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(q
* *
(q
( h1
dm dl
( h2
q = K(dm x dl)(H/n)
This equation is for one flow channel. If there are m such channels in the net, then total flow per unit width is:
q = (m/n)K(dm/dl)H
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where:
q = rate of flow or seepage per unit width m= number of flow channels n= number of equipotential drops h = total head loss in flow system K = hydraulic conductivity
Drawing Method:
1. Draw to a convenient scale the cross sections of the structure, water elevations, and aquifer profiles. 2. Establish boundary conditions and draw one or two flow lines = and equipotential lines * near the boundaries.
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Method:
3. Sketch intermediate flow lines and equipotential lines by smooth curves adhering to right-angle intersections and square grids. Where flow direction is a straight line, flow lines are an equal distance apart and parallel. 4. Continue sketching until a problem develops. Each problem will indicate changes to be made in the entire net. Successive trials will result in a reasonably consistent flow net.
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Method:
5. In most cases, 5 to 10 flow lines are usually sufficient. Depending on the no. of flow lines selected, the number of equipotential lines will automatically be fixed by geometry and grid layout.
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Ku / Kl = 1 / 50
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Flow nets for seepage from one side of a channel through two different anisotropic two-layer systems. (a) Ku / Kl = 1/50. (b) Ku / Kl = 50. Source: Todd & 15
Bear, 1961.
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Radial Flow:
Contour map of the piezometric surface near Savannah, Georgia, 1957, showing closed contours resulting from heavy local groundwater pumping (after USGS Water-Supply Paper 1611).
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18
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A B
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D
7 .5 5
F
2 .5
G H
75 8 9
1. 2
n = 17
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