Chng 1: TNG QUAN V BO V TRNH TAI NN DO DNG IN GY ...

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Chng 1: K THUT AN TON IN

Bi 1: NHNG NGUY HIM DN N TAI NN DO DNG IN
1. in git Nguyn nhn: l do tip xc trc tip hay gin tip vi cc phn t c in p. phng trnh cc tai nn do tip xc in th vic u tin l phi tun theo cc quy trnh quy phm an ton in, ngoi ra vic thit lp cc h thng bo v l rt quan trng.

a. Tip xc trc tip bao gm: Tip xc vi cc phn t ang c in p lm vic Tip xc vi cc phn t c ct in khi ngun nhng vn cn in do cn in dung hay in p cm ng do nh hng ca in t hay cm ng tnh in do cc trang thit b khc t gn. bo v, phng trnh ti nn do tip xc trc tip gy ra, ngi ta thit lp rt nhiu quy phm, quy trnh an ton in. Tip xc trc tip rt nguy him nhng chng ta c th trng thy, bit trc hay cm gic c v c bin php an ton thch hp. b. Tip xc gin tip bao gm: Tip xc vi ro chn, v my, thanh ginghay tip xc vi cc trang thit b in m chng c in do b chm hay h cch in. Tip xc vi cc phn t c in p cm ng do nh hng in t hay tnh in in p khi con ngi chu tip xc gin tip gi l in p tip xc. Khi ngi chm vo vt mang in, gia tay v chn ngi c 1 in p t vo v gi l in p tip xc. Dng in qua ngi

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Rng . trong trng hp ny l: T hnh v di ta thy cng ng xa ch ni t th in p tip xc cng ln. Cn in p m con ngi phi chu khi tip xc hai im trn mt t nm trong phm vi dng in chy trong t c s chnh lch in th c gi l in p bc. in p ny thng xut hin gn cc cc tip t hay gn v tr dy ang mang in rt xung: Khi dng in chy qua h thng ni t i vo trong t hay do c mt dy dn c in p b t ri trn t th t s l in tr i vi dng in ny. in tr ca t s gim theo khong cch cng xa i vi im dng in chy vo t. n mt khong cch no (khong 20m) th in tr ny thc t bng 0.(68% in p ri trong khong cch 1m; 24% t 1-10m). Vng m mt dng in b trit tiu gi l vng in th khng. in p bc cng ln khi ngi cng i gn vo cc tip t. Trong khu vc ny con ngi nn di chuyn vi nhng bc ngn. Bo v phng trnh ti nn in do tip xc gin tip rt quan trng v kh nng xy ra cao m li kh lng trc. Vic mc cc rle bo v tc ng khi c dng in chy vo dt khng nhm mc ch chnh l trnh tai nn do tip xc trc tip m cc rle ny c gn vi mc ch bo v khi c tip xc gin tip.

I ng =

U ng

Utx= Vtay-

Ub= Vchn 1-

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Dng in tn trong t

2. t chy in Nguyn nhn: do ngn mch nguy him, thng xy ra khi thay cu ch hay m dao cch ly khi li in ang c ti hay ang b s c Thng tai nn do t chy in xy ra do tip xc trc tip, lc ny c dng in rt ln chy qua ngi gy t chy c th ngi. 3. Ha hon v n Tai nn in do ha hon v n xy ra rt t so vi b in git. a. Ha hon: Nguyn nhn: do dng in qu gii hn do h quang in do cc iu kin vn hnh in c th b. N: Do dng in gn mt khng gian no c hp cht n nh kh gas, kh H2 .Khi dng in qu ln lm tng nhit ca dy dn qu gii hn to nn s n. 4.Phng in do in cao p: Khi ngi n gn in cao th, mc d cha chm vo trc tip nhng mt khong cch nh th c s phng in qua c th. Dng in rt ln nn rt nguy him. Tu theo cp in p m khi cng tc ta phi gi khong cch an ton.

Bi 2: NH HNG CA DNG IN I VI C TH CON NGI

1.Do in git v t chy in: Khi c th con ngi c dng in i qua s lm tn thng ton b c th nht l khi dng in i qua tim v h thng thn kinh. Dng in ny lm cho cc si c tim co gin nhanh v hn lon (hay cn gi l s rung) dn n t vong.
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S t chy do h quang thng gy nn hu qu trm trng. N c th ph hy mt b phn hay ton b c th con ngi. Dng in cng ln th s ph hy c th con ngi cng nghim trng. 2. Cc yu t xc nh tnh trng nguy him ca in git v cc gii hn cho php a. Cng dng in chy qua ngi. Gi tr ln nht ca dng in khng nguy him cho con ngi l 10mA (dng AC) v 50 mA (dng DC). i vi dng AC khi cng dng in t 10 tng ln 50 mA th c th con ngi s kh thot khi vt mang in do s co git ca c bp. Khi cng dng in cao hn 50mA s dn n tnh trng t vong. b. ng i ca dng in qua ngi Khi dng in i qua tim hay h thn kinh th mc nguy him cng cao. ng dng in i Phn lng dng in qua tim (%) 0,4 Chn chn 3,3 Tay tay 3,7 Tay tri chn 6,7 Tay phi chn c. Tnh trng sc khe ngi b in git Ngi ang mt mi, ung ru, tr em hay ph n s b in git trm trng hn trong cng mt iu kin so vi ngi khe mnh. d.Tn s dng in Dng in cng nghip 50Hz nguy him hn dng in DC do n to nn s ri lon m con ngi kh c th t tch mnh khi ngun in. li in AC dng in in dung s lm tng gi tr dng in tng qua c th con ngi. Cn trong li DC khng c in dung ca li. Tn s cng cao th in git cng t nguy him tuy nhin s t chy to nn bi tn s cng cao cng nghim trng. e.Mi trng xung quanh m, nhit cng cao th cng nguy him do in tr sut da ca con ngi b gim f.Tnh ch ng khi b in git Tai nn do in git ki con ngi ch ng t nguy him hn so vi khi th ng g.Thi gian dng in i qua ngi
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Thi gian in git cho php ph thuc vo th trng ngi v cng dng in: Gi tr ln nht cho php an ton i vi ngi khe Dng in mA 10 60 90 Thi gian-giy 30 10-30 3 Thi gian trnh in git nguy him l t<0,2 sec khi in p U<250V v t<0,1sec khi in p cao hn 250V (tuy nhin in p tip xc phi < 500V). k. in p Thc t khng cho php xc nh in p cho php v s nguy him ca in git ph thuc vo cng dng in. Tuy nhin ngi ta cng thit lp mt s in p cho php nh sau: in p cung cp ln nht i vi cc dng c in cm tay l: U<380V nu c b phn ngn cch an ton U<127V nu c bo v ni t U<42V nu c cch in tng cng U<24 V i vi cch in bnh thng in p cung cp ln nht i vi cc bng n soi sng l: U< 220V i vi cc bng n c mc c nh hay ni c t ngi U< 127V i vi cc bng n c mc c nh khu vc nguy him U<24V i vi cc bng n cm tay v bng n c mc c nh khu vc c nhiu ngi, khu vc nguy him U<12V i vi cc bng n cm tay v bng n c mc c nh khu vc c nhiu ngi, khu vc rt nguy him in p tip xc v in p bc ln nht cho php: U<40V i vi trang thit b c nh v di ng khu vc kh nguy him U<24V i vi trang thit b c nh v di ng khu vc rt nguy him i. in tr c th con ngi C vai tr rt quan trng. in tr c th con ngi ph thuc vo: Din tch tip xc p lc tip xc V tr c th m mi trng Nhit mi trng Thi gian dng in tc dng
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in tr c th con ngi s gim i khi in p tng n mt gi tr gii hn. in p xuyn qua da con ngi bt u t 1050V.Thng trong tnh ton ngi ta chn Rngi=1000W.

lp da v tr dng in i vo c th ngi (R c th ln ti 100k W )

Ung

Ing

in tr trong c th con ngi (R ch c gi tr t 570-1000 W )

lp da v tr dng in i ra c th con vo ngi (R c th ln ti 100k W )

Bi 3: XC NH DNG IN CHY QUA NGI

Dng in ch c th chy qua c th con ngi khi c s chnh lch in th gia 2 b phn ca c th. Gi tr dng in chy qua c th con ngi ph thuc nhiu vo li in. Trong ti liu ny chia li in thnh cc loi sau: Mng in n gin l cc mng in mt chiu hay xoay chiu mt pha. Li in cch in i vi t Li in c ni t Mng in 3 pha Li in 3 pha cch in i vi t: im trung tnh c cch in i vi t v khng c dng lm im lm vic (3 dy) Li 3 pha ni t: im trung tnh ni t qua mt in tr nh do n tr thnh im trung tnh hay im khng. Quy nh: Ing: dng in i qua c th con ngi Rng: in tr con ngi Rcd: in tr cch in ca dy dn so vi t
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Rdd: in tr ca dy dn in Rde: in tr thm, nn cch in m ngi ng trn Rtd,R0: in tr tip t Itd: dng in chy qua h thng tip t Utd: in p chy qua h thng tip t 1. Mng in n gin a. Mng in n gin cch in i vi t @ Khi chm phi mt pha:
2 U 1

Rng Ing U Rde Rcd2 Rcd1 Rcd2

Ing Rcd1

Rng

Rde
0 2

Khi ngi chm phi mt pha, s c dng in chy qua c th con ngi (Rng) qua t qua in tr cch in i vi t ca li in (Rcd2).

U Gii mch in tng ng ta c: Ing= [ Rng ( Rcd 1 + Rcd 2 ) + Rcd 1 Rcd 2 ] Trng hp Rcd1=Rcd2=Rcd v Rde=0 (chn con ngi tip xc
U trc tip vi t): Ing= 2 Rng + Rcd . Ta thy rng in tr cch in

ca mng in Rcd c nh hng rt ln n cng dng in qua ngi. Lu rng khi c 100 thit b in trong mt li in, nu mi thit b c in tr cch in l 1.000.000W th in tr cch in
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tng ng ca ton li s l: 1.000.000W /100 =10.000 W Ta c th tnh Rcdct=U/Ingcp-2Rng . Do iu kin m bo an ton l: Rcd>Rcdct [Ly Rng=1000W v Ingcp= 8-10mA (f=50hz)] ta c kt qu sau: Mng in p U<127V th Rcd>10.700W

Mng in p U<220V th Rcd>20.000W Khi Rcd1=Rcd2=Rcd v c Rde (chn con ngi tip xc vi t

U qua Rde): Ing= [(2 Rng + Rde ) + Rcd ] T cng thc trn ta thy khi tng Rde ln th gi tr Ing s gim xung thp. V vy khi cng tc, nu ta dng thm ng, gh cch in th s rt an ton cho con ngi. V d li in 500V nu Rde 50.000W th gi tr dng in I 10mA an ton cho con ngi. @ Khi hai tay ca ngi chm vo 2 cc ca mng in hay khi mt tay chm mt cc ng thi vi vic cc kia b chm t (Rcd2=0):
U Lc ny dng in qua c th con ngi c tr s ln nht: Ing= Rng
2 U

Ing

Ing

Rng

Rng

b. Mng in n gin c ni t @. Mng in mt dy dn:

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L mng in ch dng mt dy dn dn in n ni tiu th, cn dy cn li s dng cc ng ray, t, kt cu st thp (my hn). Khi ngi chm vo dy dn 1 th dng in chy qua c th Rcd 1 U con ngi l: I = ( Rng + Rde )( Rcd 1 + R0 ) + Rcd 1 R0
ng

Nu ni t tt th R0 0 th Ing

U = ( Rng + Rde )
1

U Ing

1 Rng Ing Rcd1 Rde

U
Rng Rcd1

Rde R00 0

R0

V d: Khi th hn thay que hn m tip xc vi mt dy (dy cn li ni t) th c th b in git cht nu khng mang trang b bo h an ton nh giy, gang tay..V: in p khng ti ca MBA hn l Uf 70 I ng = = = 0,07 A Rng 1000 70V b. Mng in 2 dy dn : Mng in ny thng dng cho cc my hn, MBA o lng mt pha @ Khi chm vo dy dn 1 (dy v): Lc lm vic bnh thng, trn dy dn c dng in It i qua, in p phn b trn dy dn c dng: Ux=It Rax Ux in p ti im x

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Rax in tr ca on dy dn ax Kt qu:Ua=0; Ub=ItRab Ta thy d chm vo im b cch xa a bao nhiu th in p cng lun lun nh hn 5% Udm Nu lc ny ng thi xy ra ngn mch ti c th in p t ln c th con ngi l :Un U/2 nn kh nguy him.
2 U a b

Ilv
1 c

Zt

U a b

Ilv

Ing

Ing

Ulv Rde
R0 R0

Ulv Rde

@ Khi chm phi dy dn 2 (dy i):

U Lc ny dng in chy qua c th con ngi l: Ing= Rng

2 Zt 1 c

U a

Ilv

Ing

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R0

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2. Mng in 3 pha Trong mng 3 pha th cng dng in qua c th con ngi ph thuc vo in p mng, tnh trng lm vic ca im trung tnh, tr s cch in ca in tr cc pha, in dung ca cc pha i vi t. Nguy him nht l khi con ngi chm phi 2 pha ng 3U p Ud thi, lc ny Ing= Rng = Rng Tuy nhin tai nn do chm phi 1 pha l nhiu nht (83%). Lc ny mc nguy him ca cng dng in qua c th con ngi ph thuc nhiu vo tnh trng lm vic ca im trung tnh. a. Mng in c trung tnh cch in i vi t: u1, u2, u3 l in p cc pha i vi t c1, c2, c3 l in dung cc pha i vi t g1, g2, g3 l in dn cc pha i vi t gng l in dn ca con ngi Khi c th con ngi chm phi 1 pha (v d dy dn 1), theo nh lut Kic-khop 1 ta c:

g ng u1 + g1u1 + g 2 u 2 + g 3 u 3 + c1
1 = Ug ng 2

du du1 du + c 2 2 + c3 3 = 0 dt dt dt

th dng in i qua c th con ngi l:

I ng

[3( g 3 + g 2 ) + 3w (c3 - c 2 )] 2 + [ 3 ( g 2 - g 3 ) + 3w (c ( g 1 + g 2 + g 3 + g ng ) 2 + w 2 (c1 + c 2 + c3 ) 2

U Ing g1 g2 g3

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c1

c2

c3

gng

@ Mng in c in p thp (<1000V),chiu di ng dy ngn nn in dung so vi t khng ng k g1=g2=g3 = 1/Rcd v c1=c2=c3 =0

3Rng + Rcd Ta c: R rng l nu cch in ca mng in Rcd i vi t cng cao th cng dng in i qua c th con ngi cng nh. V d: Khi Uf=380V, Rng=1000 W , gii hn dng in an ton l I=0,01 A. I ng = 3U

Rcd =

3U - 3Rng 0,01

Mun vy @ Mng in c c in p cao, cch in rt tt so vi t (Rcd=), ng dy di nn in dung C ln.

Rcd =

3U 3 - 3Rng = 380 - 3.1000 = 63.000W 0,01 0,01

I ng =

3U 9 R 2 ng + 1 (wc ) 2

Ta c R rng C cng ln th cng nguy him nht l cc mng cp. @ Khi mng in c in p cao, ng dy di nhng cch in ca mng in li khng tt lm: g1=g2=g3 =g c1=c2=c3 =c
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I ng =

U Rng 1 + Rcd ( Rcd + 6 Rng )

2 9(1 + R 2w 2 c 2 ) Rng

Ta c:

V d: Uf=380V, Rng=1000 W , Rcd=10.000 W , C=10-10F th gi tr dng in l: Ing=0,14A Nhn xt: i vi li in cch in i vi t (trung tnh cch in) th khi con ngi tip xc vi phn dn in on b h hng cch in th dng in chy qua c th con ngi c gii hn nu ta duy tr Rcd tt. Chnh v vy m nhng ni nguy him, m t nh hm m ngi ta ch dng li m trung tnh cch in i vi t.Vi mc ch ny ngi ta dng my bin p h p hay my bin p ngn cch (th cp c cch in i vi t). cho li in 3 pha c trung tnh cch in i vi t m bo c u im ca mnh th cm s dng trung tnh ny vo mc ch vn hnh do ch cn c s h hng cch in ca mt on dy trung tnh no th dy trung tnh tip t. b. Mng in trung tnh trc tip ni vi t a phn cc thit b v kh c in c ni n li 3 pha ni t v li in ny rt kinh t v v k thut c nhiu u im hn cc li in mt pha. im trung tnh ni t gi l im khng ca li in. @ Mc ch: Khi dy dn 1 b chm t ng thi vi vic ngi ng trn t v chm phi dy dn 2 th in p t ln c th con ngi l in p dy. Nu ta ni t th khi chm t 1 pha, dng in ngn mch ln lm cho rle bo v nhanh chng tc ng. Hn na khi ni t trung tnh ca mng in th lc chm t 1 pha, con ngi chm phi mt trong 2 pha cn li th in p phi chu ch bng hay ln hn in p pha mt cht.
U1

Ucd

Ing file://E:\Cuong\Ky thuat Dien.htm

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U12 O
Ung

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Rng

R0

Rde

U2

Khi chm t pha 1 v con ngi chm v pha 2 th in p t ln c th con ngi l :

2 U ng = U 0 + U 2 - 2U 0U cos120 0 = U 02 + U 2 + U 0U

R0 cng nh th U0 cng nh v Ung U nhng khi mng in c trung tnh ni t, trong lc lm vic bnh thng c th con ngi chm phi 1 dy th cng dng in qua c th con ngi ln: rt nh so vi Rng) th ta c th tnh ra gi tr Rde ln m bo an ton cho ngi l:
I ng =
Uf U I ng = Rng + R0 + Rde Rng + Rde (xem R 0

U0 l in p im trung tnh khi c 1 pha chm t (l in p ging trn in tr ni t R0). R0 l in tr ni t ca im trung tnh.

Rde

Uf 0,01

- Rng

Ing

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Rng Rde

R0

V d: Nu Uf=220V v do R0 rt nh so vi Rng; v Rde=0 th gi tr

Rng dng in chy qua c th con ngi l: mng in 3 pha c trung tnh ni t th in tr cch in ca cc pha i vi t Rcd c ln n u cng khng lm gim cng dng in i qua c th con ngi. @ Mng in cao th U>1000V i vi cc mng in c U>110KV, trung tnh c ni t trc tip. u im l khi chm t 1 pha trong mng, bo v rle ct ngay, gim thi gian ca in p ging quanh ch chm t v ch ni t, lm gim nguy him cho con ngi lm vic gn . Nhng li c nhc im l khi ni t trc tip th dng in ngn mch chm t ln lm cho in p ging trn in tr ni t ln v iu ny c th truyn sang cc mng in c U<1000V nu c chung ni t. Cc mng in c U< 35KV, thng t khi ni t trc tip im trung tnh, thng cch in hay ni t qua cun dp h quang lm gim dng in i qua ch chm t do gim in p ging quan ch chm t. V mt an ton cho con ngi th mng in c trung tnh cch in i vi t tt hn v khi in tr cch in ca dy dn ln v in dung nh th khi ngi chm phi 1 pha nguy him hn (in p t ln ngi nh hn in p pha) tuy nhin vi mng in cao th th chm vo pha no cng nguy him. @ Mng in h th U<1000V Mng in ny cn phi bo m sao cho khi con ngi chm vo 1
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I ng

Uf

220 = 0,22 A 1000

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pha th dng in qua c th con ngi l b nht. i vi mng in c trung tnh cch in i vi t th cng dng in chm pha qua c th con ngi nh hn nhiu so vi khi c trung tnh ni t. Song nu khi trung tnh cch in m cch in 1 pha b hng th in p xm nhp ra v thit b s tn ti rt lu do dng nh rle bo v khng tc ng. Khi ny con ngi chm phi v thit b mang in s rt nguy him nn trong thc t i vi cc mng in 220/127V v 380/220V c trung tnh trc tip ni t th cn phi thc hin ng b 2 loi bo v: bo v ni t v bo v ni dy trung tnh. 3.S phng in in dung, nh hng ca tnh in v trng in t Mc d ct dy dn ra khi ngun in nhng in tch tn d ca ng dy vn c th gy nguy him cho con ngi. Do ng dy c in dung nn c np in tch trc khi b ct khi ngun hay c th do in p cm ng sinh ra do nh hng ca tnh in hay trng in t ca nhng ng dy ti in bn cnh. a. nh hng ca in dung li in: Khi ct ng dy ra khi ngun in, trn ng dy vn c in dung nn vn tn ti mt in p trn ng dy. in p ny c th c ln bng 2 ln bin hay hn na v n ph thuc vo: Thng s ca mng in nh U,f Thi im ct mch in @ Nu con ngi ng cch in i vi t m chm vo 2 cc ca ng dy ct in:

I ng =

Lc ny s c dng in i qua ngi l: U0 l in p d ca ng dy ngay thi im ngi chm vo mng in. Rng l in tr con ngi C12 l in dung gia cc dy dn ca ng dy b ct. Hnh di th hin quan h gia dng in chy qua c th con ngi v thi gian.
Ing Ingmax=U0/Rng file://E:\Cuong\Ky thuat Dien.htm 6/19/2006

U0 e Rng

-t Rng C12

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C12

Ta thy khi C cng ln th Q=CU cng ln, do tr s trung bnh v thi gian ca dng in i qua c th con ngi cng cao. @ Khi chm vo mt dy dn ca ng dy ct in v gi s Rcd=: Trong thi im ca ch lm vic cha n nh, con ngi s phi chu tc dng ca dng in tch ca in dung dy dn 1 i vi t C11 v mt phn ca dng in dung gia 2 dy dn C12.
(+) 2 C22 (-) 1 Rng C11 C22 Rng C11 2C12 (-) 1 2C12

(+) 2 C12

C11+2C12

Rng

Dng 2 in dung 2C12 thay th cho C12 v gi thit im gia ca chng ni t. Do khi con ngi chm vo mt cc ca ng dy ct in s b in phng ca (C11+2C12). Lc ny dng in
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-t Rng ( 2 C12 + C11 )

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I ng =

i qua c th con ngi l : Ngoi cng dng in phng v thi gian phng in th CU 2 q = 0,24 nhit lng 2 t nng c th con ngi cng rt nguy him. b. nh hng ca tnh in v trng in t: Khi mt dy dn c in p th s tch ly in tch do khi c mt ng dy ct in nm st th s c hin tng cm ng in t lm pht sinh ra mt in p ti dy dn ang c lp. Khi mt dy dn c dng in chy qua th s to ra mt trng in t xung quanh n. Lc ny nu vt dn in no nm trong trng in t ny u chu cm ng v sinh ra mt sc in ng nn sinh ra mt in p. Khi c 2 hay nhiu ng dy cao th trn cng mt tr th khi cng tc ti ng dy ct in phi thc hin ni t ng dy .

U0 e 2 Rng

Khi c dng in r ra v my gy nguy him cho ngi s dng v trnh truyn ng gia cc pha vi nhau gy ngn mch th ta phi thc hin cch in tt (Rcd ln). Tr s Rcd ny phi c kim tra gia cc pha i vi t v gia cc pha vi nhau. Theo quy phm quy nh: ng vi in p U=1V, dng in r cho php khng vt qu 0,001 A (1mA).

Bi 4: CC BIN PHP BO V KHI C DNG IN R RA V THIT B

U U 1 0,001 Rcd = = 1000W 0,001 0,001 Iro= Rcd . T ta

tnh c cch tnh Rcd cho php nh sau: ly in p pha hay dy hay Udm ca thit b in tnh bng V nhn vI 1000 W /V th ta c gi tr Rcd cho php tnh bng W . V d lI c in p l 220 V th Rcd cho php l 220V.1000 W /V=220.000 W =220 K W =0,22M W . ( thc t th ta ly bng 0,5M W ) Theo quy phm an ton in th gi tr an ton quy nh nh sau:

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i vi thit b in cao p th Rcd=1MW cho 1000V Ti nhng ni m mi trng rt m t m khng th khc phc c th tr s an ton cho php gim xung nhng khng c qu 0,5 ln tiu chun quy nh. Ngoi ra gi tr ca ln o cch in so vi ln o trc cng khng c thay i qu nhiu. Khi cch in khng t quy nh an ton th cm khng c ng in cho thit b. Khi cch in thit b h hng (chm v my) th lc con ngi chm vo s rt nguy him do cn c cc bin php an ton sau: 1. Ni t bo v 2. Ni dy trung tnh 3. Ni t lp li 1. Ni t bo v Bo v bng cch ni v thit b n h thng ni t hay cn gi l bo v bng tip t. Khi c s c trang thit b in th v thit b c th c in p tip xc. Dng in i qua c th con ngi khi c tip xc gin tip c th c cng gi tr nh khi tip xc trc tip. Nu v ca trang thit b c ni n t hay mt con ng no khc cho dng in s c chy qua mt cch d dng th ta c th gim tr s in p tip xc n mc an ton. Bo v bng cch ni t l mt bin php bo v c in nhng rt ph bin v n n gin v kinh t. Ch : H thng tip t vn hnh l h thng tip t c thc hin theo yu cu i hi ca thit b in cho thit b in c th vn hnh. Cn h thng tip t bo v l h thng c thc hin theo yu cu an ton s dng thit b in, phng tai nn do v thit b c in p. Ni t bo v nhm bo v an ton cho con ngi khi chm phi v cc thit b in khi m cch in ca thit b h hng gy chm v.
2 U

i vi thit b c U<500 V th Rcd>0,5MW

1 Rcd2
R

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Rcd1

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Rcd2

Ud

Id

Ing

Rd

Rd

Khi thit b c ni vo mng in xoay chiu mt pha v v ca thit b c ni t qua in tr Rd , khi xy ra chm v th s c dng in tn trong t l Id. Lc ny nu ngi chm vo v my th cng s c mt in p t ln c th con ngi l :
1 1 1 1 + + Rd Rcd 1 Rng U =U = 1 1 1 1 Rcd 2 + 1 + Rcd 2 ( + + ) 1 1 1 Rd Rcd 1 Rng + + Rd Rcd 1 Rng

U ng

Do Rcd1,Rcd2 v Rng rt ln so vi Rd nn ta c th xem:

U ng

URd I d Rd = U d Rcd 2

iu kin an ton cho con ngI l: U ng I d Rd U cp Do Rd cng nh th cng tt. Theo quy trnh an ton in th: i vi cc thit b in c U<1000V trong cc li in c im trung tnh cch in i vi t th Rd<4W. Nu cng sut

ca ngun <100KVA th cho php Rcd <10W. Nu U>1000V trong cc li c im trung tnh cch in i vi t th: Khi ni t bo v ch s dng ring cho cc thit b in trn 250 Rd Id W 1000V th

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Khi ni t bo v s dng chung cho c cc thit b in ti 1000V th i vi cc thit b in c U>1000V trong cc li in c im trung tnh trc tip ni vi t do dng in ngn mch chm t ln nn quy nh Rd<0,5W ng thi km theo cc bin php an ton khc. Lu : Vic ni dy gia cc v thit b c cc u im sau: Dng in s c ln v n l dng ngn mch, ln tc ng cc thit b bo v. Nu s c ny khng c loi ra trong mt khong thi gian cn thit th in p tip xc cng s rt nh. a. Cc hnh thc ni t bo v: Ni t tp trung: in cc ni t l cc ng st trn c f =4-6cm, di 2-3 m, chn thng ng trong t. Ni t hnh li: Khi cch in b hng, c dng in r chy qua v thit b vo t. Lc ny iu kin an ton c xc nh bng in p tip xc v in p bc. Trong ni t tp trung lm gim tr s in p tip xc nhng in p bc cn ln. Ni t hnh li s khc phc c vn ny v m bo an ton cho con ngi. in cc ni t l li st rng ln chn pha di khu vc t thit b. theo ng cong phn b in p ta thy tr s in p bc v in p tip xc gim i nhiu so vi ni t tp trung. Tuy nhin ngoi vng bo v ca mng li ni t th ng phn b in p c dc ln cho nn in p bc vn rt nguy him nn ngoi khu vc mng li ni t ny ta chn thm cc tm bng st to vng ng th. Cc tm ny khng ni vi mng li ni t. Hnh di cho thy khi c chn thm cc tm st th ng cong in p bc gim dc i nhiu nn an ton hn cho con ngi. H thng ni t cho thit b nhm m bo an ton cho con ngi v h thng ni t chng st hon ton ring r vi nhau. Hai h thng ny c im ngoi cng cch nhau t nht l 6m.

Rd

125 Id W

Utx

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Ub Ud=IdRd Ub

2. Bo v ni dy trung tnh: ngha: Bo v ni dy trung tnh bin s chm v thnh ngn mch mt pha, lc ny Inm rt ln s lm t cu ch hay tc ng bo v ct in khu vc s c. Bo v ni v thit b vi trung tnh c coi l bo v chnh. Ngoi ra i khi ta cn ni v thit b vi t qua mt in tr ph rn U tx U f r f + rn nn mun R =4W v c coi l bo v ph. Ta c m bo in p tip xc nh hn 40 V ta c 2 cch:
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1. Gim in tr dy dn trung tnh. 2. Ni v ca thit b n h thng tip t ph. Phng php 1 khng kinh t v dy dn trung tnh cn phi c tit din kh ln trong khi thc ra th tit din dy trung tnh ti a ch nn tit din dy pha m thi. Phng php 2 l ni v thit b n h thng tip t ph. iu kin c bn m h thng tip t ph phi tha mn l:

R p R0
Un = U f

U tx U n - U tx vi Un l in p ging trn dy trung tnh. Do

r rn (1 + k )U tx k= n R p R0 r f t y ta thy r f + rn k (U f - U tx ) - U tx vi

r l in tr ca h thng tip t bo v ph ph thuc vo in tr ca h thng tip t vn hnh R0, vo in p ca li in i vi t Uf v vo t s k gia in tr dy dn pha rf v dy dn khng rn ti v tr s c n ngun in. V d vi li 380/220V, nu rf=r n v k=1 th

R f R0

40 4 = R0 110 - 40 7

Dy trung tnh

IdRd

R0

Id

Rd

I0R0

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Trong li in h th ba pha 4 dy c trung tnh ni t th khi chm v mt pha cc bo v ni t nh hnh di s khng an ton. li in 3 pha ni t ny, im trung tnh ca ngun cung cp c ni qua t qua mt h thng tip t vn hnh R0, cn v thit b s c ni t qua in tr Rd. in p m con ngi phi chu khi tip xc vi v thit b s c l:
U tx = I d Rd = U f Rd R0 + Rd

Rd k =Uf 1 + k vi k= R0 . Do li trung tnh ni t th in p tip xc khng ph thuc vo gi tr tuyt i ca in tr h thng tip t m ph thuc vo t l ca chng. y l bt li quan trng ca h thng bo v bng tip t trong li trung tnh tip t do ngi ta c khuynh hng p dng bo v bng cch tip dy trung tnh cn gi l tip khng.

Zf Dy trung tnh vn hnh Zn Dy trung tnh bo v

R0

Mun cho bo v ni dy trung tnh t c mc ch th trc ht in tr (tit din dy trung tnh) phi c tr s sao cho tch c
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thit b s c ra khi ngun in. Nu in tr dy trung tnh c R cng nh th bo v cng tc ng nhanh v chnh xc do yu cu chnh t ra cho h thng tip khng l dy dn gia ngun (my pht hay my bin th) vi v thit b c bo v phi c tnh ton sao cho dng in s c t nht phi qu 3 ln dng in nh mc ca cu ch nng chy gn nht hay t nht gp 1,5 ln dng in m nhanh ca cu dao t ng bo v thit b ny. T hnh v trn ta thy dng ngn mch do chm v l:

Id

U Rd + R0

V U nh nn Id khng ln do bo v khng tc ng v dng URd U d = Rd I d = Rd + R0 chm t tn ti lu vi in p: Nu Rd=R0 th Ud=U/2. Mun cu ch hay cc bo v tc ng th dng Id phi tng ln bng cch ni v thit b vi dy trung tnh. Lc ny dng ngn mch Id ln nn bo v s nhanh chng tc ng. Do vy trong mng in ny cc thit b cn phi c ni v hay cc b phn thng khng mang in vi dy trung tnh bo v. Cn trng: Bo v bng tip dy trung tnh ch c th p dng i vi nhng li in c im trung tnh ca ngun cung cp c ni trc tip n h thng tip t vn hnh. i vi cc thit b c cung cp t mt ngun in th cm khng c p dng: ch tip t trung tnh cho mt s thit b cn s thit b cn li th ch tip t bo v. Vic s dng ni cc thit b in n h thng tip t ph ngoi vic ni cc thit b ny n dy trung tnh (bo v chnh) s trnh c cc s c nguy him khi chm dy trung tnh v pha, t dy trung tnh nhng ng dy trn khng, dy dn trung tnh bo v nn c gn thp hn dy dn pha v khi xy ra vic t dy pha v ri vo dy trung tnh nm di th s to thnh dng ngn mch ln tc ng bo v hot ng cn nu n c mc trn dy pha th khi dy trung tnh ri trn dy pha, dng in s c rt nguy him i vi con ngi. Cm t cu ch trn dy trung tnh v cu ch d b t, m khi
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t th s mt kh nng bo v nu v chm pha (lc ny v vn cn in gy nguy him) v gy h mch nguy him. Khng nn ni v vi trung tnh vn hnh m nn ni vi trung tnh bo v ( v nu trung tnh vn hnh t th v c in). Phng php ny an ton nhng li khng kinh t do phi lp thm mt ng dy na. 3. Ni t lp li: Khi tin hnh bo v ni dy trung tnh, nu dy trung tnh m cch in vi t (do b t) th khi b chm v in p dy trung tnh c th tng ti tr s in p pha (lc ny nu mt v chm pha th cc v cn li s c in rt nguy him). Chnh v vy m ngi ta tin hnh ni t lp li ti cc ni khc nhau trong li in nhm lm gim thp tr s in p trn dy trung tnh v phng khi dy trung tnh b t. Thng Rll=30W v trn trc trung th v h th 220/380V th c 250m ta ni t lp li mt ln. Khi c ni t lp li th in p trn dy trung tnh sau ch t l:
U 0 = R1 I d = UR1 R1 + R0 v y cng chnh l in p tip xc Utx2.

Dy trung tnh Utx=0

Utx=U

R0

Id

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Dy trung tnh vn hnh

R0

Utx=IdR 0

Id

Utx=IdR 1

R1

Thng thng R0 R1 ( R0 4W ) nn tuy U0 cn kh ln nhng bt nguy him so vi khi khng tin hnh ni t lp li. Tr s ca in tr tn R1 phi 10W . Tin hnh ni t lp li ca dy trung tnh khi: Cch khong 200m dc theo chiu di ng dy im cui ng dy im ng dy c phn nhnh khi phn nhnh di hn 250m Khi li h p dng cp th khng cn ni t lp li v cp thng c dy trung tnh ring hay dng v kim loi ca cp lm trung tnh, loi ny rt bn kh t. 4. Tnh ton ni t bo v. Ni t t nhin l ni t dng cc vt liu c sn trong t nhin. Ta thng s dng cc ng nc hay kt cu st thp ca cc cng trnh nh cain tr ca ni t t nhin c xc nh bng cch o thc t hay tnh gn ng. Ni t nhn to c thc hin khi ni t t nhin khng m bo tr s an ton cho php. Cch tin hnh ni t cp phn ni t. Dy ni t cn phi bn, chu nhit, chu c dng in cho php lu di v c tit din phi ln hn 1/3 dy pha. Thng ta dng dy thp c tit din 120mm2, nhm l 35mm2, ng 25mm2. in tr ni t ch yu ph thuc vo in tr sut ca t, hnh dng kch thc in cc v chn su trong t. Cn in tr
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sut ca t li ph thuc vocu to t, thnh phn, m, nhit t v ch c th xc nh gi tr chnh xc bng o lng. K hiu ca in tr sut t l r dat v tnh bng W cm. Do in tr sut ca t khng n nh m thay i theo thi tit nn trong tnh ton ta phi s dng gi tr in tr sut ln nht trong nm: r tt = K max r dat vi K max l h s tng cao ph thuc vo iu kin thi tit ni t ni t. a. Tnh ton ni t nhn to. Khi ni t t nhin khng tha mn yu cu an ton th ta tnh ni t nhn to theo cng thc sau: Rdmax l in tr ni t ln nht cho php ca trang b ni t. Khi h thng ni t gm cc cc thng ng v cc thanh t nm ngang th: Rc l in tr khuych tn ca h thng cc chn thng ng Rt l in tr khuych tn ca h thng thanh chn nm ngang b. Trnh t tnh ton: 1. Xc nh in tr Rdmax cn thit theo tiu chun 2. Xc nh in tr ni t t nhin R tn 3. Nu: a. Rtn < Rd max : i vi cc thit b cao p U>1000V c dng chm t nh v cc thit b h th U<1000V th khng cn t thm ni t nhn to. Cn cc thit b cao p U>1000V c dng chm t ln th phi ni t nhn to vi in tr b. Rtn > R d max th ta xc nh in tr ni t nhn to theo cng thc: 4. Quy nh din tch b tr cc in cc, s lng v kch thc cc in cc thng ng v nm ngang. cn quan tm n vic gim in p bc v in p tip xc. Tnh in tr khuch tn ca cc, ca thanh nm ngang v ton b h
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Rnt =

Rd max Rtn Rtn - Rd max

Rnt =

Rc Rt Rc + Rt

Rnt =

Rd max Rtn Rtn - Rd max

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thng. 5. i vi thit b cao p U>1000V c dng chm t ln, phi t qd S = I kim tra bn nhit ca dn theo cng thc: c S: tit din cho php b nht ca thanh dn hay dy dn; cm2. I dng in ngn mch xc lp, trong tnh ton ly dng in ln nht i qua dy dn khi ngn mch thit b ang xt hay l ngn mch mt pha chm t. t qd thi gian gi thit ca dng in i vo t (sec) c hng s v d thp l 74 5. Tnh ton trung tnh bo v: a. Dy trung tnh khng c ni t lp li: Mc ch ca tip trung tnh bo v l bin chm v thit b thnh ngn mch bo v ct nhanh s c. Cng thc tnh ton bo v 3 (0,9 - 0,95)U tb 10 3 1 In = 2,5I dmcc 2 2 (2r1 + r0 ) + ( 2 x1 + x 0 ) ni dy trung tnh l: U tb l in p trung bnh ca cp in p m ta ang xt (V) r 1 l tng in tr thnh phn th t thun ca ng dy v my bin p (MW) vi r1 = r1BA + r1dd l tng in tr thnh phn th t khng ca ng dy v my bin p vi r0 = 3rdtt + roBA + r0 dd . l tng in khng thnh phn th t thun ca ng dy v my bin p (MW), vi x1 = x1BA + x1dd x 0 l tng in khng thnh phn th t khng ca ng dy v my bin p (MW), vi x0 = x0 BA + x0 dd I dmcc l dng in nh mc ca dy chy cu ch Khi dng ptmt c bo v dng cc i th bo v ni dy trung tnh phi tnh theo iu kin: I N 1,2 I tdAT vi ItdAT l dng in tc ng ca ptmt. Cng thc tnh in tr v in khng ca my bin p:
1

rBA

2 DPN U dm = 2 S dm 103 MW

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2 U x %U dm 3 10 S dm MW

Page 30 of 64

x BA = 10

rBA, xBA l in tr, in khng ca my bin p xc nh khi in p cun dy th cp my bin p l nh mc. DPN l tn tht ngn mch ca my bin p;W Sdm cng sut nh mc ca my bin p;KVA Ux% l thnh phn phn khng ca in p ngn mch:
2 U x % = U N % - U r2 %

UN% l in p ngn mch % Ur l thnh phn tc dng ca in p ngn mch: Ur % = DPN DP = 3 K 100 10S dm 10 S dm

@ in tr v in khng ca ng dy h p: ng dy trn khng: x 0=0,3(W/km) Cp: x0=0,7(W/km) in tr

r0 = r 1 F (W/km), l in tr sut ca vt liu lm dy dn.

r Cu = 18,8W mm 2 / km

@ Khi tnh ngn mch mt pha trong mng h p cn lu : Xt in tr ca tt c cc thnh phn in p tnh ton Utb nhn h s nh hn 1 xt n s gim in p bn s cp my bin p lc ngn mch. Thng ly 0,9-0,95 in tr dy trung tnh trong mng th t khng phi ly bng 3 ln tr s thc t ca n. in khng th t khng ca my bin p ni Y/Y0 nn ly x*0BA=1. Trong h n v c tn ta c:
x0 BA = x*0 BA
2 U tb 6 10 S dm (mW)

Nu my bin p u Y0/D th: x 0BA=x1BA in khng th t khng ca ng dy h p nn ly bng 2 ln in khng th t thun: x0=2x1 ng dy. c. Dy trung tnh c tip t lp li:
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Ni t lp li dy trung tnh nhm gim in p trn v thit b khi chm v. Khi chm v xy ra th in p ca v thit b i vi t l IdRII Id l dng chm t R ll l in tr ni t lp li.

I N Z ll I R U = d ll = tx Rll Rll Ta c: R0 + R2
iu kin m bo an ton cho ngi l: in tr ni t lp li cng b th hiu qu ca ni t cng cao.
U tx = I N Z ll Rll U txcp R0 + Rll

Dy trung tnh

IN

Utx

R0 INZ I0R 0 Id R ll

Thc t vi mng in bnh thng, nu s lng ni t nhiu s lm cho in p tip xc ln v in tr ni t lm vic R0 by gi t nh hng n s phn b in p. Lc ny iu kin m bo

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an ton khi chm v l: Rll1l in tr ni t lp li ti ch h hng. Rdt l in tr ng tr ca cc in tr ni t lp li R ll 2 ,R ll 3 mc song song vi R0. V d: mt ng dy trn khng dng dy ng, tit din 25 mm2, in p 380/220V, c chiu di gia my bin p v h tiu th cui cng l l=1500m, khong cch gia cc dy dn a=50cm. gi thit s c xy ra cui ng dy. 2l 2.1500 R=r = = 2,15W Gii : in tr ca mch pha trung tnh l : S 56.25 Tra bng ta c x0 0,67W / km nn: X = 0,67.1,5 = 1W Tng tr Z = 2,15 2 + 12 = 2,37W Dng in nh mc ca
I dm I nm 92 = = 30,6 A 3 3

U tx = I N Z ll

Rll1 Rdt + Rll1

I nm =

220 = 92 A 2,37 dy chy cu

ch

phi

l:

tha mn iu kin bo v trong trng hp ny th gi tr nh mc ca cu ch phi 25A vi tit din ca dy pha bng tit din ca dy trung tnh.

Rll2

IN

Rll1 Rll3

R0

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INZll

Ro

Rll2

Rll3

1.Treo cao, ro chn v bin bo: y l cc bin php an ton nhm khng cho ngi chm vo cc phn dn in hay hnh lang an ton. Hnh lang an ton in l l khong khng gian khng lu c quy nh v chiu rng, chiu di v chiu cao chy dc theo cng trnh ng dy ti in hay bao quanh trm in. Cc iu 6,12,14 ca ngh nh 54/1999/N-CP quy nh v hnh lang an ton in. Trong phm vi bo v an ton ca li in cao p, la v hoa mu phi trng cch ct in hay ct no t nht 0,5 m. Nhng cy pht trin nhanh trong thi gian ngn th phi cht st gc v cm trng mi. Cc loi cy trng khc phi m bo khong cch thng ng t dy dn khi dy dn trng thi tnh n im cao nht ca cy theo bng 1. in p 35KV 66110KV 220KV 500KV Khong cch an 2 3 4 6 ton -m Khong cch dy dn khi trng thi tnh n im gn nht ca cy khng nh hn khong cch quy nh ti thiu theo bng 2. in p 22KV 35KV 66110KV 220KV Khong cch an Dy bc Dy trn ton -m 0,7 1,5 2,0 2,5 i vi nh v cng trnh trong hnh lang bo c trc khi
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Bi 5: CC PHNG TIN V DNG C CN THIT CHO AN TON IN

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xy dng ng dy trn khng in p ti 220KV th khng phi di chuyn ra khi hnh lang bo v khi: Lm bng vt liu khng chy Kt cu kim loi phi ni t theo tiu chun hin hnh Khong cch thng ng t dy dn khi trng thi tnh n bt k b phn no ca nh v cng trnh phi bng hay ln hn khong cch an ton theo bng 3: in p 35KV 220KV 66110KV Khong cch an ton 3 4 5 -m Cm tin hnh bt k cng vic g trong hnh lang bo v ng dy trn khng nu dng thit b, dng c, phng tin c kh nng vi phm khong cch an ton theo bng 1. nhng on giao cho gia cc ng dy in cao p trn khng vi ng b v ng st, cho php cc phng tin c cao n 4,5m so vi mt ng vt qua. Khi cn vn chuyn hng ha c chiu co >4,5m ch phng tin phi lin h vi ni qun l li in c bin php an ton cn thit. Phng tin vn ti thy khi qua im giao cho phi m bo khong cch quy nh theo bng 4: in p 35KV 66110KV 220KV 500KV Khong cch an 1,5 2 3 4 ton -m i vi ng dy trn khng c in p n 1000V, khong cch t dy dn n mt ng khng c nh hn 6m khu dn c v khng nh hn 5m trong khu vc khng dn c v khng c nh hn 4m nhng ni ngi kh n c. Khi ng dy i qua vn cy th khong cch thng ng t dy dn thp nht n ngn cy khng c nh hn 1m. Trong cng tc qun l vn hnh, sa cha thit b in, khong cch an ton t ni lm vic n nhng phn c in phi m bo: in H 15KV 35KV 110KV 220KV 500KV p th Khong 0,35 0,60 1 1,5 2,5 4,5 cch t ro chn m Khi ngi lm vic c kh nng vi phm khong cch quy nh
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m khng th ct in th phi lm ro chn. Khong cch t phn ct in n ro chn l: in p 15KV 35KV 110KV 220KV 500KV Khong 0,35 0,6 1,5 2,5 4,5 cch t ro chn m Yu cu v cch thc t ro chn c xc nh ty theo iu kin c th v tnh cht cng vic. Nhng vt dn in t ch qua li trong nh cn phi c che chn nu thp hn cc cao sau: in p 110KV 10KV 35KV cao nh hn -m 2,5 2,75 3,5 Nhng vt dn in t ngoi tri cn phi c che chn nu thp hn cc cao sau: in p 35KV 110KV 220KV cao nh hn -m 3,0 3,75 4,5 i vi trm bin p, trm phn phi c tng ro c nh bao quanh, cao hng ro khng thp hn 2m (ngoi tri) v 1,7m (trong nh). ngn nga s nguy him khi n gn cc phn c in p, cm thc hin nhng thao tc nhng thit b t c th a in p n ni lm vic gy ra tai nn, nhc nh nhng bin php thng thng cn c bng bo hiu. C 4 nhm bin bo: Bin ngn nga Bin cm Bin cho php Bin nhc nh 2. Phng tin bo v, dng c kim tra dng cho ngi khi lm vic: bo v cho ngi khi lm vic khi b tc dng ca dng in, h quang in, cn phi c cc phng tin bo v cn thit: Phng tin cch in trnh in p (in p lm vic, in p bc, in p tip xc). gm so cch in, ng cch in, gang tay cao su, km cch in. Ci ch th in p kiu lu ng Ni t tm thi di ng, hng ro, bng bo hiu. Phng tin bo v trnh tc dng ca h quang, mnh kim loi b nung nng, cc h hng c hc. Loi ny gm knh bo v, gng
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tay bng vi bt, dng c chng kh c Phng tin bo v cch in gm hai loi: chnh v ph. Loi chnh c dng c th lm vic khi chm n vo phn dn in ang c in p. Loi ph bn thn n khng th m bo an ton khi chm vo phn dn in ang c in p, n ch dng ph thm cho phng tin chnh. So cch in dng thao tc ct v ng dao cch ly, t ni t tm thi di ng, th nghim cao p. Cu to ca so cch in gm 3 phn: phn cch in, phn lm vic v phn cm tay. di ca so ph thuc vo in p . Khi dng so cch in thao tc, cng nhn tay phi i gng cch in, cn i ng cch in. Nu thit b ngoi tri, h cn phi ng trn b cch in. in p Chiu di ti thiu danh nh Thit b trong nh Thit b ngoi tri v KV ng dy trn khng di di di di phn cch phn cm phn cch phn cm in-m tay-m in-m tay-m 0,7 0,3 1,1 0,4 10 KV 1,1 0,4 1,4 0,6 35 KV 1,8 0,9 2,0 1,0 110 KV 3,0 1,0 220 KV Km cch in dng gn v ly cn ch cao p, y cc np cch in bng cao su. Km l phng tin bo v chnh dng vi in p di 35KV. Khi dng km ngi lm vic phi mang gng cch in. Km cch in gm 3 phn: phn cch in, phn lm vic v phn cm tay. in p Chiu di ti thiu danh nh Thit b trong nh Thit b ngoi tri v KV ng dy trn khng di di di di phn cch phn cm phn cch phn cm in-m tay-m in-m tay-m 0,45 0,15 0,75 0,2 10 KV 0,75 0,2 1,2 0,2 35 KV Cm dng so cch in v km o lng thit b ngoi tri khi thi tit m t, ma tuyt.
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Gng cao su cch in c 2 loi: Loi dng thit b c in p n 1000V v loi trn 1000V. Theo hnh dng bn ngoi th 2 loi ny khng khc nhau nhng tnh cht bo v ca n th khc nhau. Gng phi ghi r in p s dng v phi cn nguyn vn khi s dng. Giy v ng cch in c ch to bng loi cao su c bit mu sng xm hay mu nu nht v khng sn. Giy ng, gng tay phi c bo qun trong t hay thng nhm trnh nhit cao, du m, acid Thm cao su cch in c ch to dng thit b in p trn 1000V. Chng phi c du ph hp v phi cn nguyn vn khi s dng. B cch in gm mt mt bng g c kch thc khong 75X75cm t trn cc s . Chiu cao gi t sn n mt di ca mt lt t nht phi l 100mm. Mt lm bng cc tm g nh kh tt v sn bng du hay 2 lp sn, khe h gia hai tm g nh khng c qu 25mm. Thit b ch th in p kiu lu ng gm c n neon v so cch in. Khi ta chm ci ch bo in p vo phn dn in c th xc nh n c in p hay khng. N c 2 loi: in p cao v in p thp. Khi s dng thit b ch th in p cao bt buc phi mang gng cch in, ngoi ra thit b ngoi tri cn phi ng trn b cch in. Kch thc thit b ch in p ph thuc vo cp in p : in p Chiu di ti thiu danh nh di phn cch di phn cm di ton KV in-mm tay-mm b-mm 320 110 680 10 KV 400 120 840 1020 KV 510 120 1060 2035 KV Ci ni t bo v tm thi kiu di ng l phng tin bo v khi lm vic nhng ch ngt mch in nhng d c kh nng a in p nhm vo hay d b xut hin in p bt ng trn chng. Cu to ca ci ni t tm thi gm nhng dy dn ngn mch cc pha, cn ni t v cc cht ni vo phn mng in. Cht phi chu c lc in ng khi c dng in ngn mch. Cc dy dn bng ng c tit din khng nh hn 25mm2. Ni t ch c thc hin sau khi kim tra khng c in p b phn c ni t. u tin c ni cui ci ni t vi t
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ri sau kim tra xem c in p hay khng ri mi ni dy vo vt cn ni. Khi tho ni t th lm ngc li. V tr lp t tip a di ng: i vi thit b c lp th lp hng dng in i ti. i vi ng dy th lp c 2 u khu vc lm vic, lp trung gian c khong 1km c mt tip a, lp cc nhnh r, tr cc nhnh r c cu dao cch ly v tr m. Cc phng tin bo v cch in v dng c kim tra in p phi uc kim tra nh k theo ng quy nh. in p in p th Thi Chu Yu cu Tn dng dy s Dng c gian k Th c dng th th mi nh k (pht) < 3 ln 5 1 Khng 110KV in p Ging nm xy ra dy nh mi nh So cch nhng thng in khng hay c phng nh hn in b 40 mt > 3 ln Ging 5 1 110KV in p nh mi nm pha <35KV 3 ln Ging 5 6 Km cch in p nh mi thng in dy nhng khng c nh hn 40 <1 3,5 Ging 1 6 Gng nh mi thng Dng cch in in r <3,5mA >1 9 Ging 1 6 Dng nh mi thng in r <9mA
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Giy Cc loi cch in in p <1 ng cch in Thm cch in >1 Gh cch Cc loi in in p Ci ch in p <10 Bn thn ci ch 1020 in p 2035 B phn cch in <10 1020 2035 >1 <1

20 5 20 7,5 20 40

15 Ging nh mi Ging nh mi 3,5 15 Ging nh mi 20 20 20 40 70 105

Mi:2 C:1 1 1

6 thng 6 thng 6 thng 2 nm 2 nm

Dng in r <9mA Dng in r <9mA Dng in r <7,5mA Dng in r <20mA

20 20 20 40 70 105

1 1 1 5 5 5

3 nm 6 thng 6 thng 6 thng 6 thng 6 thng 6 thng 6 thng

3. Cn bng in p ( ni ng th) Khi phi sa cha ng dy m khng th ct in, m bo an ton cho ngi cng nhn, ngi ta dng bin php ni ng th. Thit b cn bng in p c lm bng mt tm kim loi t trn mt b cch in v ni lin vi dy dn bng mt dy ni. Ngi cng nhn sa cha ng trn tm mm kim loi, t cch in i vi t, dng so thao tc gn dy dn vo pha cn sa cha (dy dn mt u c ni trc vo mm mt cch chc chn- an ton dng dy i): do in th ca dy dn v sn ng bng nhau nn khng c in p t ln
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ngi cng nhn, v vy khng gy nguy him cho con ngi. Cc hnh nh minh ha

BI 6: CP CU NGI B IN GIT
Khi c ngi b in git th phi tin hnh cu cha ngay. Theo thng khu ht cc trng hp b in git nu c kp thi cu cha th kh nng sng rt cao: Thi gian t lc b in git 1 >6 >10 (pht) Kh nng cu sng (%) 90 10 rt t
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1. Phng php tch nn nhn ra khi li in: Khi c ngi b in git phi tm mi cch tch nn nhn ra khi li in. a. Khi ct c mch in: Dng cc thit b ct in nh cu dao, my ct, CB, rt pch cm Khi ct in cn chun b nh sng thay th nu tri ti, cn nu nn nhn trn cao th phi chun b phng tin hng b. Khi khng ct c mch in: Lc ny cn phi phn bit nn nhn b in git mng cao hay h p. Nu li in h th th ngi cu phi ng trn bn, gh hay tm g kh, i dp hay ng cao su, eo gng tay ko nn nhn ra khi mch in. Nu khng c phng tin nh trn th ngi cu c th dng tay nm vo qun o kh ca ngi b in git ko ra hay dng cc vt cch in ct t dy dn in. Cm khng c dng tay ko trc tip vo ngi nn nhn v lm nh vy th ngi cu cng b in git. Nu l mng in cao p th ngi cu cn phi c ng v gng tay cch in . Dng so cch in gt hay y nn nhn ra khi li in. C th dng si dy kim loi tip t mt u v nm u kia vo c 3 pha lm ngn mch ng dy, khi bo v li in s tc ng ct in li in ny. 2. Phng php cp cu ngi ngay sau khi tch nn nhn ra khi li in Sau khi nn nhn c tch ra khi li in cn c vo tnh trng ca nn nhn c phng php x l thch hp: a.Trng hp nn nhn cha mt tri gic, ch b hn m trong giy lt, tim cn p, th yu th phi nn nhn ch thong kh, yn tnh ri chm sc cho nn nhn hi tnh. Sau mi bc s n hay nh nhng a nn nhn n c s y t gn nht theo di v iu tr. b. Nn nhn mt tri gic: Khi nn nhn b mt tri gic nhng vn cn th nh, tim p yu th t nn nhn ni thong kh, yn tnh, ni lng qun o, tht lng, moi nht ri trong mm nn nhn ra, cho nn nhn ngi amniac, nc tiu, ma st ton thn cho nng ln v mi bc s n chm sc. c. Nn nhn tt th: nu ngi b in git khng cn th, tim ngng p, ton thn co git ging nh cht th phi a nn nhn ra ch thong kh, ni rng qun o, tht lng moi nht ri trong ming ra. Nu li b tht vo th ko ra. Tin hnh lm h hp nhn to v h hi thi ngt ngay. Phi lm lin tc, kin tr cho n khi c kin quyt nh ca bc s mi thi.
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3. Cc phng php h hp nhn to: a. Phng php t nn nhn nm sp: t nn nhn nm sp, mt tay t di u, mt tay dui thng, mt nghing v pha tay dui moi nht ri trong ming v ko li ra nu li b tht vo. Ngi cu ngi trn lng nn nhn, hai u gi qy xung kp vo 2 bn cnh sn nn nhn, hai ngn tay ci st sng lng ri n mnh c 2 bn tay xung bng c khi lng c th mnh v m nhm 1,2,3 (nn nhn th ra) ri t t th tay, thng ngi ln v m nhm 4,5,6 (nn nhn ht vo). Lm nh vy 12 ln/pht cho n khi nn nhn th c hay c kin ca bc s mi thi. Phng php ny p dng khi ch c mt ngi cu cha v n c u im l do t nm sp nn cc cht dch v v nc ming khng theo ng kh qun vo cn tr h hp. b. Phng php t nn nhn nm nga: Phng php ny phi c 2 ngi. t nn nhn nm nga, di lng t gi mm hay qun o vo trn li u hi nga ra, ko mm h ra ly nht ri trong ming v ko li ra. Nu mm mm cht th dng vt cng cy ming ra. Mt ngi ngi bn cnh gi li, ngi cp cu qy pha u nn nhn v cm ly 2 c tay ca nn nhn, t 2 tay nn nhn ln lng ngc v ly ht sc mnh p xung nn nhn th ra. Sau t t ko 2 tay nn nhn ln qu u cho n khi chm t nn nhn ht vo. Lm iu ha nh th v m 1,2,3 cho lc ht vo v 4,5,6 cho lc th ra, lm lin tc nh vy t 16-18 ln/pht cho n khi nn nhn th c hay c kin ca bc s mi thi. c.Thi ngt kt hp vi n tim ngoi lng ngc:

y l phng php cu cha c hiu qu v ph bin nht hin nay: t nn nhn nm nga, u hi nga ra pha sau, ni rng qun o, tht lng, moi nht ri trong ming nn nhn ra.Nu mm nn
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nhn mm cht th dng vt cng cy ming ra. Ngi cu dng mt tay nng gy, mt tay t trn vut xung nga hn u nn nhn v pha trc cho cung li khng bt kn ng h hp, cho php khng kh vo phi c d dng. t mt ming vi mng che kn ming nn nhn, ngi cu ht tht mnh, mt tay m ming nn nhn, mt tay bp kn mi nn nhn , p ming mnh vo ming nn nhn ri thi mnh. Ngc nn nhn phng ln, ngi cu ngng u ln ht hi ln 2, khi nn nhn s t th ra do sc n hi ca lng ngc. Lm lin tc nh vy t 14-16 ln/pht cho n khi nn nhn hi tnh hay c du hiu cht hn. ng thi vi h hi thi ngt phi c mt ngi cu khc lm nhim v n tim ngoi lng ngc. Ngi lm nhim v n tim qu bn cnh nn nhn, hai bn tay chng ln nhau, t ln khu vc tim ca nn nhn khong 1/3 di xng c ri dng c sc mnh thn ngi n nhanh, mnh lm cho lng ngc nn nhn b nn xung3-4cm. Sau mi ln n th bung tay ra lng ngc nn nhn tr v bnh thng. Nhp n tim t khong 50-60 ln/pht. iu quan trng l phi kt hp nhp nhng 2 ng tc vi nhau nu khng ng tc ny s phn li ng tc kia. Cch phi hp l c mi ln thi ngt th n tim 4 nhp tc khong 50-60 ln/pht. Vic cp cu nn nhn b in git phi lm lin tc, kin tr cho n khi nn nhn hi tnh. Vic thc hin cng nhanh cng tt, tu theo hon cnh c th m c phng php thch hp. Phi ht sc bnh tnh v kin tr cp cu cho n khi c kin quyt nh ca bc s mi thi.

Chng 2: K THUT AN TON TRONG CNG TC VN CHUYN V NNG H

Bi 1: NGUY HIM PHT SINH KHI VN CHUYN V NNG H
Cc nguyn nhn dn n nguy him: Thiu hiu bit v tnh nng c cu hot ng ca thit b, bo dng, sa cha v kim tra khng ng theo yu cu quy nh. Cc tai nn do t, xe cu gy ra thng l do khng thc hin nghim chnh tc vn chuyn gii hn khi c mang ti trng hay kch thc qu gii hn, sp xp vt nng khng ng quy nh. a hnh ng x khng phng, lngy mt n nh v lt xe.
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Treo, buc ti trng khng ng, cp chn khng ph hp vi ti trng, buc khng chc chn u c th lm ri ti trng. Khi lm vic vi bng ti, bng truyn, cu trcnguy him c th xy ra khi tip xc vi cc b phn chuyn ng hay khi t bng ti lm cho vt nng ri xung.

1. Ti trng ti a cho php ca thit b Tt c cc thit b vn chuyn v nng h u c quy nh ti trng cho php. Ti trng ny thng c nh nhng c th thay i ty theo c cu ca thit b. Ti trng ti a cho php thng phi gim i sau mt thi gian s dng do qu trnh pht hin nhng khuyt tt c nguy c gy s c m trc mt cha khc phc c. 2. Ti trng ph hp vi cp xch ct ti trng Cp v xch l nhng b phn quan trng ca thit b vn chuyn nng h v vy trc khi s dng cn phi tnh ton:
P K Dy cp cn phi c tnh theo cng thc sau: S

Bi 2: NHNG YU CU V AN TON I VI MY MC VN CHUYN V NNG H

P l lc ko t dy cp (N) S l sc cng ln nht ca nhnh cp (N) K: h s an ton H s an ton nh nht ca cp c quy nh nh sau: Cng dng ca cp Ch lm vicH s an dng truyn ng ton Cp chu ti v cp cn Tay 4,5 trc My: Nh 5,0 Trung bnh 5,5 Nng v rt 6,0 nng Cp palng 6,0 Cp thang my ch 9,0 ngi Tnh ton sc cng ca cc dy cp treo da vo s nhnh v gc nghing so vi ng thng ng ca n theo cng thc: Q S= n cos a S l sc cng ca mt nhnh dy cp treo (N)
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Q l trng ti (N) n: s nhnh cp treo a l gc nghing ca cp so vi ng thng ng. Theo cng thc trn ta thy khi gc nghing cng ln th ng vi cng mt ti trng, sc cng ca nhnh cp cng tng. H s an ton ca cp c mc hay vng khng c lynh hn 6. Khi cp t phi b c on, khng c ni li bng bt k cch no. H s an ton ca xch hn chn t 3-9 ph thuc vo kiu, cng dng, dng truyn dnKhi mt xch mn 10% kch thc ban u th khng c s dng na. ng knh ca tang quay hay rng rc c tnh :Dd(e-1) D l ng knh tang quay hay rng rc o ch cp tip xc (mm) d l ng knh cp e l h s ph thuc dng truyn ng, ch lm vic
1000 kg 1000 kg 1000 kg

600

900

1200

1000kg

1000kg

1000kg

1000kg

Kiu my Dng truyn Ch lm vic nng ng Tt c cc Tay kiu tr nh palng in, My trung bnh ti in nng, rt nng lm vic lin tc Tay Cn trc nh My trung bnh nng, rt nng
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lm vic lin tc Palng in 20 Cn phi thng xuyn kim tra cp theo s si t trong mt bc bn cp. Bc bn cp l khong cch dc trn mt cp, trong cha tt c s si trong tit din ngang. Cp c nhiu nhnh xon, c lp trong v ngoi, khi m si theo s si lp ngoi. Tiu chun cho php s si t nhiu nht trn mt bc bn theo bng: H S si c trrong tit din ngang ca cp s 6x19=114 6x37=222 6x61=366 18x19=342 d tr Bn Bn Bn Bn Bn Bn Bn Bn bn cho xui cho xui cho xui cho xui ban u <6 12 6 22 11 36 18 36 18 7 26 13 38 19 38 19 67 14 16 8 30 15 40 20 40 20 >7 Cp ca nhng my nng ch ngi, vn chuyn kim loi nung nng, cht c, cht d nth s si t ch cn bng s si theo bng trn l ta phi b i.Khi cp b mn hay r th s si t phi gim i theo bng: S gim ng S si t trong mt bc xon tnh knh si tnh theo % so vi tiu chun bng trn theo % 10 85 15 75 20 70 25 60 50 30 Khi dy cp b mn hay r n 40% kch thc ng knh ban u th phi b i. ng knh tang quay hay rng rc lm vic vi xch hn khng c ly nh hn 18 ln c cp hay 20 ln c xch truyn ngbng tay v khng nh hn 25 ln c cp hay 30 ln c xch khi truyn ng bng my. Khi lm vic trn a xch th xch phi ng thi n khp vi t nht 2 rng. Khi mt xch b mn qu 10% kch thc ban u th phi b i. 3. Phanh hm hu hiu v tc thit b ph hp khi mang ti trng.
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Tt c cc my nng v vn chuyn nht thit phi trang b phanh hm phanh khi nng hay di chuyn vt nng. Phanh hm phi m bo hm nhanh chng v c h s d tr. H s d tr ca phanh hm c xc nh bng t s mmen c to ra khi phanh trn mmen tnh to nn trn trc phanh vi ti trng lm vic ln
M phanh

nht: M trucphanh H s d tr phanh K c cho theo bng sau: Dng truyn Ch lm vic H s d tr ca ng phanh hm C cu truyn 1,5 ng bng tay C cu truyn nh 1,5 ng bng my trung bnh 1,75 nng, rt nng v lin 2,0 tc cc thit b nng ti v nng cn dng vn chuyn kim loi nng chy lng, cht c, cht d chy phi trang b 2 phanh hot ng c lp. ngn nga tc dng qun tnh ca thit b nngkhi mang ti trng, tc di chuyn thit b nng phi c gii hn ph hp. Tc lm vic ca cn trc khi iu khin di t phi nh hn 50m/pht, cn trn xe phi nh hn 30m/pht. 4. Cc c cu an ton khc: cc rng rc phi c c cu chng tut cp khi rnh. Trong cc palng nh c c cu trc vt bnh vt, ti trng nng ln c hm li khng gy ra tnh trng tut cp. Cc bng chuyn b tr trn ng i li cn phi lm che chn li trnh trng hp ti trng ri bt ng. Cc palng in, cn trc v c cu nng ti trng khc c th chy qu gii hn cho php gy t cp, xe,, nn ngi ta phi thit k v gn c cu ngt t ng v t cch gii hn cho php 200mm phng trng hp qu ti lm t cp ngi ta gn c cu phng qu ti. Bung li ca ngi li cn trc phi c nh sng, iu khin thun tin, trnh in git Phng trng hp cp tut ra khi mc gy s c ngi ta lm cc b phn chng tut cp.

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Tt c cc my mc, thit b nng, vn chuyn bt buc phi kim tra ti ch sau khi lp t, sa cha hay qua mt thi gian lm vic quy nh. Ch kim tra nh k theo quy phm thit b nng TCVN 4244-86: Khm nghim k thut khng th ti: nh k hng nm Khm nghim k thut ton b c th ti: ln u sau lp t, sau sa cha ci to c cu chu lc chnh ca thit b nng, hay nh k theo ch lm vicca thit b nng. Nhng thit b c ch lm vic nh thi gian khm nghim nh k l 5 nm Nhng thit b c ch lm vic trung bnh v nng thi gian khm nghim nh k l 3 nm Nhng thit b c ch lm vic rt nng v lu ng, thi gian khm nghim nh k l 1 nm. Th tc khm nghim nh sau: Kim tra bng mt ton b c cu hot ng v chu lc ca thit b pht hin nhng yu im, khuyt im lm suy gim kh nng vn hnh mang ti trng ca thit b nng. Th khng ti: th ton b cc c cu hot ng v c cu an ton. Th mang ti tnh: Cho thit b nng 125% ti trng nh mc cho php, gi yn trong 10 pht, sau xc nh bin dng d ca c cu chu lc chnh. Cc thit b ch ngi th phi th vi ti trng gp i. Th mang ti ng: cho thit b nng mang ti 110% ti trng nh mc, th vn hnh nng h, di chuyn sau th phanh hm. Khi thit b c kim tra nh k, m bo khng c khuyt tt, cc c cu hot ng tt th khi mang ti trng chc chn nguy c gy tai nn v s c s c loi tr hu ht. Tuy nhin nguy c cn li ph thuc vo chuyn mn v kinh nghim ca li thit b nng v nhng ngi lm trong nhm vn chuyn nng h. V vy nhng cng nhn ny phi c o to y , phi qua st hch ban u v c kim tra st hch nh k hng nm m bo kh nng thc hin cng tc nguy him ny. Ngoi ra trong khu vc vn chuyn nng h ti trng cn sch s gn gng, c cc bin php hn ch ngi qua li nh bin bo, ro chn, hnh lang an ton.
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Bi 3: NHNG NGUYN TC S DNG MY NNG V MY VN CHUYN

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Chng 3: K THUT AN TON I VI CC THIT B CHU P LC

Cc thit b chu p lc l cc thit b lm vic trng thi p sut cao hn p sut kh quyn. (p sut d >0)> theo quy phm an ton th cc thit b lm vic vi p sut d>0,7at c coi l thit b chu p lc. Trong cng nghip, thit b chu p lc c phn loi nh sau: Cc thit b khng t nng, gm cc loi nh bnh ng oxy, kh nn cc ng dn mi cht nh ng hi, du Cc thit b t nng gm l hi v cc b phn ca n, cc bao hi Theo quy phm th l hi l mt thit b ring r, cn cc b phn ca n nh bnh hm.. gi l bnh chu p lc. a phn cc bnh chu p lc (tr ng dn) l thit b kn, phi lm vic trng thi cng phc tp do tc dng ca ng thi 3 ng sut: tip tuyn, hng tm v dc trc. Khi ng sut tc dng vt qu gii hn ph hng vt liu s gy nn hin tng n v. Khi xy ra hin tng n s gy ra cc hu qu sau: Xy ra hin tng gin n on nhit ca mi cht t p sut b nn trong bnh n p sut kh quyn. Do th tch ring ca cht kh p sut kh quyn ln hn nhiu so vi kh p sut nn trong bnh nn th tch gin n ra rt ln, c th gp hng nghn ln so vi th tch ban u. s tng t ngt th tch hi khi n to ra mt nng lng rt ln. Nng lng ca cc hin tng n ny c th hin bng cng v c tnh nh sau: P1: p sut ban u trong bnh: P2: p sut sau khi n: v: Th tch mi cht trong bnh (m3) K: T s nhit ca cht kh p sut v th tch khng :
K= cp cv . i vi khng kh th K=1,41. N= A 102t (kW)
A= P1v P K -1 [1 - ( 2 ) K ] P1 K -1

Bi 1: TNG QUAN

Cng sut n c tnh: t: thi gian tc ng ca s n

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102 h s tnh i n v (1kW=102kGm/s) i vi cc l hi, khi n ngoi phn sinh hi sinh ra do th tch gin n on nhit, cn c phn hi sinh ra do nc qu nhit b gim p t ngt. Bnh thng ti p sut lm vic no ca l hi, nc trong l si ti nhit cao hn 1000C nn khi n di ra mt lng nhit v lng nhit di ra ny dng bc hi nc, phn hi ny thng ln hn nhiu so vi phn hi sinh ra do gin n on nhit ca th tch hi trong l. V vy cng mt p sut lm vic nh nhau th l hi no cha th tch nc cng nhiu th sc n cng mnh.

Cc thit b chu p lc b n v khi bn ca n khng chu ni tc dng ca p sut mi cht tc dng ln. Nhim v ch yu ca vic tnh sc bn l xc nh b dy ca cc phn t chu p lc ca bnh. B dy ca thnh bnh, ng c xc nh trn c s tnh sc bn ca chng ng vi mt tr s p sut lm vic cho php v ng vi mt loi vt liu chn. Cng thc tnh b dy thnh ca phn hnh tr cc bnh, bao hi, ng gp nh sau: D1 l ng knh trong ca phn hnh tr P l p sut lm vic cho php ca thit b (kG/cm2) [ r ] l ng sut cho php ca vt liu nhit lm vic ca kim loi, kG/cm 2 j l h s lm gim bn do bnh b khoan l hay do hn. C l h s hiu chnh k n nh hng ca cng ngh ch to, cc iu kin chuyn ch, bo qun n dy ca bnh n thng c k n khi b dy ca bnh nh hn 20mm. Khi ng sut cho php ca vt liu gim i hay b dy ca vch thay i th phi gim p sut lm vic ca thit b. Khi p sut lm vic ca thit b bng: cng thc ny th cc gi tr trong biu thc l nhng tr s xc nh c trn thc t thit b sau mt qu trnh lm vic lu di hay sau nhng s c h hng. Lc ny xc nh ng sut cho php cn ly mu vt liu em i th bn.
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Bi 2: NGUYN NHN H HNG V N V CA CC THIT B CHU P LC

S=

PD1 + C (mm) 200[ r ]j

S=

200[s ]j ( S - C ) D1 kG/cm2

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Nguyn nhn gy h hng n v cc thit b chu p lc 2 dng: Do thnh bnh khng chu ni p sut tc dng ln. Nguyn nhn l do thit k tnh b dy thnh bnh khng ng hay do trong qu trnh lm vic cho p sut lm vic vt qu gii hn chi ng ca thit b. Cng c khi do b dy thnh bnh chu p lc b mng do n mn m khng kim tra pht hin kp thi. Do ng sut cho php ca vt liu gim i khin cho vt liu khng chu ni ngay c khi p sut lm vic ca thit b. iu ny do chn vt liu ch to khng ng hay do lm tnh bn ca vt liu khi ch to hay do qu trnh vn hnh xy ra qu nhit cc b. Trong nguyn nhn vn hnh l ch yu, gm 2 hin tng chnh sau: tng p sut lm vic qu mc cho php: Do s cn bng gia lng vt cht sn xut ra vi lng vt cht b tiu hao b ph hy. Lm gim ng sut cho php ca vt liu: Do tng qu cao nhit lm vic ca kim loi hay do c nhng h hng bn trong vt liu nh kim loi b n mn hay kim loi b b do nhng dao ng v nhit , p sut.. Vic tng qu cao nhit kim loi nhng thit b t nng trc tip bi ngn la hay dng khi nh l hi v cc b phn ca n do khng c lm mt y bi mi cht hay do ph ti nhit qu ln trong nguyn nhn khng c lm mt y l ch yu gy nn cc v n v ca l hi. Th hin ca nguyn nhn ny l: B mt kim loi b ng cu qu nhiu do h s truyn nhit t ngn la hay khi ti mi cht gim i. Nu lp cu dy v c h s dn nhit b th mc d mi cht chuyn ng lin tc qua lp kim loi nhng kim loi vn b t nng cao v gy n v l. B mt kim loi do trc tip tip xc vi ngn la hay khi c nhit cao nhng khng c dng mi cht lu ng vi tc ln lm mt kim loi.Trong k thut l hi hin tng dng mi cht khng chuyn ng hay chuyn ng vi tc qu b gi l ph hy tun hon. nhng ni tun hon b ph hy, mt mt khng c mi cht lm mt, mt khc tt c cc cht ha tan trong nc s b kt ta thnh cu bm vo b mt tip nhit do nc v b bc hi ht, lm cho nhit kim loi tng ln rt nhanh, c th xp x bng nhit ca ngn la hay khi.
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Trong qu trnh lm vic, vt liu phi tip xc vi mi cht c tnh n mn Trong ch yu l cc dng n mn in ha hc: y l s n mn do tc dng in ha ca cc dung dch in phn. n mn kim loi c th biu hin di cc hnh thc sau: n mn ng u trn ton b b mt kim loi n mn thnh nhng h ring bit. n mn theo bin gii ca cc tinh th. n mn xuyn ngang tinh th. Trong cc dng n mn, dng n mn ng u tng i t nguy him hn tuy mt mt khi lng kim loi c th ln. Dng n mn thnh h nguy him hn v n n su vo kim loi v do ti ch n mn ny b dy kim loi gim i nhiu. Hai dng n mn sau nguy him hn tuy mt mt khi lng kim loi do n mn rt t nhng n lm cho ng sut cho php ca kim loi gim i rt nhiu. iu nguy him hn na l rt kh pht hin bng mt thng m phi kim tra bng siu m mi pht hin c. i vi a s cc thit b p lc nhiu khi n mn lc thit b khng lm vic (n mn khi ngh) li xy ra mnh hn khi lm vic do khi lm vic thit b c ng kn trng thi c p sut , khng kh c oxy khng lt vo c. Khi ngh th d thit b ng kn hay m nhng do mi cht bn trong ngui i, th tch co li lm cho trong thit b s c chn khng nn rt d b lt khng kh, oxy vi cc git nc m s gy nn n mn kim loi. Ti nhng ch khi tip xc vi nc (c h s ta nhit ln), khi tip xc vi hi (c h s ta nhit b) nh phn tip gip vi mt nc ca cc l hi ng l v ng la chu nhng tc ng dao ng ca nhit . Hin tng dao ng nhit cng xy ra nhng ch va tip xc vi nc nng va tip xc vi nc lnh nh ch a mi cht vo (ch a nc cp vo l). Di tc dng ca dao ng nhit , kim loi s b gin, bn ca kim loi s b gim i rt nhiu. Ngoi ra cc chi tit ca thit b chu p lc c th b gin n nhit khng u gy ra h x ti cc ch ni hay to ra cc k nt bn trong kim loi, lm gim ng sut cho php ca kim loi.

Bi 3: CC BIN PHP PHNG NGA N V CA CC THIT B CHU P LC

1. Bin php ngn nga gim ng sut cho php ca vt liu: i vi tt c cc kim loi, khi nhit tng ln, ng sut cho php
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u gim i v s gim i t ngt khi bt u tng nhit ln qu mt tr s no . V vy mi loi vt liu ch c s dng n mt tr s lm vic no m thi. Khi thit k ty theo nhit lm vic ca thit b m chn loi vt liu tng ng. Kim loi Phm vi s dng Nhit (0C) Thp l CT2,CT3 -15200 CT5 15K,20K,25K 12MX 1x18H9T Thp ng CT2,CT4 10,20 Gang c15-32 -30425 -40475 -40540 -196600 -15300 -40450 -15250 16 50 Khng hn ch Khng hn ch Khng hn ch 16 160 6(fTB <1000mm) p sut ti a (kG/cm2)

Vic chn nguyn vt liu ch to cc thit b chu p lc c vai tr rt quan trng cho s lm vic an ton ca thit b. Trong cc quy phm u ghi r c tnh v phm vi s dng cc kim loi dng ch to cc thit b chu p lc. Tt c cc vt liu u phi c vn bn hp l v phm cht v c tnh c bn ca chng. Khi khng c cc chng t xc nhn phm cht v c tnh c bn ca vt liu th cc nh my ch to phi th nghim trc khi s dng. V mt ch to phi m bo sao cho trong v sau khi ch to, trong kim loi khng sinh ra nhng bin dng d, lm gim cht lng ca kim loi. V vy ch c nhng c s c nhng phng tin cn thit, c nh nc cho php mi c ch to cc thit b chu p lc. ngn nga hin tng ng cu trong l hi lm cho nhit kim loi tng len v ng sut nhit cho php gim i th nc cung cp cho l hi phi c x l theo ng quy nh. Khi lp lch trnh co ra cu th xut pht t iu kin chiu dy ca lp cu trn b mt tip nhit ch chu nhit ngn la cao nht khng vt qu 1mm i vi cc l hi c p sut nh hn 15kg/cm2 v khng qu 0,5 mmen i vi cc l hi c p sut t
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1622 kg/cm2. m bo iu kin lm mt b mt kim loi, i vi tt c cc l hi cn duy tr mc nc l hi khng thp hn tr s gii hn cho php. cc ng l hi, ng la, mc nc thp nht cho php l mc nc ti y nhit phn kim loi khng tip xc vi nc khng vt qu nhit nguy him. cc l hi ng nc nm nghing v ng, mc nc phi m bo iu kin tun hon n nh c ngha l lun m bo cho nc chuyn ng qua mt kim loi. theo di mc nc trong l hi ngi ta trang b cc thit b xem mc nc bao hi nh ng thu, Yarway. Tuy nhin trong thc t c l hi b cn nc nghim trng dn n vic n v l hi hay phng mp cc b mt chu nhit. Vic cn nc l hi ch yu l do khng ch theo di mc nc trong qu trnh vn hnh l, i khi l do thit b ch th sai nh ng thy bao hi b nght do trong mi ca cn phi tin hnh thng ng thy bao hi. Trong qu trnh lm vic, cc chi tit ca thit b chu p lc gin n nhit khng u. Khi thit k ch to phi m bo sao cho cc chi tit ca thit b c gin n t do. Tuy nhin kh nng gin n ny ch cho php nm trong mt gii hn no . Nu vt qu gii hn cho php ny s gy ra ra x h nht l ti cc ch ni, ch tip gip ca cc kim loi khc nhau hay c b dy khc nhau. C nhng trng hp gy gin n qu nhanh nh khi khi ng thit b (lc t l, a hi sy), khi ngng thit b qu t ngt (lm ngui nhanh). V vy khi bt u khi bt u a hi, nc nng vo l hi th cn tin hnh t t sao cho nhit kim loi ca cc thit b khng tng ln qu nhanh (Sy ng hi chnh ti a l 2600C/h). Khi ngng thit b cng khng c lm ngui qu nhanh (nh m ca l, bao hi, chy qut gi) m phi ngui t t hay thng gi rt nh. Hu ht cc thit b chu p lc u c ch to bng phng php ni cc l thp bng hn hay tn inh riv do lm cho vt liu yu i. nh hng ny c tnh n qua h s bn j, tc l lm gim ng sut cho php ca vt liu. H s bn i vi mt s mi hn khi hn bng h quang in hay bng hn hi nh bng sau: Loi mi hn Hn bng tay mt pha
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Hn bng tay mt pha c 0,9 ming lt Hn bng tay hai pha Hn t ng mt pha Hn t ng hai pha 0,95 0,8 1,0

Cc mi hn cn c kim tra xc nh bn theo ni dung sau: Kim tra bn ngoi pht hin nhng thiu st v hnh dng, kch thc mi ni. Kim tra c tnh xc nh bn mi ni. Thng vic kim tra ny c tin hnh trc khi hn thit b bng cch ngi cng nhn hn mt mu kim loi no v em mu i kim tra. Nhiu khi ngi ta c th ct mt phn ca kim loi hn xong mang i th c tnh. Kim tra bng siu m hay soi quang tuyn pht hin ra cc khuyt tt bn trong mi hn. Th nghim thit b bng p lc nc. p sut th theo bng sau: Thit b L hi v cc P<5 bnh chu p lc P>5 B qu nhit B nc p sut lm vic;kG/cm2 p sut th; kG/cm2 1,5P nhng khng nh hn 2 kG/cm2 1,25 P nhng khng nh hn P+3 kG/cm2

Khng ph thuc vo Bng p sut th ca l p sut hi

hm Khng ph thuc vo 1,25P+5 kG/cm2 p sut

L un nc Khng ph thuc vo 1,25P nhng khng nh

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nng

p sut

hn P+3 kG/cm 2

L hi xe la Khng ph thuc vo P+5 kG/cm2 p sut Cc mi ni c coi l t yu cu kt qu cc t kim tra trn l tt v khi th p lc khng c hin tng rn nt trn cc ch un cong dc theo cc mi ni, khng c bi nc v git nc, m hi cc mi ni.Thng thi khi th p lc gim p cho php l 5 kG/cm2 trong 5 pht. 2. Cc bin php phng nga vic tng p sut qu mc: a. t p k o p sut trong bnh Tt c cc bnh chu p lc cn phi t p k o p sut trong bnh. Khi p sut trong bnh chu p lc tng ln, nh c p k m ngi vn hnh c bin php thch hp. p k cn phi c cn chnh chnh xc bng p sut trong bnh chu p lc v c thang o bng 1,5 ln p sut lm vic ln nht ca bnh chu p lc. ng ng ni t bnh ti p k phi l ng xiphng. chnh xc ca p k phi khng thp hn 2,5 i vi nhng thit b c p sut lm vic di 22kG/cm 2 v khng thp hn 1,5 khi p sut lm vic trn 22kG/cm2 . ng knh ti thiu ca p k l phi khng nh hn 100mm khi n t cch sn 2m, khng nh hn 200mm khi cch sn 2-5 m v khng nh hn 250mm khi cch sn qu 5m. p sut cc bnh chu p lc phi c theo di hng gi v ghi vo logsheet vn hnh. p k cn c kim tra t nht l 1 nm mt ln v phi c nim ch. b. t van an ton: SV Cc thit b chu p lc phi gn van an ton khi xy ra hin tng p sut lm vic tng qu gii hn cho php th van an ton t ng x bt mi cht ra khi thit b. Kh nng x hi ca van an ton phi sc khng ch c p sut trong bnh nhng cng khng c qu ln lm cho thit b gim p t ngt. V d i vi cc bnh chu p lc kh nng cho qua (tc kch thc ca van) c chn sao cho n c th khng ch p sut trong bnh khng
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vt qu 0,5 kG/cm2 so vi p sut lm vic khi bnh c p sut di 3kG/cm2 v khng qu 15% p sut lm vic khi bnh c p sut lm vic t 3-60kG/cm2 v khng qu 10% khi bnh c p sut lm vic trn 60kG/cm2 . Tit din cho qua ca van c tnh t kh nng cho qua ca van:
F= G T 220P M

G l kh nng cho qua ca van kg/h M l khi lng phn t ca mi cht (kh,hi) qua van. P l p sut tuyt i; kG/cm 2 T l nhit tuyt i ca mi cht , 0K. Mi bnh chu p lc phi gn t nht mt van an ton. Cn cc l hi c F>100kg/h phi gn t 2 van an ton tr ln. Khi y s D ndh = A lng, kch thc van c tnh theo cng thc: P n: l s lng van an ton t trn l hi. d l ng knh trong ca np van,cm h: chiu cao nng ca np van, cm D: sn lng nh mc ca l hi;kg/h P: p sut tuyt i trong l hi;kG/cm2 A l h s: A= 0,0075 khi van c np m vi chiu cao
h 1 d 20 1 d 4

A= 0,015 khi van c np nng cao hon ton

Khi t 2 van an ton th mt van s m trc p sut ti a cho php, mt van s m gii hn nguy him. Van u c gi l

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van lm vic, van sau c gi l van kim tra. Trong qu trnh lm vic cn khng ch sao cho van kim tra khng b m, v vy van kim tra lun c nim ch. Cc van an ton phi t c lp vi nhau v c ni trc tip vi phn cha hi ca thn bnh hay qua nhng ng ct. Trn on ng ny khng c ni vi bt k ng ng ly hi no khc. p sut m khi y van an ton s m c chn theo bng sau:

p sut lm vic

p sut m ca van Tn van an an ton ton L hi

13 kG/cm2

P+0,2kG/cm2 P+0,3kG/cm2

Van lm vic Van kim tra Van lm vic Van kim tra Van lm vic Van kim tra

1360kG/cm2 >60kG/cm2

1,03P 1,05 1,05P 1,08P Bnh chu p lc

<3kG/cm2 360kG/cm2 >60kG/cm2

P+0,5kG/cm2 1,15P 1,10P

i vi cc bnh cha kh c th chy, ngn nga hin tng p sut tng qu nhanh, ngi ta quy nh mc cha kh trong bnh. Mc ny c xc nh bng khi lng khng kh tnh ng vi mt n v th tch ca bnh (o bng kg kh/lt) hay th tch cn thit ca bnh cha c 1kg kh (lt/kg kh). i vi cc bnh cha kh th khi nhit tng l th p sut trong bnh cng tng ln. Do p sut ti a ca bnh cha kh ph
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thuc vo nhit ca kh: Nhit ;0C 0 p Bnh oxy sut 140 5 chc 10 145 5 20 150 5 30 155 5 40 160 5

p sut 14 Bnh cha C2H2

16,5

19

23,5

30

Bnh sinh kh axtylen Nhit ;0C 015 1525 2 2535 3

p sut 1 2 kG/cm

Cc bnh cha kh khng c ngoi nng v phi t cch xa l hi hay ngun nhit t nht 5m. 3. Cc bin php phng nga khc Dng mu sn trnh s nhm ln gia cc loi bnh cha cc mi cht khc nhau: Bnh cha kh Nit Amoniac Axetilen Oxy Khng kh nn Cc kh khc Mu sn en Vng Trng Xanh da tri en Ghi k hiu Nit Amoniac Axetilen Oxy Khng kh Tn kh khc Mu k hiu Vng en en Trng Trng

Quy nh v mu ca cc ng dn mi cht: ng dn mi cht Mu

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ng dn hi qu nhit ng dn nc ng nc cu ha

Xanh Da cam

i vi cc bnh cha nhng cht c th gy nn chy n th cn tun theo cc quy nh v mt phng ha nh khng c cc vt liu d chy gn cc bnh ny, ti cc ch ly kh ra phi khng c bm m Cc trm t my nn kh phi t xa nhng vng c cha nhng kh c th t chy hay nhng hn hp d chy n. Nh t l hi, cc bnh chu p lc, trm my nn kh phi xy dng bng vt liu khng b chy nh tng gch. Tt c cc ca trong gian nh phi m ra ngoi, v tr phi cch xa ni hi hp, ng ngi. Khong cch t kho cha cc bnh chu p lc n khu nh ty theo s lng bnh cha, tnh cht ca khu nh m bo an ton v thun tin cho cng tc vn hnh v kim tra theo di cc thit b p lc, cu thang trong nh phi c dc khng qu 500 v c 3-4m th c mt chiu ngh. Chiu rng ca mi bc cu thang khng di 80mm. Trong nh c l hi, trm my nn v nhng ni t bnh cha p lc c th gy nn bc chy, cn phi trang b nhng phng tin dp la theo quy nh PCCC. Cc bnh chu p lc c cha mi cht nng phi c cch nhit y , trong gian nh phi c ca thng gi hay t cc thit b thng gi nhit gi khng qu 400C. Trong nh phi nh sng theo tiu chun VSCN. Nhng ngi vn hnh cc thit b chu p lc c bit l l hi, phi c sc khe tt v phi qua o to, chng nhn kh nng lm nhng cng vic ni trn. Cm khng c b tr ph n lm th t l.

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