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Chng 4: H THNG THNG TIN QUANG



Chng ny s gii thiu nhng cu trc c bn ca cp quang v gii thch lm th no nh
sng truyn trong n - mt mi trng truyn c s dng trong truyn thng quang. So
snh vi cc mi trng truyn khc nh khng gian, dy dn, cp quang cho s suy gim
nh v min nhim mnh vi nhiu ca sng in t (Electronic Magnetic Interference -
EMI). V nhng u im ny m cp quang c s dng nhiu t di y bin cho n lin
lc lin i
1
(Interoffice Communications). Gn y, v cht lng tng xng vi gi thnh
ca n, cp quang cn c s dng thay th cho cc dy cp truyn thng trong TV cp.

T quan im ca h thng vin thng, cp quang l mt knh truyn vin thng m trong
nh sng lan truyn i. Ging nh nhng mi trng truyn dn khc, suy gim bin tn
hiu v mo l hai thng s quan trng nht trong vic nh gi s gim cht lng tn hiu.
Chng ny s ni v s suy gim bin v tn x v chng nh hng n tc v c ly
truyn dn nh th no. Chng ny cng ni n cch ci thin cc gii hn ny bng
cch gim suy hao v tn x.

xc nh c s suy gim v tn x ca cp quang, phi hiu c cc ngun suy gim
v nh sng truyn trong cp quang nh th no. gii thch vic nh sng truyn trong cp
quang, c quang hnh hc ln quang sng u c s dng. Phn tch chi tit v cc phng
trnh truyn sng c trnh khng dng v mc ch ca chng ny ch l minh ho nhng
tnh cht quan trng ca vic truyn sng vi nhng cng thc ton n gin.
Sau khi gii thch v xc nh s suy gim v tn x, s dn ra nhng gii hn do s suy gim
v tn x. Nhng gii hn ny a n bin trn ca khong cch truyn ti mt mt tc
truyn cho trc. Khi mt h thng m khong cch truyn b gii hn bi s suy gim th n
c gi l h thng gii hn bi suy gim Attenuation limited. Cn chng c gi l
h thng b gii hn bi tn x dispersion limited - trong trng hp khong cch b
gii hn bi tn x. Ni chung, cc h thng u l Attenuation limited tc truyn thp
v l gii hn bi tn x dispersion limited tc truyn cao.

Chng ny xem cp quang nh mt knh truyn tuyn tnh, trong tn hiu c th chng
cht c, cc thuc tnh nh chit sut th khng thay i theo tn hiu.
1 Cu trc v cc loi cp quang
dn nh sng lan truyn bn trong, mt cp quang c bn c tit din hnh trn nh
trong hnh 1. Mc d mt cp quang thc t thng c nhiu lp, ch c li v v bc
(cladding) l quan trng i vi s lan truyn nh sng
2
. C li ln v thng lm bng thu
tinh silica, li th c chit sut quag cao hn v gi nh sng bn trong.
Khi nh sng truyn bn trong si quang, hu ht cng sut ca n c gi trong phn
li - c bao bc bi v. V c mt quang (chit sut quang) nh hn mt cht , thng
khong mt n vi phn trm. Hu ht si quang c ng knh v khong 125 um. Kch c
ca n khng quan trng i vi s truyn nh sng . Bn ngoi lp v l nhiu lp bo v.
Cc lp bo v trnh cho b mt si quang b try xc hoc b ct bi cc lc c hc.
1.1 Si quang Single mode v Multimode (n kiu v a kiu)
Khi sng nh sng truyn bn trong li mt si quang , n c th c nhiu s phn b
trng in t (EMF) trn mt ct ngang ca si quang. Mi s phn b m tun theo cc
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phng trnh Maxwell v iu kin bin ti mt tip xc v-li gi l mt mode ngang
(tranverse mode)
Nhiu loi mode ngang c trnh by trong hnh v 4.2. Nh ni, chng c cc
phn b trng in t khc nhau trong mt ct ngang ca si quang. Ni chung, cc mode
ngang truyn dc si quang vi cc tc khc nhau. Nh c ch ra chng 3, y l
kt qu ca s tn x v l khng mong mun. Cp quang m ch cho duy nht mt mode
ngang gi l cp quang n mode (single-mode fiber). Cp quang cho php s truyn theo
nhiu mode ngang gi l cp a mode (multimode fiber).
Mu cht trong vic thit k c c s truyn single-mode l phi c ng knh
li nh. Vic ny c th hiu c t s ph thuc ca tn s ct
C
(cutoff wavelength) vo
ng knh li ca si quang. Bc sng ct l bc sng m trong ch c th c duy nht
mt mode ngang bn trn.
C
c biu din bi :

2
2
2
1
2
n n
V
a
C
=
t

(4.1)
Trong V=2.405 vi si quang kiu ch s bc thang (step-index fiber), a l bn knh
li, n
1
n
2
ln lt l chit sut ca li v v. Cng thc ny cho thy si quang c ng knh
cng nh th bc sng ct cng nh.

Hnh 1 - Cu trc c bn ca cp quang (a) n mode (b) a mode

Thng thng, ng knh li l 10 um cho si quang single-mode v 50 um cho si quang
multimode. Khi ng knh li ca si quang khng ln hn nhiu so vi bc sng th phn
ln cng sut tp trung v. Do , cn phi nh ngha mt thng s l mode field
diameter (MFD), ng knh trng mode. Nm na, l b rng cu trng ngang.
c bit, n l root mean square (RMS) trung bnh bnh phng ca rng trng
nu trng tun theo phn b Gauss. Khi lut phn b ca trng khng phi l Gauss, cc
nh ngha MFD l khng duy nht. Khi nim v MFD ny hu ch khi ta mun xc nh
coupling loss hoc splicing loss (tn hao do ghp ni). Trong trng hp ny, MFD ph hp
thay v ng knh li l mt iu quan trng gim tn hao do ghp ni.

V d 1 : ng knh li cho single-mode .
Bi v hai bc sng quan trng thng dng trong truyn dn quang l 1.30 um v 1.55 um,
bc sng ct nh hn 1.30 um l cn thit truyn single-mode . c bin an ton ln
hn, chn bc sng ct l 1.20 um, ng knh nhn tng ng s l
=

=
2
2
2
1
1
2
n n
V
a
C
t

8.5 um
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Hnh 2 : Vi v d v cc mode ngang bc thp ca mt si quang ch s bc thang. (a)
Thit k mode phn cc tuyn tnh (b) Cc mode thit k c th (c) phn b trng in t (d)
phn b trng in thnh phn E
x
.


1.2 Profile chit sut (Lc t chit sut)
Si quang c c chit sut thay i trong v v li. Hai kiu lc t c bn ca chit
sut cho si quang single-mode v multimode c v trn hnh 3a v 3b, mt c chit sut
u trong li v mt c chit sut tng t t khi i t bin li-v n tm li. Hai kiu si
quang ny c gi l step-index (ch s bc thang ) v graded-index(ch s phn cp).
Mc ch ca vic s dng cp quang ch s phn cp - cn bng vn tc nhm ca cc
mode truyn sng khc nhau gim thiu tn x - s c trnh by sau.
i vi si quang single-mode , cn c nhiu kiu profile khc nhau ca chit sut. Vi
v d quan trng c v trong hnh 3c-j. hnh th nht (hnh 3c) c lc t ch s bc thang .
C li ln v u c chit sut khng i. MFD nm trong khong 9 n 10 um, v chit sut
thay i khong 0.3%. Si quang dng d v e c nhng chit sut khc nhau trong v. Ni
chung, phn v st li th c chit sut nh nht. Dng cp quang ny c gi l depressed-
cladding (DC) . Ngc li, dng e c gi l matched-cladding (MC). Ba dng si
quang ny c s dng trong truyn single-mode vi bc sng khong 1300nm. S pht
trin sau ny ca cp quang c thng qua trong tiu chun CCITT G.652 trong bng 1.

Bng 1 : khuyn ngh G.652 ca CCITT
Thng s c t
ng knh v 125 um
ng knh trng mode (MFD)
Bc sng ct
C

9-10 um
1100-1280 nm
Tn hao do cong s 1db cho 100 vng vi ng knh 7.5 cm
Tn x s 3.5 ps/nm km gia 1285 v 1330 nm
s 6 ps/nm km gia 1270 v 1340 nm
s 20 ps/nm km ti 1550 nm
dc tn x s 0.095 ps/nm
2
km

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Trong hnh 3f, mt ng knh li nh hn (5 um) hoc mt MFD nh hn 7-9 um c s
dng. Trong hnh 3g v 3h, mt profile chit sut c hnh dng tam gic c s dng, ng
knh li khong 6 um. Trong phn sau ca chng ny ta s tip tc ni v chng, nhng loi
si quang c s tn x theo ng dn sng cao hn nn s tn x ton phn l 0 ti 1550 nm.
Chng c gi l cp quang dispersion-shifted.

Hnh 3 Profile chit sut ca cp quang (a) multimode ch s bc thang, (b)
multimode ch s phn cp, (c) Match-cladding single-mode, (d)-(e) depressed-cladding
single-mode, (f)-(h) dch tn sc, (i)-(j) tn sc phng

Si quang trong hnh 3i v 3j c profile chit sut ln v xung. Chng c gi l si
quang muticladding (nhiu v) hoc dispersion-flattened (tn x phng). ng knh li
ca chng nh, khong 6 um. Nhng si quang ny c c tnh tn x phng trong khong
bc sng 1300-1550 nm.

1.3 Cp quang i xng tit din khng trn
Ngoi nhng si quang c ng knh li khc nhau, cn c nhng si quang c li
hoc v c tit din khng trn. Nhng cu trc khng trn ny c thit k truyn sng
theo mode bt i xng trong mt phng ngang. Ta s kho st chng k hn vo cui
chng. Cu trc bt i xng ny cho php gim ghp ni (coupling) gia mt sng nh
sng t s phn cc ny sang s phn cc khc. V th, chng thng c gi l
Polarization maintaining fibers (PMF) - cp quang gi phn cc.

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2. S suy hao trong si quang v cc gii hn suy hao
Cp quang khng phi l mt mi trng khng suy hao v khng tn sc. Thc t, khi cp
quang c dng cho lin lc cch y 20 nm, tn hao vo khong 20db/km. Hin nay, tn
hao c gim xung 0.2 dB/km, mt s ci tin ht sc n tng. Chng ny s trnh by
nhng nguyn nhn suy hao khc nhau trong cp quang. gim ti thiu s suy hao ny,
bc sng nh sng c dch chuyn t 0.85 um ln 1.3 um v 1.55 um. Khi nim v
nhy ca u thu v power budget (qu cng sut) s c trnh by c th hiu c
nhng s suy hao ca cp quang gii hn khong cch truyn nh th no.

2.1 Cc ngun suy hao
C 4 ngun suy hao chnh
Tn hao do vt liu hp thu : C hai loi tn hao do vt liu hp thu : intrisic v extrisic
(ni ti v ngoi lai). Tn hao ni ti gy ra bi cc dao ng ca nguyn t vt liu si
quang. Nh trong hnh 4, s hp thu xy ra c hai thang : hng ngoi v t ngoi. Tn hao
ngoi lai l do s dao ng ca cc nguyn t ca cc phn bn ngoi si quang. Mt tn hao
ngoi lai quan trng l do nc hoc lin kt O-H m tn s dao ng c bn l 1.1 x 1014
Hz, hoc bc sng 2.8 um. V cc lin kt c th hp thu sng ti ti tn s dao ng c bn
v cc hi ca n, s c nhng nh hp th ti bc sng 2.8/(n+1) um. Mt s trong chng
l : 1.40, 0.93, v 0.70 (n=1,2,3) nh trong hnh 5. Mt nh hp th khc ti 1.24 um l
do tng tc gia lin kt O-H v SiO
2
ca thu tinh.

Hnh 4 Suy hao ni ti

Tn hao do tn x : c 4 loi tn hao do tn x trong si quang : tn x Rayleigh, Mie,
Brillouin, v Raman. Tn x Rayleigh l tn hao do tn x quan trng nht, c th hin trn
hnh 6. N t l thun vi 1/
4
theo cng thc sau :
| | km dB c
R R
/
1
4

o = (4.2)
Trong c
r
l h s tn x Rayleigh , n v (dB/km). (um)
4
. Cc gi tr o c thc t
c cho trong hnh 6 . N thay i trong khong t 0.8 n 1.0 (dB/km). (um)
4
v l mt
hm s ca s chnh lch chit sut gia li v v, ca ng knh li v ca loi vt liu pha
tp (doped) trong thu tinh. Ni chung, Tn x Rayleigh cng ln khi chnh lch chit sut
cng ln.
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Hnh 5 Suy hao do hp th ngoi lai

Hnh 7 biu din tn hao tng hp ca tn hao do tn x Rayleigh v tn hao do vt
liu. Trong , hp th hng ngoi l c th b qua c khi so snh vi tn x Rayleigh.
Cng c cc ca s suy hao yu 1.3 um v 1.55 um. V th, hu ht cc ngun quang u
hot ng cc bc sng ny gim ti thiu suy hao.

V d 2 : Gii hn di ca s suy hao trong cp quang .
Ti hai ca s suy hao yu 1.3 um v 1.55 um, c hp th hng ngoi v t ngoi u
c th b qua. Do , gii hn di v mt l thuyt ca cp quang c th c tnh ch bng
tn x Rayleigh. V d, nu h s tn x Rayleigh l 0.9 (dB/km). (um)
4
:
| | km dB
R
/ 32 . 0
3 . 1
1
9 . 0
4
= = o ; V | | km dB
R
/ 16 . 0
55 . 1
1
9 . 0
4
= = o
Ti =1.3 v 1.55 um. Si quang thc t c suy hao ln lt l : 0.4 v 0.2 dB/km.

Tn x Rayleigh v Mie l tn x tuyn tnh, trong mt phn cng sut mode truyn uc
chuyn thnh pht x do s khng thun nht ca chit sut (Rayleigh) hoc b mt ng dn
sng (Mie). Tn x Brillouin v Raman l tn x khng tuyn tnh, trong mt phn cng
sut ca mode truyn sng c chuyn thnh mt mode tn s khc. Tn x Brillouin c
th xem nh l s thay i sng mang bi s chn ng do nhit ca cc phn t. Do ,
tng t nh trong phng trnh 1.2, tn s ca sng nh sng thay i ln xung t tn s
ca sng nh sng ti. Tn x Raman tng t nh Brillouin ngoi tr lng tn s b dch
chuyn nm trong khong nh sng kh kin. Thc t, c hai loi tn x Raman v Brillouin
cn cng sut sng ti ln, thng thng 100 mw cho Brillouin v 1W cho Raman. Do ,
chng c th b qua khi cng sut pht ch vi mw. Tuy nhin, hiu ng tn x Raman phi
tuyn tnh c s dng cho s khuch i quang c gi l stimulated Raman
scattering (SRS) - tn x Raman kch thch.
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Hnh 6 - H s tn hao ca tn x Rayleigh

Hnh 7 Suy hao tng cng. Hp th ngoi lai do lin kt O H ca nc thay i vi si
quang trong qu trnh sn xut.

Tn hao do cong : tn hiu trong si quang cng phi chu tn hao pht x ti cc ch cong,
gp bi v s pht ra cc mode m. Thc t, tn hao do cong khng quan trng tr khi
cong t 1 mm
-1
tr ln. Bi v y l mt con s ln trong cc ng dng thc t nn tn hao
do cong nhn chung l c th b qua. Tuy nhin, khi mt ng truyn di m c nhiu vng,
tn hao do cong tch t li c th ng k. H s MFD (ng knh trng mode) nh hn c
th lm gim tn hao do cong.

Tn hao do ghp ni : mt tn hiu nh sng cng c th b suy hao ti cc mi ni ca hai
cp. Tn hao gy ra bi nhng l do sau :
Mt mt ngoi lai :
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- Khng thng hng gia tm ca cc li.
- Nghing,
- Khong trng u
- Cht lng mt tip xc
Tn hao ni ti :
- Nhn ellipse
- Chit sut khng ph hp vi nhau
- Khng ph hp MFD (ng knh trng mode)

2.2 nhy u thu v qu cng sut (Power Budget)
Do s suy hao trong cp quang nn cng sut ca nh sng gim khi truyn sng. Hu qu l
s suy hao gy ra mt gii hn trn i vi khong cch truyn v tc bit (bit rate). Gii
hn do suy hao ny c th dn ra c t nhy u thu v Power budget - qu cng sut .
nhy u thu : trong bt c mt h thng vin thng no, mt cng sut thu ti thiu l
cn thit t c cht lng. Cng sut ti thiu ny gi l nhy u thu. Nu cng
sut nhn c nh hn cng sut ti thiu ny, h thng s hot ng khng t hoc khng
ng.

V d 3 : BER trong truyn thng s :
Trong truyn thng s, cht lng ca h thng da trn bit error rate (BER) - t l bit li l
phn trm bit li nhn c. Mt l do c bn gy ra nhng bit li ny l nhiu. Nu khng c
nhiu, s khng c li. D thy, cng sut tn hiu cng ln hn cng sut nhiu th BER cng
nh. Trong chng 6, BER trong nhiu trng Gausse (nh nhiu nhit chng hn) c biu
din bi :

~ =

t
2 / 2 /
2
1
) (
2
1
R
2
e Q dx e BE
x

khi rt ln hn 1
Trong l t s tn hiu trn nhiu (SNR). Nu BER yu cu phi nh hn 10-9 th SNR t
nht phi l 36 hoc 16 dB. Do , vi mt cng sut nhiu bit ca h thng, nhy ca
u thu phi gp 36 ln cng sut nhiu l t nht.


V d 4 : Ngng FM.
Trong k thut iu tn, cht tng ca tn hiu sau khi gii iu ch thay i ch yu
quanh mt SNR gi l ngng. Nu SNR thu c trn ngng ny, s khng c s khc
bit ln gia tn hiu ban u v tn hiu sau khi gii iu ch. Nu SNR di ngng th tn
hiu gii iu ch s rt xu. Chng ta c th thy iu ny khi c hin tng fading mnh
trong knh truyn FM. Khi thu tn hiu, SNR s nm di mc ngng, v chng ta s thy r
s suy gim cht lng tn hiu. Do , ngng trong FM l gi tr SNR nh nht c th chp
nhn c ca SNR gi tr xc nh nhay ca u thu ti mt mc nhiu xc nh.

V d 5 : m Photon.
m photon l mt nguyn tc c bn trong tch sng quang. Khi phng thc on-off
keying (nh tn hiu kiu tt m) c s dng (vd: bit 1 truyn i bi mt xung v bit 0
truyn i khi khng c xung). tng ca vic m photon l m s photon nhn c
trong mt chu k bit. Nu s photon ny nm di mt mc ngng no , ta pht hin c
bit 0. Ngc li, nu s photon nm trn mc ngng th ta coi l bit 1. Thc t, s
photon m c l ngu nhin v s lng ngu nhin cp in t-l dng sinh ra trong
qu trnh tch sng quang. Do , xc sut s lng photon m c tng ng vi bit
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1 nm di mc ngng l xc sut khc khng. Ni cch khc, cho trc mt gi tr BER
cn thit, tn ti mt cng sut truyn ti thiu c th c dn ra nh trong v d 3.

Ngoi cng sut thu ti thiu, cn c nhng rng buc v cng sut khc ca bn pht. V
nhiu l do nh : gii hn cng ngh, vn cng sut tiu tn, hay quy nh ca chnh ph
m cng sut u pht c mt gii hn trn. Xem v d 6

V d 6 : Gii hn ca cng sut pht.
Trong truyn thng quang, cng sut pht c xc nh bi ngun quang c s dng.
chng qu nhit (overheating) v s phi tuyn khng mong mun, cng sut u ra ca mt
diode laser hot ng ch sng lin tc thng thng ch khong t 0.1 mw ti vi mw.

Trong truyn thng in t, cng sut u ra ca IC s gii hn bi cng sut tiu th v kh
nng tn nhit ca chng. Nu cng sut tiu th qu ln, tn nhit s tr thnh mt vn
nan gii m c th gy ra dao ng nhit (thermal oscillation). iu ny l gii ti sao cc chip
Pentium cn phi c nhng qut lm mt ring ch khng nh cc dng CPU trc .

Trong truyn thng radio, cng sut pht ti M c quy nh bi Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) - U ban thng tin lin bang. V d nh trong phn 15
quy nh, cng sut radio trong di tn t 902 Mhz n 928 Mhz phi thp hn 1W.

Power budget (qu cng sut): Vi mt cng sut thu cn thit v cng sut pht, gii
hn trn ca s tiu tn cng sut trong qu trnh truyn c gi l Power budget. Nu gi
cng sut pht l P
tx
v cng sut thu ti thiu l P
min
th power budget l t s
Power budget =
min
P
P
tx

Power budget [dB] = P
tx
[dB] P
min
[dB] (4)


V d 7 - Power budget .
Nu cng sut pht l P
tx
= 1mw v cng sut thu ti thiu l P
min
= 1 u W th qu cng
sut l : power budget [dB] = 10 log
10
10
4
= 40 dB

Cng sut tn hao tng cng trong mt ng truyn phi nh hn qu cng sut.
Trong cp quang , suy hao c n v l dB/km . Nu mt si quang c chiu di L km v h
s suy hao th tn hao tng cng l (o
cp
L) dB. Chng ta cn c :
o
cp
L + o
ghp
N + tn hao khc s power budget [dB] (5)
Trong o
ghp
l tn hao trn mi mi ni v N l tng s mi ni trn ton tuyn.
C th tng qu cng sut bng nhiu cch. V d tng P
tx
bng cch tng cng sut ra
ca diode laser ti u pht, v gim P
min
ti u thu bng cch s dng b pht hin (tch
sng) quang s dng hiu ng thc (avalanche photodetector) nh trong chng 5. Qu
cng sut cn c th c tng ln na nh nhng b khuch i quang - rt quan trng trong
cc h thng nh truyn thng xuyn bin , ni m suy hao l mt nhn t gy gii hn.

2.3 Cc gii hn do suy hao :
T phng trnh qu cng sut (phng trnh 5) khong cch truyn b gii hn bi :
L
max
=
cap o
1
{10log
10
P
tx
- 10log
10
P
min
- tn hao khc [dB] }

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Trong o
cp
[dB/km ] , P
min
l nhy u thu hay cng sut ti thiu cn thit t
c cht lng truyn cho trc nh SNR (truyn thng tng t) v BER (truyn thng
s). Nu cng sut pht P
tx
v h s suy hao o
cp
bit trc th khong cch truyn ch b
gii hn bi P
min


Gii hn ca khong cch truyn : Nu P
min
= 1mw hoc 0 dbm, P
min
= -45 dbm, ocp =
0.2 [dB/km ], oghp = 1db, N =2 ; cc tn hao khc trong h thng l 5 dB, power budget l
45db th :
L
max
= (45 5 2)/0.2 = 190 km

S ph thuc nhy u thu vo tc bit: trong truyn thng s, cng sut
u thu ti thiu tng khi tc bit truyn tng. Trong hu ht trng hp, chng t l thun
tuyn tnh. iu ny c th gii thch t hai kha cnh. u tin, khi tc bit tng, bng
thng ca tn hiu tng theo. Do , u thu cn c bng thng ln hn thu c tn hiu.
Khi bng thng ca u thu ln hn th cng sut nhiu i qua cng ln hn. gi c
SNR khng i, cng sut tn hiu cng phi tng theo.
Mt cch khc gii thch s ph thuc ca nhy u thu vo tc bit l t v d
m photon trc. m s photon ti, diode quang cn chuyn photon thnh dng in
quang. Cng nhiu photon ti , dng in quang cng ln. gi cht lng thu, cn phi gi
s lng photon trung bnh pht hin c. Khi chu k bit gim, tc photon ti hay cng
sut pht phi tng t l theo.
nhy u thu P
min
s t l tuyn tnh vi tc bit khi nhiu tng cng u thu
ch yu l nhiu shot. Trong trng hp ny :
P
min
= B (P
0
/ B
0
) hoc
P
min
[dB] = P
0
[dB] + 10log
10
(B/B
0
) (4.7)
Trong B l tc bit, P
0
l nhy u thu.
Thay vo phng trnh 4.6 ta c
L
max
=
cap o
1
{(P
tx
P
0
) dB - 10log
10
(B/B
0
) - tn hao khc [dB] }
L
max
= L
max,0
-
cap o
10
log10(B/B0) (4.8)
Phng trnh trn l gii hn do suy hao, hoc L
max
c th ln n u ti B cho trc.
Hnh 8 minh ho gii hn do suy hao thng thng da vo phng trnh 4.8.

Hnh 8 - Gii hn do suy hao ti o
cp
= 0.2
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Gii hn do suy hao : Gi s Ptx - tn hao khc = 1dbm, cng sut thu ti thiu ti B
0
= 100
Mb/s l P0 = 20 nw. Nu h thng hot ng 500 Mb/s, cng sut thu ti thiu s tng ln
thnh P
min
= 20 (500/100) = 100 nw hoc -40 dbm. Nu suy hao ca cp o
cp
= 2 dB/km th
gii hn trn ca khong cch truyn s l L
max
= [1 (- 40)]/2 = 20.5 km

3 Truyn nh sng trong cp quang
Ngoi suy hao, tn sc l mt nhn t lm gii hn khc trong s truyn nh sng. Tn sc l
mt hin tng m cc photon cc tn s khc nhau (hay mode khc nhau) lan truyn cc
tc khc nhau. Kt qu l, xung nh sng cng ngy cng rng khi n lan truyn dc si
quang. Phn u tin s gii thch nguyn l c bn ca s truyn nh sng trong cp quang.
Phn sau s n v cc loi tn sc v cc gii hn do tn sc.

S lan truyn tn hiu trong si quang c th din t bng c quang hnh hc ln phng trnh
Maxwell. Quang hnh hc l mt xp x tt khi bc sng ca nh sng nh so vi kch thc
ca h thng. Mt khc, gii phng trnh Maxwell s cho ta mt bc tranh chnh xc hn
nhng cng ng thi phi dng n nhng kin thc ton phc tp hn. Phn ny s s dng
c hai cch tip cn, tuy nhin s trnh dng n nhng cng c ton phc tp nh vic gii
phng trnh sng trong si quang. Thay vo , s nhn mnh n mi lin quan gia quang
hnh hc v hm sng. Cch tip cn ny s cho mt cc nhn bn trong qu trnh vt l truyn
sng nh sng vi nhng kin thc ton ti thiu.

3.1 Truyn tn hiu bi quang hnh hc
M hnh quang hnh hc cho s lan truyn sng c v trong hnh 9. Trong cc tia
ti t ngun sng i ti nhng hng khc nhau. Theo nh lut phn x ca Snell, i vi
mi tia, nh sng s i vo min v mt phn hoc b phn x ton phn ph thuc vo gc ti
u
1
n bin gii li -v. C th, tia ti s i vo v mt phn nu tn ti gc u
2
sao cho
n
1
sin(u
1
) = n
2
sin(u
2
)
Vi n
1
v n
2
ln lt l chit sut ca li, v.

Hnh 9 truyn nh sng s dng m hnh quang hnh hc

V n
1
> n
2
, c th xy ra phn x ton phn nu:
u
1
> sin
-1
(n
2
/n
1
) = u
cirt
(complete internal reflection) (10)
Khi c phn x ton phn cc tia sng s lan truyn dc theo si quang m khng c tn
hao (ngoi tr cc suy hao ni phn trc) nu c gc ti tho mn phng trnh 10.
Hnh 9 cho thy hai iu quan trng. Th nht, tia vi gc ti khc u
1
> u
cirt
th c
thnh phn z ca vn tc khc. Vi gc ti u
1
th thnh phn z ca vn tc :
) sin(
1
u
n
c
v
z
= (11)
Vn tc ny ph thuc vo u
1
, gy nn s tn sc v tr trong khi truyn sng. Cc cp
quang loi ch s phn cp c s dng lm gim i s tn sc v tr ny. Cc tia nh
sng c truyn trong cp quang loi ch s phn cp nh th no c biu din trong hnh
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10. Trong , mc d tia c gc ti u
1
ln hn truyn i trong khong cch ngn hn nhng
n phi i trong mi trng c chit sut cao hn. Ngc li, cc tia ti c gc ti nh hn
phi vt qua on ng di hn nhng li trong mi trng c chit sut nh hn. Kt qu
l si quang dng ch s phn cp c th lm cn bng s tr trong truyn sng ca cc tia
sng khc nhau, lm gim ng k s tn sc.

Hnh 10: Lan truy n c c tia s ng trong loi graded index fiber.

Mt iu quan trng khc na l tia c gc ti cng ln th thnh phn z ca vn tc cng ln,
dn n thnh phn r (li tm) cng nh, nng lng cng tp trung nhiu vng v. Ngay
di y, chng ta s ch ra rng nhng sng c vn tc li tm ln hn th ng vi cc mode
truyn cao hn. Khi vn tc li tm ny qu ln hoc u
1
> u
cirt
khi tia sng s truyn vo phn
v v khng bao gi quay tr li na.

iu kin then cht v gc trong phng trnh 10 l iu kin sng nh sng lan truyn.
Khi u
cirt
ln hoc n
2
rt gn vi n
1
, tia ti s gn nh song song vi trc ca si quang . Do
, s kh khn hn trong vic a tia sng vo trong cp quang truyn. o kh ca
vic a nh sng vo cp quang truyn, ngi ta nh ngha mt i lng gi l
Numerical aperture (NA) - Khu s :
NA =
2
2
2
1
n n (12)
Bi v n
1
rt gn n
2
trong cp quang, n
1
2

n
2
2
= (n
1
+n
2
)(n
1
-n
2
) ~ 2n
2
2
[(n
1
-n
2
)/n
2
]. NA
trong phng trnh 4.12 c th xp x :
NA ~ ( ) ( )
2 / 1
2
1
2 1 2
2
2 2 A =

|
|
.
|

\
|
n
n
n n
n (13)
Trong A c nh ngha
1
2 1
2
2 1
n
n n
n
n n
~

= A l t s sai bit chit sut. (14)

ngha vt l ca NA c th thy nh trong hnh 11. Mt tia ti c th truyn vo trong
si quang phi nm trong mt gc khi :
O=(din tch y hnh nn) / d
2
= 2t[1-cos(u
vo
)] = 4t sin(u
vo
/2) =
Khi u
vo
rt nh hn 1.
T hnh 11 v phng trnh 10
Sin(u
vo
) = n
1
cos(u
crit
) = n
1
[1 - sin
2
(u
crit
)]
1/2
= (n
1
2

n
2
2
)
1/2
= NA
Do O ~ t(n
1
2

n
2
2
) = tNA
2
. iu ny ch ra rng khu s NA cng ln th gc
khi m trong tia ti c th truyn cng ln.

Hnh 11 ngha vt l ca khu s
H THNG VIN THNG 2 - Bin son: PGS-TS L Tin Thng
H thng thng tin quang
13

V d 10 : Quang hnh hc. Gi s n
1
= 1.50 v n
2
= 1.47.
Ta c u
crit
= sin
-1
(1.47/1/50) = 78.5
V
z,max
= c/1.5 = 0.667c
V v
z,min
= c sin(u
crit
)/1.5 = 1.47c/1.5
2
= 0.653
tr truyn sng n v l 0.035 c
-1
v
NA = (1.5
2
1.47
2
)
1/2
= 0.3


3.2 Cc mode truyn sng
Phng php quang hnh hc nh cp trn ch l mt phng php xp x qu
trnh truyn sng thc t. c c bc tranh chnh xc hn, ta phi dng cc phng trnh
Maxwell. May mn thay, hiu c cc im quan trng ca qu trnh truyn sng v tn
sc trong cp quang , chng ta c th khng dng ti nhng kin thc ton phc tp. Mun
tm hiu nhng phn tch chi tit, c gi c th c trong cc ti liu tham kho [8], [12],
[15]
Do iu kin bin ti mt phn cch v - li nn ch c mt tp hu hn cc hm sng
tho mn phng trnh Maxwell c th lan truyn trong si quang, mi hm nh th gi l
mt mode truyn sng (khi nim mode truyn sng s c minh ho nh cc ng dn
sng tit din hnh ch nht). Khi nim tng t c th p dng cho ng dn sng tit din
trn. Trong trng hp ny, hm sng (c in trng ln t trng) ca mt mode truyn
sng c th biu din :
+
i
(r, u, z) = A
i
(r, u)
( ) z t j
zi
e
| e

Trong , i l ch s ca mode truyn sng +
i
. A
i
(r, u) l phn b trng ngang |
zi
l
hng s truyn sng theo trc z. Trong phng trnh, hm sng l mt hm theo thi gian t,
cc tham s r, u v z. H trc to tr c s dng bi v ng dn sng c hnh tr. Trong
phng trnh, nhn t
( ) z t j
zi
e
| e
din t s truyn sng dc theo trc z ca si quang.

Hng s truyn sng theo trc z : Theo kho st v mode truyn sng c trnh by
trong ph lc 4-A, |
zi
tho mn phng trnh tn sc :
2 2 1 2
1 i zi
c
n
k |
e
| + =
|
.
|

\
|
=
Trong |
1
= n
1
e/c l hng s truyn sng ca mt sng ti tn s e v trong mt mi
trng lng cc thun nht chit sut n
1
. k
i
l tr ring hoc hng s truyn sng theo hng
ngc li ca mode truyn sng i. Mi mode truyn sng i c mt gi tr |
zi
,k
i
tho mn bt
phng trnh sau :
|
i
2
- |
zi
= k
i
2
> 0 (4.19)
Trong phn ph lc 4-A, mt ng dn sng tit din hnh ch nht vi kch thc a ,b
c mt tr ring k
m,n
= t(m
2
/a
2
+ n
2
/b
2
)
1/2
trong mode TE
m,n
(sng in trng ngang). Do ,
ch s m, n cng ln - hay bc ca mode truyn sng cng cao th tr ring cng ln. iu
ny c ngha l hng s truyn sng theo trc z : |
zi
cng nh. Tnh cht ny cng ng vi
ng dn sng tit din trn v si quang. Do , ch s i cng ln th , k
i
cng ln v |
zi
cng
nh. Khi k
i
vt qu |
1
th |
zi
tr thnh thun o v mode truyn sng tt dn theo hm m
khi truyn.
Phng trnh 4.19 l iu kin sng truyn trong nhn. Cn mt iu kin khc c
chng trong phn v :
|
zi
2
- |
2
2
> 0 (4.20)
Trong |
2
= n
2
e/c . iu kin ny cn thit khng c s truyn sng theo hng li
tm trong v. Phng trnh 4.19 v 4.20 rng buc
H THNG VIN THNG 2 - Bin son: PGS-TS L Tin Thng
H thng thng tin quang
14
1
1 2
1
< <
|
|
zi
n
n
(4.21)
Vic phn tch dng sng cho ra iu kin ny, tng t nh iu kin 4.10 t
phng php quang hnh hc. Phng trnh 4.12 ch ra rng n
2
cng gn n
1
th khu s NA
cng nh, cng kh a mt tia sng vo si quang. Tng t nh vy, phng trnh 4.21
cho thy NA cng nh th khong gi tr ca |
zi
cng nh, cng c t mode truyn sng.

Vn tc truyn sng theo hng z : Tng t nh nhng kho st bng m hnh
quang hnh hc, vn tc truyn sng ph thuc vo gc ti u, vn tc truyn sng theo trc z
vgi ca mode truyn sng i l mt hm s ca hng s |
zi
. Trong phn ph lc 4-B, v
gi
nh
ngha bi v
gi
=
zi
|
e
c
c

Hay cn thng c gi l vn tc nhm, cho bit cng sut ca mt tn hiu nh
sng lan truyn nhanh n u. i lng ny khc vi vn tc pha ,v
pi
= e/|
i
c trng
cho tc thay i pha ca tn hiu nh sng.
Tuy tnh ton chnh xc vn tc nhm v
gi
cn bit |
zi
nh l mt hm ca e, phng
trnh 4.19 vn c th s dng tm mt xp x gn ng khi tn s ph thuc vo k
i
l nh.
Trong trng hp ny :

zi
zi
|
|
|
|
1
1
~
c
c

V |
1
= n
1
e/c

g
def g def
v c
n
n
n
c
n
c
1
) (
1 ) ( 1
1
1
1
1 1

c
c
+ =
c
c
=
c
c
e
e
e
e
e
|

Trong
e
e
c
c
+ =
1
1 1
n
n n
g
(4.24)
c gi l chit sut nhm. T cc kt qu trn ta c
1 1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
e
|
|
|
e
|
|
e
zi
g
zi
g
g
zi
zi zi
zi
gi
v
n
c
c
n
v =
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
~
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
=
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
c
c
=

(4.25)

So snh vi kt qu trong phng trnh 4.11 ta thy : t s |
zi
trn |
1
tng ng vi
sin( u
1
) hoc t s v
z
trn c/n
1
trong hnh 9. V mi mode truyn sng c |
zi
ca khc nhau nn
mi mode c thi gian tr khc nhau. iu ny khng nh li kho st trc y bng
phng php quang hnh hc l cc tia ti c cc gc ti khc nhau th c vn tc theo hng
z khc nhau.

V d 11: Vn tc nhm
Nu n
2
/ n
1
= 0.99. Phng trnh 4.21 cho ta iu kin t s ca |
zi
trn |
1
:

1 99 . 0
1
< <
|
|
zi

Nu
1
|
|
zi
=0.999, s dng phng trnh 4.25 tnh c vn tc nhm :
c
c
v
zi
gi
666 . 0
5 . 1
1
= =
|
|


H THNG VIN THNG 2 - Bin son: PGS-TS L Tin Thng
H thng thng tin quang
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Phn ny s dng c quang hnh hc ln quang sng m t qu trnh nh sng
truyn. tnh c tn sc hoc thi gian tr cc tn s khc nhau hoc cc mode khc
nhau, ch c th dng quang sng. Phn sau dn ra s tn sc trong si quang vi kin thc ti
thiu v l thuyt sng.

4.4 S tn sc trong cp quang
Nh cp trong cc phn trc, vn tc nhm v
gi
trong phng trnh 4.25 l mt
hm ca tn s v mode truyn sng. Nu mt xung quang bao gm nhng tn s khc nhau
v cc mode khc nhau, thi gian tr khc nhau ca nhng thnh phn ny s lm cho xung
rng ra ti u kia ca si quang. Hin tng ny c minh ho trong hnh 3.1
C ba loi tn sc : tn sc do vt liu, tn sc ng dn sng, tn sc modal . Hai kiu
u c th quy cho s ph thuc ca vn tc truyn sng vo tn s, chng thng c gi
bng mt tn chung : tn sc intramodal (tn sc kiu con) hoc tn sc vn tc nhm
(GVD). Loi tn sc th ba cn c gi l tn sc intermodal (tn sc lin kiu) do s ph
thuc ca vn tc truyn sng vi cc mode khc nhau. Theo s phn loi ny, cp quang
single-mode ch c th c tn sc intramodal. on cn li ca phn ny s dn ra ba kiu tn
sc ny v nh hng ca chng trong vic truyn sng nh sng.

4.4.1 Tn sc intramodal
Tn sc intramodal c th hiu nh sau. V vn tc nhm ph thuc vo tn s nn thi
gian tr n v (nghch o ca vn tc nhm) cng ph thuc tn s. S dng khai trin
Taylor i vi thi gian tr ny ti bc sng :
... ) ( 5 . 0 ) ( ) (
2
2
2
0 0 0
+
c
c
+
c
c
+ =

t
t t
g g
g g
(4.26)
Trong t
g
l thi gian tr n v ti bc sng trung tm
0
. T y, tn sc
intramodal c nh ngha :
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
c
c
=
e
|

t
z
g
g
ra
v
D
1
int
(4.27)
Ch s i ca |
zi
c b bt cho gn. Phng trnh 4.26 rt gn thnh

t t
c
c
+ + ~
ra
ra g g
D
D
int 2
0 int 0 0
) ( 5 . 0 ) ( ) ( (4.28)
Nu ta ch gi li hai hng t u th b rng xung tng :
t A = A
ra g
D
int
(4.29)
A l chiu rng ca tia sng tn hiu.
tm D
intra
, s dng nh ngha trong phng trnh 4.27

T phng trnh 4.24, D
intra
tr thnh

c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
def z
g
z
g
ra
c
n n
c
D
1
1
1
1
int
1
|
|
|
|

D
vt liu
+ D
ng dn sng

Trong
D
vt liu
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
~
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
~
c
c
c
c
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
1 1 1

|
|

|
|

n
c
n
c
n
c
z
z
g

L tn sc do vt liu v
D
ng dn sng
=
1
1
|
|
c
c
c
c
z
g
c
n

L tn sc ng dn sng.

H THNG VIN THNG 2 - Bin son: PGS-TS L Tin Thng
H thng thng tin quang
16
Theo cc nh ngha trn, D
vt liu
l mt thng s c lp vi mode truyn sng v ch
thay i theo s ph thuc vo tn s ca chit sut n
1
. D
vt liu
ca mt si quang thu tinh
silicat thng thng l mt hm s ca bc sng nh trong hnh 12.
tn sc ng dn sng D
ng dn sng
th ph thuc vo mode truyn sng i, i lng li
ph thuc vo cu trc ng dn sng. Vic tnh ton tn sc ng dn sng D
ng dn sng
kh
phc tp. K thut xp x thng c s dng khi
1
2 1
2
2 1
n
n n
n
n n
~

= A nh. Chi tit vic

tnh ton D
ng dn sng
c trnh by trong ph lc 4-C.

Hnh 12 - tn sc do vt liu trong cp quang.

4.4.2 Tn sc intermodal
Mt loi tn sc khc l intermodal (lin kiu) hoc modal. Nh ni trc, n gy ra
bi thi gian tr khc nhau ca cc mode truyn sng khc nhau. C th thy trong phng
trnh 4.19, |
iz
khc nhau vi cc mode khc nhau. Do , vn tc nhm tng ng trong
phng trnh 4.22 cng khc nhau. T , tn sc intermodal c nh ngha :
D
modal
=
max , min ,
max , min ,
1 1
g g
g g
v v
t t =
Trong , t
g,min
t
g,max
l tr n v ti thiu v ti a. Phn ny s kho st tn sc
modal trn c hai loi si quang ch s bc thang v ch s phn cp. Chi tit kho st trn si
quang loi ch s phn cp s c trnh by trong ph lc 4-D.

Si quang ch s bc thang (step-index fiber) : ta c th c lng s tn sc ca si
quang ch s bc thang bng quang hnh hc. Thay hai trng hp gii hn u1 = ucrit v 90
vo phng trnh 4.11 :
2
1
1 1
max ,
) sin(
1
n
n
c
n
c
n
g
crit
g
g
= ~
u
t V
c
n
g
g
1
min ,
~ t
Dn n D
modal
= A =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
c
n
n
n
c
n
g g
g g
1
2
1
1
max , min ,
1 t t
Kt qu n gin ny chng t rng tn sc modal trong si quang ch s bc thang
t l thun vi chnh lch chit sut. Bi v NA t l thun vi A
1/2
, c s nh i gia
hiu qu ghp ni v tn sc.
H THNG VIN THNG 2 - Bin son: PGS-TS L Tin Thng
H thng thng tin quang
17
V d 4.12 : Tn sc modal ca cp quang ch s bc thang
Xt mt cp quang ti =0.85 um vi bn knh a=50 um. Chit sut nhm n
1g
= 1.457
v A=0.005. T phng trnh 4.36, tn sc modal :
D
modal
= km nsec/ 24 005 . 0
10 3
457 . 1
5
=

Si quang ch s phn cp : Profile chit sut ca si quang ch s phn cp c biu
din bi phng trnh

> A
< A
=
a r n
a r a r n
r n
, 2 1
, ) / ( 2 1
) (
1
1
o
(4.37)
Trong , o l mt thng s c th ti u ho lm gim tn sc modal
Tn sc intermodal trong cp quang ch s phn cp khng th d dng dn bng quang
hnh hc. Tuy nhin, s cn bng thi gian tr nh c v trong hnh 10 gi rng tn sc
modal nh hn trong trng hp cp quang ch s bc thang. Trong v d 4-D. Khi
o=2(1-A) (4.38)
Tn sc modal s nh nht v cho bi :
D
modal
=
8
2
1
A
c
n
g
(4.39)
Vy tn sc modal trong cp quang ch s phn cp nh hn nhiu so vi trng hp
ch s bc thang, cho bi phng trnh 4.36 v nhn t A
2
. Trong [16] chng minh rng hng
s truyn sng theo chiu dc |
z,m
ca mi mode c th xp x :

g
m z
M
m
|
.
|

\
|
A ~ 2 1
1 ,
| | (4.40)
g = o/(o+2) v |
.
|

\
|
+
A
~
2
2
1
2
o
o
| a M (4.41)
L tng s bc sng

V d 13 : Tn sc modal trong cp quang ch s phn cp.
Cho mt si quang ch s phn cp bn knh a=50 um. Ti =1.3 um, gi s n
1
=1.65,
n
1g
= 1.66, n
2
=1.64 v n
2
=1.65
0061 . 0
64 . 1
01 . 0
= = A V 99 . 1 ) 1 ( 2 = A = o
Tng s mode truyn sng : ( ) 481
) 2 99 . 1 ( 64 . 1
01 . 0 99 . 1
3 . 1 / 65 . 1 2 50
2 2
=
+

= t M
V tn sc modal : D
modal
= km ps
c
/ 6 . 25
8
0061 . 0 65 . 1
2
=

4.4.3 Tn sc ton phn
T c hai loi tn sc, intramodal v intermodal, ta c th tm c tn sc ton phn.
Thay v cng chng trc tip, n c tnh bi
D
tng cng
= D
intra
2
A
2
+ D
modal

2

(4.42)


V d 14 : tn sc ton phn
Xt mt cp quang c n
1g
= 1.75, A =50 nm. Gi s tn sc intramodal trong si quang
l 10 ps/km. Nm v b rng ca tia sng l =50 nm. Tn sc modal v tn sc ton phn trong
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si quang c tnh nh sau. u tin, xt trng hp si quang l ch s bc thang , tn sc
modal :
D
modal
= n
1g
A/c = 58.3 nsec/km
V D
intra
A = 0.5 nsec/km, tn sc tng cng
D
tng cng
= (58.3
2
+ 0.5
2
)

= 58.3 nsec/km
Tng t, nu si quang thuc li ch s phn cp :
D
modal
= (n
1g
/c ) (A
2
/8) = 58.3 0.01/8 = 73 ps/km
V D
tng cng
= (0.5
2
+ 0.073
2
)

= 0.51 nsec/km
R rng, si quang ch s phn cp c tn sc modal v tn sc ton phn nh hn
nhiu.

V cp quang c xem nh l mt knh thng tin, tn sc ton phn thng c
dng c t bng thng truyn ca cp. V sai bit v thi gian truyn tng cng t l thun
vi D
tng cng
L nn bng thng ca cp c nh ngha :
B
cp
= (D
tng cng
L )
-1

iu ny c ngha l tn sc ton phn cng ln, cp cng di th tc bit cng
thp.

4.4.4 Tn sc modal khong cch ln.
Ni chung, tn sc t l thun vi L, di truyn sng. Khi tn sc modal l tn sc
ch yu v si quang di hn mt chiu di ti hn th tn sc ton phn khng t l thun
vi L na m t l vi cn bc hai ca n. S ph thuc vo L ny c trnh by trong hnh
13. Khi L < L
c
th s ph thuc ny l do vic ghp mode, m trong cng sut truyn gia
cc mode truyn sng v tr nn ng k khi L ln hn chiu di ti hn L
c
. Kt qu l tu
vo mode hin thi m photon c th i nhanh hn (vn tc nhm ln ) hoc chm li (vn
tc nhm nh). S thay i tc ny lm cho tn sc ch cn t l vo cn bc hai ca chiu
di tng cng.

Hnh 13 - S gim tn sc modal do ghp mode

S ph thuc vo khong cch ca tn sc cn c th gii thch theo mt cch khc : da
vo l thuyt xc sut. Variance ca tng N bin c lp c phng sai o
2
l No
2
. Trong s
tn sc ca cp quang, chng ta c th phn chiu di tng cng L thnh N on sao cho
L=NL
C
. Trn mi on, photon v tia sng ti mt mode truyn sng. Bi v tn sc modal
ph thuc vo mode truyn sng, mi s ghp ni mode mt phn vi mt phn khc l ngu
nhin, bnh phng tn sc ton phn l tng cc bnh phng tn sc trong mi on. D
tng
cng
2
= N D
phn

2
. Do , D
tng cng
t l vi N hay L

4.4.5 Gii hn do tn sc
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Tng t nh s suy hao trong cp quang, s tn sc trong cp quang cng gii hn bin trn
khong cch truyn ti a ti tc bit cho trc.Gii hn ny gi l gii hn do tn sc, v
c gii thch di y.
Khi bit nh phn 1 v 0 c truyn i nh trong hnh 14, chng c truyn i
nh mt chui cc xung quang. Gi s mi xung c b rng T
0
bng vi chu k bit. Khi xung
n c u kia ca cp quang, n tr nn rng hn v hin tng tn sc. Gi s xung nhn
c c b tng T > T
0
. V xung rng ln nn chng ln nhau v xung 0 s b nhiu bi
xung bn cnh. Nhiu ny c gi l nhiu lin k hiu intersymbol interference. Kt qu
l BER tng.

Hnh 14:
BER s khng tng nhiu khi AT=T T
0
cha tr nn qu ln. Kho st k hn s
c trnh by trong chng 7.Thc t thng s dng iu kin :
AT=T T0 = D
tng cng
L s
B
T
4
1
4
0
= (4.44)
Trong cc h thng truyn thng quang, xung b rng ra khng ch do hin tng tn
sc m cn do thi gian ln (rise time) ca nh sng ngun v u thu. Thng t nh tng
bnh phng cc tn sc trong si quang, ni rng xung ton phn c th tnh bng cng
thc :
AT
2
= t
1
2
+ t
2
2
+ (D
tng cng
L )
2
(4.45)
Trong t
1
t
2
l thi gian ln ca u pht v u thu. Kt hp phng trnh 4.45 v
4.44 cho ta
t
1
2
+ t
2
2
+ (D
tng cng
L )
2
<
2
4
1
|
.
|

\
|
B
(4.46)
y l cng thc chung v gii hn do tn sc

V d 15. Gii hn do tn sc
Nu c u pht v thu u c thi gian ln l 2 nsec v tn sc ton phn l 1 nsec/km
th gii hn do tn sc l
8 + L
2
< 1 / 16B
2

L c n v km, B : Gb/s. Do tc cao nht c th t c l B =88 Mb/s (L=0),
B=24 Mb/s (L=10km)

Tu theo s ph thuc ca D
tng cng
vo tc bit m cc trng hp c bit ca gii
hn do tn sc c phn loi nh sau :
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Loi 1 : tn sc ca cp quang khng ph thuc vo tc bit.
Theo phng trnh tn sc ton phn 4.42 , tn sc AT c th c lp vi B nu hoc
tn sc intermodal l tn sc ch yu hoc A khng ph thuc vo B. V d trong si quang
ch s bc thang nhiu mode, tn sc modal ln hn nhiu so vi tn sc intramodal. Trong
si quang n mode hoc ch s phn cp, nu ngun sng l LED hoc diode laser FP nhiu
mode v b rng tia sng ngun ln hn nhiu so vi B, A s c lp vi B.
Trong c hai trng hp, phng trnh 4.46 cho ta
D
tng cng
L < [
2
4
1
|
.
|

\
|
B
- t
1
2
+ t
2
2
]
1/2
(4.47)

t
2 / 1 2
2
2
1
max
) ( 4
1
t t
= B (4.48)
L tc bit ln nht th
2 / 1
2
max
2 max
1 1
4
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
= <
B B D
L L
tongcong
(4.49)
Cn ch D
tng cng
c n v sec/km

V d 16. Gii hn do tn sc loi 1
Nu B
max
= 10 Gb/s , D
tng cng
= 25 nsec/km. Phng trnh 4.49 cho ta :
L
max
= (1 km) (1/B
2
0.01)

B [Gb/s]. Khi B rt nh hn 10 Gb/s, L t l nghch tuyn tnh vi B. Gii hn ny c
biu din trong hnh 15

Hnh 15 ba loi gii hn do tn sc. Loi 1 l s c lp vi tc bit. Loi 2 l s t
l thun vi tc bit. Loi ba l s t l thun vi cn bc hai tc bit.

Loi 2 : tn sc trong cp quang t l thun vi tc bit.
S dng si quang n mode, s khng c tn sc intermodal. Thm vo , nu dng
mt ngun sng n mode v iu chnh ngoi (xem chng 14), b rng A ca tia sng ra
s cng bc vi B. C th, khi s dng iu bin AM nh ni trong chng 1, b rng ph
l 2B (di di v di trn). Theo s iu ch, b rng ph nh sng sau iu ch c dng
Af = k
b
B
Trong k
b
= 2 vi iu bin AM. Do b rng tia A lin quan vi b rng ph
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A = (
2
/c)Af (xem phng trnh 3.4), ta c
D
tng cng
= D
intra
A = D
intra
k
b
B(
2
/c) (50)
Kt hp phng trnh 49 v 50 :
2 / 1
2
max
2
int
2
1 1 1 1
4
|
|
.
|

\
|
<
B B B D k
c
L
ra b

Khi B rt nh hn B
max
, L t l nghch vi B
2


V d 17 : Gii hn do tn sc loi 2
Gi s B
max
= 10 Gb/s, D
intra
= 20 psec/nm . Km ti = 1.3 um v k
b
= 2. Gii hn tn
sc: Lmax = 1100
2 / 1
2
max
2
1 1 1
|
|
.
|

\
|

B B B

Trong B [Gb/s], L [km] . Loi gii hn ny c v trong hnh 15, ng Loi 2

Loi 3 : Gii hn do tn sc t l vi bnh phng tc bit
Ngoi cc phng php cp trn nh : dng si quang n mode, ngun sng
n mode, iu bin ngoi, chng ta c th dng mt cch khc ci thin cc gii hn tn
x nu bc sng l 1.3 hoc 1.55 um. l dng cp quang dispersion-shifted (dch tn sc).
Trong trng hp ny, D
intra
= 0, v phi dng n h s bc hai trong phng trnh.26 (khai
trin Taylor) :
( )
2
intra
0
1
2
g
D
t

c
A ~
c
(52)
Trong l bc sng m
intra
0
D

c
=
c
. Nu 0 cng l tm ca b rng tia sng A,
lch ti a ca
0
l
2
0
max
2 2
b
k
B
c


A
= =
Do , tn sc ca cp quang :
2
2
intra
1
2 2
b
g
D k
B
c

| | c
A ~
|
c
\ .
(53)
V gii hn do tn sc :
2 1/ 2
2 2 2 2
intra max
1 2 1 1 1
2 /
b
c
L
dD d k B B B
| | | |
<
| |
\ . \ .
(54)

V d 18 Gii hn tn x
S dng nhng thng s nh trong cc v d trc, gi s
intra
D

c
c
=80 (psec/km .nm.um)
Phng trnh 4.54 cho ta
1/ 2
8
2 2 2
max
1 1 1
2.0 10 L
B B B
| |
<
|
\ .

n v ca B l Gb/s, ca L l km. Loi gii hn tn sc ny cng c trnh by trong
hnh v 15

Nguyn tc chn linh kin
Hnh 16 v 2 gii hn do suy hao (s dng kt qu trong v d 4.8 v gi s cp quang
suy hao 2 dB/km ti 1.30 um v 0.2 ti 1.55 um) chung vi 3 gii hn do tn sc va cp
trn. Hnh ny cho ta nhng thng tin quan trng v cch chn linh kin truyn thch hp vi
mt h thng vin thng quang c sn.
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Hnh 16 Cc gii hn do suy hao v tn sc. Cc ng cong v t d liu trong cc v d.

Trong hnh c 6 vng hot ng. Cho h thng hot ng tc thp (vng I v II),
cp quang a mode v ngun sng nhiu tn s c th c s dng. truyn khong cch
xa (vng II) , bc sng 1.55 um c a chung hn 1.3 um v suy hao ca cp quang nh.
i vi h thng hot ng tc cao, cn phi dng cp n mode v ngun n mode (1
tn s). C D
intra
= 0 nhng khng ci thin nhiu gii hn tn sc do c mt gii hn khc
B
max
. Do , tn dng u im D
intra
= 0 , cn phi ci thin tc u thu ng thi na.

4.5 Cc loi cp quang ci tin
Ngoi cp n mode v a mode, c nhiu loi cp quang khc c s dng trong truyn
thng cp quang. Hai loi quan trng trong s chng l dispersion-shifted (dch tn x) v
polarization maintaining (gi phn cc) . Cp quang dch tn x cho tn x bng khng
ti bc sng 1.55 um t c tn x ln suy hao u c th gim thiu. Cp quang gi s
phn cc ca nh sng khng i trong khi truyn. iu ny quan trng trong truyn thng
ng b, ni m cht lng rt nhy vi trng thi phn cc ca tn hiu thu c.

4.5.1 Cp quang dch tn sc v cp nhiu v
C hai loi cp quang dch tn sc v cp nhiu v u u thit k gim thiu s tn sc
ca si quang. Cp dch tn sc gim thiu ti mt im 1.55 um, ni suy hao ang cc
tiu. Cn cp nhiu v th thit k gim tn sc ti mt khong tn s rng.

Hnh 17 tn sc intramodal tng cng l mt hm ca bc sng
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V D
intra
l tng ca D
vt liu
v D
ng dn sng
nh trong hnh 17. D
intra
c th t n zero
bng cch iu chnh D
ng dn sng
trong cp dch tn sc. C hai phng php iu chnh n.
Th nht l thay i profile chit sut ca li. Nh thy trong hnh g v h, mt profile chit
sut hnh tam gic c th c s dng cho mc ch ny.
Mt cch khc chnh D
ng dn sng
l thay i ng knh li. D
ng dn sng
l mt
hm ca V nh ngha bi
2 2 1/ 2 1/ 2
1 2 1
( ) (2 ) V ka n n a | = ~ A (55)
V V t l thun vi k hoc f, V thng c gi l tn s chun ho. So vi nh ngha
khu s NA, V v NA c ln. C th gim v 0 bng cch gim V xung cn 1.4. V
th, trong hnh 17, ta c th c D
intra
= 0 ti 1.55 um bng cch gim V thng qua vic gim
bn knh li a.

V d 20: cp quang dch tn sc:
Xt mt cp quang c n
1
=1.45, n
2
=1.44, a = 4.0 um, =1.55 um.
2 2 1/ 2
2 4.0
(1.45 1.44 ) 2.76
1.55
V
t
= = Khi a gim xung 2.5 um
2 2 1/ 2
2 2.5
(1.45 1.44 ) 1.7
1.55
V
t
= = ; T phng trnh 89
D
ng dn sng
=
2 2
1 2
1 2
2 2
( ) ( )
g g
n n
n n V Vb V Vb
c V c V
c c
~

c c

(56)
Trong b l thng s c nh ngha trong phng trnh 90. Theo hnh 27,
2
2
( ) V Vb
V
c
~

c

0.02 v 0.4 khi a =4.0 v 2.5 um. Suy sa tn sc ng dn sng
D
ng dn sng
=
( ) ( )
5
1.45 1.44
0.02 0.43 sec/
3 10 [km/sec] 1550[nm]
p km nm

=


Khi a = 4.0 um v D
ng dn sng
=
( ) ( )
5
1.45 1.44
0.4 8.6 sec/
3 10 [km/sec] 1550[nm]
p km nm

=


Ti a = 2.5 um. H s tn sc ng dn sng ny m nn c th c s dng trit h
s tn sc vt liu dng ti 1.55 um. Cp quang nhiu v c s dng c tn sc
nh tren mt khong bc sng rng. Cp hai v v bn v c v trong hnh 3 i v j.
Chng c tn sc nh trong mt khong tn s (bc sng) rng nh trong hnh 18 .
Nhng cp nhiu v ny c hai im c tn sc 0.

Hnh 18 c tnh tn sc ca cp quang nhiu v
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5.2 cp quang gi phn cc
Phn cc l mt tnh cht quan trng ca sng in t. Phng ca in trng (t trng)
vung gc vi phng truyn sng. Nh trong hnh 19, nu s phn cc c gi trong sut
qu trnh truyn sng, n c gi l phn cc thng; nu n xoay trn trong mt phng
vung gc vi phng truyn sng, n c gi l phn cc trn. Mt sng phn cc bt k
c th phn tch thnh tng ca hai sng phn cc vung gc vi nhau (v d x v y ) Nu
hai sng thnh phn ny c cng pha, sng kt hp l phn cc thng. Nu hai thnh phn
lch pha 90, sng kt hp l phn cc trn. Khi hai phn cc vung gc c xc nh, trng
thi phn cc ca mt sng c trng bi mi quan h v pha v bin ca hai sng phn
cc thnh phn ny.
Trong mt si quang tit din trn, bi hnh trn l i xng, hai sng phn cc vung
gc c cng hng s truyn sng. Do trng thi phn cc ca sng gi nguyn trong sut
qu trnh truyn. Tuy nhin, mt si quang trong thc t c tit din hi ellipse mt cch ngu
nhin dc chiu di ca n ch khng hon ton trn. V th, khi sng truyn i, cc h s
truyn sng ca n b thay i, v trng thi phn cc cui khc vi ban u. V d, mt tia
ti l phan cc thng v hai mode vung gc b dch pha so vi nhau 90 , sng s tr thnh
phn cc trn. gi c trng thi phn cc ca h thng m cht lng thay i rt nhiu
theo s phn cc cn dng cp quang gi phn cc.

Hnh 19 (a) Phn cc thng v (b) phn cc trn

Cp quang tit din trn : D thy, mt cch gi trng thi phn cc l sn xut nhng
cp c tit din trn nht c th c. Mt thng s c trng cho tnh i xng tm ca si
cp l birefringence c nh ngha :

x y
x y
B n n
k
| |
= = (57)
Vi k = e/c = 2t/, |
x
v |
y
l hai hng s truyn sng ca hai sng phn cc vung
gc. N
x
n
y
l hai chit sut hiu dng tng ng.

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Birefringence Thy c trong mt si cp quang c chnh lch nh gia hai hng s
truyn sng A|= |x - |y = 0.4 deg/m . T phng trnh 57 :
B = 0.4 / k = 1.7 10
-9

Mt si cp quang bnh thng c Birefringence khong 10-6
Cp quang phn cc n v phn cc sai phn : mt cch khc gi c s phn
cc l a ra k thut sai phn b i mt phn cc. t c iu ny, ngi ta phi c
c B ln. Do hai chit sut hiu dng nx v ny trong li phi khc nhau. Theo
phng trnh 4.1, hai phn cc phi c bc sng ct khc nhau (thay n1 bng nx , ny )
Tuy nhin, nh ni trong phn trc, phng trnh 4.1 ch l iu kin n mode.
C ngha l theo hnh 23, ch c duy nht mt mode truyn sng (HE
11
) nu bc sng ln
hn
c
hoc khi V < 2.4. Do , ngay c khi c B ln, c hai phn cc vn c th cng
truyn. lc b mt phn cc, ngi ta dng mt profile chit sut khc v trong hnh 20a.
Trong hnh, profile chit sut ny thay i c tuyn |
z
/k V v b i hon ton thnh phn
phn cc x khi V nm gia V
c,y
v V
c,x
.

Hnh 20 - Gi phn cc bng suy hao sai phn :
(a) profile chit sut; (b) c tuyn |
z
/k V , ng lin tng ng vi profile chit
sut hnh a, nt t tng ng vi profile ch s bc thang.

Cp quang hai phn cc hay cp quang birefringence tuyn tnh.
Khi birefringence B ln (bc 10
-4
), ghp mt phn cc sang mt phn cc khc kh
kh khn. Do , hai phn cc s khng b trn ln, v trng thi phn cc c th gi c
nu ban u ch mt phn cc c truyn i. c t cho kh nng ghp mode trong cp
quang, tham s h c nh ngha :
10 10
10log 10log [tanh(hL)]
x
y
P
P
= (58)
Trong P
y
l cng sut ca phn cc ban u sau khong cch truyn L, P
x
l cng
sut ghp sang phn cc khc. Vic dng hm tanh c th gii thch nh sau. Khi 1 hL ,
tanh(hl)~ hl. Do hl l t s ghp t Px sang Py . Khi hl tr nn ln, c th c ghp ln nhau
t c hai hng. Do Px Py = tanh(hl) 1 khi hl . Bng 2 tm tt vi loi cp quang
gi hai phn cc v h s h ca chng.

Loi Tn B
H
(1/m)
Tn hao
(dB/km)
Bc sng
(um)
HB vi GE Li ellip 4.2 10
-4
3010
-6
85 0.85
Side pit 0.5 10
-4
110
-6
5 1.15
Side tunnel 4.2 10
-4
- - 1.06
GB vi SE V ellip 7.2 10
-4
1.210
-6
5 0.63
Bc ngoi ellip 3.0 10
-4
1.010
-6
0.8 1.55
Panda 3.0 10
-4
0.510
-6
0.25 1.55
Panda, SP 5.9 10
-4
(44 dB) 0.3 1.30
Bow-tie 4.8 10
-4
- 3.6 0.85
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Bow-tie,SP 6.7 10
-4
(42 dB) 1.0 0.82
Flat-clad 2.5 10
-4
5.910
-6
2.6 0.85
Flat-clad, SP 4.7 10
-4
(34 dB) 1.0 0.63
Lu : GE = hiu ng hnh hc; SE = hiu ng stress;
HB= Birefringence cao; SP = Phn cc n

V d 4.22 : Ghp mode hai phn cc vung gc.
Nu L
P
l khong cch m qua , P
x
/ P
y
= 1/p (p>1). Phng trnh 4.58 cho
ln( 1) ln( 1)
2
P
p P
L
h
+
=
Cho trc p, khi khong cch xa th h tr nn rt nh. V d vi p=9 v h =10
-6

m
-1
:
L
9
= 0.22 10
-6
= 220 km
Kt qu ny c ngha l s c 10% cng sut ghp trn mt khong cch 220 km nu
dng cp c birefringence h = 10
-6

m
-1



Tm tt :
1. Mt si cp quang gm phn li v phn v. Phn li c chit quang ln hn mt cht so
vi v. iu ny gi cho nh sng truyn trong li.
2. Tu vo ng knh li m c hai loi cp quang : n mode v a mode. Khi ng knh
li nh, bc sng ct ca cp c th nh hn bc sng hot ng. Trong trng hp
ny, ch cn mt mode ngang. Mt si quang n mode thng thng c ng knh 10
um v si quang a mode thng thng c ng knh 50 um.
3. Tu theo profile chit sut trong li m phn bit hai loi si quang khc : loi c ch s
bc thang v ch s phn cp. Loi ch s bc thang c chit sut hng s trong li, loi ch
s phn cp c chit sut gim lin tc t tm li n mt phn cch li-v
4. S suy hao v tn sc trong cp quang gii hn kh nng truyn v khong cch. S suy
hao trong cp quang gy ra bi s hp th photon, tn x, un cong cp. Hu ht cp
quang trong h thng vin thng hot ng bc sng 1.3 um v 1.55 u c suy hao
nh. Suy hao c th ch l 0.2 dB/km ti 1.55 um.
5. S tn sc trong cp quang gy ra bi khc bit vn tc ca cc thnh phn trong tia sng.
C ba loi tn sc : tn sc do vt liu, tn sc do ng dn sng, tn sc modal. Tn sc do
vt liu v ng dn sng thng c gi vi tn chung l tn sc intramodal.
6. Nu tia sng ra ca mt ngun sng c b rng bng thng khc khng, cc thnh phn
cc tn s khc nhau s truyn vi vn tc khc nhau. Tn sc do cc thnh phn tn s
khc nhau c gi l tn sc intramodal hoc tn sc vn tc nhm. Do , tr khi tia
sng ra l sng lin tc, mt tn s mang, th lun c tn sc intramodal.
7. Tn sc modal gay ra bi vn tc khc nhau ca cc mode khc nhau. Trong cp quang
n mode, ch c mt mode truyn nn khng c tn sc modal. Trong cp quang ch s
bc thang, tn sc modal ln hn nhiu so vi tn sc intramodal. Ngi ta s dng cp
quang ch s phn cp gim tn sc modal ln.
8. gim tn sc intramodal, ngi ta dng cp quang dch tn sc c tn sc bng 0 ti
1.55 um. Ti bc sng ny, tn sc ti thiu v suy hao ti thiu t c cng lc.
c c tn sc intramodal nh trong mt khong bc sng rng, ngi ta dng cp
nhiu v.
9. Ngoi suy hao v tn sc, phn cc l mt yu t quan trng i vi h thng m cht
lng ph thuc vo s phn cc. Kt qu l ngi ta s dng cp quang gi phn cc,
trong birefringence hoc anisotropy (khng ng hng) c nh ngha trong vic
ti thiu ho s ghp t mt mode phn cc sang mode phn cc khc.

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Bi tp:

Suy hao trong cp quang
1: Mt cp quang c h s suy hao 4.5 dB/km, tm t l cng sut u vo v u ra trn mt
qung ng 10 km di. Nu cng sut u vo l -3dbm, cng sut u ra l bao nhiu
mw.
2 : cho hai cp quang c h s suy hao x, y dB/km (x>y). Tm khong cch truyn nu h s
tn hao cng sut l 2.
3 : Pht hin photon.
Nu mt cp quang c suy hao 5 dB/km v cng sut ghp t ngun sng l 10mw, tm
a. Cng sut thu nu cp di 10mw
b. S lng photon (nu tt c u tch c) trong 1 nsec. Gi s bc sng 1.5 um
4 : nhy u thu
Nu trung bnh t nht 500 photon phi c nhn u thu m bo cht lng, cp
quang c suy hao 0.6 dB/km, tm gii hn suy hao (khong cch i vi tc bit) nu cng
sut ghp truyn vo cp quang l 5mw. Gi s tt c photon u pht hin c v bc
sng 1.5 um. Gii hn trn ca tc bit nu L = 10km? L=50km?
5 - Qu cng sut
Nu cng sut truyn l 2mw, cng sut thu ti thiu 0.1 uW, tnh qu cng sut bng dB.
gim qu cng sut 3db, cng sut pht mi l bao nhiu (cng sut thu khng i) dbm?
6 - Qu cng sut
Cho mt si quang c suy hao 1 dB/km v tng tn hao do ghp l 6 dB. Tm qu cng sut
nh nht cn thit truyn 50 km. Nu qu cng sut ch l 35 dB, tn hiu truyn nh th
no? truyn 50 km, suy hao ti a l bao nhiu?
7 Suy hao v qu cng sut
Cho mt cp quang suy hao o
cp
= 0.4 dB/km v cng sut thu ti thiu phi l 0.5 uW ti 50
Mb/s.
a) Tm qu cng sut nh nht truyn 100 km. Gi s c 15 km c mt ch ni mi tn
hao 0.5 dB mi ch. B qua tn hao ti u pht v u thu.
b) Tm v v gii hn do suy hao vi iu kin cho trong a. Gi s qu ngn sch ti 50
Mb/s l 50 dB. Khi v gii hn do suy hao, tm L
max
ti B = 5,50,500 Mb/s
c) Cng iu kin cu a, nn ngun sng u pht cng sut 10 mw, tm qu cng sut
thc t ti 50 Mb/s. N tt cha?
d) iu kin cu a tr khong cch truyn l 200 km, cn bao nhiu b lp (repeater)
nu truyn ti 200 Mb/s. B qua tn sc nhng tnh n tn hao ghp ni cu a.
8 Quang hnh hc
Cho mt cp quang ch s bc thang vi n
1
=1.47, n
2
=1.465. Tm
a) Gc ti hn
b) Khu s
c) Khong vn tc truyn sng dc cp
9 - Truyn sng nh sng
Vi mt cp quang ch s bc thang n
1
=1.45, n
2
=1.44. Bc sng nh sng trong khng gian
t do l 1.5 um.
a) Khu s?
b) Gc ti hn?
c) Khong vn tc truyn sng dc cp theo quang hnh hc?
d) Tn sc theo quang hnh hc?
e) i vi cc mode truyn, xc nh hng s truyn sng |
z
dc theo trc si cp nu
bc sng nh sng trong khng gian t do l 1.2 um
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10 - Truyn sng nh sng
Cp quang ch s bc thang c n
1
=1.50, n
2
=1.49
a) Ti = 1.5 um, tm iu kin truyn sng ca |
z

b) Tm iu kin tng ng ca tr ring mode truyn sng.
11 - Vn tc nhm
iu kin ging nh bi 4-10, tm khong vn tc nhm. Tn sc trong trng hp ny? Nu
vn tc nhm im gia khong trn, tr ring tng ng l bao nhiu?
12 Phng trnh tn sc
Gi s mt mode truyn sng ca mt cp quang tuan theo mi quan h tn sc :
2
2 2 1
1
2
/
z z
n
a
t
| | |

| |
= = +
|
\ .

ng knh li a = 30 um. N
1
=1.50, n
2
=1.49
a) Tm bc sng ct. Biu din theo n
1
, n
2
v a.
b) Tm vn tc nhm nh l mt hm ca bc sng ti 1.30 um. Cho n
1g
= 1.55
c) Ti 1.30 um, gi s tn sc do vt liu bng 0. Tm tn sc intramodal ca mode ny.
13 Tn sc intramodal
Tn sc trong ng dn sng cho bi cng thc
Dng dn sng =
( )
2
1 2
2
g g
n n Vd Vb
c dV



. Trong b l tham s
( )
1
1 2
z
n
k
n n
| | |

|
\ .

. Gi s n
1g
n
2g
=
0.004, NA =0.04, a= 10um. S dng Hnh 27 tm D
ng dn sng
ti bc sng 1.6 um.
Nu tn sc do vt liu l 15 ps/nm.km . Tm tn sc ton phn.
14 Tn sc intermodal i vi cp quang ch s phn cp
Cho cp quang ch s phn cp vi n
1
=1.50, NA =0.2. Tm tn sc modal.
15 Tn sc intermodal vi cp quang ch s bc thang.
Vi mt cp quang ch s bc thang vi n
1
=1.5. Tm chit sut n
2
tn sc l 10 nsec/km
16 Tn sc ton phn.
Xt ba loi cp quang vi A = 0.005, n
1g
= 1.6, b rng tia A = 0.5nm, D
vt liu
= 15ps/km.nm.
Tm tn sc ton phn trong cc trng hp :
a) Cp quang n mode D
ng dn sng
= -5 ps/km.nm
b) Cp quang a mode ch s bc thang D
ng dn sng
= 5 ps/km.nm
c) Cp quang a mode ch s phn cp D
ng dn sng
= 5 ps/km.nm
17 Tn sc
Tm cc loi tn sc vi cc loi cp quang v ngun sng. Dng hnh v 27
a) Tm tn sc modal cho cp quang a mode ch s bc thang vi n
1
= 1.48, n
2
=1.45.
Gi s n
1
= n
1g
, n
2
=n
2g
.
b) Tm tn sc modal cho cp quang ch s phn cp, chit sut ging cu a
c) Si quang ging cu b, nu tn sc intramodal l 30 ps/km.nm v ngun sng c b
rng 2nm. Tm tn sc ton phn.
d) Tm tn sc intramodal ca mt cp quang n mode ch s bc thang ging nh cu
a. Gi s bc sng 1.4 um v ng knh li 4 um. D
vt liu
= 0 ti 1.4 um
e) Vi cp quang ging cu d nhng hot ng tn s m tn sc intramodal bng 0.
Tn sc ton phn ? Nu cD
intra
/c = 100ps/km.nm
2
v b rng tia A=1nm
18 - gii hn do tn sc
Gii s cp quang c tn sc 1 nsec/km. Tm gii hn do tn sc (khong cch i vi tc
bit) nu tn sc ton phn u thu phi nh hn 25% khong bit. Cho B
max
= 1 Gb/s
19 - gii hn do tn sc
Mt diode laser hot ng ti 1.55 um, cp dch tn sc, n mode vi D
intra
= 0 ti 1.55 um .
V gii hn do tn sc theo tc bit ti cD
intra
/c = 100ps/km.nm
2
. Gi s A=0.01nm,
B
max
= 10 Gb/s
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20 - Thit k h thng
Thit k h thng lin lc bng cp quang c cc yu cu :
1. Tc truyn 500 Mb/s
2. Khong cch truyn 50 km
3. BER ti a
C th c cc linh kin vi thng s
Cp quang : c hai loi cp, n mode v ch s bc thang. Vi c hai loi n1 =1.47,
n2=1.46, n1g=1.50, n2g=1.49. Dintra = 20 psec/km.nm ti 1.55 um, Dintra = 0 ti
1.3 um , cDintra /c = 0.1ps/km.nm2 ti = 1.30 um v cDintra /c =
0.081ps/km.nm2 ti = 1.55 um, ocp = 1 dB/km ti = 1.30 um v 0.2 dB/km
ti = 1.55 um. Gi s Bmax = v kb = 2
Ngun sng : Hai loi ngun diode laser : n tn v a mode vi b rng A=0.1
um. C hai ngun u c th hot ng ti vi cng sut ra 1mw.
u thu : Ch c mt loi, c th thu tn hiu ti = 1.30 um v 1.55 um . Ti
BER=10-9 v tc truyn B = 100 Mb/s, cng sut thu ti thiu -30 dbm cho c
hai bc sng. u thu tun theo quy lut P
min
t l tuyn tnh vi tc bit.
u ghp : C hai loi u ghp. Loi th nht ghp cp quang n mode vi ngun
sng hoc u thu, tn hao 0.5 dB mi ch. Loi th hai dnh cho cp quang a
mode, tn hao 0.1 dB mi ch.
Vi mi cch kt hp cc linh kin. Hy tm
a. Gii hn do suy hao v v n.
b. Gii hn do tn sc v v n.
c. Cch kt hp no tho mn cc yu cu. Vi mi cch kt hp khc, ch ra im
khng tho mn.
21 - Cp quang dch tn sc.
Gi s tn sc do vt liu ca mt loi cp quang l 10 ps/nm.km ti 1.4 um.
a) Tm V tn sc intramodal ton phn l 0. Gi s n
1g
-n
2g
=0.01. Dng phng trnh
56 v hnh 27
b) Tm bn knh li tng ng nu n
1
=1.5 v n
2
=1.49
22 Cp quang gi phn cc
a) Nu A|= |
x
- |
y
ca 1 cp quang bng 10 deg/m. Tm birefringence ti =1.5 um
b) Nu cng sut ghp trong khong cch 100 km phi di 1%. Tm gi tr h.