:

..
2011

..

MODIS

..

3
4

5
6

. 1:
(M.Neteler H.Mitasova A GRASS GIS Approach)

..

,
, bi (x , y ) 

i -
(x , y )
(x , y ).

:
P t (x , y ) =
{b1 (x , y ), b2 (x , y ),
. . . , bn (x , y )}

P  ,
t {1, 2, . . . , N } 
..

. NDVI:

. 2:
(gis-lab.info)
..

. NDVI:

NDVI (Normalized Dierence Vegetation Index)


.
NDVI

NIR RED
,
NIR + RED

NIR  , RED


..

MODIS

MODIS (Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer).

: 2330
: 36

1-: .  250,  620670 ()

2-: .  250,  841876 (
)
...

..

,
MODIS, ,

..

. 3: 
..

(Google maps)

. 4:

..

(LandSat (NASA (JPL)) srtm (CGIAR-SCI))

10

MODIS:

. 5:

..

. 6:

11

RGB

. : 2006, 13 .

. 7:
RGB: 2-2-1

..

. 8:
RGB: 1-2-2

12

2006 .
, ,
.

. 9: 164 (13 ). :
2-2-1
..

. 10: 170 (19 ).

: 2-2-1
13

. 2006 .

. 11: 228 (16 .). :

2-2-1

..

. 12: 255 (12 .). :

2-2-1

14

.
- . NDVI(?)

. 13: 103 (13 .).

.
..

. 14: 207 (26 ).

.
15

C.

. 15: , .
..

16

C.

. 16: .

..

. 17: .

17

. 18: (
).
..

18

. 19:
( )

..

. 20:
( )

19

. 21:
( )

..

. 22:
( )

20

(!)

..

21

: .
: RED > Cred NIR > Cnir ,
Cred Cnir  .

. 23:

..

. 24: : Cred = 3500

Cnir = 8500
22

: . :
.

..

23

.
, ,
.

-:
Jij = 2(1 e B ),
:
n P + P o1
n (P + P )/2 o
1
1
i
j
i
j
t
B = (mi mj )
(mi mj ) + ln P 1/2 P 1/2
8
2
2 | i| | j|
MODIS:
36 .
236 1 = 68, 719, 476, 735 .
..

24

K (xk , yk , zk ), T (xt , yt , zt ), O (xo , yo , zo ), M (xm , ym , zm ),

S = {Sx , Sy , Sz },
xt = zzko (xm xk ) + xk zo SSxz
yt = zzok (ym yk ) + yk zo SSyz

..

25

=> ,

(?)

..

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

26

0
0
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

-5
-5
-10
-5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
10
5

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

. 26: ,

. 27: ,
26, : [0; )

:


..

27

:
NDVI.
:
.
: NDVI
,

NDVI


.
..

. 28:

28

(0, 0, . . . , 0, 1, 1, . . . , 1, 0, . . . , 0)
:

():
(1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1) .

(1, 1, 1, . . . , 1).

(0, 0, 0, . . . , 0).

. 29:

,
(1) (2).
..

29

.
.
- .

..

30

2007

. 30:
(2007)
..

. 31: (2007)
31

: 2007

(.) 3851
(.) 860

1436
33726

5288
34407

4532
35163 39695
: 94%
: 73% , 98%
: 84% , 95%

..

32

2000

. 32:
(2000)
..

. 33: (2000)
33

== .
:
, .
/
.

.

.
1

=>
.
..

34

, Ni - k
: Ni k , Ni k +1, . . . , Ni 1.
/
Ni .

.
.

.
k .
..

35

.

:

..

36

..

37