nh).
b) Lin kt v lin kt

C hai u l lin kt cng ho tr, ch khc : Lin kt l lin kt c to thnh do s xen ph cc AO ho tr hc theo trc lin kt xen ph trc "u vi u" (head to head). Lin kt c to thnh do s xen ph cc AO ho tr hai bn trc lin kt xen ph "bn vi bn" (side to side). Lin kt bn hn lin kt . Gia hai nguyn t lin kt vi nhau trong phn t bao gi cng ch tn ti 1 lin kt , cn s lin kt c th bng 0, 1 hoc 2.
c) bi lin kt theo phng php VB

bi lin kt gia 2 nguyn t bng s lin kt gia chng, ngha l bng s cp electron lin kt gia 2 nguyn t. bi lin kt cng ln th lin kt cng bn v di lin kt cng ngn. Ngoi ra bi lin kt cn ph thuc vo xen ph AO ho tr.

(*)

Xem thm : Cao C Gic. Tuyn tp bi ging ho v c, NXB i hc S Phm, H Ni, 2005.

d) S lai ho AO

Thuyt lai ho cho php gii thch c bn cht lin kt cng ho tr cho nhiu phn t hu c v phc cht, gii quyt c hai kh khn ca phng php VB : dng hnh hc ca phn t v bn ca cc lin kt. S lai ho ca mt nguyn t l s t hp cc AO ho tr ca nguyn t trng thi c bn hoc kch thch sao cho to c s AO lai ho bng ng s AO t hp nhng c nng lng tng ng nhau (s san bng nng lng), to iu kin thun li cho vic xen ph vi AO ho tr ca cc nguyn t xung quanh hnh thnh cc lin kt cng ho tr bn vng. Bao gm cc dng lai ho. + Lai ho sp3 (t din u) : 1 AOs + 3 AOp 4 AOsp3 + Lai ho sp2 (tam gic) : 1 AOs + 2 AOp 3 AOsp2 + Lai ho sp (ng thng) : 1 AOs + 1 AOp 2 AOsp v mt s dng khc nh sp3d, sp3d2, ... iu kin lai ho bn : + Nng lng cc AO tham gia lai ho thp v xp x bng nhau. + xen ph cc AO lai ho vi cc AO nguyn t khc tham gia lin kt phi ln hn. D on kiu lai ho v dng hnh hc ca phn t : Xt phn t AXmEn trong nguyn t X lin kt vi nguyn t trung tm A bng nhng lin kt v n cp electron khng lin kt hay cp electron t do (E). Khi tng m + n xc nh dng hnh hc ca phn t : m + n = 2 A lai ho sp phn t thng m + n = 3 A lai ho sp2 phn t phng tam gic m + n = 4 A lai ho sp3 phn t t din m + n = 5 A lai ho sp3d phn t thp i y tam gic m + n = 6 A lai ho sp3d2 phn t thp i y vung (bt din).
V d :

Trong BeH2 c m + n = 2 Be lai ho sp Trong BF3 c m + n = 3 B lai ho sp2 Trong CH4 c m + n = 4 C lai ho sp3 Trong NH3 c m + n = 4 N lai ho sp3

Trong PCl5 c m + n = 5 P lai ho sp3d Trong XeF4 c m + n = 6 Xe lai ho sp3d2.

2. Phng php MO

a) Ni dung c bn

Phng php MO cho rng phn t khng tn ti cc AO m cc electron ca phn t chuyn ng trn cc obitan chung ca phn t c gi l MO. V nguyn tc, lin kt ho hc theo phng php MO l lin kt gii to (chung cho c phn t). Obitan chung ca phn t c hnh thnh do s t hp tuyn tnh cc obitan phn t c mt electron. Ngi ta hnh dung ly obitan phn t mt electron nh sau : Khi mt electron chuyn ng gn ht nhn hn so vi cc ht nhn khc th AO m t chuyn ng ca electron gi l obitan phn t (MO) mt electron. MO chung t hp tuyn tnh c vit nh sau : =

C
i =1 i

Ngi ta gi l s gn ng MO LCAO (Molecular Orbital is the Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals). V nguyn tc phi ly v s hm c s (i = 1 ) th kt qu tnh trn mi tht s l tin cy. Tuy nhin s gp tr ngi v thi gian tnh ton v vy ngi ta ly mt s hu hn (i = 1 k) hm c s : =

C
i =1 i

t vo phng trnh Schrodinger ri gii ra s tm c hm v nng lng E tng ng. V nguyn tc, s MO thu c bng tng s AO tham gia t hp. Cc MO ny gm 2 loi : MO lin kt (nng lng thp). v MO phn lin kt (nng lng cao). S in electron vo cc MO (tun theo nguyn l vng bn, nguyn l Pauli, quy tc Hund) cho ta cu hnh electron ca phn t.
b) iu kin t hp c hiu qu cc AO

Cc AO phi c cng tnh cht i xng. Nng lng cc AO phi xp x nhau. Cc AO phi xen ph nhau r rt.

V mt nh tnh, bit c cc AO c cng tnh cht i xng hay khng, c th da vo s xen ph dng, m hoc bng khng ca cc AO : S xen ph dng nu min xen ph ca 2 AO u cng du (Hnh 1a). S xen ph m nu min xen ph ca 2 AO khc du (Hnh 1b) S xen ph bng khng khi cc min xen ph dng v m bng nhau (Hnh 1c). a)

s s ()

p p ()

s p ()

p p () b)

p d ()

c)

Hnh 1. S xen ph dng (a), m (b) v bng khng (c) ca cc AO.

Ch c xen ph dng mi c th to c lin kt v trong trng hp ny cc AO mi c cng tnh cht i xng ngha l chng mi t hp c vi nhau. Tuy nhin vic t hp c hiu qu hay khng cn ph thuc vo hai iu kin cn li.

Tit 25

tinh th nguyn t v tinh th phn t

A. Mc tiu

5. Gip HS hiu : Cu to mng tinh th nguyn t, lin kt trong mng tinh th nguyn t l lin kt cng ho tr, tnh cht chung ca mng tinh th nguyn t. Cu to mng tinh th phn t, lin kt trong mng tinh th phn t l lc lin kt yu gia cc phn t, tnh cht chung ca mng tinh th phn t. 6. HS c k nng vn dng : So snh mng tinh th nguyn t, mng tinh th phn t, mng tinh th ion. Bit tnh cht chung ca tng loi mng tinh th c cch s dng tt v hiu qu cc vt liu c cu to t cc loi mng tinh th k trn.

B. Chun b ca GV v HS
GV : My tnh, my chiu, mt s m phng ng v cu trc tinh th nguyn t, phn t, ion. Nu khng c cc m phng ng, GV c th phng to hnh v cui bi ny lm t liu dy hc. Mt t tinh th iot.. HS : Chun b bi v nghin cu cc hnh v v m hnh cu trc phn t trong SGK.

C. Tin trnh dy hc Hot ng ca GV

Hot ng ca HS

I. tinh th nguyn t Hot ng 1 (10 pht) 1. Tinh th nguyn t GV chiu mng tinh th kim cng ln HS : Quan st. mn hnh cho HS quan st.

GV : Nguyn t cacbon c bao nhiu HS : 4e. electron lp ngoi cng ? GV : Kim cng l mt dng th hnh HS : Nghe ging. ca cacbon, thuc loi tinh th nguyn t. Nguyn t cacbon c 4 electron lp ngoi cng. Trong tinh th kim cng, mi nguyn t cacbon lin kt vi 4 nguyn t cacbon ln cn gn nht bng 4 cp electron chung, l 4 lin kt cng ho tr. Cc nguyn t cacbon ny nm trn 4 nh ca mt t din u. Mi nguyn t cacbon li lin kt vi 4 nguyn t cacbon khc.

GV : Yu cu HS quan st m hnh HS : Tinh th nguyn t cu to t tinh th kim cng t khi qut ho nhng nguyn t c sp xp mt v tinh th nguyn t. cch u n, theo mt trt t nht nh trong khng gian to thnh mt mng tinh th l nhng nguyn t lin kt vi nhau bng cc lin kt cng ho tr. Hot ng 2 (5 pht) 2. Tnh cht chung ca tinh th nguyn t GV : Em no c th cho bit mt s HS : Kim cng dng lm dao ct ng dng thng gp ca kim cng ? knh, lm mi khoan khoan su vo lng t tm du m. GV : iu ni ln tnh cht g ca HS : Rt cng. kim cng. GV : Ti sao kim cng li cng nh HS : Lc lin kt cng ho tr trong vy ? tinh th nguyn t kim cng l rt ln. GV b sung : Cc tinh th nguyn t u rt bn vng, rt cng, kh nng chy, kh si. Kim cng c cng ln nht so vi cc tinh th bit nn c quy c c cng l 10 n v o cng cc cht khc.
ii. tinh th phn t Hot ng 3 (15 pht) 1. Tinh th phn t GV chiu m hnh tinh th phn t iot HS : Quan st. v mng tinh th nc ln mn hnh HS quan st. GV m t : Tinh th iot (I2) l tinh th HS : Nghe ging. phn t, nhit thng iot th rn vi cu trc tinh th mng li lp phng tm din : Cc phn t iot 8 nh v cc tm 6 mt ca hnh lp phng. Tinh th nc cng l tinh th phn t. Trong tinh th nc , mi phn t nc lin kt vi 4 phn t nc gn

nht nm trn 4 nh ca mt t din u. Mi phn t nc nh li lin kt vi 4 phn t ln cn nm 4 nh ca hnh t din u khc v c tip tc nh vy. GV : T m hnh tinh th phn t ca HS : Tinh th phn t cu to t nhng iot v nc , em hy khi qut th phn t c sp xp mt cch u n, no l tinh th phn t ? theo mt trt t nht nh trong khng gian to thnh mt mng tinh th, cc im nt ca mng tinh th l nhng phn t lin kt vi nhau bng lc tng tc yu gia cc phn t. GV kt lun : Phn ln cc cht hu c, cc n cht phi kim nhit thp u kt tinh thnh mng li tinh th phn t (phn t c th gm mt nguyn t nh cc kh him, hoc nhiu nguyn t nh cc halogen, O2, N2, H2, H2O, H2S, CO2, ... Hot ng 4 (10 pht) 2. Tnh cht chung ca tinh th phn t GV : Em no cho bit mt s tnh cht HS : Nc d tan, vin bng phin ca nc , vin bng phin (long d bay hi. no) trong t qun o ? GV un mt t tinh th iot HS thy HS : Quan st nhn xt. c iot rn b un nh d dng chuyn thnh hi iot mu tm. GV : Ti sao tinh th phn t d nng HS : Trong tinh th phn t, cc phn chy, d bay hi nh vy ? t vn tn ti nh nhng n v c lp GV hng dn HS c SGK tm cu v ht nhau bng lc tng tc yu gia cc phn t Tinh th phn t tr li. d nng chy, d bay hi. GV b sung : Ngay nhit thng mt phn tinh th naphtalen (bng phin) v iot b ph hu, cc phn t tch ri khi mng tinh th v khuch tn vo khng kh lm cho ta

d nhn ra mi ca chng. Cc tinh th phn t khng phn cc, d b ho tan trong cc dung mi khng phn cc (nh benzen, toluen, xng, ...) Hot ng 5 (5 pht)
cng c bi bi tp v nh GV t cu hi : Em hy nu r s khc nhau v cu to v lin kt trong mng tinh th nguyn t v mng tinh th phn t ? Yu cu tr li :

Tinh th nguyn t : cc im nt ca mng tinh th l nhng nguyn t lin kt vi nhau bng cc lin kt cng ho tr. Tinh th phn t : cc im nt ca mng tinh th l nhng phn t lin kt vi nhau bng lc tng tc yu gia cc phn t (lc ht Vande Van). Bi tp v nh : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (SGK).
d. hng dn gii bi tp Sgk 1. p n C. 2. p n B. 3. Tinh th nguyn t (kim cng), tinh th phn t (iot, nc ), tinh th ion (mui n). Tinh th nguyn t : bn vng, rt cng, nhit nng chy v nhit si kh cao. Tinh th phn t : d nng chy, d bay hi.

Tinh th ion : rt bn vng, dng rn, kh bay hi, kh nng chy, d tan trong nc. 4. a) Cht c mng tinh th nguyn t : kim cng. Cht c mng tinh th phn t : nhit thp c kh him N2, O2, H2, CO2, H2O kt tinh thnh phn t. b) Lc lin kt cng ho tr trong tinh th nguyn t rt ln tinh th nguyn t bn vng, kh cng, kh nng chy, kh bay hi. Trong tinh th phn t, cc phn t ht nhau bng lc tng tc yu gia cc phn t (lc Vande Van) tinh th phn t d nng chy, d bay hi. 5. Lc ht tnh in gia cc ion ngc du tng i ln nn tinh th ion rt bn vng cc hp cht ion u kh rn, kh bay hi, kh nng chy. 6. Lin kt ch yu trong 3 loi mng tinh th hc :

 Tinh th nguyn t : lin kt cng ho tr. Tinh th phn t : lc tng tc yu gia cc phn t. Tinh th ion : lc ht tnh in gia cc ion ngc du.
tinh th nguyn t, tinh th phn t, tinh th ion

M hnh tinh th kim cng

Phn t I2

M hnh tinh th phn t ca nc

M hnh tinh th phn t ca mui n

Tit 26

ho tr v s oxi ho

A. Mc tiu

4. HS hiu c : Ho tr trong hp cht ion, hp cht cng ho tr. Khi nim s oxi ho (SOXH). 5. HS c k nng vn dng xc nh ng ho tr, cng ho tr v s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t trong cc n cht v hp cht ho hc.
B. Chun b ca GV v HS

GV : My tnh, my chiu, bng tun hon. HS : n tp v lin kt ion, lin kt cng ho tr.
Hot ng ca GV Hot ng 1 (3 pht) Hot ng ca HS

C. Tin trnh dy hc

kim tra bi c GV chiu cu hi ln mn hnh : HS : Ln bng trnh by. Hy so snh v lin kt ion v lin kt cng ho tr trong hai hp cht NaCl v HCl ? GV nhn xt, cho im i. ho tr Hot ng 2 (10 pht) 1. Ho tr trong hp cht ion

GV : Trong cc hp cht ion, ho tr HS : Ghi khi nim in ho tr vo ca mt nguyn t bng in tch ca v. ion v c gi l in ho tr ca nguyn t GV chiu th d SGK ln mn hnh. HS : Ghi th d. Th d : Trong hp cht NaCl, Na c in ho tr 1+ v Cl c in ho tr 1. Trong hp cht CaF2, Ca c in ho tr 2+ v F c in ho tr 1.

GV : Ti sao nh vy ?

HS : NaCl l hp cht ion c to nn t cation Na+ v anion Cl do in ho tr ca Na l 1+ v ca Cl l 1. Tng t, CaF2 l hp cht ion c to nn t cation Ca2+ v anion F nn in ho tr ca Ca l 2+ v ca F l 1.

GV : Ngi ta quy c, khi vit in ho tr ca nguyn t, ghi gi tr in tch trc, du ca in tch sau. GV : Em hy xc nh in ho tr ca tng nguyn t trong mi hp cht ion sau y : K2O, CaCl2, Al2O3, KBr. GV : Qua dy trn, em c nhn xt g v in ho tr ca cc nguyn t kim loi thuc nhm IA, IIA, IIIA v cc nguyn t phi kim thuc nhm VIA, VIIA ?

HS : K2O, CaCl2, Al2O3, KBr. in ho tr : 1+ 2 2+ 1 3+ 2 1+ 1

HS : Cc nguyn t kim loi thuc nhm IA, IIA, IIIA c s electron lp ngoi cng l 1, 2, 3 c th nhng nn c in ho tr l 1+, 2+, 3+. Cc nguyn t phi kim thuc nhm VIA, VIIA nn c 6, 7 electron lp ngoi cng, c th nhn thm 2 hay 1 electron vo lp ngoi cng, nn c in ho tr 2, 1. Hot ng 3 (10 pht) 2. Ho tr trong hp cht cng ho tr GV chiu quy tc ln mn hnh : HS : Ghi quy tc. Quy tc : Trong cc hp cht cng ho tr, ho tr ca mt nguyn t c xc nh bng s lin kt cng ho tr ca nguyn t nguyn t trong phn t v c gi l cng ho tr ca nguyn t .

GV chiu cng thc cu to ca NH3 ln mn hnh v phn tch :

GV : Nguyn t N c bao nhiu lin kt HS : N c 3 lin kt cng ho tr cng ho tr ? Suy ra nguyn t N c nguyn t N c cng ho tr 3. cng ho tr bng bao nhiu ? GV : Mi nguyn t H c bao nhiu HS : H c 1 lin kt cng ho tr lin kt cng ho tr ? nguyn t H c cng ho tr 1. Suy ra nguyn t H c cng ho tr bng bao nhiu ? GV : Gi 1 HS xc nh cng thc ho tr ca tng nguyn t trong phn t nc v metan ? HS :

HOH

Trong H2O : Nguyn t H c cng ho tr 1, nguyn t O c cng ho tr 2. Trong CH4 : Nguyn t C c cng ho tr 4, nguyn t H c cng ho tr 1.
Hot ng 4 (15 pht) ii. s oxi ho (SOXH) 1. Khi nim

GV t vn : SOXH thng c s dng trong vic nghin cu phn ng oxi ho kh (s hc hc k II) GV chiu khi nim ln mn hnh : SOXH ca 1 nguyn t trong phn t l in tch ca nguyn t nguyn t trong phn t, nu gi nh rng mi lin kt trong phn t u l lin kt ion.
2. Cc quy tc xc nh SOXH

HS : Ghi khi nim.

GV chiu ln lt cc quy tc ln mn

hnh, sau a ra th d yu cu HS xc nh SOXH ca cc nguyn t :

Quy tc 1 : SOXH ca cc nguyn t HS: Ghi quy tc 1. trong cc n cht bng khng. Th d : Trong phn t n cht Na, Ca, Zn, Cu, H2, Cl2, N2 th SOXH ca cc nguyn t u bng 0. Quy tc 2 : Trong mt phn t, tng s Th d : Trong NH3, SOXH ca H l SOXH ca cc nguyn t bng 0. +1 SOXH ca N l 3. Quy tc 3 : SOXH ca cc ion n nguyn t bng in tch ca ion . Trong ion a nguyn t, tng s SOXH ca cc nguyn t bng in tch ca ion. Quy tc 4 : Trong hu ht cc hp cht, SOXH ca H bng +1, tr mt s trng hp nh hirua, kim loi (NaH, CaH2, ...). SOXH ca O bng 2 tr trng hp OF2, peoxit (chng hn H2O2, ...). GV lu HS v cch vit SOXH : SOXH c vit bng ch s thng du t pha trc v c t trn k
3 +1

Th d : SOXH ca cc nguyn t cc ion K+, Ca2+, Cl, S2 ln lt l +1, +2, 1, 2.

SOXH ca N trong ion NO3 l x x + 3(2) = 1 x = +5.

hiu nguyn t, th d : N H3
Hot ng 5 (7 pht) dn d cng c bi bi tp v nh

GV yu cu HS phn bit in ho tr v cng ho tr, s oxi ho v cch tnh s oxi ho.

GV yu cu HS hon thnh bi tp sau :

Cng thc NN Cl Cl HOH

Cng ho tr ca N l Cl l H l

S oxi ho ca N l Cl l H l

O l Cng thc NaCl AlCl3 in ho tr ca Na l Cl l Al l Cl l Bi tp v nh : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (SGK).

d. hng dn gii bi tp SGK 1. p n B. 2. p n A. 3. in ho tr ca cc nguyn t l :

O l S oxi ho ca Na l Cl l Al l Cl l

Cs = 1+ ; Cl = 1 ; Na = 1+ ; Ba = 2+ ; O = 2 ; Al = 3+
4. Cng ho tr ca cc nguyn t l :

H2O : H = 1 ; O = 2. CH4 : C = 4 ; H = 1. HCl : H = 1 ; Cl = 1. NH3 : N = 3 ; H = 1.

5. SOXH ca cc nguyn t l :

CO2 : C = +4 ; O = 2. H2O : H = +1 ; O = 2. SO3 : S = +6 ; O = 2. NH3 : N = 3 ; H = +1. NO : N = +2 ; O = 2. NO2 : N = +4 ; O = 2. Na+ : Na = +1. Cu2+ : Cu = +2. Fe2+ : Fe = +2. Fe3+ : F = +3.

Al3+ : Al = +3. NH4+ : N = 3 ; H = +1.

6. Cng thc cc cht m trong S ln lt c SOXH : 2, O, +4, +6 l : H2S, S, SO2, SO3. 7. SOXH ca cc nguyn t trong cc hp cht, n cht v ion l :
+1 2 0 +1 +4 2 +1 + 6 2

a) H 2 S,
+1 1

H 2 S O3 ,
+1 + 3 2

H2 S O4 .
+ 1 +5 2 +1 +7 2

+1 +1 2

b) H Cl,
0

H Cl O,
+2 1

Na Cl O2 ,
+4 2 +1

H Cl O3 ,
+7 2

H Cl O 4 .

c) Mn,

Mn Cl 2 ,
2 +6 2

Mn O2 ,
N H+ . 4
3 +1

K Mn O 4 .

d) Mn O , 4

+7

S O2 , 4

Tit 27 a. mc tiu

LUYN TP : LIN KT HO HC

3. Cng c cc kin thc v cc loi lin kt ho hc, vn dng gii thch s hnh thnh mt s loi phn t. c im cu trc v lin kt ca 3 loi tinh th c hc. 4. Rn luyn k nng xc nh ho tr v s oxi ho ca nguyn t trong n cht v hp cht.
b. chun b ca GV v HS

GV : My tnh, my chiu, h thng cu hi v bi tp. HS : Chun b trc ni dung cc bi tp luyn tp nh.

c. tin trnh Dy Hc Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS

Hot ng 1 (10 pht) lin kt ho hc

GV chiu bi tp 2 (SGK) ln mn hnh HS tho lun.

Bi tp 2. Trnh by s ging nhau v HS : Tho lun v hon thnh vo bng sau : khc nhau ca 3 loi lin kt : lin kt

ion, lin kt cng ho tr khng cc v lin kt cng ho tr c cc.

GV hng dn HS pht biu in vo bng sau y :
So snh Ging nhau v mc ch Khc nhau v cch to lin kt Thng to nn Nhn xt Lin kt Lin kt Lin kt cng ho tr cng ho ion khng cc tr c cc

Lin kt Lin kt Lin kt cng ho tr cng ho tr ion So snh khng cc c cc Ging Cc nguyn t kt hp vi nhau nhau v to ra cho mi nguyn t lp electron mc ch ngoi cng bn vng ging cu trc kh him (2e hoc 8e). Dng chung Dng chung Cho v Khc nhau e. Cp e e. Cp e b nhn e khng b lch v pha v cch nguyn t lch to lin c m kt in ln hn Gia cc Gia phi Gia kim nguyn t kim mnh loi v Thng ca cng yu khc phi kim to nn mt nguyn nhau t phi kim Lin kt cng ho tr c cc l dng trung gian gia lin kt cng Nhn xt ho tr khng cc v lin kt ion

Hot ng 2 (10 pht) Mng tinh th

GV chiu bi tp 6 (SGK) ln mn hnh HS tho lun.

Bi 6. a) Ly th d v tinh th ion, HS : Chun b 2 pht. tinh th phn t, tinh th nguyn t. a) Tinh th ion : NaCl, MgO. b) So snh nhit nng Tinh th nguyn t : kim cng. chy ca cc loi tinh th . Gii thch. c) Tinh th no dn in c trng thi rn ? Tinh th no dn in c khi nng chy v khi ho tan trong nc ?

Tinh th phn t : iot, nc , bng phin.

b) So snh t0 nng chy :

Tinh th ion c to
ra do lc ht tnh in gia cc ion ngc du rt bn, kh rn, kh bay hi, kh nng chy.

Tinh th nguyn t to thnh do lin kt cng ho tr bn vng, kh cng, kh nng chy, kh bay hi. Tinh th phn t c hnh thnh bng lc tng tc yu gia cc phn t d nng chy, d bay hi.
c) Khng c tinh th no dn in c trng thi rn.

Tinh th ion dn in c trng thi nng chy v dung dch.

Hot ng 3 (5 pht) in ho tr

GV chiu bi tp 7 (SGK) ln mn hnh HS tho lun : Bi 7 : Xc nh in ho tr ca cc HS : Chun b 1 pht. nguyn t nhm VIA, VIIA trong cc hp cht vi cc nguyn t nhm IA.

HS : in ho ca cc nguyn t nhm VIA, VIIA trong cc hp cht vi cc nguyn t nhm IA l :

Cc nguyn t kim loi thuc nhm IA c s electron lp ngoi cng l 1 c th nhng i nn c in ho tr 1+. Cc nguyn t phi kim thuc nhm VIA, VIIA c 6, 7 electron lp ngoi cng c th nhn thm 2 hay 1 electron vo lp ngoi cng, nn c in ho tr 2, 1.
Hot ng 4 (10 pht) Ho tr cao nht vi oxi v ho tr vi hiro

GV chiu bi tp 8 (SGK) ln mn hnh :

Bi tp 8. a) Da vo v tr ca cc

nguyn t trong bng tun hon, hy

nu r cc nguyn t no sau y c cng ho tr trong cc oxit cao nht : Si, P, Cl, S, C, N, Se, Br. b) Nhng nguyn t no sau y c cng ho tr trong cc hp cht kh vi hiro : P, S, F, Si, Cl, N, As, Te. GV chiu bng tun hon ln mn hnh HS : Chun b 2 pht. HS quan st v tho lun bi tp.

a) Nhng nguyn t c cng ho tr trong cc oxit cao nht :

RO2

R2O5

RO3

R2O7

Si, C P, N S, Se Cl, Br b) Nhng nguyn t c cng ho tr trong hp cht kh vi hiro : RH4 RH3 RH2 RH Si
Hot ng 5 (7 pht) S oxi ho

N, P, As

S, Te

F, Cl

GV chiu bi tp 9 (SGK) ln mn hnh cho HS tho lun.

Bi tp 9. Xc nh SOXH ca Mn, Cr, HS : Chun b 2 pht. Cl, P : a) Trong phn t : KMnO4, Na2Cr2O7, KClO3, H3PO4. b) Trong ion : NO3, SO42, CO32, Br, NH+ . 4

GV yu cu HS vn dng cc quy tc HS : xc nh SOXH gii bi tp. +7 +6 +5 a) K Mn O4 , Na2 Cr2 O7 , K Cl O3 ,

+5

H 3 P O4
+5

b) N O3 , S O4 , C O3 , Br , N H4
Hot ng 6 (3 pht) Dn D BI TP V NH

+6

+4

GV yu cu HS v nh n tp tip v cc dng lin kt v cch phn loi da vo gi tr m in. Bi tp v nh : 3, 4, 1, 5 (SGK).

Tit 28

luyn tp : Lin kt ho hc (tip)

A. Mc tiu

5. Dng hiu m in phn loi mt cch tng i cc loi lin kt ho hc. 6. Kho st cng thc cu to ca mt s phn t n gin da vo bn cht ca cc loi lin kt trong phn t. 7. Rn luyn k nng lp lun gii bi tp.
B. Chun b ca GV v HS

GV : My tnh, my chiu, bng gi tr m in, bng tun hon. HS : n tp v lin kt ho hc.

c. tin trnh Dy Hc Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS

Hot ng 1 (20 pht) m in v hiu m in

GV chiu bi tp 3 v 4 (SGK) ln mn hnh cho HS tho lun. Bi tp 3. Cho dy oxit sau y : HS : Chun b 2 pht.

Na2O, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, P2O5, SO3, Oxit Na2O MgOAl2O3 SiO2 P2O5 SO3 Cl2O7 Cl2O7. 2,51 2,13 1,83 1,54 1,25 0,86 0,28 Da vo gi tr hiu m in ca Loi hai nguyn t trong phn t hy xc lin nh loi lin kt trong tng phn t kt oxit ?
GV chiu bng m in ln mn hnh v hng dn HS tnh hiu m in gia 2 nguyn t trong phn t.
Bi 4.
ion Cng ho tr Cng ho tr khng cc

HS : Chun b 2 pht.

a) Da vo gi tr m in (F = 3,98 ;

a)

Cl

O = 3,44 ; Cl = 3,16 ; N = 3,04) hy xt tnh phi kim thay i nh th no trong dy nguyn t sau : F, O, Cl, N.

3,98

3,44

3,16

3,04

m in gim Tnh phi kim gim

b) Vit CTCT ca cc phn t sau y : b) N2, CH4, H2O, NH3. N N Xt xem phn t no c lin kt cng ho tr khng cc, phn cc mnh nht. HOH N2
:

CH4 0,35

H2O 1,24

NH3 0,84

Phn t N2, CH4 c lin kt cng ho tr khng phn cc. H2O l phn t c lin kt phn cc mnh nht trong dy.
Hot ng 2 (20 pht) S hnh thnh ion cng thc electron v cng thc cu to

GV chiu bi tp 1 v 5 (SGK) ln mn hnh.

Bi tp 1.

HS : Chun b 3 pht.
11

a) Vit phng trnh biu din s hnh thnh cc ion sau y t cc nguyn t tng ng : Na Na+ ; Cl Cl Mg Mg2+ ; S S2 Al Al ; O O
3+ 2

Na Na+ + 1e Mg Mg2+ + 2e Al Al3+ + 3e Cl + 1e Cl (2,8,8)

(2,8,1) (2,8)
12

(2,8,2) (2,8)
13

(2,8,3) (2,8)
17

b) Vit cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t v cc ion. Nhn xt v cu hnh cc ion. Nhn xt v cu hnh

(2,8,7)

electron lp ngoi cng ca cc ion c to thnh.

16

S + 2e S2 (2,8,8)

(2,8,6)
8

O + 2e O2 (2,8)

(2,6)

Bi tp 5. Mt nguyn t c cu hnh HS : Chun b 3 pht. electron : 1s22s22p3. a) Tng s electron l 7 s th t a) Xc nh v tr ca nguyn t ca nguyn t l 7. trong bng tun hon, suy ra cng thc C 2 lp electron chu k 2. phn t hp cht kh vi hiro. Nguyn t p c 5e ngoi cng b) Vit cng thc electron v cng thuc nhm VA. thc cu to ca phn t .

l N.

b) Cng thc phn t ca hp cht kh vi hiro l : NH3

Cng thc electron v cng thc cu to :

Hot ng 3 (5 pht) dn d bi tp v nh

GV lu cho HS : Hiu m in ch cho php ta d on mt cch tng i v loi lin kt ho hc trong phn t. D on ny cn phi c xc minh mc ng n bi nhiu phng php thc nghim khc.

V d : (HF) = 3,98 2,2 = 1,78 > 1,7 nhng lin kt trong HF khng phi l lin kt ion m l lin kt cng ho tr c cc.
GV dn d : n tp tt hc k I, cc em v nh chun b bi tp sau :

Lp s lin h gia kin thc c bn ca 3 chng : cu to nguyn t bng tun hon lin kt ho hc.

Tit 29 A. Mc tiu

n tp hc k i

1. HS bit h thng ho kin thc c bn v cu to cht thuc ba chng 1, 2, 3. 2. HS hiu v c k nng vn dng kin thc v cu to nguyn t, bng tun hon v nh lut tun hon, lin kt ho hc gii bi tp, chun b kin thc c s tt cho vic hc phn sau ca chng trnh.
b. chun b ca GV v HS

GV : My tnh, my chiu, bng tun hon, h thng bi tp v cu hi luyn tp.

HS : T n cc kin thc l thuyt thuc ba chng.

c. tin trnh Dy Hc Hot ng 1 (10 pht)

GV yu cu HS nhc li cc kin thc c bn ca ba chng :

Chng 1 : Nguyn t. Chng 2 : Bng tun hon v nh lut tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc. Chng 3 : Lin kt ho hc.

T GV xut cc dng bi tp thng gp HS luyn tp.

Hot ng 2 (35 pht) Dng 1 : Mi quan h gia cc loi ht c bn (p, n, e) trong nguyn t, ion, phn t.

Th d 1 : Cho hp cht MX3, bit :

Tng s ht p, n, e l 196 trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 60. Nguyn t khi ca X ln hn ca M l 8. Tng 3 loi ht (p, n, e) trong ion X nhiu hn trong ion M3+ l 16.

Hy xc nh M v X thuc ng v no ca hai nguyn t .

Hng dn : Trong M c Z proton, Z electron, N ntron.

X c Z proton, Z electron, N ntron.

H phng trnh ton hc : (2Z + N) + (6Z + 3N) = 196 (2Z + 6Z) (N + 3N) = 60 =8 (Z + N) (Z + N) (2Z + N + 1) (2Z + N 3) = 16 Z = 13, Z = 17, N = 14, N = 18 AM = 27 v AX = 35
27 13

M v

35 17

Dng 2 : Xc nh nguyn t khi trung bnh khi bit % s lng nguyn t ca mi ng v v ngc li.

Th d 2 : Nguyn t khi ca brom l 79,91. Brom c hai ng v trong

mt ng v l brom ?

79 35

Br chim 54,5% s nguyn t. Hy xc nh ng v th hai ca

Hng dn : Gi x l % s nguyn t ca ng v th hai, ta c :

A Br =

79. 54,5 + X(100 54,5) = 79,91 100

X = 81 81Br 35
Dng 3 : Bit v tr ca nguyn t trong bng tun hon (s th t chu k, s th t nhm A/B) vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t v ion.

Th d 3. a) Bit nguyn t Br thuc chu k 4, nhm VII A. Vit cu hnh electron ca Br ?

b) Bit nguyn t Mn thuc chu k 4, nhm VIIB. Vit cu hnh electron ca Mn ?

Hng dn :

a) Phn tch :
Nguyn t Br thuc chu k 4 nguyn t ca n phi c 4 lp e. Nguyn t Br thuc nhm VIIA lp ngoi cng (lp th 4) c 7e in vo

phn lp s v p 4s24p5.
Cu hnh electron y ca Br :

1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p5. b) Phn tch :

Nguyn t Mn thuc chu k 4 Mn c 4 lp e. Mn thuc nhm VII B s electron ho tr ca n bng 7 nhng phn b

lp 3d v 4s 3d54s2.
Cu hnh electron y ca Mn :

1s22s22p63s23p63d54s2.
Dng 4. Bit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t v ion suy ra v tr ca nguyn t trong bng tun hon.

Th d. Cho cu hnh electron ca mt nguyn t A :

1s22s22p63s23p63d54s1. Hy suy ra v tr ca A trong bng tun hon.

Hng dn :

A c 24e chim th 24 trong bng tun hon. A c 4 lp e thuc chu k 4 A c 6e ho tr v l nguyn t d thuc nhm VIB.
Dng 5. Lin kt ho hc v mng tinh th.

Th d 5. a) Da vo m in, sp xp theo chiu tng phn cc ca lin kt gia 2 nguyn t trong phn t cc cht sau :

CaO, MgO, CH4, AlN, AlCl3, NaBr, BCl3. Cho m in ca O = 3,44 ; Cl = 3,16 ; Br = 2,96 ; Na = 0,93 ; Mg = 1,31 ; Ca = 2,55 ; H = 2,20 ; Al = 1,61 ; N = 3,04 ; B = 2,04. b) Phn t cht no k trn c lin kt ion ? Lin kt cng ho tr khng cc ? c cc ?
Hng dn : a) phn cc ca lin kt c th hin qua hiu m in ca cc nguyn t tham gia lin kt ho hc. Hiu m in cng ln th lin kt cng phn cc, ta c :

Phn t :

N2

CH4

BCl3

AlN

AlCl3

NaBr

MgO CaO

0,35

1,12

1,43

1,55

2,03

2,13

2,44

b) Cc hp cht CaO, MgO, NaBr l cc hp cht c lin kt ion. N2 l hp cht c lin kt cng ho tr khng cc. CH4, AlN, AlCl3, BCl3 l cc hp cht c lin kt cng ho tr phn cc.
Th d 6. Hy d on xem cc cht sau y trng thi rn thuc mng tinh th g ? Gii thch ngn gn.

a) Nc, H2O (tonc = 00C) b) Mui n, NaCl (tonc = 8010C) c) Bng phin, C10H8 (tonc = 800C) d) nButan, C4H10 (tonc = 1380C) e) Benzen, C6H6 (tonc = 5,50C) f) Cacbon tera clorua, CCl4 (tonc = 230C) g) Canxi clorua, CaCl2 (tonc = 7720C).
Hng dn :

 a) c) d) e) v f) l tinh th phn t v tonc thp. b) v g) l tinh th ion v tonc cao.

Mc lc
Trang Li ni u ........................................................................................................... 3 Tit 1. Tit 2. n tp ............................................................................................ 5 n tp (tip) ................................................................................... 9 Chng 1
Nguyn t

Tit 3. Tit 4. Tit 5. Tit 6. Tit 7. Tit 8. Tit 9. Tit 10. Tit 11.

Thnh phn nguyn t ................................................................. 17 Ht nhn nguyn t. Nguyn t ho hc. ng v........................ 27 Ht nhn nguyn t. Nguyn t ho hc. ng v (tip) .............. 32 Luyn tp : Thnh phn nguyn t............................................... 37 Cu to v nguyn t ................................................................... 41 Cu to v nguyn t (tip) .......................................................... 46 Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t.................................................. 49 Luyn tp : Cu to v nguyn t ................................................ 57 Luyn tp : Cu to v nguyn t (tip) ....................................... 61 Chng 2

Bng tun hon v cc nguyn t ho hc v nh lut tun hon

Tit 12. Tit 13. Tit 14. Tit 15. Tit 16.

Bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc....................................... 65 Bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc (tip).............................. 69 S bin i tun hon cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t ho hc .......................................................... 75 S bin i tun hon cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t ho hc (tip) ................................................. 79 S bin i tun hon tnh cht ca cc nguyn t ho hc nh lut tun hon ...................................................................... 84

Tit 17. Tit 18. Tit 19. Tit 20.

S bin i tun hon tnh cht ca cc nguyn t ho hc nh lut tun hon (tip) ............................................................. 90 ngha ca bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc ................... 96 Luyn tp : Bng tun ho, s bin i tun hon cu hnh electron ca nguyn t v tnh cht ca cc nguyn t ho hc ............. 101 Luyn tp : Bng tun ho, s bin i tun hon cu hnh electron ca nguyn t v tnh cht ca cc nguyn t ho hc (tip) .... 105 Chng 3
Lin kt ho hc

Tit 21. Tit 22. Tit 23. Tit 24. Tit 25. Tit 26. Tit 27. Tit 28. Tit 29.

Lin kt ion Tinh th ion .......................................................... 111 Lin kt ion Tinh th ion (tip) ................................................. 114 Lin kt cng ho tr ................................................................... 120 Lin kt cng ho tr (tip).......................................................... 125 Tinh th nguyn t v tinh th phn t ....................................... 133 Ho tr v s oxi ho................................................................... 138 Luyn tp : Lin kt ho hc ..................................................... 143 Luyn tp : Lin kt ho hc (tip) ............................................. 147 n tp hc k I ............................................................................ 150

Thit k bi ging

Ho hc 10 tp mt
Cao C gic Nh xut bn h ni

Chu trch nhim xut bn : nguyn khc onh Bin tp : phm quc tun V ba : to thanh huyn Trnh by : l anh t Sa bn in : phm quc tun

In 2.000 cun, kh 17 x 24cm, ti Cng ty C phn in Thi Nguyn. Quyt nh xut bn s: 2542006/ CXB/13b TK46/HN. In xong v np lu chiu qu III/2006.