Bat Dang Thuc

1
1. PHNG PHAP C BAN

E CHNG MINH BAT ANG THC
A. TNH CHAT BAT ANG THC
1. nh ngha :
Bat ang thc la he th c co mot trong cac dang :
A > B A B > 0 hay A < B A B < 0
A B A B 0 hay A B A B 0 (dang suy rong)
Trong o A, B la ca c bieu th c cha bien so hay cac so.
2. Tnh chat c ban :
2.1 a > 0 a + m > b + m
2.2 Neu m > 0 th : a > b am > bm
Neu m < 0 th : a > b am < bm
3. Vai tnh chat khac :
3.1 Neu a > b th b < a
3.2 Neu a > b va b > c th a > c
3.3 Neu a > b va c > d th a + c > b + d (tnh chat nay khong ap
dung cho phep tr hai ang thc cung chieu)
3.4 Neu a > b > 0 va c > d > 0 th ac > bd
3.5 Neu a > b va ab > 0 th <
1 1
a b

3.6 Neu a > b > 0 va n la so nguyen dng th : a
n
> b
n

3.7 Neu a > b > 0 va n la so nguyen dng th : >
n n
a b
Ghi chu :
Cac tnh chat neu tren van c s dung oi vi cac bat ang thc
suy rong.
4. Vai cach thong thng e chng minh bat ang thc :
Da vao nh ngha (xet hieu hai ve)
Dung phng phap bien oi tng ng
Da vao cac bat ang thc ung a biet
hoac phoi hp cac phng phap nay.

2
B. PHNG PHAP DA VAO NH NGHA
Muon chng minh bat ang thc A B ta xet hieu A B va
chng minh A B 0
Lu y :
A
2
0 A
2
+ B
2
0
Va cac ha ng bat ang thc :
(A B)
2
= A
2
2AB + B
2
0
(A + B + C)
2
= A
2
+ B
2
+ C
2
+ 2(AB + BC + CA) 0
1.1
Chng minh cac bat ang thc :
1. x
4
+ y
4
x
3
y + xy
3
2. x
4
+ y
4
+ 2 4xy
1.2
1. Cho hai so dng x, y ch ng minh bat ang thc :
x
3
+ y
3
x
2
y + xy
2

2. Cho hai so dng x, y thoa ieu kien : x
3
+ y
3
= x y.
Chng minh bat ang thc : x
2
+ xy + y
2
< 1
1.3
1. a
2
+ b
2
+ 1 ab + a + b 2.
2
2 2
a
b c ab 2bc ca
4
+ + +
1.4
Chng minh bat ang thc : x
2
+ y
2
+ 4 2(x + y) + xy
ang thc xay ra khi nao ?
Gi y :
Tach 2x thanh x 8x, dua hieu hai ve ve danu :

+ +

2 2
1 3 1
2 2
x x
y
1.5
Chng minh rang neu abc = 1 va a
3
> 36 th :
2
2 2
3
+ + > + +
a
b c ab bc ca

3
Gi y :
Tach
2
3
a
thanh +
2 2
4 12
a a
. Bua hieu hai ve ve danu :

+

2
3
36
2 12
a a
b c
a

C. PHNG PHAP BIEN OI TNG NG
Dung cac tnh chat cua bat ang thc e bien oi bat ang thc phai
chng minh tng ng vi mot bat ang thc ma ta biet la ung.
Can lu y cac bien oi tng ng co ieu kien, chang han :
A
2
> B
2
A > B trong ieu kien A, B > 0
m > n A
m
> A
n
trong ieu kien A > 1 va m, n nguyen dng
1.6
1. (a
2
+ b
2
)(x
2
+ y
2
) (ax by)
2

2. x + y + z + + xy yz zx (vi x, y, z 0)
1.7
Chng minh bat ang thc : (a
6
+ b
6
)(a
4
+ b
4
) 2(a
10
+ b
10
)
1.8
Cho ba so dng a, b, c . Chng minh ra ng :
1. Neu <
a
1
b
th
+
<
+
a a c
b b c

2. Neu >
a
1
b
th
+
>
+
a a c
b b c

1.9
Cho hai so dng a va b va
x y
a b
. Chng minh rang :
+

+
x x y y
a a b b

1.10
1. Goi a, b, c la o dai ba canh mot tam giac. Chng minh rang :
< <
+ + + + +
a a 2a
a b c b c a b c

2. Suy ra : < + + <
+ + +
a b c
1 2
b c c a a b

4
Hng dan :
2.
< <

+ + + + +

< <

+ + + + +

< <

+ + + + +

a a 2a
a b c b c a b c
b b 2b
a b c c a a b c
c c 2c
a b c a b a b c
< + < <
+ + +
a b c
1 2
b c c a a b

1.11
Goi a, b, c la o dai ba canh mot tam giac vi a b. Chng minh rang :
a(a
2
3ab c
2
) b(b
2
3ab c
2
)
1.12
Cho hai so dng x, y thoa ieu kien x + y = 1 . Chng minh rang :

+ +

1 1
1 1 9
x y

Hng dan :
Tronu dieu kien x > O, v > O va x + v = 1 ta co :
(x + 1)(v + 1) Oxv xv + x + v + 1 Oxv
2 8xv 1 4xv (x + v)
2
4xv (x v)
2
O
1.13
Cho a > b > 0 va hai so nguyen dng m va n vi m > n. Ch ng minh
rang :

>
+ +
m m n n
m m n n
a b a b
a b a b

1.14
Cho ba so dng x, y, z vi x > z va y > z. Chng minh rang :
+ z(x z) z(y z) xy
1.15
Cho ba so dng x, y, z thoa ieu kien : x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
= 1.
1. Chng minh bat ang thc :
2
3
2
x
2x
1 x

2. Suy ra : + + >

2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z
2
1 x 1 y 1 z

Gi y :
2. Luu v danu thuc khonu xav ra.

5
1.16
Cho xy 1 , chng minh bat ang thc : +
+ + +
2 2
1 1 2
0
1 x 1 y 1 xy

Hng dan :
Tronu dieu kien xv 1
Bat danu thuc tuJnu duJnu vJi :

+

+ + + +

2 2
1 1 1 1
1 x 1 xy 1 y 1 xy
O

+ + +
2
2 2
(x y) (xy 1)
0
(1 x )(1 y )(1 xy)
xv 1 O
1.17
Cho x y z > 0. Chng minh rang :

+ + + + +

1 1 1 1 1
y (z x) (z x)
z x y z x

Hng dan :
Tronu dieu kien x v / > O, chunu minh bat danu thuc tuJnu duJnu vJi
v
2
+ /x v/ + xv (v x)(v /) O
1.18
Tm cac so nguyen x, y, z thoa bat ang thc :
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
< xy + 3y + 2z 3
Hng dan :
0o x, v, / la so nuuven, bat danu thuc tuJnu duJnu vJi :
x
2
+ v
2
+ /
2
xv 8v 2/ + 8 1

( )
2 2
2 2
3 1 2 1 0
4 4
y y
x xy y z z

+ + + + +

2 2
2
3 1 ( 1) 0
2 2
y y
x z

+ +

Tim duJc : x = 1 , v = 2 , / = 1

6
D. PHNG PHAP TONG HP
Da vao cac tnh chat cua bat ang thc va cac ha ng bat ang thc bang
suy dien e tm ra bat ang thc phai chng minh.
Ta thng dung cac bo e sau :
A
2
+ B
2
2AB (A + B)
2
4AB
+ +

2
2 2
A B A B
2 2

A +
1
A
2 (vi A > 0) +
A B
B A
2 (vi AB > 0)
+
+
1 1 4
A B A B
(vi A, B > 0)
1.19
Chng minh bat ang thc :
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ t
2
(x + y)(z + t)
1.20
Chng minh rang :
1. Neu a + b > 2 th a
2
+ b
2
> 2
2. Neu a
2
+ b
2
2 th a + b 2
1.21
x
4
+ y
4
+ z
4
xyz(x + y + z)
1.22
Chng minh rang neu x
2
+ y
2
= 1 th : - 2 x + y 2
1.23
Chng minh rang : a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 1 th :
1
2
ab + bc + ca 1
Hng dan :
vJi a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 1 ta co :
(a + b + c)
2
= a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2(ab + bc + ca) O
hav
1 + 2(ab + bc + ca) O
ab + bc + ca
1
2
(1)

7
Mat khac :
+
+

2 2
2 2
2 2
a b 2ab
b c 2bc
c a 2ca
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
ab + bc + ca
hav ab + bc + ca 1 (2)
1.24
Cho hai so khong am a, b. Ch ng minh rang : (a + b)(ab + 1) 4ab
1.25
Cho ba so khong am x, y, z. Chng minh rang :
(x + y)(y + z)(z + x) 8xyz
1.26
(x + y)
2
(y + z)
2
4xyz(x + y + z)
Hng dan :
(x + v)
2
(v + /)
2
= (xv + v
2
+ /x + v/)
2

= (x + v + /)v + /x|
2
4(x + v + /)v./x = 4xv/(x + v + /)
1.27
Cho ba so dng x, y, z thoa ieu kien : x + y + z = 1
Chng minh rang : y + z 16xyz
Hng dan :
1
2
= x + (v + /)|
2
4x(v + /) ma v + / > O
1(v + /) 4x(v + /)
2
ma (v + /)
2
4v/
v + / 4x.4v/ = 1Gxv/
1.28
1. Cho ba so dng x, y, z. Chng minh rang :
+ + +
+ +
x y y z z x
6
z x y

2. Goi a, b, c la o dai ba canh mot tam giac. Chng minh :
+ +
+ + +
2a 2b 2c
b c a c a b a b c
6
Hng dan :
2. Bat : b + c a = x ; c + a b = v ; a + b c = / thi :
2a = v + / ; 2b = / + x ; 2c = x + v
van dunu ket uua cua cau (1)

8
1.29
Cho bon so dng x, y, z, t thoa ieu kien : xyzt = 1 . Chng minh rang
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ t
2
+ x(y + z) + y(z + t) + z(t + x) + t(x + y) 12
Gi y :
x, v, /, t > O va xv/t = 1 cho /t = >
1
0
xy
; xv + /t = xv +
1
xy
2
1.30
Cho ba so dng x, y, z thoa ieu kien : + =
1 1 2
x y z

+ +
+

x z z y
2x z 2y z
4
Hng dan :
Tinh / theo x, v : / =
+
2xy
x y
. The vao ve trai cua bat danu thuc hai
chunu minh roi bien doi :
x z z y x 3y y 3x 1 3 y 1 3 x
. .
2x z 2y z 2x 2y 2 2 x 2 2 y
+ + + +
+ = + = + + +

=

+ + + + =

1 1 3 x y 3
1 .2 4
2 2 2 y x 2

1.31
Cho ba so dng x, y, z .
+
+
xy x y
x y 4

2. Suy ra :
+ +
+ +
+ + +
1 1 1 x y z
1 1 1 1 1 1
2
x y y z z x

Gi y :
2. = =
+
+
+
1 1 xy
1 1 x y
x y
x y xy

+ x y
4

9
1.32
1. Cho hai so dng x, y . Ch ng minh rang : +
+
1 1 4
x y x y

ang thc xay ra luc nao ?
2. Goi a, b, c la o dai ba ca nh mot tam giac va p la na chu vi.
Chng minh rang :

+ + + +

1 1 1 1 1 1
2
p a p b p c a b c

ang thc xay ra luc tam giac co ac ie m g ?
1.33
Goi a, b, c la o dai ba canh mot tam giac . Chng minh bat ang thc :
+ + > + +
+ + +
1 1 1 1 1 1
a b c b c a c a b a b c

Hng dan :
0o bat danu thuc uiua do dai ba canh mot tam uiac, ta co :
a + b c > O b + c a > O c + a b > O
hen : +
+ +
1 1
a b c b c a
=
+ + +
4 2
a b c b c a b
(1)
TuJnu tu : +
+ +
1 1 2
b c a c a b c
(2)
+
+ +
1 1 2
c a b a b c a
(8)
Tu (1), (2), (8) suv ra dieu hai chunu minh.
1.34
Cho hai so dng x,y thoa ieu kien x+y =1. Chng minh bat ang thc :
+
+
2 2
1 1
6
xy x y

Hng dan :
0unu hanu bat danu thuc : (x + v)
2
4xv tim duJc :
1
4
xy

van dunu bat danu thuc : +
+
1 1 4
a b a b
(vJi a, b > O) :

+ = + + +

+ + +

2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 4
xy x y 2xy 2xy x y 2xy (x y)

10
1.35
Cho ba so x, y, z thoa hai ieu kien :
x + y + z = 2 va xy + yz + zx = 1
Chng minh rang moi so x, y, z eu thuo c oan
4
0;
3

Hng dan :
x + v + / = 2 2 x = v + /
(2 x)
2
= (v + /)
2
4v/
4v/ = 41 x(v + /)| = 41 x(2 x)|
(2 x)
2
4(x 1)
2
x(8x 4) O O x
4
3

TuJnu tu vJi v va /.
1.36
+ +

2
2 2
a b a b
2 2

2. Van dung e ch ng minh rang neu co + + + = + 1 x 1 y 2 1 z
th co : x + y 2z
1.37
Cho hai so dng x, y tho a ieu kien x + y = 1. Chng minh rang :

+ + +

2
2
1 1 25
x y
x y 2

Hng dan :
van dunu bat danu thuc :
+ +

2
2 2
a b a b
2 2

2 2
2
1 1 1 1 1 1
x y x y
2 x y 4 x y

+ + + + + +

( )
2
1 x y
x y
4 xy
+
= + +

=
2
1 1
1
4 xy

+

(do x + v = 1)
Mat khac : (x + v)
2
4xv hav 1 4xv
1
4
xy
(do xv > O)
hen : ( )

+ + + + =

2
2
2 1 1 1 25
x y 1 4
x y 2 2

11
1.38
+ + + +

2
2 2 2
a b c a b c
3 3

2. Cho ba so dng x, y, z tho a ieu kien x + y + z = 1.
Chng minh rang :

+ + + + +

2
2 2
1 1 1
x y z 33
x y z

Hng dan :
2.

+ + + + + + + + + +

2 2
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x y z x y z
x y z 3 x y z

= ( )
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + = + + +

2
2
1 1 1 1 1 x y z x y z x y z
x y z 1
3 x y z 3 x y z

= ( )

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

2
2 1 x y y z z x 1
1 (1 1 1) 1 1 1 1 2 2 2
3 y x z y x z 3

= >
2
1
.10 33
3

1.39
1. Cho a > b > 0, so sanh hai so :
A =
+
+ +
2
1 a
1 a a
B =
+
+ +
2
1 b
1 b b

2. So sanh hai so :
A = + 1999 2001 B = 2 2000
1.40
Cho hai so nguyen m va n vi m > n. Chng minh rang :
1. Neu 0 < x < 1 th x
m
< x
n

2. Neu x > 1 th x
m
> x
n

Hng dan :
Bat k = m n > O
1. heu O x 1 thi : O x
k
1
k
va O x
n

hen : x
n
.x
k
x
n
.1
k
hav x
n
.x
m n
x
n
.1
k

x
m
x
n

2. heu x > 1 thi :
hen : x
n
.x
k
> x
n
.1
k
hav x
n + k
> x
n

x
m
> x
n

12
1.41
1. Chng minh bat ang thc : a
12
a
9
+ a
4
a + 1 > 0
2. Chng minh rang neu co ba t ang thc : y x
3
+ x
2
+ |x| + 1
th co bat ang thc : x
2
+ y
2
1
1.42
Cho 1 x 1 va so nguyen dng n, chng minh rang :
(1 + x)
n
+ (1 x)
n
2
n

Gi y :
Tu 1 x 1 suv ra : O
+ 1 x
2
1 va O
1 x
2
1
hen :
+ +

n
1 x 1 x
2 2

<

n
1 x 1 x
2 2

1.43
Cho ba so khong am thoa ieu kien : x + y + z = 1
Chng minh bat ang thc : 4(1 x)(1 y)(1 z) x + 2y + z
ang thc xay ra khi nao ?
Hng dan :
0o x + v + / = 1, ta co : 1 x = v + /
0o O v 1 , ta co : O 1 v
2
1
Tu hanu bat danu thuc : (a + b)
2
4ab
4(1 x)(1 v)(1 /) = 4(v + /)(1 /)|.(1 v)
(v + / + 1 /)
2
.(1 v) = (1 + v)
2
(1 v) = (1 v
2
)(1 + v)
1 + v = x + v + / + v = x + 2v + /
Banu thuc xav ra khi va chi khi :
2
1 x 1 z
(1 y )(1 y) 1 y
x y z 1
=
+ = +
+ + =
x = / =
1
2
; v = O
1.44
Cho x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 1 , chng minh bat ang thc :
xyz + 2(xy + yz + zx + x + y + z + 1) 0
Hng dan :
Tronu dieu kien : x
2
+ v
2
+ /
2
= 1 bien doi ve trai thanh :
A = (xv/ + xv + v/ + /x + x + v + / + 1) + (xv + v/ + /x + x + v + / + 1)
Ma :

13
xv/ + xv + v/ + /x + x + v + / + 1 = (x + 1)(v + 1)(/ + 1) (1)
va
xv + v/ + /x + x + v + / + 1 = x
2
+ v
2
+ /
2
+ xv + v/ + /x + x + v + /
=
2
(x y z 1)
2
+ + +
(2)
Ma x 1 , v 1 , / 1 suv ra dieu hai chunu minh.
1.45
Chng minh rang neu a, b, c la o dai ba canh mo t tam giac th :
ab + bc + ca a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
< 2(ab + bc + ca)
Gi y :
a b + c va a > O a
2
a(b + c) hav a
2
ab + ca
1.46
Goi a, b, c la o dai ba canh mot tam giac . Chng minh bat ang thc :
abc (a + b c)(b + c a)(c + a b)
Hng dan :
a, b, c > O, a + b > c, b + c > a, c + a > b
a
2
a
2
(b c)
2
hav a
2
(a + b c)(c + a b) (1)
TuJnu tu :
b
2
(b + c a)(a + b c) (2) c
2
= (c + a b)(b + c a) (8)
1.47
Goi a, b, c la o dai ba canh mot tam giac vi a b c.
Chng minh bat ang thc : (a + b + c)
2
9bc
Hng dan :
0o a b nen : (a + b + c)
2
(2b + c)
2

Ta chunu minh bat danu thuc : (2b + c)
2
Obc
Xet hieu hai ve : (2b + c)
2
Obc = (b c)(4b c)
Ma b c nen b c O, do do ta con hai chunu minh : 4b c O
0o a b nen :
4b c = 2b + (b + b c) 2b + (a + b c)
Ma a + b c > O nen :
4b c 2b + (a + b c) > O
Bat danu thuc duJc chunu minh.

14
1.48
Goi a, b, c la o dai ba canh mot tam giac co chu vi la 2. Chng minh
rang : a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2abc < 2
Hng dan :
TruJc het chunu minh : a 1; b 1 ; c 1
Be co :
(1 a)(1 b)(1 c) > O 1 (a + b + c) + ab + bc + ca abc > O
Ma a + b + c = 2, nen : 1 + ab + bc + ca abc > O
van dunu hanu danu thuc : (a + b + c)
2
= a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2(ab + bc + ca)
ab + bc + ca =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(a b c) (a b c ) a b c
2
2 2
+ + + + + +
=
Ta co : 1 + 2
2 2 2
a b c
abc 0
2
+ +
>
hav 2 (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) 2abc > O
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2abc 2

15
2. VAI BAT ANG THC
THNG DUNG
A. BAT ANG THC CAUCHY
1. nh ly :
Vi hai so khong am a va b, ta co bat ang thc :
a b
ab
2
+

ang thc xay ra khi va ch khi a = b
2. He qua :
Neu a 0, b 0 va tong a + b = k (hang) th tch ab ln
nhat khi va ch khi a = b :
max(ab) =
2
k
4
a = b
Trong cac hnh ch nhat co chu vi bang nhau th hnh vuong co
dien tch ln nhat.
Neu a b, b 0 va tch ab = k (hang) th tong a + b nho
nhat khi va ch khi a = b
min(a + b) = 2 k a = b
Trong cac hnh ch nhat co dien tch bang nhau th hnh vuong co
chu vi nho nhat.
3. Tong quat :
Vi a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
la n so khong am, ta co bat ang thc :
1 2 n
n
1 2 n
a a ... a
a a ...a
n
+ + +

ang thc xay ra khi va ch khi : a
1
= a
2
= = a
n

2.1
1. Chng minh bat ang th c Cauchy cho hai so khong am :
a b
ab
2
+

2. Van dung e ch ng minh bat ang thc Cauhy co bon so khong am, ba
so khong am :
4
a b c d
abcd
4
+ + +

3
a b c
abc
3
+ +

16
2.2
1. Cho ba so khong am a, b, c. Chng minh bat ang thc :
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) 8abc
2. Cho a, b, c 0 va a + b + c = 1, ch ng minh bat ang thc :
a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
abc
2.3
1. Chng minh rang, neu x > 1 th :
x
2
x 1

2. Cho x > 1 va y > 1, ch ng minh bat ang thc :
2 2
x y
y 1 x 1
+

8
2.4
2
2
a 5
a 1
+
+
4
2. Cho a 1 va b 1, chng minh bat ang thc : a b 1 b a 1 + ab
Gi y :
1.
2
2
2 2
a 5 4
a 1
a 1 a 1
+
= + +
+ +
2. a 1 (a 1).1 =
2.5
1. Cho a, b, c -
1
4
va a + b + c = 1. Chng minh bat ang thc :
4a 1 4b 1 4c 1 5 + + + + + <
2. Cho a, b, c > 0, Ch ng minh bat ang thc :
2 2 2
1 1 1 a b c
a bc b ca c ab 2abc
+ +
+ +
+ + +

Hng dan :
1. Luu v danu thuc khonu xav ra.
2. a
2
+ bc 2
2
a bc = 2a bc
2
1
a bc +

1
2a bc

17
2.6
Cho ba so dng x, y, z vi x > z va y > z.
Chng minh bat ang thc : z(x z) z(y z) xy +
Hng dan :
Binh huJnu hai ve duJc :
/(x /) + /(v /) + 2 z(x z).z(y z) xv
2/ (x z)(y z) 2/
2
+ xv v/ /x
2/ (x z)(y z) /
2
+ (x /)(v /)
Bav la bat danu thuc dunu theo bat danu thuc Cauchv vJi hai so duJnu /
2

va (x /)(v /)
2.7
Goi a, b, c la ba canh mot tam giac va p la na chu vi
a b c
p
2
+ +
=

.
(p a)(p b)(p c)
1
abc
8

2.8
Goi R, r va S lan lt la ban knh ng tron ngoai tiep, ban knh ng
tron noi tiep va dien tch mot tam giac vuong. Chng minh rang :
R + r 2S
Hng dan :
0oi a la do dai canh huven, b va c la do dai hai canh uoc vuonu
R =
a
2
S =
1
(a b c)r
2
+ + va S =
1
bc
2

r =
bc
a b c + +

hen :
R + r =
2
a bc a(a b c) 2bc a ab ca 2bc
2 a b c 2(a b c) 2(a b c)
+ + + + + +
+ = =
+ + + + + +

Ma theo dinh li Fitauo thi : a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
nen
R + r =
2 2 2
b c ab ac 2bc (b c) a(b c)
2(a b c) 2(a b c)
+ + + + + + +
=
+ + + +

=
(b c)(a b c) b c
2(a b c) 2
+ + + +
=
+ +

van dunu bat danu thuc Cauchv cho hai so duJnu b, c:

18
R + r =
b c
2
+
bc 2S = (do S =
1
bc
2
)
2.9
1. Cho ba so dng a, b, c . Chng minh bat ang thc :
(a + b + c)
1 1 1
a b c

+ +

9
2. Van dung ket qua o e ch ng minh bat ang thc :
x y z 3
y z z x x y 2
+ +
+ + +

vi x, y, z la ba so dng.
Gi y :
van dunu bat danu thuc Cauchv vJi ba so duJnu :
3
3
a b c 3 abc
1 1 1 1 1 1
3 . .
a b c a b c
+ +
+ +

( )
1 1 1
a b c
a b c

+ + + +

O
2.10
1. Cho x 0 va y 0. Chng minh bat ang thc : 3x
2
+ 7y
2
> 9xy
2

2. Cho ba so khong am a, b, c. Chng minh bat ang thc :
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
a
2 2 2
bc b ca c ab + +
Gi y :
1. van dunu bat danu thuc Cauchv cho ba so khonu am :
8x
8
+ 7v
8
= 8x
8
+8v
8
+ 4v
8

3 3 3
3
3x .3y .4y =
2 2 3
3xy 3 .4 >8xv
2 3 3
3 = Oxv
2

2. a
8
+ b
8
+ c
8
8abc 2(a
8
+ b
8
+ c
8
) a
8
+ b
8
+ c
8
+ 8abc
= (a
8
+ abc) + (b
8
+ abc) + (c
8
+ abc)
a
8
+ abc 2
3 2
a abc 2a bc =
b
8
+ abc 2b
2
ca c
2
+ abc 2c
2
ab
a
8
+ b
8
+ c
8
a
2 2 2
bc b ca c ab + +

19
2.11
Chng minh cac bat ang thc sau ay :
1. 4(x
2
+ y
2
)
3
27x
2
y
4

2.
6 9
x y
4
+
3x
2
y
3
16 (vi y 0)
Gi y :
van dunu bat danu thuc Cauchv vJi ba so khonu am :
1. x
2
+ v
2
= x
2
+
2 2
y y
2 2
+ 8
2 2
2
3
y y
x . .
2 2

2.
6 9
x y
4
+
8x
2
v
2
1G x
G
+ v
O
+ G4 12x
2
v
8

x
G
+ v
O
+ G4 = (x
2
)
8
+ (v
8
)
8
+ 4
8
8
6 9 3
3
x .y .4
2.12
Cho ba so dng x, y, z thoa ieu kien :
1 1 1
2
1 x 1 y 1 z
+ +
+ + +

Chng minh rang : xyz
1
8

Gi y :
Bieu kien da cho tuJnu duJnu vJi : 1 2xv/ + xv + v/ + /x
van dunu bat danu thuc Cauchv vJi bon so khonu am
2.13
1. Cho n so dng : x
1
, x
2
, ,x
n
. Chng minh rang :
1 2 n
2 3 1
x x x
...
x x x
+ + + n
2. Cho ba so khong am z, y, z thoa ieu kien x + y + z = 1.
Chng minh rang : xy
2
z
3

1
432

Gi y :
2. x + v + / = x +
y y z z z
2 2 3 3 3
+ + + + (=1)
van dunu bat danu thuc Cauchv cho sau so khonu am.

20
2.14
1. Cho ba so dng x, y, z tho a ieu kien x + y + z = 1.
Chng minh rang : 16xyz y + z
2. Cho bo n so dng x, y, z, t thoa ieu kien :
1 1 1 1
3
1 x 1 y 1 z 1 t
+ + +
+ + + +

Chng minh rang : xyzt
1
81

Hng dan :
1. 1 = x + (v + /) 2 x(y z) + 1 4x(v + /)
v + / 4x(v + /)
2
v + / 4x(2 yz )
2
v + / 1Gxv/
2. hhan xet :
1 1 1 1
1 1 1
1 x 1 y 1 z 1 t

+ +

+ + + +

=
y z t
1 y 1 z 1 t
+ +
+ + +

van dunu bat danu thuc Cauchv cho ba so khonu am :
1 y z t
1 x 1 y 1 z 1 t
+ +
+ + + +
8 3
yzt
(1 y)(1 z)(1 t) + + +

TuJnu tu, roi nhan theo ve bon bat danu thuc tim duJc :
1
(1 x)(1 y)(1 z)(1 t) + + + +
81
xyzt
(1 x)(1 y)(1 z)(1 t) + + + +

xv/t
1
81

21
B. BAT ANG THC SCHWARTZ
4. nh l :
Neu (a ; b) va (z ; y) la hai bo hai so th :
(ax + by)
2
(a
2
+ b
2
)(x
2
+ y
2
) hay |ax + by|
2 2 2 2
(a b )(x y ) + +
ang thc xay ra khi va ch khi
x y
a b
=
(vi qui c a = 0 th x = 0, b = 0 th y = 0)
5. Tong quat :
Neu (a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
) va (x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
) la hai bo n so th :
(a
1
x
1
+ a
2
x
2
+ + a
n
x
n
)
2
(a
1
2
+ a
2
2
+ + a
n
2
)(x
1
2
+ x
2
2
+ + x
n
2
)
hay |a
1
x
1
+ a
2
x
2
+ + a
n
x
n
|
( )( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 n 1 2 n
a a ... a x x ... x + + + + + +
ang thc xay ra khi va ch khi
1 2 n
1 2 n
x x x
...
a a a
= = = (vi qui c tren)
2.15
1. (ax + by)
2
(a
2
+ b
2
)(x
2
+ y
2
)
2. (ax + by + cz)
2
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
2.16
1. Cho hai so x, y thoa ieu kien 4x 6y = 1.
Chng minh rang : 4x
2
+ 9y
2

1
8

2. Cho hai so x, y thoa ieu kien 2x + 3y = 5.
Chng minh rang : 2x
2
+ 3y
2
5
2.17
1. Cho a
2
+ b
2
= 1 va x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 1. Chng minh bat ang thc :
|ax + by + z| 2
2. Cho xy + yz + zx = 4. Chng minh bat ang thc :
x
4
+ y
4
+ z
4

16
3

22
2.18
Cho
3
2
x
50
3
, chng minh bat ang thc :
x 1 2x 3 50 3x 12 + + + <
2.19
Cho ba so dng x, y, z thoa ieu kien x > z va y > z.
Chng minh : z(x z) z(y z) xy +
Gi y :
z(x z) z(y z) z. x z y z. z + = +
(z y z)(x z z) yx + + =
2.20
Cho x + y + z = 1. Chng minh bat ang thc :
x
2
+ 4y
2
+ 9z
2

36
49

Gi y :
1 =
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
1.x .2y 3z 1 x (2y) (3z)
2 3 2 3

+ + + + + +

2.21
Cho hai so x, y thoa ieu kien : (x 1)
2
+ (y 2)
2
= 5
Chng minh rang : x + 2y 10
Hng dan :
1(x 1)
2
+ 2(v 2)
2
| (1
2
+ 2
2
)(x 1)
2
+ (v 2)
2
| = 5.5
(x + 2v 5)
2
25
x + 2v 5 x + 2v 5 5
x + 2v 1O
2.22
Goi x
0
la mot nghiem cua phng trnh bac hai : x
2
+ px + q = 0. Chng
minh rang :
x
0
2
< p
2
+ q
2
+ 1
Hng dan :
x
O
2
+ x
O
+ u = O x
O
2
= (x
O
+ u)
x
O
4
= (x
O
+ u)
2
(
2
+ u
2
)(x
O
2
+ 1)

23
2
+ u
2
=
4
0
2
0
x
x 1 +
>
( )( )
2 2
4
0 0
2 0
0 2 2
0 0
x 1 x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1 x 1
+
= =
+ +

x
O
2

2
+ u
2
+ 1
2.23
Goi a, b, c la o dai ba canh mot tam giac , at p =
a b c
2
+ +
.
Chng minh rang :
p p a p b p x < + + 3p
Hng dan :
0unu bien doi tuJnu duJnu de co : p p a p b p c < + +
0unu bat danu thuc Schwart/ de co : p a p b p c + + 3p
2.24
Cho ba so dng x, y, z. Chng minh bat ang thc :
xyz(x + y + z) x
3
y + y
3
z + z
3
x
Hng dan :
Chunu minh bat danu thuc tuJnu vJi :
x + v + /
2 2 2
x y z
z x y
+ +
van dunu bat danu thuc Schwart/ :
2
x y z
. z . x . y
z x y

+ +

( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 2 2
x y z
z x y
z x y

+ + + +

2.25
Cho a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
= 1. Chng minh bat ang thc :
(x
2
+ ax + b)
2
+ (x
2
+ cx + d)
2
(2x
2
+ 1)
2

Hng dan :
(x
2
+ ax + b)
2
= (x.x + ax + b.1)
2
(x
2
+ a
2
+ b
2
)(x
2
+ x
2
+ 1) (1)
(x
2
+ cx + d)
2
= (x.x + cx + d.1)
2
(x
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
)(x
2
+ x
2
+ 1) (2)
Conu (1) va (2) duJc dieu hai chunu minh .

24
C. BAT ANG THC CHA GIA TR TUYET OI
6. nh l :
Vi hai so thc a, b ta co :
1. |a + b| |a| + |b|
ang thc xay ra khi va ch khi : ab 0
2. |a b| |a| + |b|
ang thc xay ra khi va ch khi : ab 0
Nhac lai :
1. |a| 0 |a| = 0 a = 0
2. -|a| a |a| - |a| = a = |a| a = 0
2.26
Cho hai so thc a, b. Chng minh cac bat ang thc :
1. |a + b| |a| + |b| . ang thc xay ra khi nao ?
2. |a b| |a| + |b| . ang thc xay ra khi nao ?
Hng dan :
1. 0unu he bien doi tuJnu duJnu :
a + b a + b (a + b)
2
(a + b)
2

a
2
+ 2ab + b
2
= a
2
+ 2ab + b
2
ab ab (bat danu thuc dunu)
Banu thuc xav ra khi va chi khi : ab O
2. Chunu minh tuJnu tu, danu thuc xav ra khi va chi khi : ab O
2.27
Cho |x| < 1 va |y | < 1. Chng minh moi bat ang thc sau a y :
1. |x + y| < |1 + xy| 2.
x y
1
1 xy
<

2.28
Chng minh moi bat ang thc sau ay :
1.
2
| x | 1
1 x 2
+
2.
x y
1
xy
+
(vi |x| 2 va |y| 2)
2.29
Chng minh rang : -3
x | x 1| | x 2 |
| x | x 1 x 2

+ +

3 (vi x 0, x 1, x 2)

25
3. VAI PHNG PHAP KHAC E CHNG MINH
BAT ANG THC
A. PHNG PHAP LAM TROI
Da vao cac tnh chat cua bat ang thc e bien oi mot ve cua bat ang
thc thanh dang tnh c tong hay tch hu han. Thng th :
e tnh tong hu han ta bien oi so hang tong quat ve dang hieu
hai so hang lien tiep :
u
n
= a
n
a
n 1

T o :
S = (a
1
a
2
) + (a
2
a
3
) + + (a
n
a
n + 1
) = a
1
a
n + 1

e tnh tch hu han ta bien o i so hang tong quat ve dang thng
hai so hang lien tiep :
u
n
=
n
n 1
a
a
+

T o : P =
1 2 n 1
2 3 n 1 n 1
a a a a
. ....
a a a a
+ +
=
Hoac xet tnh chat cua moi hang t.

3.1
Cho so nguyen n 1, chng minh rang :
1.
1 1 1
... 1
1.2 2.3 n(n 1)
+ + + <
+

2.
1 1 1 1
...
1.3 3.5 (2n 1)(2n 1) 2
+ + + <
+

Hng dan :
1.
1 1 1
n(n 1) n n 1
=
+ +

2.
1 1 1 1
(2n 1)(2n 1) 2 2n 1 2n 1

=

+ +

26
3.2
Cho so nguyen n 2, chng minh rang :
1. 1 +
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
... 2
2 3 n n
+ + + <
2.
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
....
2 4 (2n) 2 4n
+ + + <
Hng dan :
1.
1 1 1
(n 1)n n 1 n
=

2.
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
... 1 ...
2 4 (2n) 2 2 n

+ + + = + + +

3.3
Chng minh rang :
1 1 1 5
....
1001 1002 2000 8
+ + + >
Hng dan :
0he bieu thuc J ve trai thanh bon nhom moi nhom 25O hanu tu roi lam
troi tunu nhom.
3.4
Cho ba so x, y, z eu khong nho hn -
1
4
va thoa ieu kien x + y + z = 1
Chng minh rang : 4x 1 4y 1 4z 1 5 + + + + + <
Hng dan :
2
4x 1 4x 4x 1 + + + = 2x + 1 = 2x + 1 (do x
1
4
)
4x 1 4y 1 4z 1 + + + + + 2(x + v + /) + 8 = 5
Luu v : loai tru truJnu hJ xav ra danu thuc
3.5
Cho ba so nguyen n > 1. Chng minh bat ang thc :
2 2
1 1 1 1 1
... 1
n n 1 n 2 n 1 n
+ + + + + >
+ +

Gi y :
hanu tu nho nhat cua ve trai :
2
1
n

Ke tu hanu tu thu hai, so hanu tu la : n
2
n

27
3.6
Chng minh rang vi moi so nguyen n > 1, ta e u co :
1 1 1 1 3
...
2 n 1 n 2 n n 4
< + + + <
+ + +

Hng dan :
1 1
n 1 2n
>
+

1 1 1 1
....
n 2 2n n n 2n
> =
+ +
(n hanu tu)
Chunu minh bo de :
1 1 3
n k 2n k 1 2n
+ <
+ +
(k = 1 ; 2 ; 8 ; k n)
van dunu :
1 1 3
n 1 2n 2n
+ <
+
;
1 1 3
n 2 2n 1 2n
+ <
+
;
1 1 3
2n n 1 2n
+ <
+

hen :
2
1 1 1 3 3
... n.
n 1 n 2 2n 2n 2

+ + + < =

+ +

1 1 1 3
....
n 1 n 2 2n 4
+ + + <
+ +

3.7
Chng minh bat ang th c (n la so nguyen dng) :
2 2
1 1 1 1 1
...
5 13 25 n (n 1) 2
+ + + + <
+ +

Gi y :
n
2
+ (n + 1)
2
= 2n
2
+ 2n + 1 = 2n(n + 1) + 1
n
2
+ (n + 1)
2
2n(n + 1)
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
.
n (n 1) 2n(n 1) 2 n(n 1) 2 n n 1

< = =

+ + + + +

3.8
Chng minh rang vi moi so nguyen n 1.
1 3 2n 1 1
. ......
2 4 2n 2n 1

+

Gi y :
2
2
(2n 1) 2n 1
2n
4n

=
2
2
(2n 1) 2n 1
2n 1
4n 1

=
+

28
B. PHNG PHAP PHAN CHNG
Ta gia s bat ang thc phai chng minh sai, roi ket hp vi gia
thiet suy ra ieu o vo ly. ieu vo ly co the la trai vi gia thiet, co the la
ieu trai vi ieu ung, co the la hai ieu mau thuan nhau T o suy ra
bat ang thc phai chng minh la ung.
3.9
Cho ba so x, y, z thuoc khoang (0 ; 1). Chng minh rang co t nhat mot
trong ba bat ang thc sau ay la sai :
x(1 y) >
1
4
y(1 z) >
1
4
z(1 x) >
1
4

3.10
Cho bon so x, y, z, t thoa ieu kien : x + y = 2zt. Ch ng minh rang co t
nhat mot trong hai bat a ng thc sau ay la ung :
z
2
x t
2
y
3.11
Cho ba so x, y, z thoa ba ieu kien :
x + y + z > 0 xy + yz + zx > 0 xyz > 0
Chng minh rang ca ba so x, y, z eu la so dng.
Hng dan :
0ia su x O thi tu xv/ > O hai co x O
heu x O thi v/ O
0o : xv + v/ + /x > O ta co : xv + /x > v/ > O (do v/ O)
hav : x(v + /) > O
Ma x O nen : v + / O
0o do : x + v + / O
vo li, vav x > O (do x O), tuJnu tu : v > O ; / > O
3.12
Chng minh rang khong co ba so a, b, c nao ong thi thoa ba bat ang
thc :
|b c| > |a| |c a| > |b| |a b| > |c|
Hng dan :
0ia su co ba so a, b, c thoa ca ba bat danu thuc tren, the thi :

29
b c > a (b c)
2
> a
2
(a + b c)(c + a b) > O (1)
TuJnu tu :
(b + c a)(a + b c) > O (2) (c + a b)(b + c a) > O
(8)
Tu (1) (2) (8) suv ra :
(a + b c)(b + c a)(c + a b)|
2
> O
vo li, vav khonu co ba so a, b, c nao donu thJi thoa ba bat danu thuc
neu tren.
C. PHNG PHAP TRUY CHNG (QUY NAP TOAN HOC)
Cho mot bat ang thc phu thuoc vao so nguyen dng n. e chng minh
bat ang thc ung vi n n
0
, ta thc hien nh sau :
1. Kiem nghiem bat ang thc ung vi n = n
0

2. Gia s bat ang thc ung vi n = k (ta co gia thiet quy nap)
3. T o chng minh bat ang thc ung vi n = k + 1 (thay n = k + 1 roi
bien oi e ap dung gia thiet quy nap)
Ket luan bat ang thc ung vi moi n n
0

3.13
Cho so nguyen n 3, chng minh bat ang thc : 2
n
> 2n + 1
3.14
Vi nhng so nguye n dng n nao th bat ang thc sau ay ung :
2
n
> n
2

Hng dan :
Thu de thav :
vJi n = 1 thi bat danu thuc dunu
vJi n = 2, 8, 4 thi bat danu thuc khonu dunu
vJi n = 5 thi bat danu thuc dunu
0ia su bat danu thu c dunu vJi n = k (k / va k 5)
2
k
> k
2

Ta chunu minh bat danu thuc dunu vJi n = k + 1, nuhia la :
2
k + 1
> (k + 1)
2

Ta co :
2
k + 1
(k + 1)
2
= 2.2
k
k
2
2k 1 > 2k
2
k
2
2k 1
= (k 1)
2
2 O (vi k 5)
vav bat danu thuc dunu vJi n = 1 va n 5 (n /)

30
3.15
Cho so nguyen n 2, chng minh bat ang thc :
1 1 1 13
...
n 1 n 2 2n 24
+ + + >
+ +

3.16
Goi a, b, c la o dai ba canh mot tam giac vuong (a la o dai canh
huyen). Chng minh rang :
a
2n
b
2n
+ c
2n
(n N va n 1)
3.17
Chng minh rang vi moi gia tr cua a
2 2 2
a a ... a + + + |a| + 1
Ve trai co n dau
3.18
Cho so nguyen n 1, chng minh bat ang thc :
1 1 1
1 ... 2 n
2 3 n
+ + + + <
Hng dan :
Bat E la ve trai cua bat danu thuc :
vJi n = 1 ta co :
1 2 1 (bat danu thuc dunu)
0ia su bat danu thuc dunu vJi n = k, nuhia la :
E
k
2 k
Ta hai chunu minh bat danu thuc dunu vJi n = k + 1 nuhia la :
E
k + 1
2 k 1 +
That vav :
E
k + 1
2 k +
1
k 1 +
=
2 k. k 1 1
k 1
+ +
+

Ma theo bat danu thuc Cauchv vJi hai so khonu am thi :
2 k. k 1 + k + k + 1 = 2k + 1
E
k + 1

2k 1 1 2(k 1)
2 k 1
k 1 k 1
+ + +
= = +
+ +

vav bat danu thuc dunu vJi moi so nuuven n 1

31
4. VAN DUNG BAT ANG THC
E TM CC TR

Coi ham so f(x) co tap xac nh D :
1. k la gia tr ln nhat cua f(x) neu thoa c hai ieu kien :
a) f(x) k (k la hang so)
b) Co luc f(x) = k (ngha la co gia tr x
0
cua x e co ang thc)
K hieu : maxf(x) = k (tai x = x
0
)
2. k la gia tr nho nhat cua f(x) neu thoa c hai ieu kien :
a) f(x) k (k la hang so)
b) Co luc f(x) = k (ngha la co gia tr x
0
cua x e co ang thc)
K hieu : min f(x) = k (tai x = x
0
)
Nh vay muon tm cc tr (gia tr ln nhat hay nho nhat) cua mot ham
so f(x) tren tap xac nh D, ta phai thc hien hai bc :
Chng minh mot bat ang thc
Tm mot iem cua D sao cho ng vi iem o bat ang thc tr thanh
mot ang thc.
4.1
1. Tm gia tr nho nhat cua bieu thc :
A = (2x 1)
2
3|2x 1| + 3
2. Tm gia tr ln nhat cua bien thc :
B = -(x 1)
2
+ 2(|x 1| + 1)
Hng dan :
1. A = (2x 1
3
2
)
2
+
3
4

3
4
minA =
3
4
(tai x =
5
4
hoac x =
1
4
)
2. B = (x 1 1)
2
+ 8 8 maxB = 8 (tai x = 2 hoac x = O)
4.2
1. Tm gia tr nho nhat cua bieu thc :
A = x
4
4x
3
+ 10x
2
12x + 9
2. Tm gia tr ln nhat cua bieu thc :
B = (x
2
2x + 2)(2 + 4x 2x
2
)

32
Gi y :
1. A = (x
2
2x + 8)
2
= (x 1)
2
+ 2|
2
4
2. B = 2 + (x
2
2x)|.21 (x
2
2x)| = 2
2 2
9 1 9
(x 2x )
4 2 2

+

4.3
1. Tm gia tr nho nhat cua bieu thc : A = |x 3| + |x 5|
2. Tm so nguyen x e bieu thc :
B = |x 2| + |x 3| + |x 4| + |x 5|
co gia tr nho nhat.
4.4
Tm gia tr nho nhat cua bieu thc :
P = x
2
+ xy + y
2
3(x + y) + 5
Gi y :
F =
1
2
(x
2
+ v
2
+ 4 + 2xv 4x 4v) + (x
2
2x + 1) + (v
2
2v + 1) + 4|
4.5
E = xy(x 2)(y + 6) + 12x
2
24x + 3y
2
+ 18y + 36
Hng dan :
E = xv(x 2)(v + G) + 12x(x 2) + 8v(v + G) + 8G
= x(x 2)v(v + G) + 12| + 8v(v + G) + 12|
E = (x 1)
2
+ 2|(v + 8)
2
+ 8| 2.8 = G
4.6
Cho hai so x, y co to ng bang 1. Tm gia tr nho nhat cua bieu thc :
A = x
3
+ y
3
+ xy
Hng dan :
Tronu dieu kien : x + v = 1
A = x
2
+ v
2
ma 2(x
2
+ v
2
) (x + v)
2
= 1
min A =
1
2
(tai x = v =
1
2
)

33
4.7
Cho hai so x, y thoa ieu kien : x
2
+ y
2
= 1. Tm gia tr ln nhat cua :
A = x
6
+ y
6

Gi y :
Tronu dieu kien x
2
+ v
2
= 1, bien doi de co :
A = 1 8x
2
v
2
1
4.8
Cho phng trnh co hai an so x, y :
x
2
+ 3y
2
+ 2xy 10x 14y + 18 = 0
Tm x, y e tong x + y ln nhat ? Nho nhat ?
Gi y :
Bat huJnu trinh duJi danu : (x + v 5)
2
+ 2(v 1)
2
O = O
hen :
O 2(v 1)
2
= (x + v 5)
2
O
(x + v 5)
2
O x + v 5 8 2 x + v 8
4.9
A =
2 2
2
2
4 2
x 8 x 48
x x

+ + +

(vi x 0)
Gi y :
Bien doi bieu thuc tronu dau can thanh danu :
2
2 2
2 2
4 4
x 8 x 16
x x

+ + +

=
2 4
2
2
4 2
x 4 x
x x

+ =

4.10
1. Tm gia tr ln nhat cua phan thc : A =
2
8
x 2x 5 + +

2. Tm gia tr nho nhat cua phan thc : B =
2
3
4 2x x +

4.11
Tm gia tr nho nhat cua phan thc :
E =
2
2
4(x x 1)
(x 1)
+
(vi x 1)

34
Gi y :
E =
( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2
2
3x 6x 3 x 2x 1
x 1
3
x 1
x 1
+ + + +
+
= +

8
4.12
Tm gia tr ln nhat cua phan thc : E =
2
2
2x 4x 7
x 2x 2
+
+

Gi y :
x
2
2x + 2 = (x 1)
2
+ 1 O
E =
2 2
2 2 2
2x 4x 7 (2x 4x 4) 3 3
2 2 3 5
x 2x 2 x 2x 2 (x 1) 1
+ + +
= = + + =
+ + +

4.13
Tm gia tr ln nhat va nho nhat cua phan thc :
A =
2
2
x 1
x x 1
+
+

Gi y :
Cach 1 :
x
2
x + 1 =
2
1 3
x
2 4

+

O
A = 2
2
2
(x 1)
x x 1
+
2 A =
( )
2
2
2 (x 1)
3 3 x x 1
+
+
+

2
3

2
A 2
3

Cach 2 :
x
2
x + 1 =
2
1 3
x
2 4

+

O
Ta co :
A(x
2
x + 1) = x
2
+ 1 (A 1)x
2
Ax + (A 1) = O
heu A = 1 thi x = O
heu A 1 thi = 8A
2
+ 8A 4
8A
2
+ 8A 4 O 8A
2
8A + 4 O
2
3
A 2

35
4.14
1. Cho hai so dng x, y thoa ieu kien : x + y = xy
Tm gia tr nho nhat cua bieu thc : A = x + y
2. Cho a 4, tm gia tr ln nhat cua bieu thc : B =
a 4
2a

Hng dan :
1. x > O, v > O : x + v 2 xy
hav : xv 2 xy (xv)
2
4xv xv 4
A = x + v 4
minA = 4 (tai x = v = 2)
2. a 4
B =
(a 4).4 a 4 2 a 4
2a 4a 4a

= =
a 4 4 1
2.4a 8
+
=
maxA =
1
8
(tai a = 8)
4.15
Cho hai so dng x, y co tong bang 1. Tm gia tr nho nhat cua :
E =
2 2
1 1
1 1
x y

Hng dan :
Tronu dieu kien x, v > O va x + v = 1 bien doi E thanh danu :
E =
2
1
xy
+
Mat khac do x + v = 1 va xv > O tim duJc :
1
xy
4
min E = O (tai x = v =
1
2
)
4.16
1. Cho x > 0, tm gia tr nho nhat cua : A =
2
8x 2
x
+

2. Tm gia tr ln nhat cua : B = 16x
3
x
6
vi 0 x 2
3
2
4.17
Cho hai so dng x, y thoa ieu kien xy = 216. Tm gia tr nho nhat cua
bieu thc :

36
E = 6x + 4y
4.18
Tm gia tr cua x e bieu thc :
A =
2 2
2
(x 2x 3)(x 2x 9)
x 2x 1
+ + + +
+ +
(vi x -1)
at gia tr nho nhat.
Gi y :
Bien doi roi van dunu bat danu thuc Cauchv :
A =
( )
( )
2
2
4 2
2 2
(x 1) 2 x 1 8
(x 1) 10(x 1) 16
(x 1)
x 1

+ + + +
+ + + +

=
+
+

=
2
2
16
(x 1) 10
(x 1)
+ + +
+
2
2
2
16
(x 1) . 10 18
(x 1)
+ + =
+

(x + 1)
2
=
2
16
(x 1) +

x 1
x 3
=

4.19
Tm gia tr ln nhat cua bieu thc : E = |x|
2
1 x (vi 1 x 1)
Gi y :
E = x
2 2 2
1 x x (1 x ) =
2 2
x (1 x ) 1
2 2
+
=
4.20
Tm gia tr ln nhat va nho nhat cua bieu thc :
A = 1 x 1 x + + (vi 1 x 1)
Gi y :
A
2
= 1 + x + 2
2
1 x + 1 x = 2 + 2
2
1 x
Ma theo bat danu thuc Cauchv, thi :
1 + x + 1 x 2 (1 x)(1 x) + O 2 2
2
1 x O
4 2 + 2
2
1 x 2 hav 2 A
2
4 2 A 2
4.21
Cho ba so dng x, y, z thoa ieu kien : x + y + z = xyz . Tm gia tr nho
nhat cua :
E = xyz

37
Gi y :
van dunu bat danu thuc Cauchv cho ba so duJnu x, v, / :
E = xv/ = x + v + / 8
3
xyz =
3
3 E
E
8
27E E
2
27 E 8 3
4.22
Cho bon so dng x, y, z, t tho a ieu kien : 2x + xy + z + yzt = 1. Tm gia
tr ln nhat cua :
E = x
2
y
2
z
2
t
Gi y :
van dunu bat danu thuc Cauchv cho bon so duJnu : 2x, xv, /, v/t
2x + xv + / + v/t 4
4
2x.xy.z.yzt
hav 1
2 2 2
4
4 2x y z t 2x
2
v
2
/
2
t
4
1 1
4 256
=
E = x
2
v
2
/
2
t
1
512

4.23
Tm gia tr nho nhat cua bieu thc : P = x
100
10x
10
+ 10
Gi y :
F = x
1OO
1Ox
1O
+ 1O = x
1OO
+ O x
1O
+ 1
Tronu do :
x
1OO
+ O = x
1OO
+
9 so 1
1 1 .... 1

+ + +

1O
100
10
9 so 1
x .1.1....1
.
= 1Ox
1O

hen :
F 1Ox
1O
1Ox
1O
+ 1 = 1
min F = 1 (tai x = 1)
4.24
Cho xy + yz + zx = 1, tm gia tr nho nhat cua bieu thc :
A = x
4
+ y
4
+ z
4

Gi y :
van dunu lien tie hai lan bat danu thuc Schwart/ se co :
A = x
4
+ y
4
+ z
4

1
3

38
4.25
Cho bieu thc : E =
2 2 2
x 1 2x 4 21 3x + + +
1. Tm ieu kien cua bien so x e E co ngha.
2. Tm gia tr ln nhat cua E va gia tr tng ng cua x.
Hng dan :
7 x 2 hoac 2 x 7
E
2
=
( )
2
2 2 2
x 1 2x 4 21 3x + + +
(1
2
+ 1
2
+ 1
2
)(x
2
+ 1 + 2x
2
4 + 21 8x
2
) = 54
hen E 54 :
max E = 54 (tai x = 5 )
4.26
Cho bon so x, y, z, t thoa ieu kien :
1 1 1 1 1
x x y y z z t t
4 4 4 4 2

+ + +

Tm gia tr ln nhat va nho nhat cua : E = x + y + z + t
Hng dan
Bieu kien da cho tuJnu duJnu vJi :
4(x
2
+ v
2
+ /
2
+ t
2
) (x + v + / + t) + 2 (1)
van dunu bat danu thuc Schwart/ ta co :
(x + v + / + t)
2
4(x
2
+ v
2
+ /
2
+ t
2
) (2)
Tu (1) va (2) :
(x + v + / + t)
2
(x + v + / + t) + 2
hav
E
2
E + 2 E
2
E 2 O (E + 1)(E 2) O 1 E 2
a) maxE = 2 (tai x = v = / = t =
1
2
)
b) minE = 1 (tai x = v = / = t =
1
4
)

39
4.27
Tm gia tr nho nhat va ln nhat cua x sao cho thoa he ieu kien :
2 2 2 2
x a b c 7
x a b c 13
+ + + =
+ + + =

vi a, b, c la cac tham so.
Hng dan :
a + b + c = 7 x a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 18 x
2

van dunu bat danu thuc Schwart/ ta co :
(a + b + c)
2
(1
2
+ 1
2
+ 1
2
)(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
hav (7 x)
2
8(18 x
2
)
2x
2
7x + 5 O (x 1)(2x 5) O 1 x
5
2

a) x = 1 khi a = b = c = 2
b) x =
5
2
khi a = b = c =
3
2

4.28
Cho hai so dng x, y thoa ieu kien x + y = 1.
Tm gia tr nho nhat cua bieu thc : E = 8(x
4
+ y
4
) +
1
xy

Hng dan :
x > O ; v > O ; x + v = 1
van dunu bat danu thuc Cauchv :
x + v 2 xy hav 1 2 xy
1
xy
4 (1)
van dunu lien tie bat danu thuc Schwart/ :
1
2
= (x + v)
2
(1
2
+ 1
2
)(x
2
+ v
2
)
1
2
(x
2
+ v
2
)
2
1
2

(x
2
+ v
2
)
2
(1
2
+1
2
)(x
4
+ v
4
)
1
8
x
4
+v
4
8(x
4
+ v
4
) 1 (2)
Tu (1) va (2) :
8(x
4
+ v
4
) +
1
xy
1 + 4 = 5
Banu thuc xav ra khi va chi khi x = v =
1
2

max E = 5 (tai x = v =
1
2
)

40
4.29
Tren mat phang toa o Oxy cho parabol (P) bieu dien ham so y = f(x) =
x
2
va iem A(3 ; 0) . Goi M la mot iem thuoc (P) co hoanh o x
0
. Tnh
x
0
e o dai oan thang AM nho nhat.
Gi y :
AM
2
= x
A
x
M
2
+ v
A
v
M
2
= x
O
4
+ x
O
2
Gx
O
+ O
= (x
2
1)
2
+ 8(x
O
1)
2
+ 5 5
min AM = 5 (tai x
O
= 1 ; v
O
= 1)
4.30
Tren mat phang toa o Oxy cho parabol (P) bieu dien ham so
y = f(x) = -
2
x
4
va iem A(0 ; -2). Goi (d) la ng thang qua A va co he
so goc k. Chng to (d) luon luon cat (P) tai hai iem phan biet M va N.
Tnh k e o dai oan MN nho nhat.
Gi y :
FhuJnu trinh hoanh do uiao diem cua (F) va (d) :
x
2
+ 4kx 8 = O = 4k
2
+ 8 8
Mat khac :
Mh
2
= x
M
x
h
2
+ v
M
v
h
2
= x
M
x
h
2
2
M N
M N
y y
1
x x

+

Tronu do :
(x
M
x
h
)
2
= (x
M
+ x
h
)
2
4x
M
x
h
= (4k)
2
4.(8) = 1G(k
2
+ 2)
va :
M N
M N
y y
k
x x

hen : Mh
2
= 1G(k
2
+ 2)(1 + k
2
) 82 Mh 4 2
min Mh = 4 2 (tai k = O)
4.31
Cho parabol (P) bieu dien ham so y = f(x) =
2
x
4
va hai iem A va B tren
(P) co hoanh o lan lt la 2 va 4.
1. Vet phng trnh ng thang AB
2. Tm iem M tren cung AB cua (P) tng ng vi x [-2 ; 4] sao
cho tam giac MAB co dien tch ln nhat.
Hng dan :
1. FhuJnu trinh duJnu thanu AB :

41
v =
1
2
x + 2
2. 0oi M (x
O
;
2
0
x
4
) la tie diem cua
tie tuven (d) cua (F) sonu sonu vJi AB
:
x
O
2 ; 4| .
FhuJnu trinh cua (d) : v =
1
2
x + k
FhuJnu trinh hoanh do uiao diem cua
(F) va (d) : x
2
2x 4k = O
0o (d) tie xuc vJi (F) nen = O
1 + 4k = O k =
1
4

FhuJnu trinh cua tie tuven (d) : v =
1 1
x
2 4

Toa do tie diem M : (x
O
= 1 ; v
O
=
1
4
)
Mat khac (F) J hia tren (d), thuc vav :
2
x
4

1 1
x
2 4
x
2
2x + 1 O (x 1)
2
O (Bat danu thuc dunu)
Suv ra khoanu cach tu M den AB la lJn nhat, do do dien tich tam uiac MAB
lJn nhat; khi M co toa do :
M (x
O
= 1 ; v
O
=
1
4
)
4.32
1. Cho ba so dng a, b, c co tong la hang so. Tm a, b, c sao cho ab + bc
+ ca d0at gia tr ln nhat.
2. Gia s rang gia ban cua vien kim cng (hot xoan) t le vi bnh
phng khoi lng cua no. Khi em mot vien kim cng cat thanh ba
phan va van ban vi gia nh tren (ung t le tren) th tong so tien thu
c tang hay giam va trong trng hp chia cat nao th s sai biet ve gia
la ln nhat :
Hng dan :
1. Ta co :

42
2 2
2 2
2 2
a b 2ab
b c 2bc
c a 2ca
+
+

2(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) 2(ab + bc + ca)
hav a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
ab + bc + ca
Mat khac :
(a + b + c)
2
= a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2(ab + bc + ca) 8(ab + bc + ca)
hen :
ab + bc + ca
2
(a b c)
3
+ +

max(ab + bc + ca) =
2
(a b c)
3
+ +
(tai a = b = c)
2. 0oi S la khoi luJnu vien kim cuJnu bi cat thanh cac khoi a, b, c ; A la
uia tri ban cua S; x, v, / lan luJt la uia ban cua a, b, c :
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
A x y z x y z A (x y z)
S a b c a b c S (a b c )
+ + + +
= = = = =
+ + + +

=
2 2 2 2
A (x y z) A (x y z)
(a b c) (a b c ) 2(ab bc ca)
+ + + +
=
+ + + + + +

hen uia bi uiam :
A (x + v + /) =
2
2A
S
(ab + bc + ca)
Ma theo ket uua cau (1) thi : ab + bc + ca
2
(a b c)
3
+ +

hen :
A (x + v + /) =
2
2
2A S 2A
.
S 3 3
=
0iam uia lJn nhat khi : a = b = c nuhia la khi vien kim cuJnu duJc cat
thanh ba han banu nhau.

43
Co nhng phng trnh ta co the th trc tiep e thay nghiem cua
chung roi dung tnh chat cua bat ang thc e chng minh c
ngoai nghiem nay ra phng trnh khong con nghiem nao khac na.
oi vi nhng phng trnh co dang f(x)= k (hang) ma ta chng
minh c f(x) k hoac f(x) k th nghiem cua phng trnh la cac
gia tr cua x lam cho co ang thc f(x) = k.
oi vi nhng phng trnh co dang f(x) = g(x) ma ta luon co
f(x) k (hang) va g(x) k th nghiem cua phng trnh la cac gia tr
cua x ong thi co cac ang thc : f(x) = k va g(x) = k.
Ta cung co the van dung cac bat ang thc quen thuoc (Cauchy ,
Schwartz ) e giai phng trnh .
5. VAN DUNG BAT ANG THC E GIAI PHNG
TRNH VA HE PHNG TRNH
5.1
Giai phng trnh : x x x x x 2 4 ) 1 )( 3 ( 2 1 3 = + + + +
Hng dan :
Bieu kien : x 1
0o he thu huJnu trinh co nuhiem : x = 1
heu x > 1 thi : ve trai > 2 va ve hai 2.
FhuJnu trinh co nuhiem duv nhat x =1.
5.2
Chng to phng trnh sau a y vo nghiem :
x
8
x
5
+ x
2
x + 1 = 0
Hng dan :
heu x O thi : x
8
x
5
+ x
2
x + 1 > O
heu O x 1 thi : (x
2
x
5
) + (1 x) + x
8
> O
heu 1 x thi : (x
8
x
5
) + (x
2
x) + 1 > O
5.3
Giai phng trnh : 8 1 2 2 23
3 2
= + + + x x x

44
Hng dan :
Bieu kien de huJnu trinh co nuhia : x 1
Thav x = 2 . ta nhan thav 2 la nuhiem cua huJnu trinh .
heu 1 x 2 thi : ve trai 8
heu x > 2 thi : ve trai > 8
5.4
Giai phng trnh : (x
2
+ 10x + 8)
2
= (8x + 4)(x
2
+ 8x + 7)
Hng dan :
FhuJnu trinh co the viet duJi danu :
(x
2
+ 8x + 7) + (2x + 1)|
2
= 4(x
2
+ 8x + 7)(2x + 1).
0o hanu bat danu thuc : (A + B)
2
4AB. Banu thuc xav ra khi va chi
khi A = B . Ta co :
(x
2
+ Ox + 7) + (2x + 1)|
2
4(x
2
+ 8x + 7)(2x + 1)
x
2
+ 8x + 7 = 2x + 1 x
2
+ Gx + G = O
=
+ =
3 3
3 3
x
x

5.5
Giai phng trnh :
3 3 8 4 19 8 5 4
2 2 2
+ = + + + + + + + x x x x x x
Gi y :
2 3 1 4 ) 2 ( 3 ) 4 ( 1 ) 2 (
2 2 2
+ + + + + + + + + x x x
2
2
(x 2) 0 x 2
x 4
(x 4) 0
+ = =

=
=

x
5.6
Giai phng trnh : 3 2
6 4
4
2
2
+ + =
+
y y
x x

Gi y :
2
2 ) 2 (
4
2

+ x
(v + 1)
2
+ 2 2
(x = 2 ; v = 1)

45
5.7
Giai phng trnh :
2 4 2
3x 6x 12 5x 10x 9 + + + + = 3 4 x 2x
2

Gi y :
2 2
3(x 1) 9 5(x 1) 4 + + + + 8 + 2 = 5
8 4x 2x
2
= 5 2(x + 1)
2
5 x = 1
5.8
Giai phng trnh :
2 2 4 2
2 4 14 10 5 19 6 3 x x x x x x + = + + + + +
Gi y :
9 ) 1 ( 5 16 ) 1 ( 3
2 4 2
+ + + + + x x 2 + 8 = 5
4 + 2x x
2
= 5 (x 1)
2
5
FhuJnu trinh vo nuhiem
5.9
Giai phng trnh : (x
2
6x + 11)(y
2
+ 2y + 4) = 2 + 4z z
2

Gi y :
(x 8)
2
+ 2|(v + 1)
2
+ 8| 2.8 = G
2 + 4v /
2
= G (/ 2)
2
G
(x = 8 ; v = 1 ; / = 2)
5.10
1. Tm tat ca cac cap so (x , y) thoa phng trnh :
10x
2
+ 5y
2
2xy 38x 60y + 41 = 0
2. Tm nghiem dng cua phng trnh :
x(x + 1)
2
+ y(y + 1)
2
= 8xy
Hng dan :
1. 0oi (x
O
; v
O
) la ca so hai tim. viet huJnu trinh duJi danu bac hai
cua x :
1Ox
O
2
2(v
O
+ 1O)
2
x + (5v
O
2
Gv
O
+ 41) = O
Bieu kien de huJnu trinh co nuhiem : O
= 4Ov
O
2
+ O8v
O
4O = 4O(v
O
1)
2

4O(v
O
1)
2
O (v
O
1)
2
O (v
O
1)
2
= O v
O
= 1
Tim duJc : x
O
= 2
vav : (x
O
= 2 ; v
O
= 1)
2. van dunu hanu bat danu thuc : (a + 1)
2
4a
(x + 1)
2
4x nen x(x + 1)
2
4x
2

46
(v + 1)
2
4v nen v(v + 1)
2
4v
2

Ta co : x(x + 1)
2
+ v(v + 1)
2
4(x
2
+ v
2
)
Ma : x
2
+ v
2
2xv nen x(x + 1)
2
+ v(v + 1)
2
8xv
Banu thuc xav ra khi va chi khi : x = v = 1
5.11
Giai phng trnh : x + y + z = 2( ) 2 1 + + z y x
Hng dan :
x O , v 1 , / 2 . van dunu bat danu thuc Cauchv :
+
+
+
1 ). 2 ( 2 1 ) 2 (
1 ). 1 ( 2 1 ) 1 (
1 . 2 1
z z
y y
x x
x + v + / 2 2 1 2 2 + + z y x
Tim duJc : (x = 1 ; v = 2 ; / = 8)
5.12
Giai phng trnh : (x
2
+ 1)(y
2
+ 2)(z
2
+ 8) = 32xyz
Vi x, y, z dng.
Hng dan :
+
+
+
8 . 2 8
2 . 2 2
1 . 2 1
2 2
2 2
2 2
z z
y y
x x
(x
2
+ 1)(v
2
+ 2)(/
2
+ 8) 82xv/
(x = 1 ; v = 2 ; / = 2 2 )
5.13
Giai phng trnh :
2 2
x x 1 x x 1 + + + + + = x
2
x + 2
Hng dan :
2 2
x x 1 (x x 1).1 + = +
2
x x 1 1
2
+ +

2 2
x x 1 ( x x 1).1 + + = + +
2
x x 1 1
2
+ + +

hen :
2 2
x x 1 x x 1 + + + + x + 1 hav x
2
x + 2 x + 1
x
2
2x + 1 O (x 1)
2
O (x 1)
2
= O x = 1

47
5.14
Giai phng trnh : x
2
+ 2x 1 = 2 ) 2 3 )( 1 (
2
+ x x x
Hng dan :
0o x
2
x + 1 > O nen 8x 2 O x
3
2

(x
2
x + 1) + (8x 2) 2 ( ) ) 2 3 ( 1
2
+ x x x
x
2
x + 1 = 8x 2 x
2
4x + 8 = O x = 1 hoac x = 8
5.15
Giai phng trnh :
x
2
y
2
+ 2x + 4y + 1 = 2 ) 2 4 )( 3 2 (
2 2
+ + + y y x x
Hng dan :
0o x
2
+ 2x + 8 = (x + 1)
2
+ 2 > O nen v
2
+ 4v 2 O
(x
2
+ 2x + 8) + (v
2
+ 4v 2) 2 ) 2 4 )( 3 2 (
2 2
+ + + y y y x
x
2
+ 2x + 8 = v
2
+ 4v 2 (x + 1)
2
+ 2 = 2 (v 2)
2

(x = 1 ; v = 2)
5.16
Giai phng trnh : 3 1 1 1
4 2
4 4
= + + + x x x
Hng dan :
1 x 1
2
1 1
1 . 1 1
4
+ +
+ = +
x
x x
2
1 1
1 . 1 1
4
+
=
x
x x
x x x x x + = + = 1 . 1 ) 1 )( 1 ( 1
4
4 2

2
1 1 x x + +

4 2
4 4
1 1 1 x x x + + + x x + + + 1 1 1
3
2
1 ) 1 (
2
1 ) 1 (
1 =
+
+
+ +
+
x x

= +
=
= +
x x
x
x
1 1
1 1
1 1

x = O

48
5.17
Giai phng trnh : 12x
2
+ 9 = 3
3 2 4
) 9 2 ( 25 + x x
Hng dan :
5x
2
+ 5x
2
+ (2x
2
+ O) 8
3 2 2 2
) 9 2 ( 5 . 5 + x x x
5x
2
= 2x
2
+ O x = 3
5.18
2
+ = + x x x x
Hng dan :
2 x 4, van dunu bat danu thuc Schwart/ :
( )
2
4 2 x x + (1
2
+ 1
2
)(x 2 + 4 x) = 4
x x + 4 2 2
Mat khac :
x
2
Gx + 11 = (x 8)
2

+ 2 2
=
=
0 ) 3 (
4 2
2
x
x x

x = 8
5.19
2
+ = + + x x x x
Gi y :
2 x G
( ) ( )( ) 16 6 2 1 1 6 2
2 2
2
= + + + + + x x x x
4 6 2 + + x x
x
2
Gx + 18 = (x 8)
2
+ 4 4
=
+
0 ) 3 (
1
6
1
2
2
x
x x

=
=
3
2
x
x
x
5.20
Giai phng trnh : x + 3 4 4 2
2 2
+ + = y y x
Gi y :
2 2 x
(x +
2
2 x )
2
(1
2
+ 1
2
)(x
2
+ 2 x
2
) = 4

49
x +
2
2 x 2
4v
2
+ 4v + 8 = (2v + 1)
2
+ 2 2
(x = 1 ; v =
2
1
)
5.21
Giai phng trnh : x 3 4 x 1 x 8 6 x 1 1 + + + =
Hng dan :
Bien doi ve trai (x 1)
(x 1) 4 x 1 4 (x 1) 6 x 1 9 1 + + + =

( ) ( )
2 2
x 1 2 x 1 3 1 + =
| x 1 2 | | x 1 3| 1 + =
| x 1 2 | | 3 x 1 | 1 + =
van dunu bat danu thuc : A + B A + B
(danu thuc xav ra khi va chi khi : AB O)
Ta co :
| x 1 2 | | 3 x 1 | + | x 1 2 3 x 1 | 1 + =
( )( )
x 1 2 3 x 1 O 5 x 1O
5.22
Giai phng trnh :
2 2 2 4 4 4
4 x 1 4x x y 2y 3 x 16 y 5 + + + + = +
Hng dan :
Bieu kien de huJnu trinh co nuhia :
2
4 2 2
4 x 0 (1) 1 4x 0 (2)
x 16 0 (3) x y 2y 3 0 (4)
+

Tu (8) : x
4
1G O (x
2
+ 4)(x
2
4) O x
2
4 O
hhunu theo (1) : 4 x
2
O x
2
4 O
hen : x
2
4 = O x = 2 hoac x = 2
Theo (2) thi x
1
4
, nen ta nhan : x = 2
Ta co :
2 4 4
0 9 (y 1) 0 y 5 + + = + v 1 = 2 v v =
3
2

vav : (x = 2 ; v =
3
2
)

50
5.23
Giai he phng trnh :
=
= +
xy yz x
xy z
4 1 2 1
2 1
2
2

Hng dan :
1
0o huJnu trinh thu nhat : xv
4
1
0o huJnu trinh thu hai : xv
4
nen xv =
4
1

=
= +
=
0 1
1 1
4
1
2
2
x
z
xy

= = =
= = =
0 z ; ;
; ;
4
1
1
0
4
1
1
y x
z y x

5.24
Giai he phng trnh :
= +
=
xy x
y xy
2
8 4
2
2

Hng dan :
0o xv 4 O nen : 8 v
2
O v 2 2
0o xv = x
2
+ 2 > O nen xv = x.v x.2 2
Suv ra :
x
2
+ 2 x.2 2 x
2
2x 2 + 2 O
(x 2 )
2
= O x = 2 hoac x = 2
(x = 2 ; v = 2 2 ) (x = 2 ; v = 2 2 )
5.25
Giai he phng trnh
2 2
2 2
2x y 4x 2y 1
3x 2y 6x 4y 5
+ + =

Hng dan :
2 2
2 2
2x y 4x 2y 1
3x 2y 6x 4y 5
+ + =

2 2
2 2
2(x 2x 1) (y 1)
3(x 2x 1) 2(y 1)
= +
= +

hen :

51
2
2
x 2x 1 0
x 2x 1 0

x
2
2x 1 = O
Ta co :
2
2
x 2x 1 0
(y 1) 0
=
+ =

x 1 2 , y -1
x 1 2 , y 1
= + =
= =

5.26
Giai he phng trnh
2
2
2
2zx y y 1 0
x 2xy 2z 0
x 4yz 2z 0
+ + + =
+ + =
+ + =

Hng dan :
0o huJnu trinh thu nhat :
2/x = (v
2
+ v + 1) =
2
1 3
y
2 4

+ +

O
hen :
/ O x O /x O (1)
0o huJnu trinh thu hai :
x(2v + 1) = 2/
2
O (do / O)
0o huJnu trinh thu ba :
2/(2v + 1) = x
2
O (do x O)
Suv ra : 2/x(2v + 1)
2
> O ma (2v + 1)
2
> O nen : /x > O (2)
hai dieu (1) va (2) mau thuan nhau, vav he huJnu trinh vo nuhiem.
5.27
Giai he phng trnh :
=
=
=
1
1
1
x z
z y
y x

Hng dan :
Ta co : x = y + 1 nen x > O , cunu vav v > O , / > O
Bia vi cua x, v, / nhu nhau, nen uia su : x v / > O
/ = x + 1 y + 1 = x vav / x
Suv ra : x = v = /
Tim duJc :
+
= = =
2
5 3
z y x

52
5.28
Tm so nguyen dng n va cac so dng x
1
, x
2
,, x
n
thoa cac ieu kien :
= + + +
= + + +
2
1
...
1 1
2 ...
2 1
2 1
n
n
x x x
x x x

Hng dan :
4 = n
x
x
x
x
x
x
n
n
2
1
...
1 1
2
2
1
1

+ + +
+ +
+
(do x + 2
1
x
vJi x > O)
2n 4 n 2
n = 1
=
=
2
1
2
1
1
x
x

x
1

n = 2
=
= +
= +
= +
1 .
2
2
1 1
2
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
x x
x x
x x
x x

x
1
= x
2
= 2
5.29
Giai he phng trnh :
=
+
=
+
=
+
x
z
z
z
y
y
y
x
x
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2

Hng dan :
he huJnu trinh co nuhiem : (x = O ; v = O ; / = O)
huoai ra he cho thav x>O ; v>O ; />O : v = x
x
x
x
x
=
+
2
2
1
2
2
2
2

(do1 + x
2
2x)
/ v x / v x / v
hen x = v = / . he huJnu trinh co hai nuhiem :
(x = v = / = O) (x = v = / = 1)

53
5.30
Giai he phng trnh :
= + +
= + +
xyz z y x
z y x
4 4 4
1

Gi y :
= = =
3
1
z y x
5.31
Giai he phng trnh :
( )
= +
= +
xy x y y x
xy x y y x
2 ) 1 ( 1
1 1

Hng dan :
x 1 , v 1 . van dunu bat danu thuc Cauchv :
2 2
1 ) 1 (
1 ). 1 (
y y
y =
+
nen
2
1 1
y
y

xy x y y x
x
x
y
y
+
1 1 1
1 1

(x = v = 2)
5.32
Giai he phng trnh
2
2 2
| xy | x 9
(2x y) 36 y
= +

Hng dan :
0o huJnu trinh thu nhat : x O ; v O
xv = x
2
+ O
2
2 x .9 hav x.v Gx v G (1)
Xet huJnu trinh thu hai, do (2x v)
2
O ta co :
8G v
2
O v
2
8G v G (2)
Tu (1) va (2) :
v = G v = G hoac v = G
hen : (2x v)
2
= O x =
y
2

vav :
(x = 8 ; v = G) (x = 8 ; v = G)

54
5.33
Giai he phng trnh :
=
= + +
1
3
3

xyz
x
z
z
y
y
x

Hng dan :
FhuJnu trinh thu nhat cho biet x, v, / cunu dau.
Ket hJ vJi huJnu trinh thu hai duJc : x > O ; v > O ; / > O
van dunu bat danu thuc Cauchv vJi ba so khonu am: (x = v = / = 1)
5.34
Giai he phng trnh :
3
x y 9
3x y 6
=
+ =

Hng dan :
0oi (x
O
; v
O
) la nuhiem neu co cua he huJnu trinh.
FhuJnu trinh thu nhat cho biet x
8
(do do x
O
) va v cunu dau.
Ket hJ vJi huJnu trinh thu hai ta co x
O
va v
O
deu duJnu
van dunu bat danu thuc Cauchv cho bon so duJnu :
8x
O
+ v
O
= x
O
+ x
O
+ x
O
+ v
O
4
3
4
0 0
x y
hav
G 4
4
9 8 2 3 O 12
Bat danu thuc khonu dunu, dieu nav cho thav he huJnu trinh vo
nuhiem.
5.35
Tm tat ca cac gia tr cua x, y thoa he :
+
+
1
1
3 5
2 4
y x
y x

Hng dan :
Tu x
4
+ v
2
1 ta co 1 x 1 va 1 v 1
heu x O thi do huJnu trinh thu hai v > 1 ( vo lv)
heu v O thi do huJnu trinh thu hai x > 1 (vo lv)
heu O x 1 va O v 1 thi : 1 x
4
+ v
2
x
5
+ v
8
1 (vo lv)
vav : x = O hoac x = 1
(x = O ; v = 1) (x = 1 ; v = O)

55
5.36
1. Tm tat ca cac so dng x, y thoa he :
1 4
3
x y
x y 3
+ =

2. Tm tat ca cac so dng x, y, z thoa he :
1 4 9
3
x y z
x y z 12
+ + =
+ +

Hng dan :
Van dung bat ang thc Schwartz :
1.
1 4
(x y)
x y

+ +

9
3
2
=

+ + +

2
1 2 1 4
. x . y (x y)
x y x y
9
ang thc xay ra khi va ch khi :
x y
1 2
x y 3
+ =
(x = 1 ; y = 2)
2.
1 4 9
(x y z)
x y z

+ + + +

36
6
2
=
2
1 2 3
. x . y z
x y z

+ +

1 4 9
(x y z)
x y z

+ + + +

36
ang thc xay ra khi va ch khi :
x y z
1 2 3
x y z 12
= =
+ + =
(x = 2 ; y = 4 ; z = 6)

56
6. VAI BAT ANG THC TRONG
HNH HOC PHANG
A. BAT ANG THC TRONG TAM GIAC QUY TAC BA
IEM.
1. Trong tam giac ABC ta co:
AC - AB < BC < AB + AC

ABC
ACB AC AB
2. Hai tam giac ABC va A
/
B
/
C
/
ma co :
AB = A
/
B
/
va AC = A
/
C
/

th : BC < B
/
C
/

A <
A
/

3. Vi ba ie m A, B, C ta luon co : AB + BC AC

6.1
Cho tam giac ABC va iem M thuoc mien trong tam giac nay. Chng
minh rang :
1. MB + MC < AB + AC
2. MA + MB + MC < AB + BC +AC < 2(MA + MB + MC)
6.2
1. Cho t giac ABCD co M va N lan lt la trung iem ca c canh oi
AB va CD. Chng minh : MN
2
BC AD+

2. Cho t giac ABCD co canh AB bang ng cheo AC. Chng minh
rang canh BC nho hn ng cheo BD.
6.3
Cho t giac ABCD co : AB + BD AC + CD
Chng minh : AB < AC
6.4
Cho tam giac ABC vi iem M thuoc canh BC (M khac B va C). Chng
minh bat ang thc : MA . BC < MB . CA + MC . AB
Hng dan
Tu M ke duJnu thanu sonu sonu vJi AB cat AC J h :
MN MC MC.AB NA MB MB.CA
MN NA
AB BC BC CA BC BC
= = = =

57
van dunu bat danu thuc tronu tam uiac doi tam uiac AMh.
MA Mh + hA hav MA
BC
CA . MB

BC
AB . MC
+
6.5
Cho tam giac ABC : phan giac cac goc A, B, C lan lt cat cac canh BC,
AC, AB tai D, E, F. Chng minh :
CF
1

BE
1

AD
1

AC
1

BC
1

AB
1
+ + < + +
Hng dan.
0ua B ke duJnu thanu sonu sonu vJi A0 cat AC J E : AE = AB
Boi vJi tam uiac can ABE : BE AB + AE hav BE 2AB
Boi vJi tam uiac BCE (do A0 // BF)
CE
CA

BE
AD
= ma CE = AE + AC = AB + AC
AC
AC) (AB AD
BE
AC AB
CA

BE
AD +
=
+
= ma BE 2AB
2AC
1
2AB
1

AD
1
+ >
6.6
Cho tam giac ABC co canh BC ln nhat. Tren tia oi cua tia CB lay
CD = CA. Chng minh goc BAD la goc tu.
6.7
Cho tam giac ABC vi trung tuyen AM
1. Chng minh rang :
Neu BC < 2MA th goc A la goc nhon.
Neu BC = 2MA th goc A la goc vuong.
Neu BC > 2MA th goc A la goc tu.
2. Phat bieu va chng minh phan ao.
6.8
Cho hnh thang ABCD (AB // BD) co :
>
BCD ADC
Chng minh : AC > BD
Lc giai
Tren canh 0C lav diem E sao cho ABE0
la hinh thanu can: AE = B0 (duJnu cheo
hinh thanu can).
Boi vJi tam uiac A0E thi
AECla uoc
nuoai:
>
ADE AEC (hav
ADC) (1)
Theo uia thiet :
>
BCD ADC (2)

58
Mat khac tia CA nam uiua hai tia CB va C0 nen :
>
ACE BCD (8)

Tu (1), (2), (8) ta co :
>
ACE AEC
hen doi vJi tam uiac ACE : AC > AE ma AE = B0 nen AC > B0.
6.9
Cho tam giac ABC (AB < AC) vi cac phan giac BD va CE cua cac goc
B va C. Trong tam giac ABD ke tia AF (F thuoc AC) sao
cho

=
ACE DBF . Goi G la giao iem cua BF va CE .

1. Chng minh :
CG
BD

CF
BF
=
2. Chng minh : BD < CE
6.10
Cho tam giac ABC (AB < AC) vi trung tuyen AM, lay iem D thuoc
oan thang AM . Chng minh :
1.
>
AMC AMB 2.
>
DCB DBC .
Hng dan
1. Xet hai tam uiac MAB va MAC , do : MA chunu,
MB = MC, AB AC nen :
>
AMC AMB .
2. Xet hai tam uiac M0B va M0C, do : M0 chunu
MB = MC
>
DMC DMB nen : 0B 0C

Tronu tam uiac 0BC, do : 0B 0C ta co
>
DCM DBM hav
>
DCB DBC
6.11
Cho tam giac can ABC (AB =AC). Tren tia oi cua tia BA lay iem M
va tren canh CA lay iem N sao cho BM = CN . So sanh chu vi hai tam
giac AMN va ABC. Nhan xet ?
6.12
1. Cho hnh bnh hanh ABCD co goc A tu. Ke hai ng cheo AC va
BD . Chng minh : AC < BD
2. Cho t giac MNPQ co ba goc M, N,Q tu. Ke hai ng cheo MP
va NQ . Chng minh : MP > NQ

59
B. NG VUONG GOC VA NG XIEN .
T iem M ngoai ng thang (d) ke ng thang vuong goc MH va
cac ng xien MA, MB (cac iem H, A, B thuoc (d)) th :
ng vuong goc la ng ngan nhat :
MA MH
Trong hai ng xien : ng ln hn (hay bang)
ng kia khi va ch khi no co hnh chieu tren (d) ln
hay (hay bang) hnh chieu cua ng kia .
MA MB HA HB
Trong tam giac vuong canh huyen ln hn moi canh goc vuong .

6.13
Cho tam giac ABC vuong goc tai A co canh huyen BC = 2. Ke ba trung
tuyen AM, BN, CP. Chng minh : 4 < AM + BN + CP < 5
6.14
Cho tam giac ABC vuong goc tai A vi ng cao AH. Tren canh huyen
BC lay iem M sao cho CM = CA. Tren canh AB lay iem N sao cho AN
= AH
1. Chng minh MN vuong goc vi AB.
2. Suy ra rang : Trong tam giac vuo ng tong o dai hai canh cua goc
vuong nho hn tong o dai canh huyen va ng cao tng ng.
6.15
Cho tam giac ABC vuong goc tai A (AB AC). Phan giac cua goc A cat
canh BC tai D. Ke BH va CK vuong goc vi ng thang AD tai H va K.
Chng minh : 2AD BH + CK BC
6.16
Cho tam giac ABC co ba goc nhon co trc tam H. Chng minh :
1. AB + AC > HA + HB + HC
2. 2(AB + BC + AC) > 3 (HA + HB + HC)
Hng dan
1. 0ua h ke duJnu thanu sonu sonu vJi AB cat AC tai M va duJnu thanu
sonu sonu vJi AC cat AB tai h.
hM hC hh hB
0o tinh chat duJnu vuonu uoc va duJnu xien :

60
MC > hC (1) hB > hB (2)
Boi vJi tam uiac AMh : AM + Mh > hA (8)
Tu (1), (2), (8) : MC + hB + AM + Mh >
hC + hB + hA ma Mh = Ah
hen : (Ah + hB) + (AM + MC) > hA + hB + hC
AB +AC > hA + hB + hC (4)
2. TuJnu tu : AC + BC > hA + hB + hC (5)
BC + AB > hA + hB + hC (G)
hen : 2(AB + BC + AC) > 8(hA + hB + hC)
6.17
Cho hnh vuong ABCD co o dai ng cheo la 1. Tren cac canh AB,
BC, CD, DA lay lan lt cac iem E, F, G, H. Ke EI vuong goc vi BD
tai I va EK vuong go c vi AC tai K.
1. Goi O la giao iem cua AC va BD, chng minh t giac EIOK la
hnh ch nhat, tnh chu vi hnh nay.
2. Chng minh chu vi t giac EFGH khong nho hn 2.
6.18
Cho hai ng tron (O ; R) va (O
/
; r) cat nhau tai A va B vi R r. Ke
tiep tuyen chung CD: C thuoc (O ; R) va D thuoc (O
/
; r). Goi I la giao
iem cua AB va CD, qua C ke ng thang song song vi AD va qua D
ke ng thang song song vi AC chung cat nhau tai E.
1. Chng minh ba ie m A, B, E thang hang.
2. Chng minh : BE > R + r
Hng dan
1. hai tam uiac donu danu AC va CB
cho : C
2
= A . B
hai tam uiac donu danu A0 va 0B cho
: 0
2
= A . B
Tu do la trunu diem cua C0. hai duJnu
cheo cua hinh binh hanh ACE0 cat nhau
tai trunu diem moi duJnu nuhia la tai .
BuJnu thanu AB cunu uua , vav ba diem
A, B, E thanu hanu.
2. 0oi h la uiao diem cua AB va 00
/
va uoi M la trunu diem cua 00
/

Ta co : AB 00
/
(tai ) AB = 2Ah
M la duJnu trunu binh cua hinh thanu 0C00
/
: M =
2
r R

2
D O OC
/
+
=
+

Ta co : BE = BA + AE = 2(hA + A) = 2h

61
Ma theo tinh chat duJnu vuonu uoc va duJnu xien : h M
hen : BE = 2h 2 M = R + r
Banu thuc xav ra khi va chi khi h trunu M nuhia la R =r, dieu nav trai
vJi uia thiet . vav : BE R + r
6.19
Cho tam giac ABC vuong tai A. ng tron tam O va ng knh AB va
ng tron tam O
/
ng knh AC con cat nhau tai D. Goi M la iem
chnh gia cua cung nho CD, tia AM cat cung AD cua ng tron tam O
tai N.
1. Chng minh ba iem O, O
/
, N thang hang
2. Chng minh :
2 / 2 2
1 1 1

OA O A AN
+
C. BAT ANG THC TRONG NG TRON .
Cho ng tron tam O ng knh AB vi hai day cung MN va PQ. Ke
OH vuong goc vi MN (tai H) va OI vuo ng goc vi PQ (tai I).
ng knh AB la day cung ln nhat.
oi vi hai day khong bang nhau, day ln hn
khi va ch khi co khoang cach en tam nho hn :
MN > PQ OH < OI
oi vi hai cung nho : cung ln hn khi va ch khi
day cang cung o l n hn :

PQ MN > : MN > PQ

6.20
Cho na ng tron tam O ng knh AB vi hai day cung AC va AD
cua na ng tron nay. T iem M bat k tren na ng tron ke MH
vuong goc vi AC ta i H va MK vuong goc vi AD tai K.
Chng minh : HK AB
6.21
Cho ng tron tam O va iem M thuoc mien trong ng tron nay. Qua
M ke day AB vuong goc vi OM va day CD bat k. Ke ban knh OP qua
M va ban knh OQ vuong goc vi CD tai H. Chng minh :
1. AB < CD 2. MP < HQ 3. AP < CQ

62
6.22
Cho ng tron tam O v i hai day AB va CD : AB > CD. Biet rang hai
ng thang AB va CD cat nhau tai iem M mien ngoai ng tron.
Goi H va K lan lc la trung iem cac day AB va CD.
1. Chng minh :

OMH OMK <
2. Chng minh : MH > MK
6.23
Tren day cung AB cua ng tron tam O co hai ie m C va D chia day
nay thanh ba phan bang nhau : AC = CD = DB. Ke cac ban knh OE qua
C va OF qua D
1. Chng minh :

AE BF =
2. Chng minh : AE < EF
6.24
Cho ng tron tam O va iem A ngoai ng tron nay. Ke hai cat
tuyen ABC va ADE sao cho BC > DE va hai tiep tuyen AF va AG (F va
G la hai tiep iem) biet rang hai iem B va F trong cung mot na mat
phang b la ng thang OA. ng tron tam O ban knh OA con cat
hai cat tuyen ABC va ADE lan lt tai M va N, cat hai cat tuyen AF va
AG tai P va Q.
1. So sanh o dai hai oan thang : AP va AQ, AM va AN.
2. So sanh hai goc MAP va NAQ.
Lc giai.
1. 0F AF (tai F);00 A0 (tai0) ma 0F = 00 nen : AF = A0.
Ke 0h BC (tai h); 0K 0E (tai K) ma BC > 0E ( uia thiet) nen:
0h 0K. Boi vJi duJnu tron lJn : 0h 0K AM > Ah
2. 0o tinh chat hai tie tuven cat nhau: :
<
OAQ OAP (1)

hai tam uiac 0AM va 0Ah co :
0A chunu; 0M = 0h; AM > Ah nen :

> AON AOM
Boi vJi cac tam uiac can 0AM va 0Ah do

> AON AOM , nen : OAM OAN

< (2)
Tu (1) va (2) :

OAM OAP
< OAN OAQ hav :

> NAQ MAP

63
6.25
Cho hnh vuong ABCD co hai ng cheo AC va BD cat nhau tai O. Goi
E, F, G lan lt la trung iem cua CD, OB, OD.
1. Chng minh hai tam giac OAF va GFE bang nhau.
2. Chng minh bon iem A, D, E, F thuoc cung mo t ng tron ,
suy ra AE > DF
D. VAN DUNG CAC BAT ANG THC AI SO
oi vi cac bat ang thc hnh hoc , trong nhieu trng hp ngoai viec s
dung cac tnh chat cua bat ang thc ai so ta con co the dung cac bat
ang thc ai so quen thuoc ke t hp vi cac kien thc hnh hoc e chng
minh. Khi can van dung mot bat a ng thc co dang la, nhat thiet phai
chng minh lai xem nh mot bo e.
6.26
Cho hai hnh ch nhat co chu vi bang nhau.
Hnh th nhat co kch thc hai canh la a va b (vi a > b).
Hnh th hai co kch thc hai canh la c va d (vi c > b).
Biet rang : a b > c d.
Chng minh dien tch hnh th nhat nho hn dien tch hnh th hai.
6.27
1. Chng minh bat ang thc : 3(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) (x + y + z)
2

2. Cho tam giac ABC co o dai ba canh la : BC = a, CA = b, AB = c.
Goi p la na chu vi tam giac, chng minh :
3p c p b p a p + +
6.28
Cho tam giac ABC co o dai ba canh la a, b, c (vi a b c). Goi h
a
, h
b
,
h
c
lan lt la ba chieu cao tng ng vi ba canh nay. Chng minh :
c
h
a
h
b
h
c
h
a
h
b
h
a
h
c
h
c
h
b
h
b
h
a
h
+ + + +
6.29
Cho tam giac ABC co dien tch S : o dai ba canh la BC = a, CA = b,
AB = c; o dai ba ng cao tng ng v i ba canh a, b, c lan lt la h
a
,
h
b
, h
c.
Goi r
a
, r
b
, r
c
la n lt la ban knh cac ng tron bang tiep trong cac
goc A, B, C. Chng minh : r
a
+ r
b
+ r
c

h
a
+ h
b
+ h
c

64
Gi y :
van dunu bat danu thuc :
+ +
+
c
1
b
1
a
1
2
c p
1
b p
1
a p
1
da duJc
chunu minh J bai ta 1.82.
6.30
1. Chng minh dien tch mot tam giac khong ln hn na tch so o
hai canh.
2. Cho hnh ch nhat ABCD co dien tch S. Goi M la mot iem
mien trong hnh ch nhat nay. Chng minh : S MA . MC + MB . MD
Hng dan
2. Lav diem h J mien nuoai hinh chu nhat ABC0 sao cho :
hC = MA, h0 = MB. hai tam uiac hC0 va MAB
banu nhau nen :
S (hC0) = S (MAB).
Ta co : S = 2 ( ) ( ) [ ] MAB S MCD S +
= 2 ( ) ( ) [ ] NCD S MCD S +
= 2 S(CM0h) = 2 ( ) ( ) [ ] DMN S CMN S + .
Tronu do : S (CMh)
2
1
hC . MC =
2
1
MA . MC
S (0Mh)
2
1
h0 .M0 =
2
1
MB . M0
hen : S 2 (
2
1
MA . MC +
2
1
MB . M0) hav S MA . MC + MB . M0
6.31
Cho tam giac ABC vuong goc tai A vi ng cao AH. Tren canh AB lay
iem M va tren canh AC lay iem N sao cho : AM = AN = AH. ng
thang MN cat tia phan giac cu a cac go c BAH va HAC lan lt tai O va
O
/
. Goi S va S
1
lan lt la dien tch cac tam giac ABC va AMN
1. Chng minh O va O
/
lan lt la tam ng tron noi tiep cac tam
giac ABH va HAC.
2. Chng minh : S 2S
1
.
6.32
Cho tam giac ABC vuong goc tai A : BC = a, CA = b, AB = c vi ng
cao AH = h. Goi R va r lan lt la ban knh ng tron ngoai tiep va noi
tiep tam giac ABC.
1. Chng minh : b + c = 2 (R + r) va
r 2 1
a 2

65
2. Chng minh :
2
1
h
r
5
2
<
6.33
Cho tam giac eu ABC : tren canh BC lay iem D, tren canh CA lay
iem E va tren canh AB lay iem F (F khac A) sao cho :
DFE = 60
0
.
Chng minh : AE . BD
4
AB
2
. ang thc xay ra khi nao ?
6.34
Cho ng tron tam I ban kinh r noi tiep tam gia c ABC. Chng minh bat
ang thc : IA + IB +IC 6r
6.35
Cho mot hnh vuong va mot tam giac co dien tch bang nhau. Hnh nao
co chu vi ln hn ?
Hng dan
0oi x la canh hinh vuonu ; a, b,
c la do dai ba canh tam uiac
va h la do dai duJnu cao tuJnu
unu vJi canh a. 0ien tich hai
hinh lan luJt la :
S = x
2
S =
2
1
ah
0o tinh chat duJnu vuonu uoc va duJnu xien : b h c h
hen: b + c > 2h (do hai danu thuc b=h va c=h khonu donu thJi xav ra)
Ta co : a+ b + c > a + 2h
van dunu bat danu thuc Cauchv vJi hai so duJnu a va 2h
a + 2h S 4 4S 2 a.2h 2 = = = 4x
Suv ra : a+ b + c > 4x
6.36
Chng minh rang trong tam giac ABC : sin
2
A

AB.AC 2
BC

6.37
Cho ng tron tam O vi hai dng knh vuong goc AB va CD. Lay
iem M bat k tren cung AC, noi MD cat AB E ; noi MB ca t CD F.
1. Chng minh : hai tam giac AED va MAD ong dang ; cung vay oi
vi hai tam giac OED va MCD.
2. Chng minh : 2
CF
OF
AE
OE
+

66
6.38
Cho tam giac ABC co dien tch S. Goi M la mot iem trong tam giac
nay. Qua M ke ba ng thang: ng th nhat song song vi AB cat BC
D va cat CA E, ng th hai song song vi BC cat AB F va cat CA
G, ng th ba song song vi CA cat AB H va cat BC I. Goi S
1
, S
2
,
S
3
lan lt la dien tch cac tam giac MGE, MHF va MDI. Ch ng minh :
1. S = ( )
2
3 2 1
S S S + + 2. S 3(S
1
+ S
2
+ S
3
)
Hng dan
1. Cac tu uiac MEAh, MFB0, MC0 deu la hinh binh hanh.
hai tam uiac donu danu ME0 va ABC cho :
2
1 1
S S EG EG
(1)
S AC AC S

= =

TuJnu tu :
2
S HM
(2)
AC S
=
AC
GC
S
S
3
= (8)
Tu (1), (2), (8) : 1
AC
AC
AC
GC
AC
AE
AC
EG

S
S
S
S
S
S
3 2 1
= = + + = + +
hen : S S S S
3 2 1
= + + hav S = ( )
2
3 2 1
S S S + +
2. van dunu bat danu thuc Schwart/ :
S = ( )
2
3 2 1
S S S + + (1
2
+ 1
2
+1
2
) (S
1
+ S
2
+ S
8
)
hav : S 8(S
1
+ S
2
+ S
8
)

67
7. VAI BAI TOAN TM CC TR
TRONG HNH HOC.

1. Bai toan tm cc tr trong hnh hoc.
Xet tap hp cac hnh co chung mot tnh chat, ta phai tm mot hnh ma
mot ai lng nao o cua hnh nay (o dai oan thang, so o goc, so o
dien tch) at mot gia tr nho nhat hay ln nhat. Bai toan nh vay c
goi la bai toan tm cc tr trong hnh hoc.
2. Cach giai
Ta thng giai theo mot trong hai hng sau ay :
A. Cach 1
Thay ieu kien cua ai lng can tm cc tr bang cac ieu kien tng
ng khac. T o i en viec xac nh v tr cua cac iem tai o ai
lng at cc tr (ieu kien xay ra ang thc).
B. Cach 2
Ch ra mot hnh trong tap hp cac hnh roi chng minh moi hnh khac
trong tap hp nay co yeu to nho hn hay ln hn yeu to tng ng cu a
hnh a c ch ra.
C. Ghi chu
Trong nhieu bai toan tm cc tr trong hnh hoc.
Ta con dung cac kie n thc ve ai so hay ve dien tch.
Cung co khi ta thay viec tm gia tr ln nhat cua ai lng nay bang
viec tm gia tr nho nhat cua mot ai lng khac hay ngc lai.

7.1
Coi tap hp cac tam giac ABC vuong go c tai A co tong o dai hai canh
goc vuong : AB + AC = k la mot ha ng so. Tm tam giac co chu vi nho
nhat ?
Lc giai
Chu vi tam uiac ABC : AB + AC + BC
Tronu do AB + AC = k (hanu) nen chu vi tam
uiac ABC nho nhat khi va chi khi canh huven
BC nho nhat
Bat AB =
2
k
+ x thi AC =
2
k
x, van dunu dinh li Fitauo :

68
BC
2
= AB
2
+ AC
2
= (
2
k
+ x)
2
+ (
2
k
x)
2
=
2
k
2
+ 2x
2

2
k
2

Banu thuc xav ra khi va chi khi : x = O nuhia la AB + AC =
2
k

vav tronu ta hJ cac tam uiac ABC vuonu uoc tai A co tonu do dai hai
canh uoc vuonu la hanu so thi tam uiac vuonu can co chu vi nho nhat.
7.2
Cho goc nhon xOy va iem M thuoc mien trong goc nay. Mo t ng
thang (d) qua M cat cac tia Ox, Oy lan lt tai A va B. Xac nh v tr cua
(d) e :
MB
1
MA
1
+ at gia tr ln nhat.
Lc giai
0ua 0 ke duJnu thanu sonu sonu vJi duJnu thanu (d) va uua M ke duJnu
thanu sonu sonu vJi 0x. Chunu cat nhau tai h, tu uiac 0BMh la hinh
binh hanh nen : 0h = MB.
0oi la uiao diem cua Mh va 0v. 0o M la diem co dinh va Mh sonu
sonu vJi 0x nen la diem co dinh.
0ua ke duJnu thanu sonu sonu vJi (d) cat
0M tai J.
van dunu he uua cua dinh li Talet doi vJi cac
tam uiac 0MA va 0Mh :
J // AM
OM
OJ
MA
JI
= (1)
J // h0
OM
MJ
ON
JI
= ma 0h = MB
hen :
OM
MI
MB
JI
= (2)
Tu (1), (2): J 1
OM
OM
OM
MJ OJ
MB
1
MA
1
= =
+
= +

IJ
1
MB
1
MA
1
= +
vav
MB
1
MA
1
+ dat uia tri lJn nhat khi va chi khi
IJ
1
lJn nhat J nho
nhat .
0o
xOy OO
2
nen yOM
OO
O
va diem co dinh, 0M co dinh nen : J
nho nhat J 0M (d) 0M
7.3
Cho ng tron (O ; r) noi tiep tam giac ABC. ng thang (d) qua O cat
cac canh AB va AC lan lt tai M va N. Xac nh v tr cua (d) e tam
giac AMN co dien tch nho nhat.

69
Lc giai
0ua 0 ke duJnu thanu (d
/
) vuonu uoc vJi 0A
cat AB va AC lan luJt tai M
/
va h
/
. Tam uiac
AM
/
h
/
can tai A (do co A0 vua la duJnu cao
vua la han uiac cua uoc A) cho ta : AM
/
=
Ah
/
va co dien tich khonu doi.
Khonu mat tinh tonu uuat, uia su :
AM AM
/
= Ah
/
Ah.
0o A0 la duJnu han uiac cua uoc BAC nen :
AN
AM
ON
OM
=
Ma : AM Ah nen : 0M 0h
vav co mot diem 0 thuoc doan thanu 0M de 00 = 0h. hai tam uiac
00M
/
va 0hh
/
co :

=
/ /
NON DOM (uoc doi dinh); 00 = 0h; 0M
/
=0h
/

Chunu banu nhau, nen co dien tich banu nhau, suv ra :
S (0MM
/
) S (0hh
/
)
S (AMh) S (Ah
/
M
/
) (= khonu doi)
Banu thuc xav ra khi va chi khi : 0M = 0h, tam uiac AMh can tai A nen
trunu tuven A0 cunu la duJnu cao, hav duJnu thanu (d) vuonu uoc vJi 0A
tai 0.
A. VAN DUNG QUY TAC BA IEM
Doi vi ba iem A, B, C bat k ta co : AB + BC AC
ang thc xay ra khi va ch khi B nam gia A va C

7.4
Cho ng thang (d) va hai iem A va B khong thuoc (d) va cung thuoc
mot na mat phang b la (d). Xac nh iem M thuoc (d) sao cho
MA + MB at gia tr nho nhat.
7.5
Cho t giac ABCD va ie m M thuoc mien trong t giac nay. Xac nh v
tr cua M e tong : MA + MB + MC + MD at gia tr nho nhat ?
7.6
Cho ng tron (O) va iem M ngoai ng tron nay. ng thang qua
M va O ca t (O) tai A va B (A nam gia M va O).

70
1. Chng minh MA la khoang cach nho nhat noi M vi mot iem bat
k cua (O).
2. Chng minh MB la khoang cach ln nhat noi M vi mot iem bat k
cua (O).
7.7
Cho tam giac ABC vuong goc tai A vi ng cao AH. Coi goc vuong
xHy : tia Hx cat ca nh AB tai D va tia Hy cat canh AC tai E. Xac nh v
tr cua D va E e DE co o dai nho nhat.
7.8
Cho ng tron tam O ng knh AB va iem C co nh nam gia O va
A. iem M di ong tren ng tron.
Xac nh v tr cua M e o dai CM ln nhat ? nho nhat ?
Hng dan
CM 0C + 0M = 0C + 0B = BC (hanu)
hen CM lJn nhat khi 0 thuoc CM nuhia la M trunu B.
Mat khac : CM 0M 0C = 0A 0C = AC(hanu)
hen CM nho nhat khi M trunu A.
7.9
Trong cac t giac ABCD co :
o dai hai ng cheo AC va BD khong oi.
Goc lap bi hai ng cheo co so o khong oi. Hoi t giac nao co
chu vi nho nhat ?
Lc giai
0unu cac hinh binh hanh A0BE va B0CF
AE // B0 AE = B0
CF // B0 CF = B0
thi tu uiac AEFC la hinh binh hanh
Chu vi tu uiac ABC0: AB + BC + C0 + 0A =
(AB + C0) + (BC + 0A)
Ma C0 = BF va 0A = BE (canh doi hinh binh hanh)
hen : Chu vi (ABC0) = (AB + BF) + (CB + BE)
Chu vi (ABC0) AF + CE
Chu vi tu uiac ABC0 nho nhat khi diem B thuoc doan thanu AF va cunu
thuoc doan thanu CE, nen : C0 // AB A0 // BC
vav tu uiac ABC0 la hinh binh hanh.

71
B. VAN DUNG NG VUONG GOC VA NG XIEN
T iem M khong thuoc ng thang (d) ke
ng vuong goc MH va cac ng xien MA,
MB vi (d) (cac iem H, A, B thuoc (d)) th :
1. MA MH. ang thc xay ra khi va ch khi A
trung H.
2. MA MB HA HB

7.10
Cho tam giac ABC vuong goc tai A vi ng cao AH. Coi iem M
thuoc canh huyen BC, ke MD va ME lan lt vuong goc vi AB va AC
tai D va E. nh v tr cua M e oan thang DE co o dai nho nhat.
7.11
Cho tam giac ABC co ba goc nhon vi iem M thuoc canh BC, ke MD
va ME lan lt vuong goc vi AB va AC tai D va E. Xac nh v tr cu a
M e oa n thang DE co o dai nho nhat?
Hng dan
0oi 0 la trunu diem cu a AM, do tinh chat
trunu tuven unu vJi canh huven cua tam uiac
vuonu : 0A = 00 = 0M = 0E (= )
2
AM

Tam uiac can 00E (00 = 0E) co :

+ = MOE DOM DOE = 2 (

+ OAE DAO ) = 2

BAC (hanu)
Ke 0 vuonu uoc vJi 0E (tai ):

= BAC DOI 0E = 20.
Ke duJnu cao Ah cua tam uiac ABC : AM Ah
0E = 20 = 200.sin
DOI = AM sin
BAC Ah sin
BAC (hanu)
Banu thuc xav ra khi va chi khi diem M trunu diem h. vav doan thanu
0E co do dai nho nhat khi diem M trunu chan h cua duJ nu vuonu uoc ke
tu A den BC.
7.12
Cho tam giac ABC co tam O, coi ng thang (d) qua O. Ke AD, BE, CF lan
lt vuong goc vi (d) tai D, E, F. Xac nh v tr cua (d) e tong :
AD + BE + CF at gia tr ln nhat.

72
7.13
Cho tam giac ABC co ba goc nhon va iem M mien trong tam giac nay.
1. Chng minh : BC.MA 2 [dien tch (MAB) + dien tch (MCA)].
2. Xac nh v tr cua M e bieu thc sau ay at gia tr nho nhat.
MA.BC + MB.CA + MC.AB
7.14
Cho ng tron (O; R) va ng thang (d) ngoai ng tron nay. Lay iem
M bat k tren (d), ke hai tiep tuyen MA, MB (A, B la hai tiep iem). Xac nh
v tr cua M e ban knh ng tron noi tiep tam giac MAB at gia tr nho
nhat.
Hng dan
0oi va h la uiao diem cua M0 vJi cunu nho AB
va dav AB, de thav la tam duJnu tron noi tie
tam uiac MAB va h la ban kinh duJnu tron nav.
IH = OI OH = R OH.
Do he thc lng trong tam giac vuong OMA :
OA
2
= OM.OH OH =
OM
R
OM
OA
2 2
=
nen IH = R
OM
R
2

Ke OC vuong goc vi (d) tai C, do tnh chat ng vuong goc va ng
xien :
OM OC (hang )
IH nho nhat khi va ch khi
OM
R
2
ln nhat OM nho nhat ngha la M
trung C. Vay ban knh ng tron noi tep tam giac MAB nho nhat khi
M la chan ng thang vuong goc ke t O en ng thang (d).
C. VAN DUNG BAT ANG THC TRONG NG TRON
1. Cho ng tron (O) ng knh AB va day cung MN, do ng knh la
day cung ln nhat, ta luon co : MN AB
2. Trong ng tro n (O) coi hai day cung AB va CD, goi H va K lan lt la
trung iem cua hai day nay th : AB CD OH OK.

73
7.15
Cho ng tron tam O va iem A mie n trong ng tron nay (A khac O).
Mot ng thang (d) qua A cat ng tro n tai M va N, goi H la trung iem cua
MN.
1. Chng minh ie m H thuoc mot ng tron xac nh.
2. Xac nh v tr cua (d) e o dai day cung MN ln nhat ? nho nhat ?
7.16
Cho ng tron (O,R)vi day cung AB co nh khong qua O. Xac nh v tr
iem M tren cung ln AB e chu vi tam giac MAB ln nhat .
Hng dan
Tren tia dJi cua tia MA lav MC = MB. Tam uiac
can MBC cho
ACB=
2
AMB
(hanu)
Ma AB co dinh nen C thuoc cunu chua uoc co
so do banu
4
1
so do
AB cua duJnu tron (0 ; R)

dunu tren doan thanu AB. Chu vi tam uiac MAB
: MA + MB + AB ma do dai AB khonu doi, nen
chu vi tam uiac MAB lJn nhat khi va chi khi :
(MA +MB) lJn nhat AC lJn nhat. huhia la AC la duJnu kinh cua cunu
chua uoc noi tren

ABC= OO
O
. Tronu dieu kien do : A C

+ = OO
O
va
1 2
B B

+ = OO
O
ma
2
B C .
hen : 1 B A

MA MB =
vav chu vi tam uiac MAB lJn nhat khi M co vi tri, M
O
la diem chinh uiua
cua cunu lJn AB.
7.17
Cho ng tron (O; R) va ie m I mie n trong ng tron nay (I khac O). Tm
tren ng tron mot iem M sao cho go c IMO co so o ln nhat.
7.18
Cho tam giac ABC vuong goc tai A vi iem M thuoc canh AC. Goi N la iem
oi xng cua M qua A va P la iem oi xng cua M qua ng thang BC. Xac
nh v tr cua iem M e ng tron ngoai tiep t giac BNCP co ban knh nho
nhat.
7.19
Cho hai ng tron (O) va (O
/
) cat nhau tai A va B (tam O va O
/
hai na mat
phang phan biet, b la ng thang AB. Mot ng thang (d) qua B ca t (O) tai

74
M va cat (O
/
) tai N (B nam gi a M va N). Xac nh v tr cua (d) e ban knh
ng tron ngoai tiep tam giac AMN co o dai ln nhat.
7.20
Cho tam giac eu ABC noi tiep trong ng tron (O ; R). Lay iem M
tren cung nho BC : ke MH , MI, MK lan lt vuong goc vi BC, CA, AB
tai H, I, K. Xac nh v tr cua M e :
= MA + MB + MC + MH + MI + MK
co gia tr nho nhat ? co gia tr ln nhat ?
Hng dan :
0oi a la do dai canh tam uiac deu ABC, dat :
1
= MA + MB + MC
2
= Mh + M + MK
Tren dav MA lav M0 = MB, chunu minh :
Tam uiac MB0 deu de co : B0 = MB
hai tam uiac MBC va 0BA banu nhau de co : MC = 0A
hen :
1
= MA + MB + MC = 2MA
Mat khac :
Mh =
2S( MBC)
a
M =
2S( MCA)
a
MK =
2S( MAB)
a
2
=
2
a
S(ABC) + 2S(MBC)|
Ta co :
nho nhat khi M trunu B (hoac C) luc do ca
1
va
2
deu nho nhat va
lJn nhat khi M trunu M
O
(M
O
la diem chinh uiua cua cunu nho BC) luc do
ca
1
va
2
deu lJn nhat.
D. VAN DUNG CAC BAT ANG THC AI SO
e van dung c cac bat ang thc ai so ta thng at mot (hay nhieu)
ai lng hnh hoc (o dai oan thang, so o goc, t so lng giac mot goc,
dien tch mot hnh ) lam bien.
Bieu th ai lng can tm gia tr nho nhat hay ln nhat bang mot bieu thc
cua bien (hay nhng bien) nay roi s du ng bat ang thc ai so thch hp e
tm ieu kien ma bieu thc o at cc tr.

75
7.21
Cho tam giac ABC co die n tch S. Tren canh BC, CA, AB lay lan lt
cac oan thang : BD = k.BC, CE = k.CA, AF = k.AB
1. Tnh dien tch tam giac DEF theo S va k
2. nh k e dien tch tam giac DEF nho nhat.
Hng dan :
S( ABD) BD
k
S BC
= = S(AB0) = k.S
S( AFD) AF
S( ABD) AB
= k S(AF0) = k
2
.S
S(0BF) = S(AB0) S(AF0) = k(1 k).S
S(CE0) = k(1 k).S ; S(AFE) = k(1 k).S
S(0EF) = S 8k(1 k).S = S(8k
2
8k + 1)
Ma S(8k
2
8k + 1) = S
2
1 1
3 k
2 4

+

S
4

min S(0EF) =
S
4
(tai k =
1
2
)
7.22
Cho ng tron tam O ng knh AB = 2R va ie m M tren ng tron
nay. Ke MH vuong goc vi AB tai H. nh v tr cua iem M e dien tch
tam giac OMH ln nhat.
Hng dan :
0h
2
+ hM
2
= 0M
2
= R
2
S =
1
2
0h.hM
Ma : 0h
2
+ hM
2
20h.hM hav R
2
4S
max S =
2
R
4
(tai 0h = hM hav MOH
= 45
O
)
7.23
Cho tam giac nhon ABC co canh BC co nh. Ke hai ng cao AD va
BE, goi H la trc tam. Xac nh v tr cua iem D tren canh BC e tch
DA. DH at gia tr ln nhat.
Hng dan :
hai tam uiac vuonu 0Bh va 0AC donu danu cho :
0A.0h = 0B.0C

76
Ma : (0B + 0C)
2
40B.0C
hav
2
BC
2

0B.0C
hen : 0A.0h = 0B.0C
2
BC
4
(hanu)
Banu thuc xav ra khi va chi khi 0B = 0C
max(0A.0h) =
2
BC
4
(tai 0 la trunu diem cua BC)
7.24
Cho tam giac ABC vuong tai A. T iem M mien trong tam giac ke
MD, ME, MF lan lt vuong goc vi BC, CA, AB tai D, E, F. Xac nh v
tr cua M e :
MD
2
+ ME
2
+ MF
2

at gia tr nho nhat.
Hng dan :
Ke duJnu cao Ah va duJnu thanu Mh Ah tai h.
van dunu dinh li Fitauo :
ME
2
+ MF
2
= ME
2
+ AE
2
= MA
2
ma MA hA
nen : ME
2
+ MF
2
hA
2
ma M0 = hh nen :
M0
2
+ ME
2
+ MF
2
hh
2
+ hA
2

2 2
NH NA
2
+

2
2
NH NA AH
2 4
+
=

M0
2
+ ME
2
+ MF
2

2
AH
2
(hanu)
min (M0
2
+ ME
2
+ MF
2
) =
2
AH
2
(tai M la trunu diem cua Ah)
7.25
Cho tam giac nhon ABC. T iem M thuoc mien trong tam giac ke MH,
MI, MK lan lt vuong goc vi BC, CA, AB tai H, I, K. Xac nh v tr
cua M e :
= AK
2
+ BH
2
+ CI
2

nho nhat.
N M

77
Hng dan :
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
AK MK MA AI MI
BH MH MB BK MK
CI MI MC CH MH
+ = = +
+ = = +

+ = = +

nen AK
2
+Bh
2
+C
2
= A
2
+Ch
2
+BK
2

2 = (AK
2
+ BK
2
) + (Bh
2
+ Ch
2
) + (A
2
+ C
2
)

2 2 2
(AK BK) (BH CH) (AI CI)
2 2 2
+ + +
+ +

2 2 2
AB BC CA
4
+ +

min =
2 2 2
AB BC CA
4
+ +
(tai M la tam duJnu tron nuoai tie ABC)
7.26
Cho tam giac nhon ABC vi ba ng cao AD, BE, CF. Goi H la trc
tam, tm gia tr nho nhat cua bieu thc :
=
AH BH CH
DH EH FH
+ +
Hng dan :
0oi S, S
1
, S
2
, S
8
lan luJt la dien tich cac tam uiac
ABC, hBC, hCA, hAB :
1
S AD
S DH
=
1 1 1
AD DH AD DH AH
S S S S S S
= = =

1
1
AH S S
DH S
=
2 3
1
AH S S
DH S
+
=

3 1
2
BH S S
EH S
+
=
1 2
3
CH S S
FH S
+
=
hen
=
1 2 2 3 3 1
2 1 3 2 1 3
S S S S S S
S S S S S S

+ + + + +

2 + 2 + 2 = G
min = G (tai S
1
= S
2
= S
8
=
S
3
)
7.27
Cho tam giac ABC co o dai ba canh la BC = a, CA = b, AB = c . Goi x,
y , z lan lt la khoang cach t iem M mien trong tam giac vi cac
canh BC, CA, AB. Xac nh v tr cua M e tong :

78
=
a b c
x y z
+ +
at gia tr nho nhat.
Hng dan :
0ien tich tam uiac ABC : S =
1
2
(ax + bv + c/)
Xet tich :
(ax + bv + c/)
a b c
x y z

+ +

= a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+
ab
x y y z z x
bc ca
y x z y x z

+ + + + +

a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2ab + 2bc + 2ca = (a + b + c)
2

hav
2S. (a + b + c)
2

2
(a b c)
2S
+ +

min =
2
(a b c)
2S
+ +
(tai M la tam duJnu tron noi tie ABC)
7.28
Cho tam giac ABC vuong go c tai A co dien tch S. Goi M la mot iem
thuoc canh huyen BC, ke MD va ME lan lt vuong goc vi AB va AC
tai D va E. Xac nh v tr cua M e dien tch cua t giac ADME ln
nhat, theo S tnh dien tch ln nhat o.
Hng dan :
S =
AB.AC
2
S = A0.AE
AB AD DB 2 AD.DB
AC AE EC 2 AE.EC
= +

= +

AB.AC 4 AD.DB.AE.EC
hai tam uiac vuonu donu danu B0M va MEC
cho :
MD DB
CE EM
= nen CE.0B = M0.EM = AE.A0
hen :
AB.AC
2
4 (AD.AE) = 4A0.AE
hav : 2S 4S S
S
2

79
max S =
S
2
(tai M la trunu diem cua BC)
7.29
Cho hnh vuong ABCD canh a. Tren canh CD lay iem E (E khac D), at
DE = x. ng thang vuong goc vi AE tai A cat ng thang CD tai F.
1. Tnh cac canh cua tam giac AEF theo a va x.
2. Xac nh v tr cua E e o dai oan thang EF nho nhat.
Hng dan :
1. EF = x +
2
a
x
AE =
2
x a + AF =
2 2
a x a
x
+

2. EF = x +
2
a
x
2
2
a
x. 2a
x
=
min EF = 2a (tai x = a hav E trunu C)

7.30
Cho tam giac ABC va iem M mien trong tam giac nay. Cac ng
thang AM, BM, CM cat BC, CA, AB lan lt tai D, E, F. Tm gia tr nho
nhat cua bieu thc :
=
AM BM CM
. .
DM EM FM

Hng dan :
0oi S, S
1
, S
2
, S
8
lan luJt la dien tich cac tam uiac ABC, MBC, MCA,
MAB. Ke duJnu cao Ah va duJnu thanu MK
BC tai K.
1
S AH AD AM MD AM
1
S MK DM DM DM
+
= = = = +
1 2 3
1 1 1
AM S S S S S
1
DM S S S
+
= = =
3 1
2
BM S S
EM S
+
=
1 2
3
CM S S
FM S
+
=

=
2 3 3 1 1 2
1 2 3
AM BM CM S S S S S S
. . . .
DM EM FM S S S
+ + +
=

2 3 3 1 1 2
1 2 3
2 S .S .2 S .S .2 S .S
8
S S S
=

80
min = 8 (tai M la tronu tam tam uiac ABC)
7.31
Cho t giac ABCD co hai ng cheo cat nhau tai O. Biet rang dien tch
tam giac OAB bang 4 cm
2
va dien tch tam giac OCD bang 9 cm
2
. Hay
tm gia tr nho nhat cua dien tch t giac ABCD
Hng dan :
0oi S
1
, S
2
, S
8
, S
4
lan luJt la dien tich cac tam
uiac 0AB, 0BC, 0C0, 00A. Ti so dien tich hai
tam uiac co cunu chieu cao banu ti so hai dav
unu vJi chieu cao nav :
1 2
4 3
OB S S
OD S S
= = S
2
.S
4
= S
1
.S
8

S
2
+ S
4
2
2 4 1 3
S .S 2 S .S = hav S
2
+ S
4
2 4.9 = 12
min (S
2
+ S
4
) = 12 (tai S
2
= S
4
= G)
min (S
1
+ S
2
+ S
8
+ S
4
) = 4 + O + 12 = 25 cm
2

(khi do S
2
= S
4
= G cm
2
)
7.32
Cho hnh vuong ABCD canh a. Tren hai canh AB va AD lay lan lt hai
iem M va N sao cho tam giac AMN co chu vi 2a. Xac nh v tr cua M
va N e tam giac AMN co dien tch ln nhat.
Hng dan :
Bat AM = x , Ah = v (O x, v a) thi :
Mh =
2 2
x y + x + v +
2 2
x y + = 2a
van dunu bat danu thuc Cauchv : x + v 2 xy
Mat khac : x
2
+ v
2
2xv hav
2 2
x y 2xy +
hen 2a = x + v +
2 2
x y + 2 xy 2xy +
xy
2a
2 2 +
hav xv
2
2a
2 2

+

0o do : S =
1
xy
2

1
2
2
2a
2 2

+
( = hanu)
max S =
2
1 2a
.
2 2 2

+
(tai AM = Ah =
2a
2 2 +
)
7.33

81
Cho tam giac ABC co chu vi 2p. Mot ng thang song song vi BC ca t
hai canh AB, AC lan lt tai M va N. Biet rang MN tiep xuc vi ng
tron not tiep tam giac ABC. Tm gia tr ln nhat cua o dai oan thang
MN.
Hng dan :
Ke duJnu cao Ah cua tam uiac ABC, uoi r la
ban kinh duJnu tron noi tie.
Bat BC = a , Ah = h thi duJnu cao AK cua
tam uiac AMh la : (h 2r)
0o Mh // BC :
MN h 2r
a h
=
Mh =
a(h 2r)
h

0ien tich tam uiac ABC :
1
S ah
2
S pr
=

r =
ah
2p

0o do : Mh =
a 2ah a(p a)
h
h 2p p

=

Chunu minh : a > O, van dunu bat danu thuc Cauchv :
a( a)
2 2
a (p a)
2
+

Banu thuc xav ra khi va chi khi a =
p
2

max Mh =
p
4
(tai a =
p
2
)
7.34
Cho ng tron co nh tam O, ban knh R = 1. Tam giac ABC thay oi
va luon ngoai tiep ng tron (O). Mot ng thang qua O cat AB, AC
lan lt tai M va N. Xac nh gia tr nho nhat cua dien tch tam giac
AMN.
H
r
K

82
Hng dan :
Ke duJnu cao Mh cua tam uiac AMh. 0ien
tich tam uiac AMh.
S =
1
2
AM.1 +
1
2
Ah.1 =
AM AN
2
+

van dunu bat danu thuc Cauchv ta co :
S =
AM AN
2
+
AM.AN 2S
hen : S
2
2S S 2
min S = 2 (khi AM Ah va AM = Ah = 2)
7.35
Cho tam giac ABC va iem M thuoc mie n trong tam giac na y. Goi x, y, z
lan lt la khoang cach t M en BC, CA, AB. Xac nh v tr cua M e
tch xyz at gia tr ln nhat.
Hng dan :
Bat BC = a, CA = b, AB = c , dien tich tam uiac ABC la :
S =
1
2
(ax + bv + c/)
ax + bv + c/ 8
3
ax.by.cz hav ax + bv + c/ 8
3
abc.xyz
Ma : abc la hanu so nen tich xv/ lJn nhat khi va chi khi :
ax = bv = c/
0oi 0, E, F la uiao die m cua MA, MB, MC lan luJt vJi BC, CA, AB ta co :
S(DAB) DB
S(DAC) DC
=
S(DMB) DB
S(DMC) DC
=
hen :
DB S(DAB) S(DMB)
DC S(DAC) S(DMC)
= =
=
S(DAB) S(DMB) S(MAB) cz
1
S(DAC) S(DMC) S(MCA) by
= = =

Suv ra : 0B = 0C hav 0 la trunu diem cua BC
TuJnu tu : E la trunu diem cua CA, F la trunu diem cua AB
vav tich xv/ dat uia tri lJn nhat khi M la tronu tam tam uiac ABC.

83
7.36
Cho na ng tron tam O ng knh AB = 2R. Trong cac hnh ch nhat
MNPQ no i tiep trong na ng tron, (M, N thuo c na ng tron; P, Q
thuoc ng knh AB) hnh na o co chu vi ln nhat ?
Hng dan :
Bat F0 = 2a, M0 = b (a, b > O)
A dunu dinh li Fitauo doi vJi tam uiac 0M0 : a
2
+ b
2
= R
2

Chu vi hinh chu nhat MhF0 : 2(2a + b)
Chu vi nav lJn nhat khi : (2a + b)
2
lJn nhat
(2a + b)
2
(2
2
+ 1
2
)(a
2
+ b
2
)
hav (2a + b)
2
5R
2

vav :
max 2(2a + b) = 2R 5 (tai a = R 5 ; b =
R 5
2
)
(unu vJi tuAOM
=
1
2
: diem M duJc xac dinh)
7.37
Cho tam giac vuong can ABC : AB = AC = a. Tren cac canh BC, CA,
AB lay lan lt cac iem D, E, F sao cho DEF la tam giac vuong can tai
E. Xac nh v tr cu a D, E, F e tam giac DEF co dien tch nho nhat.
Hng dan :
Ke 0h AC tai h duJc hai tam uiac vuonu banu nhau AEF va h0E.
Bat : AF = hE = x AE = h0 = v
thi : AB = AE + hE + hC = v + x + v
hav : a = x + 2v
0ien tich tam uiac vuonu can 0EF :
S =
2 2 2
EF x y
2 2
+
=
a
2
= (x + 2v)
2
(1
2
+ 2
2
)(x
2
+ v
2
) hav a
2
5.2S
S
2
a
10
min S =
2
a
10

Tai AF =
a
5
; AE =
2a
5
va 0 thuoc canh BC sao cho tam uiac 0EF can
tai E, luc do de thav :

84
0 0 0 0 0
DEF 180 (AEF DEH) 180 (AEF EFA) 180 90 90

= + = + = =
7.38
Cho ng tron (O ; r). Coi tam giac ABC ngoai tiep (O ; r), ke cac tiep
tuyen song song vi cac canh cua tam giac. Cac tiep tuyen nay tao vi
cac canh cua tam giac ABC ba tam giac AMN, BPQ, CRS co dien tch
lan lt la S
1
, S
2
, S
3
. Goi S la dien tch tam giac ABC. Tm gia tr ln
nhat cua bieu thc :
1 2 3
S S S
S
+ +

Hng dan :
0oi h
1
va h lan luJt la chieu cao hat xuat tu A cua hai tam uiac donu
danu AMh va ABC.
2 2 2
1 1
S h h 2r 2r
1
S h h h

= = =

Bat : BC = a , CA = b , AB = c va la nua chu vi tam uiac ABC
S =
ah
2
S = r
hen : 2r =
ah
p

0o do :
2
1
S a
1
S p

=

hav
1
S a
1
S p
=
TuJnu tu :
2
S b
1
S p
=
3
S c
1
S p
=

hen :
1 2 3
S S S a b c 2p
3. 3 1
S S S p p
+ +
+ + = = =
( )
2
2 2 2 1 2 3 1 2 3
S S S S S S
1 1 1
S S S S S S

+ + + + + +

hav : 1
2

( )
1 2 3
3 S S S
S
+ +

1 2 3
S S S
S
+ +

1
3

vav : min
1 2 3
S S S 1
S 3
+ +
= (tai a = b = c : ABC la tam uiac deu)

85
7.39
Cho hnh ch nhat ABCD va mot iem E thuoc ca nh BC. Phan giac cu a
goc DAE cat BC F. Xac nh v tr cua E e t so
AE
EF
at gia tr nho
nhat.
Hng dan :
Bat

DAF FAE = = (O 45
O
), ta co :

AFE = (uoc so le tronu)

0oc so le tronu AEF can tai E nen : EA = EF
Ke Eh vuonu uoc vJi AF tai h :
AF 2HF
EF EF
= = 2cos 2cos45
O
= 2.
2
2
2
=
do ham cosin nuhich bien tronu doan O
O
; OO
O
|.
Banu thuc xav ra khi va chi khi : = 45
O
E trunu B
vav : min
AF
2
EF

=

(tai E trunu B)
7.40
Cho tam giac ABC vuong tai A. Coi ca c na ng tron ng knh AB
va AC mien ngoai tam giac ABC. Qua A ke ng thang (d) cat cac
na ng tron noi tren lan lt tai D va E. Xac nh v tr cua (d) e chu
vi t giac BCED at gia tr ln nhat.
Hng dan :
Bat
BAD = thi
ACE= ,
( )
0
0 90 < < chu vi hinh thanu vuonu BCE0 :
= BC + CE + EA + A0 + 0B
= BC + ACcos + ACsin + ABcos + ABsin
= BC + (AB + AC)(sin + cos)
Ma : (sin + cos)
2
2(sin
2
+ cos
2
) = 2
hen : sin + cos 2
0o do : BC + (AB + AC) 2
vav chu vi hinh thanu BCE0 lJn nhat khi va
chi khi :
sin = cos =
2
2
= 45
O

86
7.41
Cho oan AB va ie m I nam gia hai iem A va B. Trong cu ng mot na
mat phang b AB ke hai tia Ax va By vuong goc vi AB. Tren Ax lay
iem C, tia vuong goc vi IC tai I cat By tai D.
1. Chng minh : AC . BD = IA . IB
2. Ba ie m A, B, C co nh, xac nh v tr cua I e dien tch t giac
ABDC at gia tr ln nhat.
Lc giai
1. hai tam uiac vuonu AC va B0 co : AIC BDI

= (uoc nhon co
canh vuonu uoc ).
Chunu donu danu nen : =
BD
IA
BI
AC
AC . B0 = A . B.
2. Tu uiac AB0C co : AC// B0 ( cunu
vuonu uoc vJi AB) va
A = OO
O
.
hen la hinh thanu vuonu ma dien tich la :
S =
2
1
(AC + B0) AB
Tronu do AC, AB co do dai khonu doi nen dien
tich hinh thanu AB0C lJn nhat khi va chi khi dav
B0 lJn nhat.
max S max B0.
Ma B0 =
AC
.IB IA
nen : max B0 max A . B.
Ta co : (A + B)
2
4 A . B A . B
4
AB
4
IB) (IA
2 2
=
+
(hanu)
Banu thuc xav ra khi va chi khi : A = B
vav la trunu diem cua AB thi hinh thanu vuonu AB0C co dien tich lJn
nhat.
7.42
Cho ng tron (O; R)va iem A ngoai ng tron nay vi hai tiep
tuyen AB va AC (B, C la hai tiep iem). Mot tiep tuyen th ba tai M (M
thuoc cung nho BC) cat AB va AC lan lt tai D va E. Xac nh v tr cua
M e :
1. Dien tch tam gia c ADE ln nhat.
2. Ban knh r cua ng tron noi tiep tam giac ADE ln nhat.
Hng dan
1. 0e thav : 00M =00B ; 0EM = 0EC.
hen : S (0B0EC) = 2S (00E).

87
Ma : S (A0E) = S (AB0C) 2S (00E)
Tronu do : S (AB0C) khonu doi max (A0E) min (00E)
S (00E)=
2
1
0E . 0M
(0M = R) min S (00E)
min 0E M la diem
chinh uiua cua cunu nho BC
2. Chu vi tam uiac
A0E : 2 = A0 + 0E + AE
= A0 + 0M + EM + AE
= (A0 + 0B) + (AE + EC)
= 2AB (hanu).
0ien tich tam uiac A0E : S = r = AB.r ma AB khonu doi
hen : max S max r
Ban kinh r cua duJnu tron noi tie tam uiac A0E lJn nhat khi dien tich
tam uiac A0E lJn nhat nuhia la M co vi tri chinh uiua cua cunu nho BC.
7.43
Cho ba ng tron : (O
1
, R
1
), (O
2
, R
2
), (O, R)oi mot tiep xuc ngoai nhau
va cung tiep xuc vi ng thang (d) trong o R la ban knh nho nhat.
Tm gia tr nho nhat cua tch R
1
R
2
theo R.
Hng dan
Tie diem M cua hai duJnu tron
(0
1
) va (0
2
) nam uiua 0
1
va 0
2
.
Tie diem h cua hai duJnu tron
(0
1
) va (0) nam uiua 0
1
va 0
Tie diem F cua hai duJnu tron
(0
2
) va (0) nam uiua 0
2
va 0. Tu
B ke duJnu thanu sonu sonu vJi
0, 0
2
cat 0A tai 0. Tu uiac
0
1
0
2
B0 la hinh binh hanh (uia su R
1
R
2
)
Tinh duJc: AB =
2 2
1 1
2 R R AC 2 R R BC 2 R R = =
Ma AB = AC + BC hav R R 2 R R 2 R R 2
2 1
2
1
+ =
Bi den :
R
1
R
1
R
1
2 1
= + (hanu)
Ta co : min R
1
R
2
max
2 1
R R
1
max
1
R
1
.
2
R
1

Tu bat danu thuc : (a + b)
2
4ab ab
4
1
(a + b)
2

88
Ta co :
1
R
1
.
2
R
1

4
1
2
2 1
R
1
R
1
+ =
4
1
2
R
1
=
4R
1

hen : max
1
R
1
.
2
R
1
=
4R
1
tai
1
R
1
=
2
R
1
R
1
= R
2
= 4R uia tri
nho nhat cua tich R
1
R
2
la 1GR
2
(tai R
1
= R
2
= 4R).

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Bat Dang Thuc

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1

1. PHNG PHAP C BAN

ADE AEC (hav

BCD ADC (2)

ACE BCD (8)

ACE DBF . Goi G la giao iem cua BF va CE .

DMC DMB nen : 0B 0C

DCM DBM hav

OAQ OAP (1)

< OAN OAQ hav :

AB cua duJnu tron (0 ; R)

AFE = (uoc so le tronu)

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