2.1 Khi nim ca h thng tri ph 2.1.

1 Khi nim tri ph K thut tri ph tri thng tin vi rng bng rng hn rng bng cn thit chuyn thng tin bng cch s dng m khng lin quan n thng tin. u thu, thng tin c thu ph tr li (despread) vi cng m s dng tri ph. Tn hiu tri ph c rng bng tn rng hn nhiu so vi rng bng ca thng tin ca bn thn n. H thng tri ph c cc tnh cht sau: - Trnh tc nghn - Trnh nhiu tt - kh nng xy ra b chn thp - kh nng chng nhiu a ng qua ng dy 2.1.2 Tri v nn ph Vi k thut tri ph, cc tn hiu s ha c iu ch v tri bng cch m ha vi m c bit gi l m Walsh v PN v sau c pht i. pha thu, tn hiu gc c tch ra bng cch dng m ging nh m dng tri ph truyn i. Vic bo mt thng tin c thc hin v tn hiu gc ch tch c ra khi u thu s dng cng m dng truyn i. Hn na, thm ch nhiu tn hiu tri ph c truyn i cng mt bng tn, tn hiu gc c th c tch ra khi thu ph. V vy k thut tri ph c th s dng cc tn s hiu qu hn so vi FDMA v TDMA cn nhiu tn s hn. thc hinthu ph, pha thu cn phi ng b ha tn hiu thu v mi m trc . Ni tm li thu ph tng t vic ng b ha. H thng tri ph c chia lam hai nhnh: tri ph trc tip (DS) v dch tn (FH). 2.3 M tri ph 2.3.1 M Walsh (1) To m Walsh Ta bit tt c cc users u c pht trn cng mt bng RF. trnh gy nhiu ln nhau pha pht ln, m Walsh c s dng phn bit gia cc users trong khi h ng thi chim cng mt bng RF. M Walsh c s dng theo IS-95 l tp cc chui trc giao 64 s nh phn. Cc chui ny trc giao vi nhau v chng c to ra bi ma trn Hadmard. Phng php qui c dng to ra ma trn bc cao hn t ma trn bc thp hn. (2) Phn knh s dng m Walsh Ta ly v d sau t c th hiu c qu trnh ny: Gi s c 3 users khc nhau v mi user u mun gi mt message ring bit. Mi message ny s c gn mt m Walsh v chng c tri ph cng vi m Walsh . Lu rng tc to m Walsh nhanh hn gp 4 ln tc to message c gn m Walsh (cho ring trng hp ny). Ta ln lt c c 3 tn hiu tri ph, nhng 3 tn hiu ny li c kt hp thnh mt tn hiu tng hp. Tn hiu tng hp ny c truyn trn mt bng tn RF n. Nu trong qu trnh truyn tn hiu, c li khng ng k, pha thu s gi tn hiu tng hp ny li. tch cc tn hiu gc t tn hiu tng hp, pha thu s nhn tn hiu tng hp ny vi m Walsh. Pha thu s kt hp hoc cng

thm vo mi chu k bit v to ra cc hm tng ng. p dng nguyn l: Nu hm tch hp c gi tr ln hn 0 th tn hiu cn thu s c gi tr l 1 v ngc li th c gi tr l 1. Sau khi p dng phng php trn ta thu li c tn hiu gc. (3) nh gi Chng ta va m t m Walsh c s dng nh th no phn knh cho cc user. Tuy nhin kh nng phn knh ph thuc nhiu vo s trc giao ca cc chui m trong cc giai on truyn tin. V d do tr a ng, mt m ca user b tr bi 1 chip th sau m b tr khng trc giao vi cc m trong cng tp m . Do vic ng b ha l cn thit cho a truy cp h thng tri ph trc tip. Trong thc t, h thng IS-95 CDMA s dng knh pilot v knh ng b ng b ha ng pht v m bo kt ni cht ch. 2.3.2 M PN Mc d forward link ca IS-95 CDMA c knh pilot v knh ng b h tr ng b ha, kt ni ngc li khng c knh pilot v knh ng b. Trm thu pht mobile s v khng c kh nng ng b cc tn hiu pht ca mnh. V vy, m Walsh khng c s dng cho kt ni ng v. S t nhin ri rc ca kt ni ng v i hi phi s dng lp m khc, m PN cho phn knh (1) To m PN Cc m PN c th c to ra t cc thanh gi dch hi tip tuyn tnh. V d (mt thanh ghi 3 trng thi) trong hnh 2.6. Cc bit nh phn c dch qua cc giai on khc nhau ca thanh ghi. u ra ca trng thi cui v u ra ca trng thi trung gian c kt hp v cp nh u vo n giai on u tin. Thanh ghi khi ng vi chui bit u tin hoc trng thi bt u, lu trong cc giai on ca n. Sau thanh ghi b kha v cc bit c chuyn sang cc stage. Bng cch ny thanh ghi tip tc to ra cc bit v a tr li vo stage u tin. Cc bit ra trng thi cui to ra m PN. By gi chng ta gii thch s hnh thnh m PN bng thanh ghi trong hnh 2.6. Trng thi u [1,0,1] c s dng cho thanh ghi. Sau khi kho cc bit i qua thanh ghi, ta tng hp c kt qu trong bng 2.1. Lu rng ti im dch 7 chuyn v trng thi u sau chuyn dch cc bit to ra cc chui ging ht ca u ra. Do di hiu qu ca chu k to ra m PN l 7. u ra ca thanh ghi to ra m PN trong : P = [1 0 1 1 1 0 0] M c to ra theo cch ny c gi l m ghi dch c di ti a v di ti a L ca m l: L = 2N 1 Trong N l s stage hoc bc ca thanh ghi. Trong trng hp ny N=3 v di m l 7. Cu trc m PN c quyt nh bi ng hi tip logic v trng thi u ca thanh ghi. V d nu trng thi u ca thanh ghi l [0,0, 0] sau cc stages khc s b vo

trng thi zero; u ra trng thi thanh ghi l zero v cc m to ra s khng c di ti a. Ta thy m PN tho mn cc iu kin a truy cp h thng DS-SS: 1. S tng quan qua li bng 0 hoc rt nh 2. Mi chui trong set u c s tng ng l bng 1s hoc s ch s 1s khc vi s ch s -1s l duy nht. 3. cc im t l ho ca mi m tng ng 1 Do di ti a m PN lun l s l v m ch ra trn c bn + 1s v ba 1s, m tho mn iu kin 2. (2) Phn knh s dng m PN Ta s dng li mt v d miu t m PN c s dng nh th no cho a truy cp. Gi s c 3 users mun gi 3 message ring bit. Mi message c gn vi mt m PN. Message th nht c gn m PN s 0, message th hai gn m PN s 3, message th 3 c gn m PN s 6. Mi message c tri vi m PN ring. Lu rng tc tri m PN ln gp 7 ln tc tri message gp phn vo qu trnh gn m. 3 message c gn m PN v tri ph sau c tng hp li thnh 1 tn hiu tng hp. Tn hiu tng hp c truyn trn bng tn RF. Nu li trong qu trnh truyn l khng ng k, u thu gi li. tch c cc tn hiu gc t tn hiu tng hp, u thu s nhn tn hiu tng hp vi m PN c dng cho mi message. Sau u thu kt hp hoc cng thm tt c cc gi tr qua mi chu k bit. p dng quy tc ny ta khi phc li c tn hiu ban u. Chng ta nh ngha c thi gian ring tng quan t ng ca chui gi tr thc x l: Rx(i) = j-1j=0 xj xj-i Ni cch khc mi ln thnh cng dch chuyn i, ta tnh tng s x j v cc phn dch ca n xj-i. Ta tnh s t ng tng quan ca PN chui p 0. Bng 2.2 tnh s t ng tng quan Rp0(i) ca p0. Lu rng: p0 = [+1 1 +1 +1 +1 1 -1] v chui c dch p0j-i cng c ch ra cho mi ln dch i c ch ra bn phi ca bng. Bng 2.7 miu t hm t ng tng quan Rp0(i) nh l mt hm dch thi gian i. Trong thc t bn thu x l bn copy gc ca m PN (v d P 0,j). Bn thu s nhn c chui n P0j-i ti pha duy nht. Bn thu ch phi trt cc chui ang nhn v tnh ton s t ng tng quan. Khi s t ng tng quan t mc cao nht th hai m cng pha v dch thi l 0. h thng IS-95 CDMA, thc t vic ny c thc hin bi trm di ng thu c knh pilot cha iu chnh. Phng thc thu ny cng c s dng khi di m tri ph tng ng vi di bit d liu. IS-95 CDMA, kt ni ng v s dng m PN di phn knh. Gi l m di v di ca n thc s rt di. M di c di l 242-1 chips v c to ra bi 42 trng thi. phn trc ta thy kt ni ng ln s dng m Walsh phn knh cho cc user ring r ti mt trm thu pht c th. Tuy vy kt ni ng ln cng s dng m PN. Mi trm thu pht c gn mt m PN duy nht thm vo phn trn ca m Walsh. Lm

nh vy phn bit gia cc trm thu pht khc nhau (hoc cc sector); s phn bit l cn thit v mi trm u s dng 64 tp m Walsh ging nhau. M PN c s dng kt ni ng ln v c goin l m ngn. N c gi nh vy bi v di ca n tng i ngn. M ngn c to ra bng cch s dng 15 trng thi thanh ghi v c di l 215-1 chips. 2.4 Tc tri ph Trong h thng DS, s iu bin tri ph thng c thc hin bi chui m PN. iu c ngha l sau khi mt tn hiu vo c gn chui m PN v mch nh phn AND, tn hiu ra iu ch mt sng mang. S iu ch kho dch pha (PSK) thng c s dng SOURCE AND CHANNEL CODING 3.1 Vocoding (source coding) Trong h thng CDMA, bt k tn hiu no u n t cc u cui/cc trm thu pht gc ngoi tr nhng tn hiu chun b c kt ni b coi l nhiu. V vy nhiu cng tng th giao tip cng kh v thm ch n c th lm gin on thng tin. Nu c mt phng thc thng tin trong mi u cui khng truyn tn hiu khi khng cn thit, n s cho php tng thng tin ng thi nhiu hn. H thng CDMA s dng k thut gi l Variable Rate CODEC - tc m ha-gii m c th bin i. SU v BTS chuyn i cc tn hiu thoi thnh tn hiu s v truyn i trong mi khung 20ms. Trong knh lu lng, SU v BTS thay i kch c ca khung mt cch linh hot ty thuc dung lng ca knh, v d dung lng ca thoi, do ch mt s ti thiu tn hiu c truyn i. SU la chn kch c ca cc khung truyn i 4 kch c khung khc nhau. iu ny c ngha l t l nn c t mc cao khi cc thu bao khng ni. H thng ny h tr hai kiu nn CODEC l 8K vocoder v 13K vocoder. Kiu vocoder ty thuc vo thit lp bt u v khng th thay i c trong sut cuc gi. H thng s dng m ha Qualcomm Code Excited Linear Predictive (QCELP) v Enhance Veriable Rate CODEC (EVRC) lm k thut nn. EVRC khng ch p dng 8k vocoder. 3.2 Chanel Coding Sau khi thng tin gc c m ha thnh dng s, phn d cn c thm vo bng gc tn hiu s ny.Lm nh vy ci thin h thng thng tin bng cch lm cho tn hiu c kh nng chng li nh hng ca cc knh hng nh l nhiu, pha inh. Mc ch ca m ha knh l, t ra mt xc sut li mong mun hoc gim t s yu cu Eb/N0 hoc l t ra t s Eb/N0 c th t c gim xc sut li. tin hnh c iu ny th phi cn thm bng thng hoc thm cc bit d m h thng phi truyn. phn ny chng ta bn c th v m sa li error-correcting-codes khi p dng vo m ha knh ci thin t l xut hin li ca h thng. Mc ch l thm cc bit vo cc bit thng tin do c th tm thy li v c sa ti u thu. Ni cch khc mt chui bit c th hin bng mt chui bit di hn c khong trng bo v d liu. V d m sa li n gin nht l lp cc bit thng tin. Gi s ta c 1bit cn truyn v bo v li. n gin ta c th lp bit 3 ln (v d nu ti c bit1, ti s gi 111). Bng cch ny ta s ci thin c kh nng bn thu thu ng bit 1 trong trng hp bt c bit c truyn no chuyn thnh 0 trong qu

trnh truyn. Trong trng hp ny bn thu s gii m phn ch yu. C th l bn thu s ch quyt nh 1 bit 1 nu phn ln 3 bit nhn c l 1. M ny c gi l m (3,1). (n,k) tng ng vi 1 m khi k l di ca chui thng tin v n l di ca chui m. Mt m c khi c biu din bng t s c n. T s R ca m c nh ngha l: k n C hai lp m sa li c bn: m block v m xon. M block nh ci tn ni ln, m ha mt chui thng tin thnh 1 block ti 1 thi im. Mt khc, cc m xon c thuc tnh nh, Mc nh ty thuc vo nn chiu di k ca m xon. u ra n-tuple ca b m ha xon khng ch l mt hm ca mt u vo m cn l mt hm ca K-1 u vo k-tuples. 3.2.1 Linear Block Codes (1) Minimum distance M khi tuyn tnh l mt lp cc m c th c s dng cho mc ch d li v sa li. Mt m khi tuyn tnh c th c c tnh ha bng k hiu (n,k) v mt m cho trc, b m ha chuyn i mt khi k bit thng tin thnh mt khi di hn n bit m. Cc bit m ch l mt hm ca khi hin thi ca cc bit thng tin. V d, chng ta c th nh ngha mt khi m tuyn tnh (7,4) ti mt khi 7 bit m c s dng biu din mt khi gm 4 bit thng tin. 4 bit thng tin cho trc (i1, i2, i3, i4), 3 bit d (r1, r2, r3) c gn vo dng cho cc chc nng sau: r1 = i1 + i2 + i3 r2 = i 2 + i 3 + i 4 r3 = i 1 + i 2 + i 4 Trong + th hin modulo 2 addition. V d nu cc bit thng tin l (1,0,1,0) tng ng vi (i1,i2,i3,i4) sau cc bit d thm l: r1 = 1+0+1=0 r2 = 0+1+0=0 r3 = 1+0+0=1 v t m (1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1) c dng biu din 4 bit thng tin V mt trc gic ta thy rng cc bit d thm ci thin mc li ca h thng. xc nh c c tnh ny, chng ti xin gii thiu khong cch Hamming Hamming distance. Hamming distance gia hai t m bt k l s v tr m hai t m khc nhau. V d khong cch Hamming gia hai t (1,1,1,1,1,1,1) v (1,1,1,0,1,0,0) l 3. Khong cch nh nht d* ca mt m l khong cch hamming ca hai t m vi khong cch hamming nh nht. i vi m Hamming ni trn d* l 3, l khong cch Hamming nh nht cho mi cp t m c th. a ra khi nim khong cch nh nht l thng s ti hn xc nh s biu din ca m c th. Nu li xut hin trong qu trnh truyn 1 t m v nu khong cch Hamming gia t thu c va mi t m khc ln hn t th sau b gii m s cc sa li nu n xc nhn rng t m gn nht vi t nhn c thc s c truyn i. Ni cch khc d* 2t + 1 (3.1) R=

nu (3.1) hold for a code, sau m ny c kh nng correcting terror. mt khc phng trnh 3.2 cng tng s li q c th tm thy. d* q + 1 (3.2) nu (3.2) hold for a code, th sau m ny c kh nng tm q li. v vy cho rng d* trong v d (7,4), m Hamming l 3, m hamming ca (7,4) c kh nng sa t=1 li v d tm q=2 li. Nh ni trn, gii m mt t m thu c, b gii m cho rng t m gn nht l t m c thu v c truyn i. V d gi s mt t m thu c l (0,0,0,1,1,1,1), v t m thu c ny khng phi l mt trong cc t m thc s trong m Hamming ca (7,4), mt li (hoc nhiu li) nht nh xut hin. Cho rng t m gn nht vi t m thu c thc s c truyn i, b gii m s quyt nh t m (0,0,0,1,0,1,1) thc s c u pht truyn i. Trong thc t, c mt mch logic c s dng thc hin vic gii m. (2) Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) - kim tra d tun hon IS-95 CDMA s dng m ho khi biu din s lng ca mi khung c truyn i (trong c lu mt khi ca cc bit thng tin). IS-95 CDMA s dng CRC l mt trong cc m khi ph bin nht. i vi CRC, cc bit thng tin c coi nh l mt s nh phn di, s ny b chia ra bi s u tin duy nht cng l nh phn v s cn li c gn vo cc bit thng tin nh l cc bit d. Khi thu c khung, u thu cng thc hin php chia ging nh th s dng b chia u tin ging nh vy v so snh cc s cn li c tnh ton vi phn thu cn li ca khung thu c. V d m Hamming ca (7,4) nu ra trn c th c to ra bng cch s dng mt b chia nguyn t (1,0,1,1). Ta c th nm r phng php ny hn nu chng ta biu din cc bit nh phn (hoc s nh phn) dng a thc. v d, cc bit nh phn hoc s (1,0,1,1) c th c biu din nh mt a thc: g(x) = x3 + x + 1 trong mi s hng trong a thc tng ng vi mt bit 1 ca s nh phn. a thc g(x) l a thc c bn. Gi s tin nhn (1,0,1,0) cn m ho s dng m Hamming (7,4). m ho c, u tin ta phi chuyn i tin nhn thnh dng a thc l: m(x) = x3 + x sau ta dch tin nhn ln (n-k) v tr. C th lm vic ny rt d dng dng a thc bng cch nhn a thc tin nhn m(x) vi xn-k. Trong trng hp ny (n-k) = (7-4)= 3 v vy ta nhn m(x) vi x3: x3.m(x) = x6 + x4 lu rng a thc ny tng ng vi (1,0,1,0,0,0,0). Ta ly c cc bit d bng cch chia x3m(x) cho g(x) hoc: x6 + x4 = (x3 +1)(x3 + x + 1) + (x +1) trong (x6 + x4 ) l x3m(x), (x3 + 1) l kt qu chia, (x3 + x + 1) l a thc sinh g(x) v (x+1) l phn d. Phn d a thc (x+1) biu din cc bit d c vo vi tin nhn (1,0,1,0).

Trong h thng IS-95 CDMA, khi b m ho thoi hot ng tc cao nht, mi khung 20ms cha 192 bit c to ra t 172 bit thng tin, 12 khung bit c trng v 8 b m ho cc bit cui. 8 b m ho cc bit cui u c t v 0. Mi hai khung bit ch th c trng l cc bit d l hm ca 172 bit thng tin trong khung. Ngu nhin a thc sinh dng to ra cc bit d cho mt khung y l: g(x) = x12 + x11 + x10 + x9 + x8 + x4 + x + 1 3.2.2 Convolution codes M xon Cc m khi c cho l khng c kh nng nh, iu c ngha l t m hoc cc bit d CRC (trong IS-95) ch l hm ca khi hin thi. Mt khc m xon li c kh nng nh. Thm vo s dng CRC, IS-95 CDMA s dng m ho xon ci thin mc li. i vi cc m xon, cc bit m ho l hm ca cc bit thng tin v cc hm ca chiu di nn. C th, cc bit m ho ( u ra ca b m ho xon) l lin kt tuyn tnh ca cc bit thng tin trc . Kt ni ng ln (t trm thu pht n my di ng) s dng tc v chiu di m xon K=9. Hnh 3.1 biu din lc qu trnh m ho xon ng ln. u tin, tt c cc thanh ghi chuyn v 0. Lc tin nhn thng bo mi c ghi li t pha tri, cc bit b chuyn sang cc on khc nhau ca ng tr v c cng li modulo-2. Kt qu cng l u ra ca b m ho xon. Lu rng, do y l b m ho . Hai bit c to ra trong mi chu k ng h. Mt chuyn mch o o thng qua c hai im u ra c mi chu k ng h vo, do tc ra c hiu qu gp hai ln tc u vo. Hm chc nng to ra yi v yi (nu trong hnh 3.1) c th c vit l: g(x) = x8 + x7 + x5 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 g(x) = x8 + x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + 1 IS-95 CDMA s dng cc biu m ho xon khc nhau ng v (t my di ng v trm thu pht). V my di ng c cng sut hn ch, kt ni ng v i khi oi khi c th l gii hn kt ni. Do ta s dng m ho xon mnh hn vi tc 1/3 v chiu di K=9. Trong trng hp ny 3 bit c to ra cho cc bit u vo v hiu qu tc u ra tng gp 3 ln. Hnh 3.2 ch ra biu m ho ng v. tham kho, a thc sinh to 3 bit u ra yi, yi, yi l: g(x) = x8 + x7 + x6 + x5 + x3 + x2 + 1 g(x) = x8 + x7 + x4 + x3 + x + 1 g(x) = x8 + x5 + x2 + x + 1 Phng php m ho i vi cc m xon tu thuc vo phm vi ca cun sch ny. N cp rng m ho xon s dng thut ton tree search thng qua mt li mt co. Thut ton ny l mt bin th ca lp trnh ng tuyn tnh. 3.2.3 Interleaving Chn Cc tn hiu i qua knh thng tin di ng d b pha inh. Cc m sa li c thit k chng li cc li gy ra do tn hiu yu v ng thi gi mc cng sut tn hiu mc hp l. hu ht cc m sa li u thc hin tt vic sa li ngu nhin. Tuy nhin trong nhng lc tn hiu qu yu, cc dng li lin tc hoc bt cht c th to ra cc hm sa li khng c ch.

Mt trong nhng c trng ca truyn thng v tuyn l s xut hin li bt cht thng xuyn hn trong thng tin hu tuyn. ngn chn li bt cht ny, c mt phng php c s dng trong d liu khng c truyn theo chui, thay vo n c truyn bng cch thay i trt t cc thnh phn xc nh. Cng sut ra, tc truyn 19.2Kbps t u ra b lp mu i qua mt b phn chn khi. Mc ch ca vic chn khi l bin li bt cht thnh li ngu nhin. Trong thng tin thng xy ra vic mt mt phn d liu truyn ti mt thi im do pha inh. Nu chui d liu b mt c mt lc, ta khng th hi phc li ny mc d ta c th s dng m sa li tt nht. Tri li nu cc li bit c phn tn vo chui d liu pht, ta c th sa li bng cch s dng mt m sa li nh m xon-convolutional code. IS-95 v IS-2000 thc hin vic chn cc mu ln lt v cc mu ny tp hp li thnh khi. V vy, v tr ca tng mu trong block c truyn n mt khi v tuyn nhng khc vi v tr u vo. Chn l k thut ngu nhin ho cc bit trong mt dng tin nhn, do cc li bt cht sinh ra bi knh ny c th c chuyn i thnh cc li ngu nhin. hnh 3.3 , ta mun gi tin nhn ARE YOU SURE THAT THEY ARE COMING TO LUNCH WITH US qua mt knh ang b pha inh. C mt cch chn vo tin nhn l a n vo mt ma trn 4 hng 10 ct. Ta chia tin ra lm 4 phn v a chng vo 4 hng. Sau ly tin ra t pha trn theo tng ct tng ct. Kt qu ngu nhin ho thng tin c gi qua knh truyn. Knh ny a ra mt s li ngu nhin vo thng tin. Kt qu l cc ch ci gch chn thu c theo th t alphabe b li. u thu, mt deinterleaver sp xp li cu trc thng tin bng cch s dng ma trn ging nh trn. Ch khc l trong trng hp ny deinterleaver a cc thng tin thu c vo theo ct trc, sau c cc thng tin ra theo hng. Nh chng ta c th thy, cc li ngu nhin thc s c phn b mt cch ngu nhin. trng hp ny su chn l 10. H thng IS-95 CDMA s dng k thut chn cho cng mc ch. Thao tc chn knh lu lng ng v s dng mt ma trn 32 hng 18 ct ( mc ln nht). Thao tc chn knh lu lng ng ln s dng 1 ma trn 24 hng 16 ct (mc ln nht)

CHNG 4 BNG TN V CC KNH CDMA

4.1 Cu trc knh CDMA CDMA channel Cofiguration 4.1.1 Cu trc knh hng ln Forward channel Configuration Bng 4.1 v s 4.1 th hin cu trc knh ng ln Bng 4.1 Cu trc knh hng ln Knh Vai tr ca knh PILOT Duy nht nhn dng cc Cell CDMA Cho php SU tm c h thng CDMA SYNC Cho php ng b ho tc thi gia SU v mng CDMA

Truyn cc thng s h thng thng tin ng b Cung cp cho SU cc thng tin h thng, danh sch neighbor, truy cp danh sch thng tin v knh CDMA TRAFFIC Truyn cuc thoi v tn hiu thng tin. (t mng n cc thu bao) Kt ni hng ln bao gm n 64 knh logic c lp (cc knh m) truyn cc dng d liu khc nhau tc khc nhau v c iu chnh bin c th. M Walsh c dng nh a ch ca knh. PAGING

Knh CDMA hng ln

1.23MHz W0 W32 W1 Pilot channel Synch Channel Paging channel 1 Up to W7 W8 W63 Paging channel 7 Traffic channel 1 Up to Traffic channel 55

4.1.2 Cu trc knh hng v Bng 4.2 Cu trc knh hng v Chanel ACCESS Vai tr ca tng knh Knh nhn tin c s dng bi SU thit lp lin lc thng tin vi BTS v tr li knh nhn rin. (t thu bao n mng) Truyn thoi v tn hiu thng tin

TRAFFIC

Knh CDMA hng v bao gm 242-1 knh logic. Mt trong cc knh logic ny c kt hp vi mi thu bao mt cch c nh v duy nht. Trm di ng ny s dng knh logic

 khi n i qua knh lu lng. Cc knh logic khc c lin kt vi trm gc cho vic truy cp h thng. Vic nh a ch hng v ny c thc hin thng qua vic s dng 242-1 m Long Code, l mt phn trong qu trnh tri ph.

Knh CDMA hng v Rng 1.23MHz Knh truy nhp 1 Knh truy nhp 2 Knh lu lng 1 Knh lu lng N 4.2 iu ch cc knh hng ln Ton b cu trc knh CDMA hng ln c th hin trong Figure 4.3 n 4.6. Knh CDMA hng ln bao gm cc knh sau: Knh Pilot, mt knh ng b, 1 n 7 knh tin nhn v mt s knh lu lng. Mi cc knh m ny c tri trc giao cng vi hm Walsh thch hp v sau c tri bi cp chui PN vung gc (cu phng) tc chip c nh 1.2288Mcps (triu chip/s) 4.2.1 Knh Pilot M Walsh 0 lun c dng cho phn knh Pilot. Knh Pilot c thit lp tt c l m 0 v c tri vi tc 1.2288Mcps Pseudo Noise v m Walsh. 4.2.2 Knh ng b i vi knh ng b, s dng m Walsh c nh 32. Tc truyn d liu gc 12.2kps c m ho bng b m ho xon. Sau khi lp mu, dng d liu tr thnh 4.8Ksps (mu/giy). Cui cng, d liu c tri vi tc 1.2288Mcps bng m Walsh v nhiu gi - Pseud Noise. 4.2.3 Knh nhn tin M phn knh dng cho cc knh nhn tin l 1 - 7 . Tc d liu knh nhn tin l 4.8Kbps hoc 9.6Kbps. D liu gc c m ho xon v lp khung, sau c tc l19.2Kbps. D liu mu ny c tri vi m Walsh, Long v nhiu gi. M di cng c s dng cho qu trnh trn.. 4.2.4 Knh lu lng hng ln. to knh, tt c cc m Walsh khc c s dng ngoi tr m 0 dng cho knh Pilot, m 32 dng cho knh ng, m 1-7 dng cho knh nhn tin. Phn cui ca on

m c gn vo cc d liu c tc khc nhau v chng c m ho bng m xon v lp mu. M di v nhiu gi c dng tri ph 4.2.5 Kho dch pha cu phng QPSK H thng dng phng php QPSK gi tn hiu s trong khng gian. Phng php QPSK c th gi c hai tin hiu s song song. Tn hiu tri ph c chia ra lm hai dng d liu v c iu ch mt cch ring r. Hnh 4.7 4.3 iu ch knh hng v Cu trc ton b knh CDMA hng v c th hin trong Figure 4.8 n 4.10. D liu truyn trn knh CDMA hng v c nhm thnh cc khung 20ms. Tt c cc d liu c truyn trn knh CDMA hng v c m ho xon, chn khi, iu ch trc giao, tri ph chui trc tip trc khi truyn i. 4.3.1 Knh truy nhp M ho xon v lp khung m ho knh truy nhp vi phn m cn li c tc 28.8kbps. D liu iu ch c tri trc giao vi 64-ary c tc 307.2kcps. D liu ny c tri vi m di c tc 1.2288Mcps. 4.3.2 Knh lu lng hng v D liu c tc truyn v lu lng khc nhau c m ho cui cng bng m xon v lp khung 1.2288Mcps. D liu c tri vi tc 307.2kcps bng iu ch trc giao 64-ary v tip theo c tc m ho 1.2288Mcps vi m di 4.3.3 Kho dch pha QPSK H thng s dng phng php iu ch kho dch pha QPSK gi tn hiu s trong khng gian. Phng php iu ch ny c th gi hai tn hiu song song cng lc. Tn hiu tri ph c chia thnh hai dng d liu v c iu ch ring r ging nh ng ln. 4.4 Bng tn C hai bng tn c chun b cho h thng CDMA. Mt bng l 800MHz c gi l bng t bo v bng khc l 1.9GHz c gi l PSC. 4.4.1 Bng t bo Nh thit k h thng Band Class 0 c dng cho trm di ng v trm thu pht v tuyn nu c th bng 4.3 Bng 4.3 p ng tn s h thng band class 0 System Designator A B Bng tn pht (MHz) Mobile station Base station 824.025 835.005 869.025 880.005 844.995 846.495 889.995 891.495 835.005 844.995 880.005 889.995 846.495 848.985 891.495 893.985

 rng knh, nh dng knh CDMA v tn s pht trung tm ca Band Class 0 s c nu c th rong bng 4.4

Transmiter Mobile Station Base Station

Bng 4.4 Xc nh s knh v tn s CDMA channel CDMA Frequency number Assignment MHz 0.030N + 825.000 1 N 777 0.030 (n-1023) + 825.000 1013 N 1023 0.030N + 870.000 1 N 777 0.030 (N-1023) + 870.000 1013 N 1023

Khi knh CDMA l 500, ta tnh ton bng tn ln c s dng l: 0.03 x 500 + 870 = 885 rng bng l 1.23MHz vi tn s trung tm l (884.37Hz 885.6Hz) 4.4.2 Bng PCS Cc system designator Band Class 1 cho mobile station v base station th hin bng 4.5 di y: Block Bng tn pht Mobile station designator A D B E F C 5.1.2 Kt ni hng v 5.1.2.1 Access Probes Mt vn phi c gii quyt ngay lp tc trong iu khin cng sut l cng sut pht u tin ca trm di ng. Trc khi trm di ng thit lp lin lc vi trm gc, trm di ng khng th c iu khin cng sut bi trm gc. V vy cu hi tt nhin t ra u tin l khi no trm di ng c th truy cp trm gc. Trm di ng s pht mc cng sut no gi i cc yu cu ca n ? Ti thi im ny, trm gc vn cha lin lc vi thu bao di ng v trm gc vn cha c thng tin v v tr ca thu bao di ng. C hai la chn: la chn th nht l trm di ng c th truy cp trm gc mc cng sut pht cao. Mc cng sut cao lm tng kh nng trm gc s nhn c yu cu truy nhp ca trm di ng. Tuy nhin nhc im ca cng sut pht lc u cao l n to ra nhiu cho cc thu bao khc hin thi trong vng phc v ca cell . La chn th hai l trm di ng c th gi yu cu truy cp ti trm gc vi mc cng sut pht thp. Cng sut pht thp rt c th lm

gim kh nng nhn yu cu truy cp t trm di ng. Nhng c u im l trm di ng ny s khng gy ra nhiu nhiu cho cc trm di ng khc. Gii php c th trong chun IS-95 l u tin khi trm di ng truy cp vo h thng, n pht ra mt series cc tn hiu d truy cp access probe. Tn hiu d tuy cp l mt tp hp cc tn hiu pht mc cng sut tng dn. Trm di ng pht tn hiu d truy cp u tin ca n mc cng sut tng i thp, sau n i tn hiu p ng tr li ca trm gc. Trong gia khong thi gian ngu nhin trm di ng khng nhn c s chp nhn ca trm gc, sau trm di ng s pht i tn hiu d truy cp th hai mc cng sut cao hn. Qu trnh ny c lp li n khi trm di ng nhn c tn hiu chp nhn phn hi t trm gc. S khc bit cng sut gia tn hiu d truy cp hin thi v tn hiu d truy cp trc c gi l access probe correction (hnh 5.5) Kch thc bc cho access probe correction c xc nh bi thng s h thng PWR STEP. Tiu chun ny y mnh vic xc nh rng trm di ng nn s dng mc cng sut n nhn c t trm gc c tnh mc pht u tin l bao nhiu. Ni cch khc, nu trm di ng thy mt tn hiu mnh t trm gc sau n xc nh c rng tr gc gn do n khi ng cng sut pht mc tng i thp. Nu trm di ng thy rng cng mc tn hiu thu c t trm gc yu, n xc nh c rng trm gc nm khong cch xa v v vy n khi ng cng sut pht mc cao. Bit c cng sut thu t trm gc, trm di ng c th tnh c mc suy hao hng ln gia n v trm gc. Nu n bit c ERP (cng sut bc x hiu qu) ca trm gc, sau trm di ng s tnh c n pht mc cng sut no b vo suy hao ng truyn. Trong thc t trm di ng khng bit c ERP thc t ca trm gc hay cng sut thu l bao nhiu b iu khin, chi phi bi cc trm gc ln cn khc. V vy, mt mc mc nh khng i c xc nh theo chun ti cc thng tin iu khin s dng cc gi nh c c im chung v ERPs ca trm gc. C th, cng sut pht khi ng ca trm di ng, Pt,initial theo decibel l: Pt,initial = Pr 73 + NOM_PWR + INIT_PWR 5.1 Nh ta c th thy, thng s mc nh khng i cho t bo l 73. Cc h thng PCS p dng gi tr -76. Hai thnh phn iu chnh NOM_POWR v INIT_PWR c th c iu chnh bi ngi iu hnh h thng iu chnh t mc thch hp hn. Gi tr ca hai thnh phn iu khin NOM_PWR v INIT_PWR ny cng nh thng s PWR_STEP c trm gc pht i (trong cc bn tin v thng s truy cp) v c thu bi trm di ng trc khi pht i tn hiu d truy cp. Khi thu c hai thng s iu chnh ny, trm di ng dng chng quyt nh mc cng sut pht lc u. 5.1.2.2 Open Loop Qu trnh miu t trn c gi l iu khin cng sut open-loop trong ch c s iu khin trm di ng m khng lin quan g n trm gc. Qu trnh open-loop ny tip tc ngay sau khi trm gc chp nhn yu cu truy nhp ca trm di ng v sau khi my di ng bt u pht trn mt knh lu lng. Sau khi mt cuc gi c thit lp v my di ng di chuyn trong phm vi ca cell, suy hao ng truyn gia my di ng v trm gc s tip tc thay i. Kt qu l cng sut thu ti my di ng s thay i v b phn iu khin cng sut open-loop s tip tc iu khin

cng sut thu p ca my di ng v iu chnh cng sut pht ca my thng qua phng trnh sau: pt = -pr 73 + NOM_PWR + INIT_PWR + (tng cng tt c access probe correction) 5.2 Trong p l open loop lin tc c tnh ca cng sut pht my di ng. S khc bit gia 5.2 v 5.1 l 5.1 c thm mt s hng c xc nh bng tng ca tt c cc access probe correction thc hin trong qu trnh pht i tn hiu d truy nhp. iu quan trng cn lu l s iu khin cng sut open loop c nu trong 5.2 c da trn c tnh suy hao ng truyn hng ln. S iu khin cng sut ny c dng b vo hin tng bin i chm-slow varying v log-normal shadowing trong c s tng quan gia suy gim kt ni hng ln v hng v. Tuy nhin do cc kt ni hng ln v hng v trn cc tn s khc nhau, s iu khin cng sut open-loop l khng v qu chm b vo pha inh nhanh Rayleigh. Lu rng pha inh nhanh Rayleigh ph thuc tn s v xut hin trn mi chiu di na sng. Ni cch khc v pha inh nhanh Rayleigh l ph thuc tn s, ta khng th dng iu khin cng sut open-loop (xc nh suy hao ng truyn hng ln ging hng xung) b vo pha inh nhanh Rayleigh. 5.1.2.3 Close Loop iu khin cng sut close-loop b vo cng sut thay i do pha inh nhanh Rayleigh. close-loop l qu trnh lin qua n c trm gc v trm di ng. Mt khi my di ng pht trn knh lu lng v bt u lin lc vi trm gc, qu trnh iu khin cng sut closedloop ng thi c thc hin. Trong iu khin cng sut close-loop, trm gc lin tc iu khin kt ni hng v v o cht lng kt ni. Nu cht lng kt ni tr nn ti th trm gc s yu cu my di ng thng qua kt ni hng ln tng cng sut. Nu cht lng kt ni tt, tip sau s s hin tng vt cng sut hng kt ni v, trong trng hp ny trm gc s yu cu my di ng gim cng sut. L tng l ch th t l li khung-FER bo mc tt. Nhng trm gc phi mt mt khong thi gian di tng hp tnh ton FER, thng s E6/N0 c s dng nh l ch th cht lng kt ni hng v. iu khin cng sut closed-loop kt ni hng v nh sau: 1. Trm gc lin tc iu khin thng s E6/N0 trn hng v kt ni. 2. Nu t s E6/N0 qu cao (v d nu vt qu mt ngng no ) th trm gc s yu cu my di ng gim cng sut pht ca n. 3. Nu t s E6/N0 qu thp (v d di mt mc ngng no ) th trm gc s yu cu my di ng tng cng sut pht. Trm gc gi yu cu iu khin cng sut thng qua ng ln. Cc lnh iu khin cng sut ny dng cc bit iu khin cng sut (PCBs). Lng tng v gim cng sut ca my di ng qua mi PCB trn danh ngha l + 1dB v 1dB. Bi v iu khin cng sut closed-loop c ngha l chng li pha inh nhanh Rayleigh nn my di ng phi p ng lnh iu khin cng sut ny rt nhanh. V l do ny m PCBs c truyn trc tip qua knh lu lng. iu thc s din ra l cc bit c robbed t knh lu lng gi cc bit PCBs ny. Hnh 5.6 th hin mt s khi n gin ha mt phn ca vic to ra knh lu lng hng ln.

u ra t b m ha thoi v u vo b m ha xon c tc 9.6Kbps (tc cao nht i vi Rate set 1). Tc b m ha xon gp i t l bng thng 19.2Kbps. Trc khi c tri ph, tn hiu PCBs tc 800bps c nhn vi dng d liu bng thng 19.2Kbps. Cc bit PCBs c kt hp vo knh lu lng bng cch robbing cc bit c la chn t dng bng thng. Bng cch ny, mt knh ring tc 800bps (cho mc ch iu khin cng sut) tn ti trong knh lu lng. Dng bit PCBs tc 800bps do c gi l knh ph iu khin cng sut-power-control subchannel (PCS). Cc PCBs ny lin tc c trm gc truyn n my di ng. Lu rng v tc truyn PCB l 800bps nn mt PCB c gi c (1/800) giy hay l 1.25ms. Hnh 5.6 Khung ca c hai knh lu lng hng ln v v l 20ms. V mt PCB c gi i c 1.25ms nn mi khung knh lu lng c th c chia thnh (20ms/1.25ms) hay 16 on. Cc on ny c gi l cc nhm iu khin cng sut cha (19.2 x 103)(1.25 x 10 3) = 24 bit. Hnh 5.7 biu din cu trc khung ca knh lu lng. Qu trnh iu khin cng sut closed-loop c biu din trong v d hnh 5.8. V d i vi PCG7, trm gc tnh t s SRN hay Eb/N0. Trm gc so snh t s Eb/N0 tnh ton vi mc ngng. Nu t s tnh ton ny ln hn mc ngng, trm gc s truyn bit PCB 1 trong PCG9 trn hng ln knh lu lng. Nu t s tnh ton ny nh hn mc ngng, trm gc s chn mt bit PCB 0 vo PCG9 trn knh lu lng hng ln. Qu trnh ny c lp li cc nhm iu khin cng sut trong mi khung. V mi PCG cha 24 bit (hnh 5.7) PCB c th c a vo bt k v tr no ca 16 v tr u tin. V tr chnh xc ca PCB trong PCG c quyt nh trong pseudorandom fashion. V tr ca bit PCB c quyt nh bi gi tr thp phn ca 4 bit trng s ca u ra thp phn. u di ca b thp phn l m di PN. iu quan trng l xc nh c v tr chnh xc ca PCB trong PCG l khng c nh m ngu nhin.. C thm ba v tr cho iu khin cng sut closed-loop ni trn. Cc bit iu khin cng sut khng c bo m trnh li. Nh ta c th thy trong hnh 5.7, PCBs c nhn vi knh lu lng sau khi c m ha xon. Do PCBs khng c bo v li. Lm nh vy nhm gim tr xy ra trong m ha v tch cc bit bo v li. Ghi nh rng iu khin cng sut closed-loop c s dng chng li pha inh nhanh Rayleigh, PCBs khng c bo v li v vy my di ng c th nhanh chng khi phc li PCB v theo iu chnh cng sut pht ca n. Kt qu l kh nng bit li trn knh ph iu khin cng sut cao hn trong knh lu lng nu khng tin hnh bin php c bit no. Hnh 5.7 iu khin cng sut closed-loop c mt loop trong v loop ngoi. Ta ch miu t qu trnh loop trong ca iu khin cng sut closed-loop . Vi loop trong gi s rng cho trc mt mc ngng SRN nh c th quyt nh tng hay gim cng sut. Do ta lun c gng duy tr mt mc FER chp nhn c v trong mi trng si ng khng c quan h 1 vi 1 gia FER v Eb/N0, ngng Eb/N0 phi c iu chnh linh hot duy tr mt t l FER chp nhn c. S iu chnh mc Eb/N0 ny (c s dng trong iu khin cng sut loop

trong) lin quan n loop ngoi ca s iu khin cng sut closed-loop (xem hnh 5.9). Qu trnh loop ngoi khng c xc nh trong tiu chun IS-95 v mi nh cung cp h tng c t do thc hin thut ton loop ngoi ring. Lu rng thut ton ny lun l c quyn ca nh sn xut. im cui cng l cp n ca iu khin cng sut closed-loop trong qu trnh soft handoff. H thng IS-95 CDMA s dng soft handoff khi mt trm di ng di chuyn gia 2 hoc 3 cell. Soft handoff l qu trnh trong my di ng suy tr kt ni vi hai hoc 3 trm gc cng nh chuyn i gia chng. Trong sut qu trnh soft handoff , trm di ng thu cc khung knh leu lng t hai hoc 3 trm gc v trn cc knh lu lng ny c th xy ra xung t gia cc lnh iu khin cng sut (v d mt trm gc c th ra lnh cho trm di ng tng cng sut trong khi trm khc li yu cu gim). Trong trng hp ny, trm di ng p dng quy tc: Nu bt k trm gc no yu cu trm di ng gim cng sut, trm di ng s gim cng sut. Trm di ng ch gim cng sut nu tt c cc trm gc quan h n soft handoff th trm di ng s tng cng sut. 5.1.2.4 Thc hin open-loop v closed-loop. My di ng pht ra cng sut v v vy n c chc nng iu khin cng sut open-loop v closed-loop ca h thng. Phng trnh 5.2 c th c sa thm vo closed-loop power correction; l: pt = -pr 73 NOM_PWR + INIT_PWR + (tng tt c access probe correction) + (closed-loop correction) 5.3 Biu 5.10(a) v 5.10(b) biu din mt qu trnh iu khin cng sut hng v. i vi iu khin cng sut closed-loop, trm gc c ton b loop ngoi cng nh l mt phn ca loop trong; trm di ng c phn khc ca loop trong. i vi iu khin cng sut openloop, ton b phn open-loop thc hin ti my di ng. hnh 5.10(a), trm gc thu tn hiu kt ni hng v t my di ng. u tin trm gc gii iu ch tn hiu v c tnh FER ca tn hiu kt ni hng v. Cht lng khung thng tin trn ng kt ni hng v c a vo mt ngng ca my tnh, t iu chnh t s Eb/N0 da vo cht lng khung thu c. Cng lc trm gc cng thc hin php tnh t s Eb/N0 ca kt ni hng v. 5.1.3 Forward Link L tng th khng cn c s iu khin cng sut ng ln. L do l trm gc pht i cc knh mt cch r rng trn cng mt bng RF. Nh hnh 5.11 ch ra, nu tp m nhit v nn c b qua th tt c cc user cng gim cng sut khi tn hiu tng hp n tng my di ng. Tuy nhin trong thc t, mt my di ng no c th c th gn khu vc nhiu nng v c nhiu nn ln th tn hiu tng hp n my di ng dng tp nhiu nhit. V vy vn cn thit phi iu khin cng sut hng ln. Tuy nhin nhn chung yu cu iu khin cng sut khng ln nh ng v. IS-95 xc lp tiu chun rng phi thng bo li cho trm gc v cht lng ca ng ln. My di ng tip tc gim st cht lng FER hng ln v thng bo tr li trm gc tnh trng FER c gi l tin bo o c cng sut-power measurement report message (PMRM).

N c th gi thng bo ny theo hai cch: cch th nht l n thng bo PMRM theo chu k, cch khc l my di ng ch thng bo PMRM nu FER vt qu mt mc ngng no . Trm gc bit c cht lng ca ng ln, sau c th iu chnh cng sut pht ca my di ng . Thut ton chnh xc cho vic phn b cng sut l do nh sn xut t t ring. Qu trnh ny hu ht lun l b quyt ca nh sn xut.

5.2 Rake Reception Trong cc h thng t bo v PCS ca CDMA, kt ni hng ln site-to-mobile v kt ni hng v mobile-to-cell s dng b thu four-finger Rake. Thut ng n-finger Rake ch ra s ng c th c kt hp l n. Thut ng Rake trong IS-95 miu t thit k pha thu hi khc mt cht so vi xut u tin c a ra bi Price v Green. Thu Rake IS-95 d tm v o thng s ca nhiu tn hiu c th c dng thu phn tp v mc ch chuyn giao mm v tp hp cc ng tn hiu mt cch r rng (v d trong ng b mu) sau khi gii iu ch mi ng tn hiu. Vic d v o c cc thng s a ng c thc hin bi mt b d thu searcherreceiver c lp trnh so snh nhng tn hiu n vi cc phn ca cc m PN knh I v Q. Cc tn hiu a ng n thit b thu t n biu th s tng quan gia cc nh cc thi gian khc nhau. Cng ca nh tng ng vi hnh bao ca ng tn hiu, thi gian ca mi nh, lin quan n tn hiu thu u tin, a ra s liu v tr ng. Nh vy r rng l trong thit k IS-95 i ti vic xc nh nhng ng no tn ti. V tt c cc trm gc u s dng cng m PN Q v I, ch khc pha, khng ch a ng m cc trm gc khc thm ch s c nhn dng bi s tng quan vi phn cc m tng ng vi cc trm gc c la chn. Do b d thu c th duy tr mt danh sch cc tn hiu a ng hoc trm gc mnh hn cho vic kt hp phn tp hoc chuyn giao mm. c ch, danh sch cc tn hiu phi c ghi li thi gian n, mc v m PN tng ng. Trn hng v, phn thu ca trm gc c nhim v nhn dng mt thu bao no bng cch s dng gc thi gian n ca m Q v I lc ly tn hiu xin truy nhp t thu bao xin truy nhp vo trm gc. B thu qut ti trm gc c th nhn dng tn hiu mobile mong mun bng cch duy nht b m PN di hn hp, thc hin trc khi truyn thoi hoc d liu qua kt ni, s dng m u c bit - special preamble cho mc ch trn. Khi thc hin cuc gi, b thu qut c th gim st cng ca cc ng t thu bao n trm gc v s dng nhiu hn mt ng thng qua a dng kt ni. 5.3 Chuyn giao mm Soft handoff Trong mi trng thng tin di ng, khi mt user di chuyn t mt vng ph sng ca mt trm gc n vng ph sng ca mt trm gc khc, phi c chuyn giao mm chuyn ilin kt thng tin t mt trm gc n trm gc khc. H thng CDMA nh ni s dng cc qu trnh h tr chuyn giao mm khc nhau theo IS-95. Trong phn ny chng ta s

ni v s chuyn giao ny c bit l chuyn giao mm v chuyn giao mm hn v hiu qu chng pha inh ca chng. Chuyn giao mm: l s chuyn giao xy ra khi thu bao dch chuyn gia hai vng phc v ca hai trm gc cnh nhau. Chuyn giao mm hn: l s chuyn giao xy ra khi mt thu bao dch chuyn trong vng phc v ca hai sector khc nhau trong cng mt trm gc. u tin, ta ni v chuyn giao mm-Soft handoff. Trong mc 5.2, chng ta cp vn tt rng trong h thng CDMA s dng chuyn giao mm, , trong sut qu trnh chuyn giao, mt trm di ng ng thi duy tr kt ni vi hai hoc 3 trm gc. Khi trm gc di chuyn t t bo hin thi (trong vng phc v hin thi ca trm gc-source cell) n t bo k tip (target cell), mt kt ni knh lu lng ng thi c duy tr gia cc cell. Hnh 5.13a v 5.13b miu t kt ni ng thi trong qu trnh chuyn giao mm. hng ln (hnh 5.13a), my di ng s dng bin php thu rake gii iu ch hai tn hiu t hai trm gc khc nhau. Hai tn hiu ny c kt hp li to ra mt tn hiu tng hp c cht lng tt hn. hng v (hnh 5.13b), tn hiu pht i t trm di ng c thu li c hai trm gc. Hai trm gc ny gii iu ch tn hiu mt cch c lp v gi cc khung tn hiu iu ch tr li trung tm chuyn mch di ng (MSC). MSC c cc b chn la chn ra khung tt nht trong hai khung va gi li. Th hai ta ni v chuyn giao mm hn Softer handoff. Kiu chuyn giao ny xut hin khi mt thu bao di chuyn gia hai sector khc nhau trong cng mt cell. ng ln, trm di ng thc hin qu trnh kt hp ging nh kiu ng ln trong chuyn giao mm. Trong trng hp ny, trm di ng s dng b thu rake ca n kt hp hai tn hiu thu c t hai sector khc nhau. Tuy nhin ng v, hai sector trong cng mt cell ng thi thu c hai tn hiu t trm di ng. Cc tn hiu c gii iu ch v tng hp li ti trm gc,v ch c mt khung c gi tr li MSC. Th ba l chuyn giao cng. H thng CDMA s dng hai kiu chuyn giao cng. Chuyn giao cng CDMA-to-CDMA xy ra khi trm di ng chuyn i gia hai sng mang CDMA (v d hai knh tri ph c ly lm trung tm hai tn s khc nhau). Chuyn giao cng ny cng c th xut hin khi thu bao di chuyn gia hai nh phn phi mng khc nhau. i khi chuyn giao CDMA-to-CDMA c gi l chuyn giao D-to-D. Mt khc, chuyn giao CDMA-to-analog xut hin khi mt cuc gi CDMA c thc hin vi mng analog. Chuyn giao ny cng c th xy ra khi mt thu bao di chuyn vo m vng c dch v analog nhng khng c dch v CDMA. Chuyn giao CDMA-to-analog i khi c gi l chuyn giao D-to-A. Trc khi chng ta miu t chi tit qu trnh chuyn giao mm, iu quan trng cn lu l mi sector trong h thng CDMA c nhn dng bi cc sector khc thng qua knh pilot ca sector . Hnh 5.14 ch ra knh pilot l mt trong 4 knh pilot logic, nhn tin, ng b v knh lu lng hng ln. Knh pilot c dng nh thnh phn nhn dng ca sector v tr gip cho trm di ng trong vic truy nhp vo cc knh logic ca chnh sector . Khng c thng tin g cha trong knh pilot ngoi m PN ngn vi mt ofset ng vi sector . Ghi nh rng chui PN vi mt offset khc th tr thnh mt chui PN khc v chnh chui

offset PN ny trc giao vi chui PN gc. M PN truyn trnh knh pilot s dng cht lng ny t phn bit n vi cc sector khc v trm gc khc. im offset ca mt chui PN cng vi mt sector c th c xc nh thng qua thng s PILOT PN ca sector . Hnh 5.14 Mt thut ng c bit c dng miu t t s SRN ca knh pilot: nng lng mi chip trn mi n v mt nhiu-energy per chip per interference density hay Ec/I0. Nng lng mi chip-Ec khc vi nng lng mi bit-Eb trong cc chip tng ng vi cc chui PN c tri ph. V trong knh pilot khng cha thng tin bng gc nn pilot khng c nn ph v cc bit khng c phc hi. V vy, biu din cng tn hiu ca knh pilot, ta dng thng s th SRN hoc Ec/I0. Lu rng do knh pilot khng c nn ph, t s E c/I0 lun mc nh hn 1 trong hu ht thi gian. 5.3.1 Duy tr danh sch Set Maintenance Trong CDMA, my di ng l mt thnh t quan trng trong qu trnh chuyn giao mm. Trm di ng lin tc lu trm gc n iu kin ng truyn ti ; trm gc s dng thng tin ny lm quyt nh chuyn giao. S h tr chuyn giao di ng mobile-assisted handoff (MAHO) l bng chng o kt ni hng ln E c/I0 v thng bo kt qu o v trm gc. Do mi trm gc u pht ra tn hiu pilot ca ring n trn cc PN offset khc nhau, t s Ec/I0 ca pilot a ra mt ch dn r rng liu mt sector c th c l mt sector phc v cho mobile khng. Trong qu trnh thc hin chuyn giao, mobile duy tr lu trong b nh ca n 4 danh sch ring ca cc sector ca trm gc. Nhng danh sch trn cng c gi l set v set hin thi. Danh sch (A) hin thi bao gm cc pilot ca cc sector m ang lin lc vi mobile trn cc knh lu lng. Nu danh sch ang hot ng ch gm mt pilot th mobile khng trong trng thi chuyn giao. Nu set hin thi bao gm nhiu hn 1 pilot, thi mobile ang duy tr kt ni vi tt c cc sector trn cc knh lu lng khc nhau. Cui cng trm gc iu khin qu trnh chuyn giao bi v mt pilot ch c th c chn vo set hin thi nu trm gc gi mt tin hng chuyn giao handoff direction message n mobile v tin nhn c cha pilot c th c chn vo set . Set hin thi c th cha t nht 6 pilot. Cc set d b cha cc pilot c t s Ec/I0 thc hin chuyn giao cc set. iu ny c ngha l nu t s Ec/I0 ca mt pilot c th ln hn ngng d pilot T_ADD th pilot s c thm vo. Mt pilot b loi khi set ny v t vo set kia nu mc ca tn hiu pilot thp hn ngng T-DROP trong qu trnh xc nh bi gi tr handoff drop timer expiration value TTDROP. Cc set ch c th cha t nht 6 pilot. Lu rng mt pilot c th b b khi mt active v ci vo mt set khc nu tin nhn hng chuyn giao mm handoff direction message nhn c khng cha pilot c th ; v nu mc T_TDROP ca pilot cha expired th pilot b removed khi active set v t vo mt set ch khc. Set bn cnh (N) cha cc pilot ny nm trong danh sch gn bn ca vng phc v hin thi ca my di ng . Lc u cc set gn bn cha cc pilot c gi n mobile trong neighbor list message bi trm gc hin thi. lu gi cc pilot hin thi trong neighbor set,

my di ng m thi gian ca mi pilot trong cc set. B m bt u t 0 khi pilot di chuyn t active pilot hoc cc pilot ch khc n set ln cn. B m c tng vi mi pilot trong set ln cn bt c khi no nhn c thng tin cp nht danh sch set ln cn neighbor list update message. Pilot c chuyn t set ny n cc set cn li nu b m vt NGHBR MAX_AGE. Cc set ln cn c th cha t nht 20 pilot. Lu rng pilot c th c chuyn t active set n set ln cn nu thng tin hng chuyn giao mm khng cha pilot c th v nu mc T_TDROP ca pilot cha expired, pilot s b chuyn t set hin thi n set ln cn. Cc set cn li (R-remaining) cha tt c cc pilot c th trong h thng cho tn s sng mang CDMA ny, ngoi tr cc pilot ang dng, ch v cc set ln cn. Cc pilot PN offset trong cc set ny dc xc nh bi s thay i thng s pilot PILOT INC. V d nu PILOT INC l 4 th cc sector ring r trong h thng ch c th pht cc pilot vi cc offset l 0, 4, 8, 12 v bc 4. PILOT INC c gi n mobile trong thng tin danh sch ln cn v thng tin cp nht danh sch ln cn. 5.3.2 Qu trnh handoff Trong v d sau, chng ta kim tra qu trnh chuyn giao t cell gc n cell ch. Nh hnh 5.15 ch ra, thu bao di chuyn t vng phc v ca cell gc A sang cell ch B. Sau y l qu trnh cc chui s kin xy ra trong qu trnh chuyn i. 1. My di ng y c ph sng ch bi cell A v set hin thi ca n ch cha pilot A. My di ng o mc pilot B c E xp s 11 v thy n ln hn T ADD. My di ng gi thng tin kt qu tnh ton mc pilot v chuyn pilot B t neighbor set vo candidate set . 2. My di ng nhn c mt thng tin hng chuyn giao t cell A. Thng tin ny hng mobile bt u lin lc qua mt knh lu lng mi cell B; thng tin cha PN offset ca cell B v m Walsh ca knh lu lng mi c thit lp. 3. My di ng chuyn pilot B t candidate set sang active set. Sau khi chim c knh lu lng hng ln c xc nh trong thng tin hng chuyn giao, my di ng gi mt thng tin hon tt chuyn giao. By gi active set cha hai pilot 4. My di ng kim tra xem hin thi pilot A c mc di T_DROP. My di ng khi ng ng h m. 5. Khi ng h m t mc T_DROP, n gi kt qu o mc pilot i. 6. My di ng nhn c thng tin hng chuyn giao. Thng tin ny ch cha PN offset ca cell B. PN offset ca cell A khng nm trong gi thng tin ny. 7. My di ng chuyn pilot A t active set sang neighbor set v n gi mt thng tin hon thnh chuyn giao. 5.3.3 D Pilot Thm na c tri ph bng m Walsh, ng ln cng c tri ph bng mt chui PN (vi 1 PILOT PN offset xc nh) vi tc 1.2288cps. Tn hiu hng ln ny ging tt c cc tn hiu c truyn qua mi trng di ng c th gy ra phn x do trong mi

trng a ng. Kt qu l, cc tn hiu pilot khc nhau c th n my di ng thi im khc nhau v nhiu thnh phn ca mt pilot c th n chm hn 1 vi chip so vi thnh phn n theo hng trc tip direct-path ca n. V vy c cc ca s d d tm cc pilot trong cc active, candidate, neighbor v remaining window. C th thng s SRCH WIN A nh ngha rng ca s d c dng d cc pilot trong cc active v candidate set, thng s SRCH WIN N nh ngha rng ca s dng d cc pilot trong neighbor set v thng s SRCH WIN R nh dng rng ca s dng cc pilot trong remaining set. Cc thng s ny c gi n mobile qua cc gi tin hng chuyn giao cuc gi v thng tin cc thng s h thng. Ca s d i vi active v candidate set c i chiu vi thnh phn ca pilot n sm nht. My di ng s xc nh tm ca mi ca s d vi mi pilot trong cc active v candidate set xung quanh cc thnh phn a ng n sm nht c th s dng c ca pilot. V d nu thng s SRCH WIN A c nh ngha l 40 chip th mobile d 20 chip xung quanh thnh phn a ng n sm nht ca pilot. Mi pilot trong neighbor v remaing set, mobile xc nh tm ca s d cho mi pilot xung quanh im offset ca chui PN ca pilot s dng b tham chiu thi gian ca mobile. 5.3.4 Registration ng k Chc nng ng k v tr s tip tc tm v tr khi ca thu bao di chuyn. Cc thng tin c bn v thu bao v v tr c lu trong HLR (Home location register) ca h thng. Mt khi VLR (Visitor location register) ring gim s truy vn thng xuyn t HLR v s cp nht. Hiu n gin, HLR l DB, ni lu tr cc thng tin v c nhn thu bao, dch v v kiu MS ging nh a cng ca mt my tnh c dung lng cao, trong khi khi VLR thng tr ti BTS hay MSC c nhim v xc nh v tr thu bao, l b nh RAM ca my tnh, ni lu tr tm thi cc thng tin v s in thoi, v tr thu bao. Thng tin v tr ca mt thu bao rt quan trng bi v v tr chnh xc s c xc nh khi h thng truy tm mt thu bao. Khi tm thu bao, h thng thc hin thng qua c 10 BTS. Nu lnh tm u tin khng c, h thng s th li ln th hai bng cch m rng phm vi cc BTS.

Mt s on dch vn cha c st ngha, cn phi tm hiu thm Thnh tht xin li bn c !