CC M HNH NG DNG CNG NGH THNG TIN TRONG GIO DC TIN TIN

B CNG C NNG CAO NNG LC CHO CC TRNG O TO GIO VIN KHU VC CHU THI BNH DNG

Cher Ping LIM. Ching Sing CHAI. Daniel CHURCHILL Ngi dch: Nguyn Ngc V

Mc lc
Li ni u ...................................................................................................................... 1 Gii thiu ......................................................................................................................... 3 Ti sao chng ta cn nng cao nng lc s dng CNTT cho gio sinh? .................... 3 Vai tr ca gio vin .................................................................................................... 4 Cc quan im s phm v vic hc kin to ............................................................. 5 Gio sinh cn c nhng nng lc s dng CNTT no? .............................................. 6 Lm th no pht trin cc k nng s dng CNTT ca gio sinh? ........................ 8 Phng din th nht ................................................................................................... 12 Tm nhn nh hng v trit l .................................................................................... 12 Tm nhn nh hng ca nh trng i vi vic ng dng CNTT vo ging dy . 12 Trit l nn tng cho vic dy hc ng dng CNTT .................................................. 13 Nhu cu ca cc trng ph thng v x hi. ........................................................... 14 S dng b khung ca UNESCO .............................................................................. 15 Xy dng v s hu CNTT trong nh hng gio dc ............................................ 15 nh gi li vn CNTT trong nh hng gio dc .............................................. 16 Phng din th hai ..................................................................................................... 18 o to: Chng trnh, nh gi v thc hnh s phm.............................................. 18 Chng trnh ............................................................................................................. 18 S lin kt ca cc kha hc/bi hc ........................................................................ 20 Hnh thc nh gi: s cn bng gia quy trnh v sn phm .............................. 27 Tnh chnh xc ca nh gi .................................................................................. 28 Thc hnh s phm .................................................................................................. 28 S lin kt vi chng trnh v hnh thc nh gi ............................................... 28 S h tr t pha nh trng................................................................................. 29

K vng ca vic ng dng CNTT trong dy v hc trng ph thng.............. 30 Phng din th ba ...................................................................................................... 31 Hc tp nng cao trnh cho cn b qun l, ging vin v nhn vin h tr ............ 31 Vn ha hc tp nng cao trnh ............................................................................ 32 Chng trnh nng cao trnh CNTT ...................................................................... 33 K hoch hc nng cao trnh CNTT ca nhn vin .............................................. 34 C vn v hng dn ng nghip trong vic ng dng CNTT vo ging dy......... 34 Nhng iu kin thun li cho vic hc nng cao trnh CNTT ............................. 36 C ch khen thng v khuyn khch vic hc nng cao trnh CNTT ................. 37 Phng din th t....................................................................................................... 38 K hoch, c s h tng, ngun lc v h tr CNTT .................................................. 38 K hoch CNTT ......................................................................................................... 38 C s h tng CNTT v phn cng .......................................................................... 39 Mng my tnh ....................................................................................................... 39 Kt ni Internet ....................................................................................................... 40 Phng my ............................................................................................................. 41 Phng truy cp m................................................................................................. 42 My tnh cho ging vin ......................................................................................... 42 K hoch trang b my tnh xch tay ...................................................................... 43 Thit b to ti liu ging dy k thut s a phng tin....................................... 43 Ngun CNTT v phn mm ....................................................................................... 43 H thng qun l ..................................................................................................... 43 H thng lin lc .................................................................................................... 44 Trang web .............................................................................................................. 45 Trang ch ca trng ............................................................................................ 46

H thng h tr vic dy hc ................................................................................. 47 Hc tp qua mng .................................................................................................. 48 Cng c hp tc..................................................................................................... 49 Phn mm v cc phn cng h tr vic dy hc ................................................. 49 An ninh mng ......................................................................................................... 52 H tr CNTT .......................................................................................................... 53 Phng din th nm ................................................................................................... 55 Thng tin lin lc v quan h i tc ............................................................................. 55 Cc hnh thc lin lc h tr bi CNTT ..................................................................... 55 Cch tip cn ca nh trng vi cc i tc ........................................................... 56 Mi quan h vi cc trng ph thng...................................................................... 57 Quan h vi B v cc S Gio Dc......................................................................... 58 Quan h vi cc t chc trong v ngoi nc, nh nc v t nhn ....................... 59 Hi nhp vi cng ng trong nc v quc t......................................................... 61 Phng din th su .................................................................................................... 63 Nghin cu v nh gi ................................................................................................ 63 Hot ng ging dy c tch hp CNTT v cc chnh sch lin quan n CNTT ...... 64 Cn thng xuyn cp nht gi nhp vi nhng tin b ca CNTT (Hot ng ging dy v chnh sch) ....................................................................................... 64 Trng tm nghin cu ............................................................................................ 66 Phng php ging dy ly ngi hc lm trung tm ........................................... 68 Nhng cng ngh mi ........................................................................................... 69 Lin kt gia nghin cu v thc tin .................................................................... 69 Hi ngh v hi tho ............................................................................................... 72 Cc chng trnh nghin cu sau i hc ............................................................. 73

H tr vn cho nghin cu v pht trin ................................................................ 73 Trung tm nghin cu ............................................................................................ 76 Tc ng ca nghin cu v pht trin i vi cc chng trnh o to gio sinh . 76 nh hng ca nghin cu v pht trin i vi trng ph thng v h thng gio dc ............................................................................................................................. 78 nh gi .................................................................................................................... 79

Li ni u
Yong ZHAO Gio s u t Trng Gio Dc i hc Michigan Trn khp th gii, c cc nc pht trin v ang pht trin, ngi ta vn phn nn rng gio vin khng c chun b khai thc sc mnh ca cng ngh. Mc d c nhiu bng chng cho thy CNTT c tim nng ln trong vic ci thin cht lng dy v hc cng nh vic tip cn CNTT ngy cng d dng hn, a s gio vin trn th gii ngy nay vn cha s dng cng ngh thnh tho hay thng xuyn c th khai thc tim nng ca n. T hn th, nhiu gio vin cn cn tr vic s dng CNTT trong vic hc ca hc vin v h khng nhn thc c rng CNTT tr thnh mt cng c rt hiu qu trong gio dc v hc vin ca h s phi bc chn vo mt th gii chu nh hng su sc ca CNTT. Trc kia ngi ta ngh rng - t nht l cc nc pht trin th h gio vin mi s s dng cng ngh tt hn v h sinh ra trong thi i Internet v s dng CNTT thng xuyn trong cuc sng. Tuy nhin, thc t li khng phi nh vy. ng l th h tr s dng CNTT mi lc nhng khng hn l bit cch hoc s dng n trong ging dy. S dng CNTT v nhu cu c nhn khc xa vic s dng trong dy hc. Cc trng s phm c nhim v o to nhng gio vin c cht lng cao. Gio vin cht lng cao ngy nay cn phi s dng c CNTT mc thnh tho v sng to trong cc tnh hung dy hc. Do , nhim v ca cc trng s phm l to ra tht nhiu c hi v mi trng thun li gip nhng gio vin mi ra trng v gio vin ti o to pht trin nhng kh nng . Tuy nhin, cc trng s phm cng phi i mt vi thch thc. a s ging vin ca cc trng ny cng cha sn sng cho vic s dng CNTT. Ngoi ra, nhiu trng s phm vn cn thiu tm nhn nh hng, k hoch, h tng v ti nguyn to nhng c hi hc tp tt cho cc gio vin tng lai. y l nhng th thit yu cho vic pht trin k nng CNTT trong gio dc. B cng c ny c xy dng gip cc trng gii quyt nhng kh khn trn. Quyn sch ny c trnh by nhng phng n tng qut, thc tin v c nghin cu k gip cc trng s phm xy dng, ci tin v duy tr mt mi trng gio dc thun li nhm gip gio vin s dng CNTT thnh tho trong ging dy. B cng c ny c th s dng theo nhiu cch, nhiu iu kin khc nhau v n phn nh c

nhng nt tng ng ln khc bit cc trng s phm v thc tin CNTT cc quc gia khc nhau. Nhng g trnh by trong sch mi ch l phn ni ca tng bng tri ch cha phi l gii php ton th. thc s gii quyt vn nng lc s dng CNTT ca gio vin, lnh o nhng trng s phm cn c tm nhn xa v hnh ng nhanh chng. B cng c ny, cng ging nh CNTT, ch c ch khi s dng thng xuyn. Ti hi vng cc trng s phm s thy n c ch v gip cc trng a vic ng dng CNTT trong ging dy ln nhng tm cao mi.

Gii thiu
NNG CAO NNG LC CC TRNG S PHM TRONG VIC Y MNH S DNG CNTT TRONG GING DY, HC TP V QUN L NH TRNG PH THNG: B CNG C DNH CHO KHU VC CHU THI BNH DNG.

Ti sao chng ta cn nng cao nng lc s dng CNTT cho gio sinh?
S pht trin nhanh chng v lan ta trong mi mt cng vic, i sng ca CNTT thay i mnh m cch chng ta sng v lm vic. Trong th gii ca cng ngh ny, nhng c nhn hay t chc yu km v k nng cng ngh khng th c ch ng v cnh tranh c. Ngoi ra, CNTT cng thay i cch thc ngi ta sng to, truyn ti v hon thin tri thc. Nh m cc hot ng tri Trong mi trng hc tp h tr thc tr nn hiu qu hn. N tr thnh cng c ca lc bi cng ngh, nhim v truyn t lng lao ng tri thc, trong c c nhng nh nghin v ging gii tri thc ca gio vin cu v ngi hc. Nhng thng tin mt thi kh tip cn ngy cng c nhng i hi cao ngy nay c th d dng tm c trn Internet. Cc hn phn mm thng k tin li, d dng nh SPSS hay bng tnh Excel gip hc sinh tip cn vic x l s liu d dng v nhanh chng. Nhiu lnh vc xa nay ch dnh cho chuyn gia m ca cho n cng chng. Cc cng ngh nh Windows Live Spaces thay i ton din nim v vic xut bn cng nh l mi quan h gia ngi c v ngi vit. Khi nim bit c cng c nh ngha li bao gm vic bit cng ngh (Mills, 2008; Myers, 2006). Nhng loi cng ngh ny v nhiu loi khc u c th s dng gip cho vic hc ca hc vin tr nn c lp, linh hot, ch ng v c tnh tng tc cao hn (Jonassen, Howland, Marra, & Crismond, 2008). Do , nhng tin b do CNTT mang li ang lm thay i quan im v vn ngi hc cn hc ci g v vic dy cn tin hnh th no. Nhiu nh s phm yu cu xem li nhiu c im ca nn gio dc hin nay vn da ch yu vo c ch truyn th tri thc t ngi c sang ngi khng c (v d nh nghin cu ca Angeli & Valanides, 2009; Bereiter & Scardamalia, 2006; Fullan, Hill, & Crevola, 2006; Jacobsen & Lock, 2004; Jonassesn v nhng ngi khc, 2008; Punie, 2007; Sawyer, 2006).

Cc nh nghin cu ny u c nim tin mnh m rng trong thi i CNTT ngy nay, ngi hc cn c kh nng gii quyt cc vn phc tp; t duy sng to v c ph phn; giao tip v cng tc vi nhng ngi c xut thn khc mnh vi s h tr ca cc cng c CNTT. R rng, trch nhim gieo trng nhng ngi hc nh vy t ln vai ngi thy, i hi h trc ht phi c c nhng k nng nh vy.

Vai tr ca gio vin

Nhiu nghin cu cho thy l CNTT gip cho s pht trin nhng k nng t duy bc cao nh nh gi, phn tch vn v p dng nhng g hc. Cc hot ng hc tp da trn CNTT ny khng th tch khi ngi hc. Martin (2000) nhn mnh tm quan trng ca gio vin trong vic tch hp CNTT mt cch hiu qu nh sau: Nu khng c s chp nhn v tip sc ca gio vin, vic pht trin cc d n cng ngh trong gio dc s b cn tr. Gio vin khng ch l ngi gc cng ca lp hc. H cn l ngun thng tin ln nht v chng trnh v ni dung ging dy. Gio vin trong cc mi trng dy hc c s dng CNTT phi m nhim vai tr ngy cng i hi kht khe ca mt ngi truyn th tri thc: hng dn, ng vin v gip hc vin mi cp lp ngy cng t chu trch nhim v vic hc ca mnh nhiu hn. R rng, nhng i hi ny cng t ra bi ton cho vic o to gio vin (Jonassen v cc tc gi khc, 2008; Kirshner & Selinger, 2003; Lock, 2007; UNESCO, 2008). Thch thc i vi cc trng s phm, B Gio Dc v trng ph thng l lm sao cho gio vin sn sng tip nhn ci mi, dy theo phng php mi c s dng CNTT, hc cch hc, hc na, hc mi v nhn thc c nhu cu i mi. Tuy vy, thay i quan nim ca gio vin v dy v hc cng nh s dng CNTT trong lp hc lun l vn hc ba. Nhiu gio vin c o to v bn thn h ging dy trong mi trng truyn thng chc chn s c xu hng t duy v dy v hc theo kiu c. H c xu hng xem ging dy l cng vic truyn ti thng tin, ngi hc ch cn th ng gii quyt vn mc ti thiu v t c trch nhim t hc. iu ny tng phn vi quan im dy hc kin to (constructivist) coi vic hc l qu trnh to lp v ti to tri thc, cn ging dy l qu trnh hng dn v gip ngi hc trong vic to lp tri thc. Quan im kin to ph hp hn vi x hi v nn kinh t tri thc. , ngi hc l nhng ngi ch ng tm kim v to ra tri thc. Vic hc ca h l qu trnh khm ph v chuyn ha nhng thng tin phc tp.

Cc quan im s phm v vic hc kin to

Do , gip gio vin tch hp CNTT vo chng trnh hc, cn c nhng chng trnh bi dng ph hp h c th nhn li quan im dy hc ca bn thn v tm hiu cch ng dng CNTT trong mi trng hc tp mang tnh kin to cao hn. Khi , gio vin s d dng chp nhn cc phng php dy hc kin to c s dng CNTT hn. Cn lu l phng php dy hc truyn thng v kin to khng c coi l i lp nhau. Quan im ca quyn sch ny l tng cng cc phng php dy hc kin to vn khng ch cp n vic khm ph cc khi nim m cn c vic hc c kim sot. Trong khi phn ln ging vin cc trng s phm ng vi tm quan trng ca vic tch hp CNTT vo dy hc, h t s dng CNTT hoc ch dng lm cho cng vic nhn hn (Becta, 2007; Valke, Rots, Verbeke, & van Braak, 2007). Vn cn nhiu khong trng gia vic thit k v thc hin chng trnh tng cng kh nng s dng CNTT cho gio sinh (Becta, 2007; haydn & Barton, 2007; Lawless & Pellgrino, 2007). Nhiu trng o to gio vin ch a vo nhng kha dy CNTT ring l (Hsu & Sharma, 2006). iu ny r rng l cha gip gio vin gii quyt nhng kh khn v phc tp lin quan n vic tch hp CNTT (Lawless & Pellegrino, 2007). Ngoi ra, cc nghin cu cng ch ra rng vic s dng my tnh phc v ging dy ca ging vin cc trng s phm cng thp hn mong i (Drent & Meelissen, 2008; Sahin & Thompson, 2006; Zhou & Xu, 2007). Nhiu vn lin quan n chuyn bnh ng, vn ha ng x v lut php cng ni ln do vic s dng rng ri ca CNTT. Chng cng cn c bn n trong vic o to gio vin (Futurelab, 2008; Kirschner & Selinger, 2003; Selwyn, 2008). Chnh v l do , vic nhn thc, thit k, thi hnh v nh gi cc chng trnh tp hun CNTT cho gio vin l cng vic then cht ca cc nh s phm v nh nghin cu (Angeli & Valanides, 2009). Kirschner v Selinger (2003) cn lp lun thm rng chng trnh hnh ng khng ch tnh n gio vin, ging vin trng s phm v nh nghin cu m cn tnh n ngi hc, doanh nghip v cc c quan, on th (xem thm Hsu & Sharma, 2006). Cc nghin cu v bo co v tnh hnh chun b cho vic tch hp CNTT ca gio sinh c vi vn nh khng ni r bi cnh nghin cu v kha hc, thu thp d liu km, kch c mu nh v.v (Kay, 2006). vic o to gio vin c th ra khi tnh trng hin nay, cn c nhiu chng trnh nghin cu v pht trin su rng hn (Fisher, Higgens, Loveless, 2006; Haydn & Barton, 2007; Lawless & Pellergrino, 2007; Kay, 2007).

Gio sinh cn c nhng nng lc s dng CNTT no?

hu ht cc nc pht trin v mt s nc ang Cc nng lc s phm: pht trin, vic s dng CNTT din ra rng khp v Lp k hoch ging dy n bao gm nhiu hot ng m gio vin phi Hiu bit v phng php tham gia. Cc hot ng c th k n l qun l Kin thc chuyn mn nh cp nht h s hc vin v bo co tnh hnh Ni dung ging dy Tri thc hc tp; thng tin lin lc vi nhiu ch th bao gm Qun l lp hc c ph huynh v ng nghip; thit k chng trnh, Kin thc ca hc sinh lm gio n, t chc ngoi kha, tng cng tnh ch ng ca ngi hc, nh gi ngi hc v bi dng chuyn mn cho gio vin. R rng l nhng hot ng ny i hi nhiu kh nng khc nhau. Trong quyn sch ny, chng ti ch yu tp trung vo vic pht trin kh nng gio vin trong vic s dng CNTT trong ging dy. Cc vn khc nh qun l v thng tin lin lc nu bn n trong chng trnh o to ti chc th s tt hn. Xc nh nhng nng lc s phm m gio sinh cn c l iu khng n gin v cc nng lc ny c bn cht phc tp. May thay, nhiu t chc xut bn nhng ti liu tham kho tt, chng hn nh b Tiu ch s dng Tnh cch gio vin CNTT trong ging dy cp quc gia (National Educational Technology Standards) (2008) (NETS) xut Tnh t ph bnh bn bi Hip hi ng dng CNTT trong gio dc Kh nng sn sng i mi (Information Society for Technology in Education) Quan im v gi tr (ISTE) v Tiu ch v nng lc s dng CNTT ca gio Cc quan h vi ngi khc vin do UNESCO (2008) pht hnh. Cc ti liu ny ch ra mt cch r rng nhng k nng m gio vin cn c ng dng CNTT thnh cng vo dy hc. Chng hn nh ti liu ca UNESCO m t rng gio vin cn pht trin k nng CNTT qua cc giai on: s dng thng tho cc cng c c bn ri n cc cng c phc tp. Vic s dng hiu qu cc cng c ny ph thuc vo k nng s phm v tm th ca gio vin. Ly vic s dng cng c trnh chiu (PowerPoint) lm mt v d, Bng 1 minh ha nhng hng pht trin c th c dnh cho gio vin. Bng 1: M t tng tc gia k nng CNTT, nng lc s phm v tm th ca gio vin. Mc Cch s dng C bn Son v s Trung cp Son v thc Nng cao Hng dn hc

dng PowerPoint thuyt trnh khi ging dy (m thanh, hnh nh, ch, chuyn slide) K thut Cc tnh nng c bn ca PowerPoint

hin tit hc ly ngi hc lm trung tm c s dng PowerPoint lm cng c Cc tnh nng nng cao ca PowerPoint

vin to cc bi trnh din a phng tin.

S dng PowerPoint va phi trong ging dy v c kh nng gii quyt s c my tnh c bn Khuyn khch v h tr/qun l vic to tri thc ca hc vin

S phm

Gii thch v nu cu hi

Lp k hoch v tin hnh cc hot ng hay thu ht hc vin Sn sng thay i quan nim v phng php s phm

Tm th

Sn sng hc v s dng CNTT

Sn sng th im v i mi

Ba cp trn cng tng ng vi khuyn ngh ca UNESCO khi s dng CNTT: trc ht l bit, sau l khm ph tri thc v cui cng l sng to tri thc. Khi tnh n vic h tr gio vin nng cao kh nng s dng CNTT trong ging dy, r rng l ta khng th t mc tiu cp cao nht i vi hu ht gio sinh hu ht cc nc. Ngoi ra, ta cng thy r l khng th lm c vic y nu ch a vo mt kha hc no y. Ty thuc vo hin trng s dng CNTT v phng php dy hc, cc trng s phm c th phi xy dng nhng chng trnh khc nhau. Cc quc gia mi tham gia lnh vc ny nh Lo, Campuchia v Sri Lanka c l ch nn t mc tiu mc c bn. Nhng nc nh Singapore vn tin hnh i mi gio dc da trn nn tng CNTT hn mt thp nin c l cn xy dng chng trnh a gio vin ca h n mc nng cao trong vic s dng CNTT. Trong phn tip theo,

chng ti s ra cc qu trnh lp k hoch m cc trng s phm c th s dng thc y nng lc s dng CNTT cho gio sinh ca mnh.

Lm th no pht trin cc k nng s dng CNTT ca gio sinh?

t c tin b trong vic trang b cho gio sinh, Jacobsen v Lock (2004) xut mt lot hnh ng sau y cho cc trng s phm: a. Thc thi mt k hoch tch hp CNTT c tm nhn v hng n cc gi tr b. Khuyn khch tt c ging vin s dng v chia s kinh nghim s dng CNTT hiu qu khp cc chng trnh o to c. To c hi thun li cc gio sinh tch hp cng ngh khi hc trng v khi i thc tp d. Thc y mi quan h gia nh trng v cc trng ph thng tng cng v y mnh vic tch hp CNTT e. Cho php s dng cc h tng cng ngh mi lc, mi ni c th f. Gn kt qu nghin cu vo vic s dng CNTT hiu qu trong dy hc Da vo nhng khuyn ngh v nghin cu ni trn, b cng c ny a ra mt b khung cc qu trnh bao gm 6 phng din m cc trng s phm cn tp trung vo: 1. Tm nhn nh hng v trit l 2. o to: Chng trnh, nh gi v thc tp s phm 3. Vic nng cao trnh ca cc trng khoa, ging vin v nhn vin h tr 4. K hoch ng dng CNTT, c s h tng, ti nguyn v s h tr 5. Thng tin lin lc v cc mi quan h 6. Nghin cu v nh gi Bt u Chng ti cho rng khi quan tm n cc phng din ny, trng s phm c th to ra nhng qu trnh c trong v ngoi trng gip tng cng kh nng s dng CNTT mt cch sng to ca gio sinh. h tr cc qu trnh lp k hoch chin lc, b

cng c ny c gng vit mt cch ngn gn v mi phng din da trn nhng cng trnh nghin cu v ti liu c lin quan. Chng ti cng rt ra cc im then cht cho mi phng din. V d, phng din quan trng th 2: chng trnh, nh gi v thc hnh s phm, chng ti c tng kt li vic thit k cc kha hc CNTT nhiu trng s phm khc nhau khp ni trn th gii. B cng c ny xc nh 11 im then cht trong 3 thnh t ca phng din th 2. im then cht mi phng din c vit kh su. Khi tham kho b cng c ny, lnh o cc trng s phm t nht cng c th khi ng cc qu trnh lp k hoch v bc u tho lun vic ln k hoch cho trng mnh. Ni mt cch khc, lnh o cc trng s phm c th m u qu trnh lp k hoch bng cch pht b cng c ny v yu cu cc thnh vin trong ban lp k hoch xem qua ti liu ny. im tho lun u tin c th l cc phng din v im then cht ca b cng c c l khng, cn thm hay bt nhng g. Hnh 1 m t s qu trnh lp k hoch m chng ti ngh. S ngh bt u lp k hoch t vic nh hng. T , ta c th xc nh nhng hng ch o v s mng chung nh hng cho c n v. Tm nhn nh hng v s mng to nn tng cho vic lp k hoch chin lc sau ny (Morphew & Hartle, 2006). T , cc n v cp di s ra nhng mc tiu v k hoch c th t mc tiu tng phng din, dn n vic thc hin c tm nhn nh hng v s mng. Cc chng vit v nhng phng din khc nhau c th s dng lm c s tho lun v pht trin thm. gip cc trng s phm nh gi hin trng v xc nh k hoch hnh ng cho mnh, mi im then cht c chia thnh 4 cp . Cc cp gm c: Cha pht trin, C bn, Thng tho v Sng to. Cc n v cp di c th tin hnh nh gi ni b bng vic s dng cc bng nh gi ph lc 1. V d, khi tho lun, cc n v cp di xc nh rng hin trng v chng trnh o to ca trng l Cha pht trin theo nh bng nh gi. Cc n v ny c th xc nh mt s cch xy dng chng trnh nu chng ni v chng trnh o to tng ng vi trng ca mnh v xc nh cc nghin cu lin quan hiu hn v chng trnh. Sau , h c th thay i chng trnh v xy dng k hoch trnh hi ng k hoch nh trng.

10

Hnh 1: Cc qu trnh lp k hoch tp th cc trng s phm

Sau khi lp cc k hoch ban u, cc n v cn tin hnh nhiu cuc tho lun v phi hp ln nhau to nn mt k hoch tng th mnh lc v h tr cho nhau. Chng ti gi qu trnh ny l Cc qu trnh lp k hoch tp th cc trng s phm. iu quan trng l mi n v u bit n v khc ang lm g trnh tnh trng chng cho dn n cm gic bc bi. Bn cht ca cc qu trnh ny l lp li v c th cn iu chnh b sung tm nhn nh hng v s mng. Cc k hoch sau c cht li, tin hnh v nh gi to nn tng cho chu k lp k hoch tip theo. Cc on vit trn vch ra nhng bc tng th gip cc trng s phm xy dng k hoch hnh ng gip gio sinh ca mnh dy hc c ng dng CNTT. D chng ti khuyn ngh bt u t ch Tm nhn nh hng, mt kch bn khc c th l cc lnh o trng s phm bt u t mc Hc tp nng cao trnh t cm nhn CNTT c th nng cao cht lng ging dy nh th no. iu ny c th mang li mt tm nhn nh hng tt hn, thm ch l to bo hn. Lp hc cho tng lai c Microsoft xy dng trong khun vin Vin Gio Dc Quc Gia (Singapore) l mt ni m cc lnh o c th tham quan. Nhng a im nh vy c th tm thy trn khp th gii. Lp k hoch chin lc trong iu kin c th Tm li, lp k hoch chin lc l mt qu trnh nng ng cn phi xt trong tng iu kin c th ch khng th dp khun. N cng cn c xem l qu trnh cn cp

11

nht v gp lin lc ngy cng hon thin v bt kp c nhng tin b nhanh chng trong thi i ca chng ta.

12

Phng din th nht Tm nhn nh hng v trit l

Phng din th nht l tm nhn v trit l. Vic xy dng mt tm nhn nh hng chung v trit l nn tng gip lnh o v ging vin tm c ting ni chung trong vic s dng CNTT nh th no cho hiu qu trong ging dy, hc tp v qun l cc trng s phm. Trong phng din ny, cc thnh t ch cht gm c: Tm nhn nh hng ca nh trng i vi vic ng dng CNTT vo ging dy Trit l nn tng cho vic dy hc ng dng CNTT Nhu cu ca cc trng ph thng v x hi Xy dng v s hu CNTT trong nh hng gio dc nh gi li vn CNTT trong nh hng gio dc

Tm nhn nh hng ca nh trng i vi vic ng dng CNTT vo ging dy

Churchill v Lim (2007) ch ra rng mt ro cn i vi vic tch hp CNTT trong cc trng s phm l vic thiu tm nhn nh hng tng th ca cc nh qun l. Xy dng tm nhn nh hng l phng tin ch yu cc t chc xc nh vai tr, mc tiu v khuyn khich s gn b ca i ng nhn vin (Abelman & Dalesandro, 2008). Abelman v Molina (2006, tr.5) cn ni thm v tm nhn nh hng ca t chc nh sau: Tm nhn nh hng ca t chc chnh l mt nn tng l lun. N chnh l hnh nh tt nht v trng i hc v cc c nhn trong . N phn nh bn cht cng ng hc tp trong nh trng v xc nh cc mc ch, u tin v trin vng ca trng. Tm nhn nh hng t chc gn cht vi iu kin vt cht, lch s, chnh tr, vn ha v ti chnh ca nh trng. Tuy nhin, tm nhn nh

13

hng c th thay i cc c im ny nhiu c im ny cng tn ti cc trng khc mang li cho nh trng vai tr ni bt, s nht qun v gi tr. a ra mt tm nhn nh hng r rng v mi trng v phng php ging dy ng dng CNTT l mt vic cn thit v nn lm i vi cc trng s phm. iu ny i hi cc nh qun l v ging vin bn tho, xy dng v a ra mt tm nhn v chuyn ti sao v lm th no ngi ta lp k hoch v thc thi nhng i mi cng nh m bo rng s i mi ny l v li ch ca cng tc dy v hc (Gallant, 2000, tr.73) ch khng phi l v nhng tin b khoa hc k thut n thun. nh hng tm nhn v CNTT ny li cn c xc lp trong trit l gio dc ca cc n v cp khoa, th hin quan im ca cc khoa v t cng nhau xy dng trit l mi.

Trit l nn tng cho vic dy hc ng dng CNTT

Mt phn khng th thiu khi xy dng tm nhn l qu trnh t xem xt gia cc ging vin v qun l trong nh trng s phm v vai tr ca h trong thi k c nhiu thay i. Hu ht nhng ngi chuyn v CNTT trong gio dc u ng h mnh m vic s dng CNTT thc y cc qu trnh to lp tri thc (Selwyn, 2008). Xu hng y th hin s gn kt cht ch vi l thuyt kin to c nhn v kin to x hi (social constructivism). C thuyt kin to c nhn v kin to x hi u da trn nn tng tng i v nhn thc. Tri thc, theo quan im kin to, l nhng tng tng i v th gii v bit l qu trnh tm hiu su hn v mt s hin tng (Bereiter, 2002). Dy v hc da trn nhng l lun nh vy c s khc bit c bn vi vic dy hc da trn khch quan lun. Nhng hiu bit v quan nim ca i ng ging vin v qu trnh dy hc c th khng tng thch vi quan im dy hc kin to (Deng, 2004; Samuelowicz & Bain, 2001; Wong, Khine & Chai, 2008; Zhou & Xu, 2007). Vic chuyn i phng php dy hc sang hng kin to i hi nhng thay i su rng lin quan n nhiu phng din (Windschitl, 2002). Chnh v l do , vic tm hiu quan nim hin ti ca ging vin v cc nh qun l l mt xut pht im tt cho vic tho lun nhng trit l nn tng ca tm nhn nh hng. Da trn nghin cu nh tnh, Finley v Hartman (2004) xy dng mt b cu hi s dng cho vic thu thp d liu v quan nim ca ging vin i vi vic dy v hc. T , ngi ta c xem xt, lm r v tranh lun thng thn v quan im kin to vi cc quan im khc v tri thc v hiu bit. Nh th m mt lp trng chung c th c thng nht gia cc ging vin v nh qun l. iu ny l cn thit nu ta mun ging vin bt nhp vi tm nhn nh hng ca nh trng v ng dng CNTT. Theo hng ny, vn tm nhn nh hng cng c th l mt im khi u ca vic hc tp nng cao trnh cho ging vin v cc nh qun l.

14

Nhu cu ca cc trng ph thng v x hi.

nh hng l cng vic phc tp i hi phi xem xt Cng vi cc t chc chnh ph nhiu kha cnh ca CNTT v cc thng tin lin quan v phi chnh ph khc, trng s khc. Chng hn nh xy dng nh hng tm nhn phm chu trch nhim trang b mi cho cc quc gia chu u, Punie (2007) xem xt cho sinh vin ca mnh nhng k khng ch nhu cu pht trin kinh t, xu hng pht trin nng cn thit cho lp hc ca ca CNTT m cn c xu hng x hi v cc thch thc. tng lai. Cng hiu nhiu v cc xu hng hin ti v tng lai, ta cng c c nh hng tm nhn chc chn v ph hp cho vic s dng CNTT trong gio dc. nh hng tm nhn, trong bi cnh o to sinh vin s phm, l qu trnh ra l trnh cho cc gio vin tng lai cch thc h ging dy, hc tp, qun l v sng to vi CNTT. Cng vi cc t chc chnh ph v phi chnh ph khc, trng s phm chu trch nhim trang b cho sinh vin ca mnh nhng k nng cn thit cho lp hc ca tng lai. V l do , trong n lc xy dng nh hng tm nhn, cc trng s phm cn tham kho cc chnh sch lin quan ca nh nc. nhiu quc gia, cc trng c tham kho v tm hiu nhiu chnh sch khc nhau. Cc chnh sch ny thng vch ra nh hng ging dy v hc tp ca t nc. Chng hn nh gn y chnh quyn Nam c a ra b khung e-Strategy cho php cc trng t nh gi da trn n lc tng cng dy hc ng dng CNTT t hiu qu hc tp cao hn (DES, 2008). B khung ny c 5 mc: Tm nhn v qun l; Dy v hc; Hc tp nng cao trnh ; Qun l v Ti nguyn. Ti liu th hin tm nhn ca cc nh hoch nh chnh sch Nam c v mt ngi trng c cc chin lc ng dng CNTT l tng. Cc v d khc gm c Tiu ch quc gia v cng ngh trong gio dc ca Hoa K v B khung CNTT trong gio dc trung hc ca B tr em, trng hc v gia nh nc Anh. Cc ti liu ny m t chi tit nhng k nng CNTT v k nng hc tp m h sinh cc tui khc nhau cn nm vng. Nghin cu nhng ti liu nh vy gip cho cc trng s phm p ng tt hn nhu cu ca trng ph thng v x hi. Tuy nhin, vi t cch l c quan u ngnh ca gio dc, cc trng s phm cn c cch nhn nhiu chiu i vi cc chnh sch v b sung cho cc chnh sch y. V d, nhng ch trch ca Deng (2004) v vic phn bit o to gio vin v gio dc gio vin mang li nhng ng gp qu gi cho s nghip ci cch gio dc ca Singapore.

Chnh sch v tm nhn Chng trnh v nh gi Phng php

Hiu bit CNTT Tri thc c bn

o su tri thc

Sng to tri thc Cc k nng th k 21

15

p dng tri thc

Tch hp cng ngh

X l vn phc tp

Tch hp cng ngh

CNTT

Cc cng c c bn

Cc cng c phc tp

Cc cng c c bn

T chc v qun l Nng cao trnh gio vin

Lp hc tiu chun Hiu bit v k thut s

Cc nhm cng tc Qun l v hng dn

Lp hc tiu chun Hiu bit v k thut s

Hnh 2: B khung ICT-CST ca UNESCO (UNESCO, 2008, tr.11)

S dng b khung ca UNESCO

Ngoi cc chnh sch quc gia, cc ti liu ca nhng t chc quc t v cc nc hng u v s dng CNTT trong gio dc cng ng tham kho. V d, di s ch tr ca UNESCO, Microsoft, Cisco, Intel, Hip hi ng dng CNTT trong gio dc quc t (ISTE) v trng H K thut Virginia gn y a ra b khung tiu chun UNESCO v k nng s dng CNTT ca gio vin (ICT-CST) (UNESCO, 2008). Cc ti liu nh th l ngun tham kho qu gi c bit l i vi nhng nc cha xy dng b tiu chun s dng CNTT cho gio vin ca ring mnh. B khung ICT-CST c th ha thnh mt chui 3 cch tip cn ci cch gio dc l hiu bit cng ngh, o su tri thc v sng to tri thc. Ba cch tip cn ny bao trm ln c 6 phng din ca h thng gio dc: chnh sch v tm nhn; chng trnh v nh gi, phng php; cng c CNTT; t chc v qun l v nng cao trnh gio vin. Cch tip cn u tin tp trung vo vic pht trin k nng CNTT cho gio vin. Cch th hai nhn mnh vic ng dng tri thc v vic gii quyt cc vn phc tp vi s h tr ca cc cng c CNTT phc tp. Cch th ba tp trung vo vic sng to tri thc. Cc cch tip cn ny c th cng nhau tn ti trong trng s phm v ng vai tr b sung cho nhau. Hnh 2 c trch trong ti liu ca UNESCO. B khung ICT-CST vch ra nhng thnh t ch yu m vic hoch nh tm nhn cn tnh n v nhng hng pht trin m cc trng s phm c th i theo.

Xy dng v s hu CNTT trong nh hng gio dc

Ba yu t then cht trnh by trn cho chng ta thy rng qu trnh hoch nh tm nhn i hi s tham gia ca tt c cc thnh vin trong trng s phm ch khng phi l mt tm nhn p t t trn xung bi cc nh qun l cp cao. Finely v Hartman (2004) ch ra rng cn b cc trng i hc rt s cch tip cn cng ngh

16

theo kiu lc chung v hut so. Do bn cht ngh nghip, cn b trong trng, gm c cc ging vin c xu hng tip cp vn i mi t nhiu gc nhn (BrantleyDias, Calandra, Harmon & Schoffner, 2006). Chnh v vy, vic xy dng tm nhn v k hoch hnh ng chung l cn thit c th thc y n lc ca ton b cn b trong trng t c mc tiu tm nhn chung y (Hew & Brush, 2007; Lim & Khine, 2006).

nh gi li vn CNTT trong nh hng gio dc

nh hng tm nhn ca mt trng s phm c th da vo nhng gi tr c th thch qua thi gian. Tuy nhin, khi xt n bn cht nng ng ca lnh vc CNTT, nhng gi tr ny c th khng ph hp cho vic ng dng CNTT vo ging dy. Ch mi u thp nin 90 thi, khi m mng Internet cha xut hin, my tnh vn c th coi l khng quan trng vi gio vin. Nhng khi xt n s thm nhp khp ni ca cc thit b my tnh v vic ni ln cc cng ngh web 2.0, nh hng tm nhn v CNTT trong ging dy cn phi c xt li ph hp vi thi i. B gio dc nhiu quc gia phi thng xuyn xem xt v iu chnh li tm nhn v chin lc ng dng CNTT ca h. V d nh T chc cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng trong gio dc nc Anh ch ng nghin cu vic ng dng CNTT nc Anh cung cp nhng thng tin v gii php gip cc trng hc Anh tin ln. Tng t nh vy, vic pht trin b K hoch tng th CNTT (IT Masterplans) Singapore cng th hin quan im canh tn ca chnh ph i vi CNTT. V vy, nh hng tm nhn ca cc trng s phm cng cn c xem xt li do nhu cu ca nh trng v x hi thay i cng vi s pht trin ca CNTT. Zhou v Xue (2007) ghi nhn trng hp ca i hc Alberta trong vic nh gi mc tiu chin lc sau 10 nm thc hin. Trng hp ny cng cung cp nhng thng tin quan trng v vic thu thp d liu nh th no phc v qu trnh nh gi. Nu xt n tc thay i ca CNTT, 10 nm c th l khong thi gian qu di v kh c th bt nhp vi nhng thay i bn ngoi. Mc d 5 nm c v l tm nhn nh hng v CNTT khung thi gian hp l hn, vic nh gi li c l cn c trong gio dc xy dng bi cc tin hnh thng xuyn theo nhu cu ch ng theo k trng s phm c th phi b sung hoch. bi nhu cu ca trng ph thng v x hi thay i cng vi tin b ca Kt qu ca hot ng hoch nh tm nhn thng l mt CNTT. b khung ging nh b khung e-Strategy hay ICT-CST. N cn vch ra c nhng im mu cht lm ch da cho cc cng vic sau nh lp k hoch, thit k v pht trin chng trnh, c s h tng v xy dng chnh sch ni b. M hnh mi y ca Shulman v Shulman (2004) v vic hc ca gio vin c th xem l ngun tham kho tt trong vn h tr gio sinh s dng CNTT trong lp

17

hc. Da trn nghin cu v qu trnh o to gio vin, h nghi 5 thnh t cho m hnh mi ca mnh, l: C chun b (s hu tm nhn) Sn sng (c ng lc) C nng lc (c kin thc ln thc hnh) Bit rt kinh nghim (hc hi t kinh nghim) C tinh thn cng ng (thc hin vai tr thnh vin ca mt cng ng hc thut) (tr.259)

Nu ra nhng thnh t ny cho gio sinh l mt bc khi u tt cho chuyn thit k chng trnh v nh gi. y chnh l trng tm ca phng din tip theo.

18

Phng din th hai o to: Chng trnh, nh gi v thc hnh s phm

Mt chng trnh o to gio sinh hiu qu phi cung cp cho gio sinh nhng kin thc cn thit v CNTT v nng lc s phm c th ng dng CNTT vo hc tp, ging dy v qun l. Chng trnh o to gio sinh l phng din quan trng th hai ca b cng c ny. N bao gm 11 im then cht lin quan n ba phn ca o to: chng trnh o to, cch nh gi v thc hnh s phm. Chng trnh o to Phn tch chng trnh (nhim v, ngi hc, hon cnh) S lin kt ca cc kha hc/bi hc Phng php s phm Dy mu Vic s dng CNTT mt cch hiu qu nh gi S lin kt vi chng trnh Phng thc nh gi s cn bng gia qu trnh v sn phm (tnh hp l, tinh cy, tnh ton din v s qun l) Tnh xc thc ca cc hot ng nh gi Thc hnh s phm S lin kt vi chng trnh v nh gi S h tr trong nh trng (gio vin hng dn, gio vin ng ging, kh nng tip cn CNTT v cc ngun, thin ca ngi hc, ngi gim st, hiu trng) K vng vo vic s dng CNTT trong dy v hc

Chng trnh
Phn tch chng trnh (nhim v, ngi hc, hon cnh) thit k mt chng trnh o to gio sinh hiu qu, chng ta cn phn tch mt cch y . Cc nh nghin cu gio dc ch ra nhng yu t c th lm tng hay gim vic s dng CNTT ca cc gio sinh trong thi gian thc tp. Nhn chung nhng

19

yu t ny c chia lm hai loi: nhng yu t lin quan n hon cnh v nhng yu t lin quan n ngi hc. Nhng yu t lin quan n hon cnh nh hng n vic s dng CNTT ca cc gio sinh bao gm s tip cn cng ngh, thi gian v khi lng cng vic, s h tr t cc gio vin hng dn trng ph thng v.v (Dexter & Riedel, 2003; Hadyn &Barton, 2007; Brinkerhoff, 2006). Nhng yu t lin quan n ngi hc gm thi vi my vi tnh, kinh nghim trong vic s dng my vi tnh, quan im s phm, kh nng lm vic hiu qu v trnh tin hc (Angeli & Valanides, 2005; Teo, Lee & Chai, 2008; Drent & Meelissen, 2008; Ertmer, 200; Jimoyiannis & Komis, 2007; Paraskeva et al., 2008; Swain, 2006). Nhng nghin cu ny cung cp thng tin cho cc ging vin trng s phm v c im ca ngi hc, iu kin hon cnh cn phi c xem xt khi thit k mt chng trnh o to cho gio sinh BOX.] Hiu mi quan h gia nhng yu t va nu trn vi i tng gio sinh l phn quan trng ca phn tch chng trnh. D nhin khng th no phn tch ht mi kha cnh nhng mt s thng tin v hon cnh v c im ca ngi hc c tm quan trng c bit. B gio dc c th c nhng quy nh v nng lc s dng CNTT c bn m gio vin phi c v thng tin ny r rng rt cn thit cho vic thit k kha hc. Nng lc s dng CNTT ca gio sinh l mt trong nhng c im ca ngi hc m cc ging vin trng s phm phi quan tm n khi thit k chng trnh hc v vic s dng CNTT trong dy hc ph thuc vo nng lc s dng CNTT ca gio vin. Trong bn xem xt 33 d n Trang b cho cc gio vin tng lai kh nng s dng CNTT ca M, Mims v cc ng nghip ca ng (2006) bo co rng hu ht cc trng s phm u t chc nhng hi tho khng bt buc v CNTT cho gio sinh, gio vin hng dn v ging vin. Nhng hi tho ny ch yu gii thiu cc phn mm, cng c bin tp phim, phn mm xy dng bn t duy, h s bi dy in t, v cng c x l hnh nh k thut s. Mc d ngy nay trnh CNTT ca gio sinh ti cc trng s phm cao hn nhng Sketekee (2005) cho rng nhng hi tho nh vy l cn thit. iu tra ca Markauskaite (2007) v gio sinh trng i hc Sydney cho thy gio sinh c th c k nng s dng CNTT c bn nh x l vn bn, s dng mail nhng h li thiu nhng k nng nng cao nh to cc ti liu ging dy web v multimedia. Nghin cu ca Lee, Chai, Teo v Chen (2008) Singapore cng cho kt qu tng t. Cn c vo nng lc s dng CNTT khc nhau ca gio sinh, cc ging vin trng s phm cn phi tin hnh phn tch a dng cc kha hc nhm p ng nhu cu hc tp khc nhau ca gio sinh. C nhng bn cu hi c th c chnh sa phc v mc ch ny (xem Anderson & Maninger, 2007; Collier, Weinburgh & Rivera, 2004 Markauskaite, 2007; Lee et al, 2008).

20

vai tr ca cc trng s phm l cung cp mt chng trnh hiu qu nhm xy dng nn tng pht trin nng lc s dng CNTT ca gio sinh ti trng hc ph thng

Phn tch nhim v cp n vic phn tch mt chuyn gia thc hin cng vic ca mnh nh th no. thit k chng trnh hc cho gio sinh, cc ging vin trng s phm phi d gi xem cc gio vin dy mu s dng CNTT trong lp hiu qu nh th no. Sau h phi phng vn cc gio vin ny tm hiu v k hoch s dng CNTT ca h. Bng vic phn tch chng trnh, cc ging vin trng s phm s rt ra cc k nng (vd: k nng qun l lp hc) v cc qu trnh (vd: qu trnh lp k hoch) phc v cho vic thit k chng trnh. Tuy nhin, iu ny hm rng ging vin s phm c c hi d gi v phng vn nhng gio vin c kh nng tch hp CNTT tt. i vi cc trng s phm mi bt u s dng CNTT, tham kho thng tin qua sch v, ti liu li l la chn kh thi hn. Vi rt nhiu tham s, chng trnh o to gio sinh khng th l yu t quyt nh vic gio vin c s dng CNTT hay khng v s dng nh th no trong trng ph thng. Tuy vy, nh Anderson v Maninger (2007) c nu, vai tr ca cc trng s phm c th ch cung cp mt chng trnh hiu qu da trn c s pht trin k nng CNTT gip gio sinh ng dng trng ph thng. Phn tch chng trnh s m bo l chng trnh o to c thc hin iu ny.

S lin kt ca cc kha hc/bi hc

Mt im yu thng thy ca cc chng trnh o to l cc kha hc/bi hc khng lin kt vi nhau nn thiu s mnh lc (Hammerness, Darling-Hammond, Grossma, Rus, & Shulman, 2005). iu c ngha chng ta phi thc y v b khung chung khi thit k chng o to cho gio sinh. Nu khng c s thc ny th gio sinh s cm thy ni dung kha hc b trng lp hay ri rc. Phn ln cc ging vin trng s phm nhn thc c rng mt kha hc ring l khng trang b cho cc gio sinh kin thc cn thit ng dng CNTT nn cc kha hc phi lin kt vi nhau chng c th lm nn cho nhau v gip gio sinh tch ly c cc k nng CNTT c bn. Drenoyianni (2004) m t s pht trin ca nng lc s dng CNTT ca gio sinh khi h theo hc mt chng trnh bn nm Hi Lp nh sau: Nm nht, trng tm ca kha hc l dy CNTT Nm hai, trng tm ca kha hc l vic ng dng CNTT trong nh trng Nm hai v nm ba, CNTT s c ng dng trong cc kha hc phng php ging dy theo tng b mn. Mt cch lm ph bin l a vo nhng kha hc CNTT tch hp vi ni dung cc b mn v/hoc cc kha hc phng php

21

tng cng kh nng ng dng CNTT ca gio sinh vo vic dy hc mn chuyn ngnh (Angeli & Valanides, 2005; Lisowski, Lisowski & Nicolia, 2006). Phng php s phm hu ht cc nc, gio sinh phi tham gia t nht mt kha hc gii thiu v CNTT phc v cho ging dy. Phng php truyn t trong cc kha hc ny c chuyn i t phng php tp hun k nng thun ty sang phng php hc da vo gii quyt vn theo hng kin to (constructivist). Trn thc t, hu ht cc kha hc u kt hp hai phng php ni trn da vo mc ch ca hot ng hc tp. Anderson and Maninger (2007, tr.155) nghin cu mt kha hc nh vy Texas, M: Ngi tham gia ng k mt kha hc ko di mt hc k c thit k p ng nhng tiu chun v ng dng CNTT cho gio vin mi ra trng Texas (y ban cp chng ch ging dy Texas, 2003). Kha hc ny cung cp kin thc c bn v vic s dng CNTT pht trin chuyn mn v phc v ging dy. N bao gm nhng ng dng trong lp hc ca rt nhiu phn mm nh x l vn bn, bng tnh, c s d liu, cng c ha, Internet v phn mm ging dy. Sinh vin cng c hc v cc phng php ging dy nh phng php hc tp cng tc, phng php hc theo hng kin to v phng php hng dn trc tip cc vn nh quyn tc gi v lut kim duyt. Hot ng hc tp gm tho lun, thao ging, lm vic theo nhm, v thc hnh. H thng qun l kha hc qua mng cho php ngi hc truy cp bi tp, bi thi, bi tho lun v cc ng link n cc ngun trn Internet. Ngui hc c c hi quan st, tng tc hay km cp nhng sinh vin khc ang hc qua mng. Bi thi kt thc kha hc l mt h s ging dy in t. Theo bo co, kha hc c thit k da trn nhng tiu chun khch quan do c quan gio dc cp tiu bang thit lp. Liu kha hc ny c p ng y s phn tch chng trnh cho vic thit k kha hc hay khng vn cn l mt cu hi. Nhng phn ca phn tch chng trnh nh phn tch ngi hc hay phn tch nhim v u khng c bo co. nh gi kt qu ca kha hc, tc gi s dng bng cu hi gm 54 cu t bo co nh gi kh nng, hiu sut lm vic, mc t tin v nh s dng CNTT ca gio sinh. Kt qu trc v sau nh gi cho thy kt qu kh quan trn mi phng din. Nhng nghin cu khc p dng phng php s phm nu trn u cho kt qu tng t (Goktas, Yildirim, & Yildirim, 2008; Wong et al., 2003).

22

Drenoyianni (2004) v Markauskaite (2007) ngh mt cch va pht trin kh nng s dng CNTT va pht trin k nng ging dy l xy dng kha hc da trn phng php gii quyt vn . Theo , gio sinh phi phn tch nhu cu ngi hc, thc hin cc hot ng h tr tch hp CNTT, nhn din v pht trin cc ngun t liu, b sung v qun l cc hot ng hc tp, nh gi cc bi hc c s dng CNTT. Mt kha hc mu c tin hnh vin gio dc quc gia Singapore. Trng tm ca kha hc l l lun dy hc v thit k cc n v bi hc theo hng kin to (Lim & Chan, 2007). Vic dy CNTT trong kha hc rt kp thi. V d nu cc ging vin trng s phm nhn thy mt nhm gio sinh ngn ng khng bit s dng chc nng Review ca Microsoft Word th h s lm mu v s dng chc nng ny cung cp nhng phn hi ca gio vin i vi bi vit ca hc sinh. Tng t nh khi chun b cc n v bi hc theo hng kin to, nhng k nng CNTT c bn nh chn hnh nh vo vn bn son bng Power Point cng c gii thiu nu cn thit. Sn phm cui cng ca kha hc l mt bi trnh by bng Power Point ca mt nhm gm hai hoc ba gio sinh. Mc ch l khuyn khch nhng hot ng hc tp ly ngi hc lm trung tm c s dng nhng phng tin CNTT khc nhau. Gio sinh c yu cu nghin cu cc trng hp dy mu c s dng CNTT, tho lun vn v ngha ca chng gip mt hay qua mng. Lee v ng nghip (2008) bo co rng sau kha hc, gio sinh nhn thy trnh s dng CNTT v nng s phm ca h gia tng ng k. p ng nhu cu s dng CNTT v ng dng CNTT vo ging dy ngy cng pht trin trong lng thi gian hn hp ca chng trnh o to gio sinh l mt thch thc ln khi thit k chng trnh. Mt s trng s phm M s dng bi kim tra trnh s dng CNTT c bn nm bt c s kh nng s dng CNTT ca gio sinh. trng s phm ca H Bowling Green State,ngi ta thc hin mt bi nh gi kh nng s dng CNTT ca gio sinh trong gio sinh c yu cu phi to ra mt sn phm c s dng vn bn son tho trn word, bng tnh, bi trnh by, nhng ng dng ca phn mm ha. Thm vo , sn phm ny phi s dng t liu ly t Internet v th hin trnh qun l d liu tt (Banister & Vannatta, 2006, tr. 213). gip gio sinh hon thnh bi tp c giao, nh trng thit lp cc lp hng dn trn mng, qua bng video, trung tm h tr sinh vin s dng CNTT v cc bui hng dn cho tng c nhn nu c yu cu. Dy mu Tnh hiu qu ca vic dy mu c ghi nhn t lu qua nghin cu ca Albert Bandura (1986). Dy mu ngha l thc hnh iu m mnh va thuyt ging. Khi cc ging vin trng s phm lm mu vic s dng CNTT trong cc lp hc cho gio sinh, h cho gio sinh c hi tip cn vi nhng phng php tin b trong dy v

23

hc (Sketekee, 2006). iu ny c th to ra thay i su sc trong quan nim v vic tch hp CNTT phc v cho mc ch ging dy ca gio sinh. Dy mu gip gii quyt vn cc gio sinh khng hnh dung c CNTT s c s dng nh th no trong lp hc (Dexter, Doering, & Riedel, 2006). Dexter v ng nghip (2006) cng Lock (2007) bo cc nhiu trng hp dy mu ca cc ging vin trng s phm. Trong nghin cu, Dexter v ng nghip bo co mt chin lc s dng CNTT da vo ni dung c th ca tng lnh vc c p dng phm vi ton trng s phm. Thnh phn tham gia c k thut vin, gio vin trng ph thng, cc ging vin chuyn mn v phng php ging dy. Tt c cng xy dng v iu chnh ni dung chng trnh gio sinh c th tri nghim c vic dy v hc c s dng CNTT. Phn tch kt qu hc tp ca gio sinh cho thy h hon ton c th ngh ra nhng tng b ch cho vic ng dng CNTT nhm tng kh nng lnh hi ca ngi hc trong tng lai. Lock (2007) m t nhng n lc ca b trong vic s dng CNTT dy mt kha hc ko di mt hc k trng i hc Calgary. Kha hc p dng phng php dy hc pht vn v gio sinh c giao nhim v nh gi cc yu t nh hng n vic hc ting Anh nh l mt ngoi ng th hai. Trong qu trnh cng c, khm ph v m t vn , gio sinh phi s dng nhng phng tin CNTT khc nhau h tr cho vic hc v t nhn xt. H phi vit cc bng tm tt, la chn hnh nh k thut s t Internet, xy dng cc sn phm multimedia (trang web hay file Power Point) v cng tc qua cng c CNTT. Tc gi hng dn gio sinh mt s k nng s dng my tnh. Trong kha hc, gio sinh phi lm vic theo nhm. Lock cho rng kha hc em n nhng tri nghim hc tp c ngha cho sinh vin ca b. Ni dung ni bt trong hai v d va nu l chng ta phi khuyn khch gio sinh hc tp theo cch m h s h tr cho hc sinh ca h sau ny. t c iu ny cc ging vin trng s phm phi dy mu trong nhiu tnh hung khc nhau vi nhng ni dung khc nhau. S dng CNTT mt cch hiu qu Vic s dng CNTT mt cch hiu qu trong lp hc ph thuc vo thc i vi vic tch hp. gio sinh tch hp CNTT trong ging dy, Angeli v Valanides (2005) cho rng h cn c trang b kin thc lin quan n vic ng dng CNTT trong ging dy. Trch dn sau y s gii thch tng ny: Kin thc lin quan n vic ng dng CNTT trong ging dy bao gm kin thc s phm, kin thc v mn hc, hiu bit v hc sinh v mi trng hc, kin thc v CNTT. Kin thc CNTT c nh ngha l bit s dng my tnh, bit s dng cc cng c, phn mm v hiu v chc nng ca chng. Kin thc lin

24

quan n vic ng cng CNTT trong ging dy va gip gio vin s dng CNTT thun thc va cho php h tng hp cc yu t nh mc ch ging dy, ni dung, ngi hc, mi trng xc nh c th mn hc no cn c dy vi CNTT cho i tng ngi hc no trong mi trng no v lm th no pht huy tc dng ca vic s dng CNTT trong ging dy. Nh vy s dng CNTT mt cch hiu qu l s dng nhng chc nng ph hp ca mt ng dng CNTT c th nhm h tr v gia tng kh nng lnh hi ca ngi hc. kin ny c cp kh nhiu trong cc nghin cu ca Jonassen v nhng tc gi khc (2008); Lim v Chai (2008). Loveless (2008) cng ng tnh vi kin trn v cho rng gio vin phi bit kt hp ni dung ca bi hc vi ng dng CNTT. Nghin cu ca b cho thy khi xut hin s lin kt s phm lng lo gia ni dung v ng dng CNTT th vic s dng CNTT ch cho vui m khng c mc ch hc tp r rng no. Chai v Lee (2006, tr. 81) cung cp mt danh sch cc ng dng ph bin ca CNTT v cch chng tc ng n vic s dng CNTT hiu qu nh sau: Truy cp 24 gi/7 ngy n nhng ngun thng tin v tn Kt ni vi bn b/chuyn gia Nhiu hnh thc trnh by tri thc Hc tp mi lc/mi ni Quan im a dng; hon thin tng (ti to) Ngi hc c nhiu cch th hin cch hiu ca mnh, hp dn nhng ngi hc c kiu hc khc nhau Ngi hc tp trung cc k nng hc tp bc cao nh nhn din, kim tra gi thuyt khi my tnh lu tr v tnh ton v.v Khuyn khch vic bin tp li v chuyn giao thng tin nhiu ln Ngi hc c th to ra nhiu cch hiu khc nhau Ngi hc c th to cc m hnh v m phng kim nghim Ngi hc c th xem li qu trnh hc ca mnh Ngi hc c th so snh thy vn t nhiu pha Ngi hc c th hnh

Tnh ton/tm kim nhanh

Kh nng bin tp li

Kin to, c th c bit ha Tnh lp trnh Gim st hot ng qua cc file log Nhiu phin bn khc nhau ca mt s vt Ghi li nhng tng tc trn

25

mng Giao tip phi ng b

dung cch t duy ca chuyn gia hoc nhng bn gii hn Ngi hc c thi gian suy ngh, giao tip s ng vi s ng

Da vo mi trng hc v c im ca ngi hc, vic s dng CNTT hiu qu c th em li nhiu li ch. V d, gip hc sinh xy dng kin thc nn v mt mn hc, gio vin c th yu cu hc sinh xy dng mt bn t duy s dng cng c lp bn t duy. Cng c ny gip xem li d dng v hc sinh c th to ra hay lin kt nhng bn m h thy cn thit. Mt v d khc: nu gio vin cm thy hc sinh ca h cha ni ra suy ngh hay cha tham gia vo cc bui tho lun nghim tc th h c th ngh n chuyn lp mt din n tho lun. Rt nhiu nghin cu chng minh li ch ca vic lp din n: n cho php hc sinh c thi gian nhiu hn suy ngh v vn v m bo c hi tham gia ngang bng cho hc sinh. nh gi Thit k tiu chun nh gi rt cn thit cho vic pht trin chng trnh o to s dng CNTT. Tiu chun nh gi c thit k tt rt quan trng thu ht ngi hc trong qu trnh hc. Nhng phng tin nh gi t cc bi kim tra trnh c chun ha n h s bi dy in t c s dng nh gi trnh tch hp CNTT phc v cho ging dy ca cc gio sinh. Vic nh gi da trn bn phng din: kh nng s dng CNTT, thi v nim tin i vi vic s dng CNTT, l lun s phm v vic s CNTT trong thc t. Cc phng din ny c nh gi thng qua phn tch d n hay sn phm, iu tra, bi nhn xt hay tranh lun v d gi. Tt c thng tin c lu li trong mt trong h s in t (Graham v nhng tc gi khc, 2004). Chng ti m t mt s trng hp di y minh ha ba vn then cht m ging vin s phm cn tp trung trong qu trnh thit k nh gi. S lin kt vi chng trnh nh gi nu khng lin kt vi chng trnh s khng c hiu lc. Trong mt s chng trnh o to truyn thng, h thng nh gi c xy dng trc chng trnh (xem Seels v Glasgow, 1998). Angeli (2005) m t mt kha hc phng php ging dy cc mn khoa hc c s dng m hnh IDS (Instructional System Design) hng dn gio sinh thit k bi hc c tch hp CNTT. B cng bo co mt trng hp trong ni dung ging dy c xy dng cng vi nhng tiu chun nh gi xc thc c lin kt vi chng trnh. Hnh 3 m t m hnh IDS.

26

Xc nh cc vn hc sinh s thy kh hiu v n qu tru tng hay phc tp hoc do gio vin kh m trnh by hiu qu bng cc phng tin truyn thng Xc nh ch /ni dung dy hc c s dng CNTT

Chuyn v th hin ni dung sang nhng hnh thc d hiu v d tip thu

Chn nhng cng c ph hp chuyn ni dung v h tr vic dy ly ngi hc lm trung tm

Chnh sa cho ph hp vi hc sinh (vd: kh khn v cng ngh; cc gii php thay th; tri thc c)

Tch hp cc hot ng trn my tnh vi phng php s phm ph hp trong lp hc

Xem li

Phn hi

nh gi hc sinh trong qu trnh hc (nh gi b phn)

Hnh 3: M hnh IDS m t vic tch hp CNTT vo cc kha phng php ging dy (Angeli, 2005, tr.386) Hai nhm gio sinh tham gia vo vic thit k kha hc thc nghim ny. Nhm th nht s dng cng c bin tp multimedia c tn l Hyperstudio v Multimedia Builder trong khi nhm th hai s dng cng c to mu c tn l Modelling Space. Trong hai nhm, cc ging vin u lm mu mt s bi hc c tch hp CNTT s dng nhng cng c c th m gio sinh phi hc s dng. Sau bui hc, ging vin s gii thch nguyn tc s phm ng sau vic thit k cc bi hc mu. Vic tp hun s dng CNTT c cung cp trong cc phn mm tng ng. Sau gio sinh c giao nhim v thit k mt bi hc theo hng kin to da trn qu trnh minh ha hnh 1, c s h tr ca cc ging vin trong sut qu trnh thit k. H s c nh gi da trn bn phng din ca vic tch hp CNTT bao gm: a) Chn la ti ph hp b) S dng hnh thc trnh by c CNTT h tr thch hp chuyn ti ni dung c) S dng CNTT h tr phng php ging dy

27

d) Tch hp cc hot ng hc tp trn my vi phng php s phm thch hp Trong trng hp ny, vic nh gi kt hp cht ch vi cc quy trnh s dng trong chng trnh o to.

Hnh thc nh gi: s cn bng gia quy trnh v sn phm

Park v Ertmer (2007) bo co vic s dng phng php hc tp da trn gii quyt vn trong kha hc gii thiu CNTT trong ging dy ca h. Vo u kha hc, gio sinh phi i mt vi mt vn hc ba l h phi xin mt v tr ging dy mi yu cu ng vin phi th hin kh nng s dng CNTT trong ging dy bng mt h s. Cc ging vin lp k hoch bi dy trong c thng tin chi tit v cc ngun t liu v phng php nh gi s c p dng cho tng nhm gio sinh. Ti liu ny cho php theo di qu trnh hc ca gio sinh trong sut kha hc. Trch dn sau cho bit s tin b ca gio sinh sau kha hc v cc hnh thc nh gi khc nhau c s dng. Trong hc k gio sinh s xem video nhng bui dy mu c tch hp CNTT trong lp K-12 v cc bui phng vn cc gio vin. Sau khi xem xong, gio sinh s tho lun v nhng vn trong lp hc, u im v khuyn im ca cc gii php. Sau mi nhm s to ra mt sn phm c lin quan n k nng, kin thc v thi cn c thnh cng trong vic p dng CNTT trong ging dy lnh vc ca h. Thm vo , gio sinh phi np bn nhn xt v tng sn phm v bn nhn xt v kha hc m t tri nghim khi lm vic theo nhm ca h. Mi nhm nh to ra mt h s in t xin vo v tr mi mt trng tuyn trn. C ba sn phm trong mi h s: a) Mt sn phm th hin k nng (v d s yu l lch in t) b) Mt sn phm th hin kin thc (v d gio n tch hp CNTT ) c) Mt sn phm nu bt thi i vi cng ngh (v d bi lun v trit hc ging dy) Vo cui hc k mi nhm s trnh by trc ban phng vn l cc nh lnh o trong trng (gm c nhng thy c xut hin trong bng video dy mu ban u) cng cc chuyn gia v ni dung ging dy l gio s v ging vin trng s phm. Sau mi bi trnh by, ban phng vn s t cu hi v h s ca cc ng vin. (Park v Ertmer, 2007, tr. 251)

28

Nghin cu ca Park v Ertmer (2007) cho thy nhng hnh thc nh gi khc nhau c kt hp v cn bng nh th no trong chng trnh nh gi qu trnh v sn phm ca vic ng dng CNTT trong dy hc.

Tnh chnh xc ca nh gi
Thit lp s nh gi chnh xc gip gio sinh tp trung lnh hi c nhng k nng cn thit cho vic tht s ng dng CNTT trong ging dy. Thit k nh gi ca Angeli (2005) v Part v Ertmer (2007) c xem l chnh xc v nhng k nng cn c hon thnh cc nhim v chnh l nhng k nng gio sinh cn trong mi trng lm vic ca h. Tuy nhin ngi ta c th tranh lun l tnh chnh xc s gia tng trong qu trnh xy dng mt bi ging tht s. Vic xy dng mt bi ging yu cu nhng k nng khc vi k nng cn c khi chun b bi. Vn ny s c bn n trong chng tip theo. C nhng hnh thc nh gi khng chnh xc theo quan im ca ging vin v gio sinh. V d vng quc Anh, t chun, gio sinh phi lm cc bi kim tra chng t h c nng lc s dng CNTT. Tuy nhin trong khi hnh thc ny m bo cc gio sinh c trnh CNTT c bn th theo nghin cu ca Haydn v Barton (2007) hnh thc ny khng c gio sinh ln gio vin hng dn ca h a thch. Theo h, n khng lin quan cng khng b ch cho vic ng dng CNTT mt cch hiu qu. Phng php tp hun ny gn vi phng php lnh hi k nng truyn thng. N kh c th o to nhng gio vin c kh nng h tr vic hc theo hng kin to, hp tc, sinh ng vi s h tr ca cng ngh.

Thc hnh s phm

Thc hnh l mt phn quan trng trong chng trnh o to v n em n cho gio sinh mi trng hc tp thc s h hiu c l thuyt v thc hnh nhng k nng va hc (Dexter v Riedel, 2003; Sime v Priestley, 2005). Do , cc trng s phm thng yu cu gio sinh s dng CNTT v sau vit bi phn hi. vic thc tp s phm nng cao kh nng s dng CNTT trong lp hc ca gio sinh, chng ta cn quan tm n ba trng tm chin lc sau.

S lin kt vi chng trnh v hnh thc nh gi

Benson v ng nghip ca b (2004) bo co rng gio sinh phi s dng nhng phng tin multimedia h xy dng c trong sut kha hc 12 thng v ng dng CNTT trong ging dy vo ba tun thc dy ca h. Nh vy, vic thc hnh s lin kt trc tip vi chng trnh. iu ny lm gio sinh thy rng h c chun b k hn cho vic s dng CNTT thc s. Tuy nhin, khng c nhiu nghin cu ch ra c s lin kt cht ch gia kha hc v CNTT v thc hnh nh vy. Mt iu kin

29

cn thit thc y s lin kt l gio sinh phi bit ni dung v i tng m h s dy trc khi trc tip ng lp. Trong nghin cu vo nm 2006 ca mnh, Dawson ch ra khng phi kinh nghim thc tin m chnh l hot ng phn hi v cc kinh nghim mi gip gio vin pht trin chuyn mn. y l mt hot ng khc m gio sinh phi lm trong trng hp h khng c h tr ng mc. iu ny c bit ng khi gio sinh cm thy b p lc do phi hc qu nhiu k nng trong qu trnh thc hnh s phm (Hadyn v Barton, 2007). Dawson (2007) c gng ch ra im Tnh hiu qu ca vic s dng CNTT yu ca kinh nghim thc tin qua yu cu gio vin. trong giai on thc tp ph thuc vo N yu cu gio sinh phi t cu hi, ln k hoch thu s h tr ca ging vin, gio vin hng dn v vic tip cn y cc thp thng tin, phn tch thng tin v hnh ng. Theo phng tin CNTT Dawson, kt qu l gio sinh s quen vi s phc tp ca vic ng dng CNTT trong lp hc v ch n vic hc ca hc sinh hn. Tuy nhin, nghin cu cng cho thy gio sinh c khuynh hng s dng CNTT h tr v tng hiu qu ca phng php dy hc truyn thng. Rt t gio sinh c kh nng s dng CNTT to ra mi trng thun tin cho cc hot ng dy ly ngi hc lm trung tm nhm pht trin t duy bc cao. Tm li, nhng nghin cu trong c cp n s lin kt gia chng trnh o to v qu trnh thc hnh s phm chng minh nhng n lc nh vy gip lm tng kh nng s dng CNTT ca gio sinh. Nhng iu kin quan trng thc y s lin kt ny s c bn n trong chng sau.

S h tr t pha nh trng
Vic y mnh s dng CNTT trong qu trnh thc hnh s phm ph thuc vo s h tr ca ging vin v c vn cng vi s tip cn CNTT y (Dexter v Riedel, 2003; Brown v Warschaure, 2006). Nu khng c s h tr ny, qu trnh thc hnh c th hn ch vic tch hp CNTT. V d, trong h s gio sinh c yu cu s dng CNTT. Nhng rc ri m gio sinh c th gp phi nh khng s dng c phng lab hay gio vin hng dn khng tin tng CNTT s cn tr gio sinh hon thnh nhim v c giao v gy cho h s kh chu. Do trc khi quyt nh s dng CNTT nh mt phn ca nh gi qu trnh chng ta cn phi xem xt liu c cc iu kin h tr cha. Ni mt cch khc, nu iu kin khch quan thun tin th gio sinh s s dng CNTT mt cch t tin hn. Pope, Hare v Howard (2005) ni rng vic gio vin hng dn dy mu gi dy c s dng CNTT s khuyn khch gio sinh s dng CNTT nhiu hn. Lisowski v ng nghip (2006) ;Brown v Warschauer (2006) c kt lun tng t rng thi ca gio vin hng dn c tc ng tch cc n ngi hc. Tuy nhin s lng gio vin hng dn c kh nng dy mu nh vy cc

30

trng khng nhiu. Nhn thc c tm quan trng ca vn ny, cc trng s phm bt u cng tc tp hun thm cho gio vin v ging vin. Mt hnh thc h tr khc l thnh lp cc cng ng trn mng khuyn khch s gip ln nhau v gim cm gic b c lp ca gio sinh. Sime v Priestley (2005) phn tch nhng bui tho lun trn mng ca gio sinh v cc bui dy mu c ng dng CNTT m h c xem trong qu trnh d gi. y l mt hot ng c ngha khuyn khch gio sinh suy ngh nhiu hn v l thuyt hc trng i hc v vic thc dy cc trng ph thng. Sime v Priestley (2005) lp lun rng gio sinh c kh nng nhn thc c vai tr ca CNTT trong i mi phng php dy v hc cng nh h s c c t duy ph phn i vi vic s dng CNTT. Mt hnh thc h tr khc l cp my tnh xch tay cho gio sinh v gio vin hng dn. Nhng cch lm ny thc s mang li li ch cho vic pht trin chuyn mn ca gio vin.

K vng ca vic ng dng CNTT trong dy v hc trng ph thng

Nhiu nh s phm bo co nhng tc ng tch cc ca vic khuyn khch gio sinh s dng CNTT trong thi gian thc tp (Benson v cc tc gi, 2004; Lisowki v cc tc gi, 2006). Trong cc bi vit ni trn th bo co ca Brush v ng nghip (2003) v m hnh theo tng phn mn l ni bt nht. Theo m hnh ca h, cc gio sinh c yu cu thit k, thc hin v xem li bi ging tch hp CNTT trong qu trnh thc tp. H nhn s gip t cc sinh vin tt nghip - nhng ngi thit k v phn pht bi ging tch hp CNTT trong s dng nhng phn mm c th dy cc mn hc. Sau khi hc th nhng bi ging tch hp CNTT, gio sinh nhn xt bi ging v t thit k bi dy ca h vi s gip kp thi ca cc sinh vin tt nghip. (Nhng sinh vin ny hoc l gio vin ang ng lp hoc l gio vin c kinh nghim). Gio sinh sau s dy th v vit bn t nhn xt, tho lun v im mnh v im yu ca bi dy. M hnh ny c tc ng tch cc n thi ca gio sinh i vi CNTT v pht trin k nng s dng CNTT trong ging dy ca h. Cng cn phi nhn mnh rng s d m hnh ny li thnh cng nh vy v n nhn mnh n thc hc trong qu trnh thc tp ca cc trng s phm. Mc d c nhng li ch c cp trn, vn cn nhiu gio sinh cha c c hi s dng CNTT trong ging dy (Pope v cc tc gi, 2005) v cc ging vin i hc nhn ra rng nhng iu kin h tr y khng tn ti. Brown v Warshauer (2006) ch ra cc trng vn cn thiu nhng chuyn gia thng tho lnh vc s dng CNTT trong ging dy. Tuy nhin, r rng cc trng c th k vng vo vic s dng CNTT trong qu trnh thc tp. y l ng lc cc trng nng cao trnh CNTT ca sinh vin ra trng.

31

Phng din th ba Hc tp nng cao trnh cho cn b qun l, ging vin v nhn vin h tr
Gio sinh c xem l nhn t to ra s thay i i vi vic duy tr ng dng CNTT trong dy, hc v qun l trong trng ph thng. hon thnh s mnh quan trng ny, gio sinh phi tri nghim vic ng dng CNTT hiu qu trong mi lnh vc ca kha hc nh chng trnh o to, hot ng nh gi v qu trnh thc tp. Tm quan trng ca vic ny c cp trong phn trc. Tuy nhin chnh cc trng khoa, ging vin v i ng h tr mi c vai tr then cht trong vic to ra nhng tri nghim ny cho gio sinh. Mc d h l nhng chuyn gia trong lnh vc ca mnh (qun l, o to s phm) nhng nhiu ngi trong s h li thiu k nng v kinh nghim s dng CNTT phc v cho ging dy v qun l. Do vic tip tc pht trin kh nng s dng CNTT trong gio dc cho i tng ny l cn thit. Hc tp nng cao chuyn mn l ton b qu trnh hc tp chnh thc hoc khng chnh thc ca mt gio vin t khi cn l gio sinh cho n lc ngh hu (Fullan v Steigelbauer, 1991, tr. 326) bao gm s h tr ca gio vin hng dn kim tra v thay i phng php dy da trn s hiu bit ngy cng su sc ca h v vic dy v hc (Davies, Edward, Gannon v Laws, 2007). Mc d cc trng vic nng cao chuyn mn l c tht nhng nhng chng trnh phc v cho mc ch ny hoc c ng gi v phn pht cho gio vin theo yu cu cp trn hoc c mt chuyn gia v gio dc trnh by trong cc hi tho v hi ngh mt ln ri thi. Nhng chng trnh nh vy thng khng p ng c nhu cu nng cao chuyn mn ca ging vin kt qu l kh to ra s thay i no trong phng php dy v hc. Do chng ny c su ni dung trng tm: Vn ha hc tp nng cao trnh Chng trnh nng cao trnh CNTT K hoch hc nng cao trnh CNTT ca nhn vin C vn v hng dn ng nghip trong vic ng dng CNTT vo ging dy Nhng iu kin thun li cho vic hc nng cao trnh CNTT C ch khen thng v khuyn khch vic hc nng cao trnh CNTT

32

Vn ha hc tp nng cao trnh

Vic tip tc nng cao chuyn mn cho lnh o khoa, ging vin v i ng h tr l cn thit trng c kh nng pht trin nng lc s dng CNTT hiu qu ca gio sinh. Nng cao chuyn mn khng ch n gin l cung cp thng tin v mt phng php mi hay t chc cc bui hi tho nh k vi ni dung chng lin quan g n thc t ging dy (Ball v Cohen, 1999). Ngc li, hot ng nng cao chuyn mn phi ch ra c l hng gia nghin cu v thc tin trong cc trng, mt l hng v nhn thc c hu ca cc nh s phm. khuyn khch ging vin i mi phng php dy bng ng dng CNTT th chng ta phi cho h c hi ni v phng php hin ti h ang s dng v cung cp kin thc h c y thng tin v vic dy v hc trong tng lai (Schon, 1992). Khi , ging vin s gii thch nhng l do c nhn cho quyt nh ca h. Nu khng c s tc ng t bn ngoi ny s rt kh thay i quan im ca ging vin v ng dng CNTT trong dy v hc (Lim v Chai, 2008). Nng cao chuyn mn trong trng do phi h tr vic kim tra hot ng dy v hc, ng thi lm tng s hiu bit ca trng khoa, ging vin v i ng h tr v tnh phc tp ca mi trng hc tp c tch hp CNTT nhm pht trin nng lc s dng CNTT ca gio sinh v gio vin ph thng. Vic ny phi c tin hnh mi cp trong trng v cc c s o to khc (bao gm trng ph thng v cc c s gio dc khc). Mt vn ha hc tp nh vy ch trng vic pht trin cc nhm pht trin chuyn mn lin kt v h tr cho vic hc tp ca i ng gio vin v gio sinh trong cc trng (Bryk, Camburn v Louis, 1999). Vic ny hn gn s thiu lin kt gia dy v hc vn l c tnh ca cc phng php truyn thng. Wood (2007, tr.12) gii thch cch xy dng mt nhm pht trin chuyn mn nh sau: .N phi thc y s hon thin phng php dy v hc. cng vic tin trin th nhm phi gn b cht ch bng s tn tm, cc gi tr v thnh tch do cng vic mang li. cc trng s phm, nhm pht trin chuyn mn s dng CNTT cho mc ch ging dy cn ch mi quan h hu c gia vic hc ca trng khoa, ging vin v b phn h tr vi trng tm l thc y vic dy hc c tch hp CNTT. Theo ging vin trong trng s gip ln nhau bng cch d gi, dy mu v tham gia vo cc d n hp tc lm tng hot ng dy c tch hp CNTT. Thng qua cc hot ng ny ging vin c c ting ni chung v phng php dy v hc, v chng trnh v hnh thc nh gi cng pht trin ngun t liu chung v chia s trch nhim vi vic hc ca sinh vin trong mi trng ging dy c tch hp CNTT.

33

Chng trnh nng cao trnh CNTT

Nhng nghin cu v tnh hiu qu ca chng trnh nng cao nng lc s dng CNTT trong dy hc lm ni bt mt s c im ca chng trnh ny l thi gian hc di hn (thng c nhng hot ng tip theo), nhng hot ng hc tp hay v lin quan n mi trng ging dy ca gio vin, kh nng tip cn CNTT trong dy v hc v tinh thn cng tc (Lawless v Pellegrino, 2007). Nhng hi tho, hi ngh c t chc thng xuyn hay hi tho chuyn mn vi ni dung bao qut nhiu lnh vc c khuynh hng ch nh hot ng hc tp ca trng khoa, ging vin v b phn h tr v hu nh khng h tr g c (Jacobsen v Lock, 2004). Rt nhiu ngi than phin v s thiu lin kt gia hot ng trong hi tho v vic thc dy cc trng. Hn th na, nhng hi tho ny khng cho h c thi gian v c hi thit k v s dng cc hot ng nhm pht trin k nng s dng CNTT cho gio sinh v gio vin ng lp. Khi CNTT xut hin trong mi trng gio dc, mi th u thay i. i ng h tr phi hc khng ch cch s dng nhng cng c CNTT mi m cn cch thit k hot ng tch hp CNTT lm tng kh nng lnh hi ca ngi hc. Tuy nhin, chi ph cho kha hc tng t l vi thi gian b ra; c th c trng hp tn ph c hi (opportunity cost) khi ging vin khng ng lp v iu ny lm gin on vic hc ca gio sinh. Kt qu l, vic nng cao chuyn mn mt cch h thng, thng xuyn vi s h tr dnh cho nhn vin trong trng l him (Rust, 2009). Thit k kha hc bi dng chuyn mn thng xuyn cho php gio vin th nghim nhng cng c CNTT v phng php ging dy mi i hi s hiu bit v quan im ca h i vi vic dy hc v s dng CNTT trong dy hc, phng php dy v vai tr ca h trong trng, nng lc s dng CNTT ca h. c bit, ging vin quyt nh dy nh th no da trn kinh nghim chuyn mn c trc v gio sinh, mi trng cng tc m h tch ly qua nhiu nm. Nhng kinh nghim ny nh hng theo c hng tch cc ln tiu cc i vi cch hc nh tch hp CNTT. Ngoi ra, cc ging vin khng thch ng dng CNTT trong ging dy nu h b p phi thc hin. H cho rng nhng thay i ny khng lin quan v khng hp vi phng php dy v hot ng hc tp h ang s dng (Shonkoff, 2000). chng trnh bi dng chuyn mn c hiu qu, chng ta cn thay i quan im ca cc ging vin v ng dng CNTT trong dy hc. Ch khi h mi xem li v thay i phng php ging dy (Ertmer, 2005; Lim v Chan, 2007). Do chng trnh bi dng phi da trn nhu cu thc t ca cc trng khoa, ging vin, i ng h tr CNTT trong mi trng m h ang lm vic (Wayne, Yoon, Zhu, Cronen v Garet, 2008). Chng trnh CNTT cng phi lin kt vi nhng chng bi dng chuyn mn khc v to ra c hi thc hnh vi s h tr t cc cp chuyn t bi dng

34

sang dy v hc thc s nhm em n s ci thin trn mi phng din cho trng (Zhao, Pugh & Sheldon, 2002).

K hoch hc nng cao trnh CNTT ca nhn vin

Giao cho trng khoa, ging vin, i ng h tr CNTT quyn qun l vic hc ca h lm tng hiu qu ca chng trnh(Lieberman, 2009). Khi gii thch v hot ng bi dng chuyn mn, Ball (1996, tr. 507) nhn mnh iu ny: Cch chng ta hiu v vic hc tp nng cao trnh chuyn mn l mt tng ha nhng tng kh cng nhc, quan im, lm tng v phn on Chnh bn thn chng ta cn c nhng cch nhn khc da trn nhng g ta ngh l ta bit v ta ngh l ta cn phi hc. Cc ging vin phi lm ch nhng thay i lin quan n ng dng CNTT trong ging dy t vic t nhn xt n hot ng nh gi li h c th hiu su sc v vic dy, vic hc v cc mc tiu trong tng lai (Fullan, 1999; Garet, Porter, Desimone, Birman, Yoon, 2000). iu ny thng nht vi kt qu ca cc nghin cu cho rng cc hot ng bi dng chuyn mn phi ph hp vi nhu cu v mi trng ging dy ca tng ging vin (Lawless v Pellegrino, 2007). Chnh v l do , nhn vin cc trng s phm cn c c hi cng nhau xy dng k hoch hc CNTT v sn sng thc hin cc k hoch ny. Trng cng cn h tr vic pht trin v gim st cc kt hoch ny ca nhn vin trong cc nhm hc tp. Vic gim st cc k hoch hc tp nng cao trnh khng nn ch dng vic xem coi nng lc CNTT ca nhn vin c tng ln hay khng hoc ging vin c thay i phng php ging dy hay khng. Chng ta cn kim tra trnh ca gio sinh v vic s dng CNTT phc v ging dy ca cc em. Cch lm ny s mang li hiu qu mong mun ca vic hc nng cao trnh v cung cp thng tin xc thc cho qu trnh theo di, nh gi.

C vn v hng dn ng nghip trong vic ng dng CNTT vo ging dy

C vn v hng dn ng nghip trong nhng nm gn y tr thnh m hnh hc tp nng cao trnh quan trng ca cc nh gio dc (Orill, 2001; Walkington, 2005). Bn cht cng tc ca vic c vn v hng dn ng nghip mang li cho ging vin s tr gip, h tr, tin tng, tha nhn t ng nghip v kim sat vic hc tp ca h. iu ny mang li mt phng php hc tp nng cao trnh c tnh ton trng. M hnh hc tp nng cao trnh ny ch trng p ng nhu cu ca tng c nhn

35

ging vin trong mi quan h c nhn vi ng nghip. N to ra mi trng kn o cho vic xt li hot ng ging dy ca bn thn v thay tnh n c ca hot ng ging dy trong lp bng mi quan h gn b, hu ch gia cc ging vin (FiemanNemser, 2001). Khng ging nh cc bui tp hun mt ln l xong, c vn v hng dn ng nghip l chng trnh lin tc, lu di v do , c nhiu kh nng tc ng n hot ng dy v hc ca ging vin hn (Boyle, While & Boyle, 2004). Robbins (1995, tr. 206) nh ngha hng dn ng nghip nh sau: Mt qu trnh tin cy trong hai hay nhiu ng nghip lm vic vi nhau xem li cch dy hin ti; m rng, cht lc v hc nhng k nng mi; chia s tng; dy ln nhau; tin hnh nghin cu trong lp hc hoc gii quyt cc vn c quan. nh ngha ny nhn mnh hng dn ng nghip l mt phn quan trng ca hot ng hc tp nng cao trnh nhm to ra mi trng hc tp thn thin gip cc ging vin trao i v hc tp ln nhau. Joyce v Showers (2002) xc nh hai c im quan trng ca c vn v hng dn ng nghip: ng thun trong cng vic, hot ng nh gi, h tr v gio vin hc tp ln nhau mi mt ca hot ng chuyn mn (ch khng ch d gi nhau). V d nh, trong mt m hnh hc tp nng cao trnh theo kiu c vn v hng dn ng nghip, cc ging vin c th trc ht d mt hi tho, sau d gi v lm vic vi nhng ging vin c kinh nghim s dng CNTT hn. iu ny d khuyn khch ging vin th nghim, thay i chnh mnh v pht trin k nng CNTT cng nh k nng s phm. M hnh nh vy mang li s quan tm c nhn v to ra khng kh thoi mi cho vic th nghim cc phng php ging dy mi c ng dng CNTT. N cng h tr h trong qu trnh ra quyt nh, ln k hoch v thc thi trong lp hc. T h suy ngh, xem xt ri a tng thnh hnh ng. Hng dn ng nghip cng p dng m hnh tp hun ngi tp hun. Theo , mt nhm ging vin s c tp hun cch s dng CNTT trong dy hc v sau h tp hun li cho nhng ngi khc. M hnh nh vy c mt s nghin cu chng minh l hiu qu (Cole, Simkins & Penuel, 2002; Gershner & Snider, 2001). Khi ng vai tr ngi tp hun, ging vin hiu r nhu cu v thc t ca n v mnh. Do nhng hng dn ca h thit thc v p ng nhu cu ca nhng ngi tham gia tp hun tt hn. Do , c vn v hng dn ng nghip tr thnh mt phn ca chng trnh bi dng ging vin. Chng trnh ny c th bao gm ging vin trong trng lm vic chung vi nhau hoc ging vin lm vic vi cc trng, c quan v t chc khc.

36

Nhng iu kin thun li cho vic hc nng cao trnh CNTT

Cc phn trn nu bt tm quan trng ca vic bi dng trnh CNTT cho ging vin, lnh o khoa, i ng nhn vin h tr v cch t chc cc hot ng bi dng ny nng cao kh nng s dng CNTT trong hc tp v ging dy. Phn ny tp trung bn v nhng iu kin cn v cho cc hot ng bi dng trnh CNTT ny. Cc iu kin cn bao gm: Kh nng tip cn CNTT (Ertmer, Addison, Lane, Ross & Woods, 1999) Thi gian c ngh hc tp nng cao trnh (Cuban, Kirkpatrick & Peck, 2001) Tnh thit thc i vi hot ng ging dy ca ging vin (Hunter, 2001; Lim, 2007)

Trong quyn sch Khi ngun sng to, Rogers (1983, tr.24) cnh bo: iu quan trng khng phi tng mi hay hn tng c m n mun thay th m l ngi khc c tha nhn rng tng mi l hay hn khng. Nhn thc v CNTT trong gio dc ca ging vin, lnh o khoa v i ng h tr CNTT ng vai tr quyt nh vic h c mun s dng CNTT trong cng vic hay khng. Nhn thc nh vy c th hnh thnh do cch nhn ca h v gio sinh, th no l dy gii trong trng h v vai tr ca CNTT trong i sng hng ngy (Zhao, Pugh, & S ng h ca lnh o l thnh Sheldon, 2002). phn thit yu v quan trng ca Mt trong nhng iu kin cn ni bt nng cao trnh cc hot ng nng cao chuyn CNTT trong trng s phm l s ng h ca lnh mn. Nh n m ging vin, i o. S ng h ca lnh o l thnh phn thit yu v ng h tr v qun l c th bn quan trng ca cc hot ng nng cao chuyn mn. lun v cng a ra nhng iu Nh n m ging vin, i ng h tr v qun l c th kin thun li cho vic hc bn lun v cng a ra nhng iu kin thun li cho CNTT vic hc CNTT (Hargreaves & Fink, 2003). Lnh o cc trng s phm c trch nhim ln hn v chng trnh v phng php dy hc. H cng cn to iu kin thun li cho vic hp tc, tranh lun, p ng nhu cu nng cao trnh ca ging vin v qun l ngun lc sn c h tr vic hc ca gio sinh cng nh ging vin (Robinson, Lloyd & Rowe, 2008). Lnh o trng cng cn nht qun v s h tr ca mnh. V d, nu lnh o ni s h tr vic pht trin cc nhm bi dng chuyn mn ri sau li i v ra mnh lnh hnh chnh th d to cm gic bt mn v thiu tin tng (Wood, 2007). Tuy nhin, lnh o trng s phm thng cm thy kh h tr vic bi dng chuyn mn cho ging vin do h

37

thiu thng tin v kin thc v cch h tr. Khi bn thn lnh o tham gia vo cc hot ng bi dng chuyn mn, h d dng hiu c cn h tr th no v ra sao. Ngoi s h tr ca lnh o, mt iu kin khc l xy dng cc nhm pht trin chuyn mn (iu ny c cp n im u tin). Wood (2007, tr.7) gii thch rng tham gia vo nhm chuyn mn s m cnh ca lp hc cch lm ny mang li cho ging vin cm gic hiu qu v t cng vic bi dng chuyn mn trong mt cng ng sn lng bn bc, hc hi v xem xt. iu ny kt hp vi quan im chung, s ng h kp thi ca lnh o chc chn s to ra iu kin thun li cho vic bi dng CNTT v t mang li c hi hc tp tt hn cho gio sinh. Nh vy, vic bi dng chuyn mn c hiu qu, c iu kin cn v iu kin u phi c p ng v cn c thng xuyn b sung, xem li.

C ch khen thng v khuyn khch vic hc nng cao trnh CNTT

Tip ni vn to mi trng thun li ni trn, c ch ng vin, khen thng i vi vic hc tp nng cao kh nng CNTT l mt iu kin quan trng khc. C ch c th c xy dng trn c s tham kho kin ton trng v l mt phn hu c ca hot ng nh gi cn b trong trng. Nh trng c th h tr ti chnh gip cn b tng cng kh nng s dng CNTT trong ging dy, hc tp v qun l. Cc khon h tr ny c th cp trn c s cnh tranh: c nhn hay tp th gi xut cc hot ng bi dng chuyn mn, c th l xy dng cc nhm chuyn mn, thc hin vic c vn v hng dn ng nghip hoc mi cc chuyn gia CNTT trong ging dy ngoi trng. Ngoi ra, trng c th ti tr kinh ph cho cn b hc nng cao trnh cc c quan khc. m bo tnh chnh ng, cc khon h tr ny cn gn vi vic nh gi hiu qu ca vic s dng CNTT trong ging dy, hc tp v qun l. Vic cp chng ch CNTT gip ly c nhng bng cp cao hn cng l cch khuyn khch lnh o khoa, ging vin v i ng h tr CNTT nng cp nng lc v trnh ca h. Cc bng cp ny c th cho h con ng hc tip cc chng trnh thc s hay tin s trong trng. Cc bng cp v h thng kim nh s m bo tnh kt ni gia vic nng cao chuyn mn v c hi ngh nghip ca cn b trong trng khi chng to iu kin cho h c bng cp sau i hc (Gopinathan, Ho & Tan, 2001).

38

Phng din th t K hoch, c s h tng, ngun lc v h tr CNTT

Chng ny tho lun v nhng vn c bn lin quan n vic xy dng k hoch CNTT, c s h tng CNTT, ngun CNTT, v h tr CNTT cc trng. Thit lp k hoch CNTT, c s h tng CNTT, ngun CNTT, v h tr CNTT thch hp l yu t quan trng trong ton b chin lc ng dng CNTT trong ging dy. Ni dung chng bn gm cc vn then cht sau: K hoch CNTT C s h tng v phn cng CNTT Ngun lc CNTT H tr CNTT

K hoch CNTT
Vic thc thi k hoch h tng, ngun lc v h tr CNTT cn phi c tin hnh thng qua mt k hoch c phc tho chi tit, k lng. Vic thi hnh k hoch cng cn c gim st v xem li thng xuyn. Pht trin k hoch v s dng cc ngun lc cng nh h tng CNTT ph hp l thnh phn v cng quan trng trong chin lc tng th ng dng CNTT vo ging dy ca bn. y l nhim v phc tp, i hi phi c k hoch chu o, c t vn v c ngun lc ti chnh. Nhim v ny cn i hi bn tm hiu cc yu t vn ha x hi v yu t tch hp nh chnh sch ca n v, quan im ca cc nhn vt ch cht, kin thc v cc cng ngh mi nht cng nh nhng yu t bn ngoi nh chnh sch ca nh nc v nhp pht trin ton cu (xem Lim & Hung, 2003; Churchill, 2008). bt u, bn cn mc tiu r rng cho vic thc hin cc ngun lc CNTT trong trng mnh. Chng ti xut mt mc tiu tng t nh phn trch dn di y: Xy dng mi trng, dch v, cng c, nng lc con ngi v cc cam kt ng dng cng ngh hiu qu vo cc qu trnh gio dc. u tin bn phi thnh lp mt y ban gm nhiu thnh phn khc nhau (ging vin, nh qun l, gio sinh, c quan gio dc c thm quyn, i din doanh nghip a phng) pht trin k hoch, gim st ton b vic thc hin k hoch, kim tra m bo k hoch c thc hin ph hp vi nhu cu v ng li ca trng. Tuy

39

nhin, k hoch cn linh hot, cho php th nghim phng php v cng ngh mi. Sng trong mt th gii y nhng s thay i, lm vic linh hot l cha kha ca thnh cng. Theo Kelly, McCain v Jukes (2007), th gii ngy nay khc xa nn chng ta cn c cch suy ngh hon ton mi v v s thay i din ra qu nhanh nn nu gio dc khng thch nghi kp th n s i mt vi nguy c tt hu. Cc tc gi cng cho rng trng hc nn i mi v phn quan trng ca s i mi ny l s ng dng CNTT phc v cho vic hc th k 21- thi i k thut s. gio dc c th bt kp vi s thay i ny, chng ta phi tr li c nhng cu hi sau: Vic hc v dy trong ngi trng th k 21 s nh th no? Cng ngh c th h tr loi hnh hc tp ny nh th no? Nh trng nn tch hp nhng thnh phn no ngoi ni dung ging dy? Thi gian c th s dng khc i nh th no hng n m hnh trng hc chng ta mun? Trang thit b c th t chc li nh th no bin tm nhn nh hng ny thnh hin thc? Chng ti hng s quan tm ca bn n tm quan trng ca ton b k hoch s dng CNTT trong trng, s gim st vic thc hin k hoch, v vic nh gi mc thnh cng ca n. Trong k hoch phi c nhng hng dn hu ch. Tuy nhin, theo cc chuyn gia ca Microsoft, mi trng u c nhng vn v u tin ring bit nn khng c k hoch chung no c th tha mn tt c nhu cu c th ca tng trng. K hoch CNTT thng tin tng th cn c thit k sao cho c tnh n tt c cc yu cu. Ni chung, k hoch ca bn cn vn ra ngoi vic ging dy, hc tp v tnh n nhng kh nng h tr cc hot ng nhng cp khc nhau (vd nh qun l).

C s h tng CNTT v phn cng

Khi thit lp c s h tng CNTT, chng ta phi quan tm n nhng yu t sau: c s vt cht c sn (phng t server, phng my, ng dy cp v cc im mng, thit b khng dy, ngun in), ngun nhn lc s dng v bo tr c s vt cht, ngun ti chnh h tr. C s h tng phi c thit k sao cho chng ta c th m rng hay thay i thch ng vi s pht trin cng ngh. y, chng ti m t nhng yu t chnh ca c s h tng CNTT v phn cng.

Mng my tnh
Vic xy dng mng my tnh i hi cng ngh server ph hp bao gm cc my tnh chuyn dng (my ch) v cc thit b phn cng lin quan nh router, switch, pin my ch v cc thit b backup (xem s mng c bn hnh 4). H thng cng i hi

40

cc phn mm h tr dch v mng, web, qun l d liu, ti nguyn v bo mt. Cp quang, router, switch v access point cn c thit lp khp ni v c th km theo thit b khuych i tn hiu mng. Khng ch my tnh m cc thit b phn cng khc nh my in cng cn c kt ni. Ngoi ra, c quan ca bn chc s c mt s mng con ring bit v vic kt ni cc mng con ny li cng c th cn thit. Cui cng, bn cng phi tnh n chuyn pht trin mng khng dy h tr truy cp khng dy ti bt k im no trong khun vin trng mnh.

Hnh 4: H tng mng c bn

Kt ni Internet
Kt ni Internet nhanh v n nh rt quan trng cho vic dy, hc v qun l ngy nay (Grey, 2001). Nh chng ta bit, Internet c nhiu ngun t liu qu gi. Ngoi ra, n cn cung cp rt nhiu cng c v dch v em li li ch cho cng vic. Ngy nay, vic lin lc ph thuc vo Internet. Nu khng c kt ni Internet nhanh v n nh th gi mail cng gp kh khn. Mun thit lp Internet, bn phi n cc nh cung cp mng v ng k mt dch v kt ni Internet ng tin cy. Khi thit lp Internet, bn phi ngh n vn bo mt thng tin. gii quyt vn ny, bn phi ci tng la v s dng mt s phn mm ngn chn s tn cng ca vi-rt hay cc phn mm gin ip vo cc my thnh vin.

41

Khi Internet c kt ni, chng ta phi suy ngh n cch m ging vin v gio sinh s truy cp Internet. Mt phng php c bn truy cp Internet l qua cc im truy cp c nh bng kt ni my tnh trong lp hay cho php ging vin/gio sinh em my tnh xch tay ca h vo lp v cm vo ni. Tuy nhin, v cng vic khng ch din ra trong lp hc m cn th vin, k tc x, nh v ngoi tri nn phm vi truy cp Internet phi c m rng. u tin chng ta phi thit lp truy cp khng dy trong phm vi ton trng. iu ny i hi s u t v iu chnh c s h tng mng b sung mt s phn cng, phn mm. Xy dng h thng mng khng dy cho php ging vin v gio sinh s dng nhng phng tin khc ngoi my tnh truy cp Internet nh: notebook, cc thit b di ng khc nhau nh in thoi thng minh, thit b tr gip k thut s di ng. Truy cp Internet bng cc thit b di ng ngy cng ph bin v cc dch v t Internet ngy cng a dng v s ngi s hu nhng thit b ny ngy cng tng. Cui cng, chng ta phi ngh n vic to iu kin ging vin v gio sinh truy cp Internet khi h ngoi trng. C nhiu cch t c iu ny; y chng ti ch cp n ba phng php: 1. 2. 3. Ci t truy cp khng dy ngm (phng php ny khng ph bin cc nc pht trin) Cho php ngi s dng quay s in thoi v kt ni Internet thng qua my ch (hoc bng cch tham gia mng c nhn o -VPN) Yu cu cc cng ty vin thng cung cp cho ngi dng truy cp khng dy qua: a) Hot spots (c th lp t cc trung tm mua sm hay qun c ph) b) Cc mng in thoi di ng.

Phng my
Xy dng phng my khng ch n gin l mua my tnh vi gi c hp l v lp t chng vo nhng phng c sn. N i hi chng ta phi quan tm n mt s vn . u tin, phng my phi phc v cho nhu cu ging dy trng. Mt tnh hung kh x thng gp l chng ta khng bit nn lp t tt c cc my vo trong mt phng hay phn chia my n tng phng. D nhin lp t my cho tt c cc phng l mt quyt nh ng n v n h tr cho vic dy trong yu cu gio sinh phi s dng nhiu cng c khc nhau hon thnh nhim v c giao. N cng cho php gio sinh s dng cng ngh khi c nhu cu. Vic c nhiu my l khng cn thit v ngay c khi gio sinh lm vic theo nhm th mt my cng dng. Tuy nhin c phng my cng l mt iu tt c bit khi dy nhng mn nh thit k ha hay lp trnh v cho nhng hot ng hc tp trong gio sinh phi s dng nhng phn mm my tnh v h thng e-learning.

42

Xy dng mt phng my i hi mt khng gian c thit k chuyn bit phc v cho vic hc trong mi trng c bit ny. My tnh cn c lp t hp l vi cc im mng Truy cp Internet qua cc thit b di ng v ngun in nu khng cn phng phi c ang ngy cng ph bin khi ngy cng c thit k li. Ngoi ra, chng ta cng cn quan tm nhiu ti nguyn, dch v mng v s n mt s yu t khc nh nh sng trong ngi s hu nhng thit b nh vy ang phng v i khi chng ta cn bng ti c bit l tng nhanh. khi c vn vi s phn chiu ca mn hnh, cn tr tm nhn ca ngi hc. Chng ta cn gn nhng tm rm c bit v c cng tc n cho php iu chnh sng ti. Hin tng tnh in c th gy rc ri nn chng ta phi quan tm n nguyn liu lm sn nh. Trong phng chng ta c th dn tranh nh v trang b mt t cha cc ti liu hng dn cn thit. Phng my cng cn phi c khng gian cho cc thit b phn cng khc v d nh my in, my scan, my tnh ca ging vin v cc thit b trnh chiu nh my chiu hay dng c quan st. Ngoi ra, s an ton v sc khe ca gio vin khi lm vic trong mi trng ny cng l mt vn ng lu tm. Ging vin v gio sinh phi cn thn khng gp phi nhng tai nn nh p ln dy cp hay b in git. Bn cnh , chng ta phi c qui tc s dng phng my r rng v lch s dng phng ca gio vin.

Phng truy cp m
phc v cho vic t hc, vic hc lu di, cc d n c lp, gio sinh phi c iu kin truy cp Internet v cc phn mm chuyn dng bt k lc no. Cho nn my tnh c th c lp t trong th vin hay nhng im trng yu khc. Tuy nhin, c mt cch hay hn l chng ta s xy dng cc phng truy cp m gio sinh c th s dng 24/24. Mc d c th trng ca bn cha kh nng lp mt phng truy cp m 24/24 th cng nn dnh mt khong thi gian nht nh trong ngy cho php gio sinh s dng. Nhng phng truy cp ni trn phi c my tnh (thng thng s my tnh y nhiu hn s my tnh trong phng gio vin) v cc thit b khc nh my in.

My tnh cho ging vin

Trang b cho ging vin my tnh l mt bc quan trng trong ton b chin lc s dng ngun ti nguyn CNTT. in hnh l chng ta s trang b cho cc ging vin mi ngi mt my tnh c nhn s dng trong trng. Tuy nhin, ngy nay chng ta phi ngh n vic tng hiu qu s dng my tnh trong dy v hc v vic hc v lm vt ra ngoi phm vi lp hc v cng s. My tnh xch tay c a chung hn v tnh c ng ca n: ging vin c th em theo n cc cuc hp, em v nh, n lp, hay khi h tham gia nhng chuyn thc tp. Tuy nhin, mt vn ny sinh l my tnh xch tay thng mc hn my bn. Mt s trng gii quyt vn ny bng

43

cch cho ging vin la chn hoc l h nhn c my bn hoc nhn c mt s tin h tr mua my xch tay.

K hoch trang b my tnh xch tay

K hoch trang b my tnh xch tay cho ging vin v gio sinh l mt chin lc hiu qu nh ging vin v gio sinh c th mua my tnh xch tay vi gi c bit, thp hn nhiu so vi th trng. Mt s nh sn xut/ bn l my tnh xch tay s cn nhc vic bn my tnh cho trng ca bn vi gi r hn. Gi mua mt my tnh thm ch s cn thp hn v trng ca bn h tr mt phn. Nhn chung, k hoch ny cho php ton b ging vin trong trng c th s hu my tnh xch tay.

Thit b to ti liu ging dy k thut s a phng tin

Ngy nay, gio vin c vai tr ch ng hn trong vic to ra ti liu dy hc di hnh thc phng tin k thut s nh bi trnh by a phng tin, k chuyn k thut s, vt th hc tp v hnh nh minh ha. Trng ca bn phi ngh n vic cung cp cc phng tin h tr to ra cc sn phm k thut s v d cng c bin tp v ghi li hnh nh, m thanh, cng c bin tp, cng c to ra cc sn phm k thut s ba chiu. Mi cc chuyn gia thit k a phng tin n gip ging vin trong cc hot ng ny cng mang li hiu qu tt.

Ngun CNTT v phn mm

H thng qun l
CNTT c mt kh nng khng th chi ci l h tr hot ng qun l trong bt k lnh vc no: gio dc, kinh doanh hay cc ngnh cng nghip khc. Mc d ni dung chnh ca bi ny l nghin cu ng dng CNTT trong dy hc nhng chng ti cng mun cp ngn gn n ng dng ca CNTT trong qun l trng hc. Trng ca bn nn la chn cc dch v v cng c thch hp h tr cng tc qun l. Bn cnh , tnh hiu qu ca cng tc qun l khng ch c h tr thng qua my tnh m cn qua cc ng dng c trn cc cng c di ng. Di y l mt s gi bn c th ng dng CNTT trong cng tc qun l ti trng: L lch ca sinh vin h thng lu gi thng tin v gio sinh nh thng tin c nhn, thng tin nhp hc v cc kha hc hon tt. L lch ca ging vin h thng lu gi thng tin v ging vin nh thng tin c nhn, l lch khoa hc, kinh nghim ging dy v cc sch xut bn. Ngy ngh cho ging vin h thng cho php ging vin ng k ngy ngh v nhn c s ng ca cp trn.

44

Thi kha biu h thng h tr vic lp thi kha biu v phn cng cng tc. H thng cho php ging vin c ng k s dng cc phng tin c sn trong trng nh phng c, thit b phn cng c th (v d, my nh k thut s) v s h tr (vd nh chuyn gia thit k a phng tin). H thng qun l cuc hp h thng h tr ln lch cc cuc hp, t trc phng, kim tra gi rnh ca cc thnh vin c lin quan, phn pht ti liu cuc hp di hnh thc k thut s, qun l thi gian cuc hp v cc hot ng tip theo. Qun l cc phng ban h thng cho php theo du s lng thnh vin ca tng ban v hot ng ca cc phng ban khc nhau. Pht trin chng trnh h thng h tr hp tc pht trin chng trnh v phn pht cc ti liu v ngun ti nguyn c lin quan. H s ging dy ca ging vin h thng cho php ging vin xy dng v lu gi h s ging dy ca h gm cc hot ng, cc thnh tu, s sch xut bn, v bn t nhn xt. Chng ta c th s dng nhng thng tin ny nh gi cht lng ging dy ca ging vin. H thng ti chnh h thng h tr gii quyt cc vn ti chnh. H thng th vin h thng h tr cc hot ng th vin. H thng qun l hot ng nghin cu h thng h tr vic xin kinh ph nghin cu khoa hc v qun l cc d n (H thng ny cng cha cc thnh phn gii quyt nhng vn o c khoa hc, xin d hi ngh khoa hc, hc tp nng cao trnh v qun l cc n nghin cu ca sinh vin).

Chng ti phi nhn mnh rng cc h thng ny khng hot ng c lp. Chng phi c vn hnh theo mt th thng nht c th h tr cng tc qun l ti trng ca bn.

H thng lin lc
Cng ngh mi thay i cch con ngi giao tip. Giao tip bng in thoi c thay th, trn din rng, bi giao tip bng e-mail. Ngy nay, chng ta thy rng hnh thc giao tip tr nn ngy cng a dng. iu ny c ngha l thng ip m chng ta mun gi th khng ch l ch m cn c th nh km m thanh, hnh nh v phim. Nhiu hnh thc giao tip mi xut hin dn n vic mt s hnh thc giao tip bng e-mail b thay th bi phng thc giao tip ca cc mng x hi. V in thoi di ng ngy cng c nhiu chc nng ging my tnh nn chng ta s chng kin s

45

thay i hnh thc lin lc ca cc cng c ny. Trong bt c trng hp no, trng ca bn cng nn c mt h thng lin lc hiu qu v ng tin cy h tr vic dy, hc, qun l v cc hot ng khc. Lin lc qua e-mail l mt phn quan trng trong ton b hot ng ca trng bn. Mt h thng e-mail hiu qu v ng tin cy m bo rng bn lun c kt ni. Thit lp mt h thng nh vy i hi phi chn la my ch thch hp v phn mm tng thch c th truy cp e-mail. Vic cho php tt c cc thnh vin c th truy cp ti khon e-mail ngy cng tr nn quan trng. Ngy nay, con ngi hot ng lin tc; h c th s dng e-mail t cc my tnh khc nhau, t cc thit b di ng, qun c ph Internet hay ti sn bay. H phi c to iu kin truy cp Internet mi ni, mi lc bng bt k thit b no cho php kt ni Internet. Bn cng nn ngh n dung lng d tr c cung cp trong mi ti khon. Bao nhiu th va ? Bn c th t quyt nh iu ny nhng nn nh rng ngay c dch v e-mail min ph trn Internet cng c dung lng vt qu 1GB. Mt vn khc cn lu tm l h thng e-mail ca bn phi c trang b c ch nhn din th rc v vi-rt bo v h thng v ngi s dng trc tip. Email phi c kt hp vi cc dch v khc. H thng ny phi cho php ngi s dng qun l lin lc, qun l cuc hn, cuc hp v lch trnh thc hin d n ca h. Bn cnh , email cng phi lin kt vi h thng qun l vic hc gio vin v gio sinh c th d dng gi tin nhn v cc file nh km. Ngy nay, nhiu cng ngh Internet em n cc cng c v dch v phc v cho vic t chc hi ngh d dng v min ph. Trng ca bn nn s dng cc cng c ny. Tuy nhin, trng cng nn xy dng mt phng hi ngh chuyn bit c th c s dng cho nhiu mc ch nh cc bui hi tho ca cc din gi nc ngoi, cc bui bo v lun n tin s m cc thnh vin trong hi ng c th ngi nhng im khc nhau, hay cc bui phng vn ng vin ng k cc v tr cng tc nc ngoi.

Trang web
Xy dng trang web l mt chin lc hiu qu c th h tr trng ca bn theo nhiu cch. u tin, trang web l mt cng c tip th c lc. N cho php trng ca bn gii thiu nhng thng tin hu ch v cc kha hc n cc i tng tim nng. Th hai, trang web cung cp cho mi ngi thng tin v hot ng, th mnh, tm nhn v mc tiu ca trng bn. Th ba, trang web to ra hot ng t ph bnh mang tnh xy dng v khuyn khch bn suy ngh ci thin nhiu mt trong trng ca bn. Trong phn ny, chng ti s phn tch mt s thnh phn chnh ca mt trang web. Phn ny c th c thm nhng mc khc ty theo tnh hnh v nhu cu c th trng bn.

46

Trang ch ca trng
Trang ch l b mt ca trng bn trong mt cng chng. Trang ch ny em n cho khch n tng u C mt bi bo gii thiu trn tin v trng ca bn. Do n phi c giao din hp Wikipedia l mt cch hiu qu dn, thn thin vi ngi dng v s dng nhng cng qung b v li ko nhng ngh mi nht chng t trng ca bn l m c s i tc tim nng n website hin i, khuyn khch s pht trin v lun i theo xu trng bn. hng mi. Ngoi ra, trang ch phi cha nhng thng tin v thnh tch quan trng ca trng bn. N cn phi cung cp nhng thng tin mi nht, nhng s pht trin quan trng v c hi vic lm cho nhng ai quan tm. Trang ch phi c cc ng dn ngi dng d dng tm n lnh vc m h quan tm. Thm vo , trang ch nn s dng mt b mu hn ch v ch trng by mt s hoc tt hn c l mt hnh nh c ln. iu quan trng l cc hnh nh ny phi th hin b mt thn thin ca trng bn. Hnh nh ca nhng s kin khc nhau, ca nhng nhn vt quan trng, ca hot ng trong trng v cc s kin th thao lun mang n hiu ng tt. Bn cng cn phi m bo mi ngi c th tip cn vi trang web ca trng bn ngha l cc cng c tm kim c th dn n a ch ca trang web ny. Thng th bn c th t qung co trn mt s trang web khc v chc chn rng a ch trang web trng bn xut hin trong cc qung co, tiu ca th v trn danh thip ca cc thnh vin trong trng. Mt s trng ngy nay c khuynh hng gii thiu bn thn trn Wikipedia. C mt bi bo gii thiu trn Wikipedia l mt cch hiu qu qung b v li ko nhng i tc tim nng n trng bn. Mt cch khc l thc hin mt on clip gii thiu v trng v ang ti trn nhng trang web chia s video. Mi khoa nn c mt trang web ring em n thng tin v cc hot ng trong khoa, vic dy, vic nghin cu v cc dch v cng ng cng nh thng tin v chng trnh v i ng ging dy. Trang web ny cng cho ngi dng bit v cc trung tm trc thuc khoa. Trang v i ng ging dy s c thng tin v cc ging vin nh l lch khoa hc, lnh vc ging dy, lnh vc nghin cu m h quan tm, cc u sch xut bn v sinh vin tt nghip. Cc ging vin cng mong c gii thiu v cc ti liu xut bn cng nh cc tit hc h dy. H cng to ra cc ng link n cc trang v kha hc ca h. Trng hc nn cung cp cc cng c h Bn cn qung b hnh nh trng tr ging vin pht trin v qun l trang web ca mnh. mnh l mt t chc hin i, ha Trang web cn c cc thng tin v chng trnh v mnh vo s pht trin ton cu v kha hc trng bn t chc. Mc d nhng thng tin tham gia vo hot ng sng to tri ny cng c trang web ca tng khoa nhng bn thc.

47

ng hi vng khch s vo ht tt c cc trang v cc khoa xem thng tin ny. Tht hp l khi cho rng s c mt s trang khch s vo v h mun tip tc vic hc. Thng tin m h cn l liu trng ca bn c cung cp nhng kha hc ph hp vi nhu cu ca h khng. Trong trng hp ny, trang web phi thit k nhng ng link trc tip n chng trnh cho php cc sinh vin tng lai tm hiu v chng trnh, c v cu trc chng trnh, mn hc, tiu chun nh gi, cc ging vin chnh s tham gia ging dy (d nhin km theo ng link n trang web ca cc ging vin ny), giy chng nhn ca cc sinh vin tt nghip, trin vng ngh nghip v c hi hc ln cao. Trang web nn c mt s thng tin lin quan n sinh vin nh thng tin v trng hc, kinh nghim hc tp, nhng hot ng nhm v cc t chc sinh vin. Trang cng nn ng ti on trch cc bui phng vn gio sinh hoc bng vn bn hoc bng phim k thut s. Trang web cng nn gii thiu blog ca gio sinh ni h thng xuyn vit v nhng tri nghim bn thn khi hc ti trng bn. Bn phi xy dng hnh nh ca trng mnh l mt t chc hin i lun i theo xu hng pht trin ca th gii v chung tay trong vic to ra kin thc mi. Bn phi nhn mnh rng cng vic nghin cu v ging dy ca trng bn lun phc v cho li ch ca chng trnh v ca gio sinh. Bn nn dnh mt khu vc trong trang web ni v cc nghin cu trng bn thc hin v chng c cng nhn trong phm vi quc gia v quc t. Trn trang ny, khch c th tm thy thng tin v sinh vin ang lm nghin cu sinh, nhng chng trnh nghin cu, nhng hc bng c cp, qu ti tr cho nghin cu, hp tc quc t v cc u sch xut bn to ting vang.

H thng h tr vic dy hc
h tr hiu qu vic dy v hc, chng ta phi s dng mt s cng c phn mm. Vic la chn, ci t, cu hnh v qun l cc cng c ny m bo pht trin kh nng h tr vic dy v hc trong trng bn khng ch trong phm vi lp hc m mi ni, mi lc (Penlvo, 2008). H thng cc cng c ny h tr ng dng CNTT trong lp hc, cc kha hc kt hp v cc kha o to t xa. Ngoi ra, n cng h tr qun l cc phng tin k thut s, xy dng kha hc, vic hc v qun l vic hc. Trong phn ny, chng ti s a ra nhng gi hu ch bn c th la chn b cng c phn mm thch hp cho ton b h thng dy v hc ti trng. H thng qun l hc tp , gi tt l HTQLHT, l phn mm qun l t ng. H thng ny cho php gio sinh ng k vo c cc kha hc ch nh. Sau , gio sinh c th truy cp cc kha hc trn mng, cc ngun t liu v hot ng, tham gia vo din n tho lun v np bi tp. H thng ny cho php ging vin ng ti ti liu

48

Khng gian cng tc l mt mi trng h tr cc c nhn chia s ti nguyn, ln k hoch, tng tc v cng lm vic nhng d n chung.

hc, to bi kim tra, thnh lp din n, phn cng gio sinh lm vic theo nhm hon thnh nhim v c th v gi email. Mt s h thng cn cho php ni chuyn v tng tc qua mng. Ngoi ra, h thng cn h tr vic to v gi bi thi, v lu gi kt qu ca gio sinh. N cn thng k vic s dng ti nguyn v truy cp vo cc khu vc khc nhau ca mi trng hc tp. Kha hc s c lu tr ti s dng. Mt s h thng bao gm c blog, wiki v nhng plugin khc m rng chc nng c bn. Trng bn c th la chn s dng cc h thng kh ph bin hin nay nh Blackboards (bn phi tr tin s dng) hay Moodle (bn c s dng min ph). Trong bi cnh cng ngh ang pht trin nh v bo hin nay, chng ta c th thy ngay cc h thng qun l vic hc vn cha p ng nhu cu hc tp hin ti (Churchill, 2007). Chng ta phi s dng thm mt s yu t khc s c cp trong phn tip theo.

Hc tp qua mng
H thng qun l vic hc c thit k khng ch pht trin ngun ti nguyn, chia s v h tr. Ging vin c th s dng cc cng c xy dng ni dung bi ging v ti ln mng gio sinh c th truy cp. Thng th ngun ti nguyn ny khng c chia s gia cc kha hc cng nh gia cc ging vin. Chng ta khng th s dng ngun ti nguyn nu khng log in vo ng kha hc. Tuy nhin ngun ti nguyn gm phn mm dy hc, ghi ch, gi dy, phim v hnh nh l ti sn qu ca trng do chng phi c s dng li trong cc kha hc khc, c nhng ging vin khc s dng v ci tin. u im ln nht ca vic ti s dng ngun ti nguyn l tit kim thi gian v cc ging vin c th chia s tng vi nhau. C mt kho lu tr hp l l cn thit h tr vic qun l v chia s ngun ti nguyn. Kho lu tr ny cho php ging vin ti ti liu ca h hay nhng ti liu t cc ngun khc m h cm thy c li cho vic dy v d ng link dn n trang web ca tc gi khc ln. H thng ny nn lin kt vi h thng qun l vic hc v cho php ging vin s dng cc ngun trong kho lu tr. Mc d ngy nay h thng qun l hc tp c nhng cng c h tr lin lc ng b v d nh chat hay khng ng b v d nh din n, cng ngh hin ti c kh nng lm c nhiu hn th. V d, cng c t chc hi ngh cho php tch hp nhiu chc nng khc nhau vo mt mi trng mang tnh tng tc trong vic trao i thng tin, vn bn, video v truyn thng m thanh thc s din ra. Ngi tham gia c th tng tc di nhiu hnh thc khc nhau, trao i file v trnh by thng tin. Ngy nay, cc h thng c khuynh hng tch hp cc chc nng ca lin lc t xa, v d nh, mt h thng c th kt ni vi in thoi v gi tin nhn SMS. iu ny c ngha l gio sinh c th va nghe ging va tng tc vi cc ging vin hay chuyn gia trong

49

ngnh hay vi cc gio sinh khc. M rng chc nng lin lc ca h thng l iu chng ta cn quan tm.

Cng c hp tc
Mi trng lm vic hp tc gip cc c nhn chia s ngun ti nguyn, ln k hoch v cng lm vic trong cc d n chung. H thng nh vy cng cho php chng ta thnh lp nhm v theo di hot ng ca nhm. Nhng h thng nh vy c th cha cc blog, wiki, phn mm chia s thng tin v cc cng c lin lc. Cc cng c ny quan trng trong vic h tr phng php dy ly ngi hc lm trung tm v n cho php gio sinh hp tc lm d n. H thng ny nn cho php ging vin to cc bng cu hi thm d nhng g hc ca gio sinh v xc nh nhng phn cn c ci tin trong kha hc. Mc tiu ca h thng ny l cho ging vin mt cng c sm xc nh nhng ch cn ci tin. H thng cng nn h tr vic to cu hi, thu thp v trnh by d liu. Trng ca bn cng nn ngh n hnh thc nh gi cui kha hc. Hnh thc nh gi ny c h tr hiu qu bi h thng cho php gio sinh hon thnh bi tp qua mng v gi cc thng tin n cc c nhn nh. Hnh thc nh gi ny cn cho php gio sinh nh gi tnh hiu qu ca kha hc v cht lng ging dy ca ging vin da trn tri nghim ca h.

Phn mm v cc phn cng h tr vic dy hc

La chn v s dng phn mm h tr vic dy hc cng quan trng nh vic la chn phn cng. Nh chng ta bit, phn cng s tr nn v dng nu khng c cc phn mm tng thch v khng c phng php s dng thch hp. Vic la chn phn mm phi da trn cc phn cng c sn, mc ch s dng, phng php s phm trng tm, k nng v thch ca ngi s dng. Trong phn ny, chng ti s m t mt s phn mm cn thit. Chng ti cng gi mt s phn cng b sung c th hu dng i vi trng bn. Chng ti phn cc cng c phn mm ra lm ba loi: Cng c to ti nguyn dy hc Cng c x l a phng tin Phn mm cho mn hc chuyn ngnh Cng c to ti nguyn dy hc l cc phn mm h tr qu trnh chun b ti liu hc tp ( v d: bi ging, ghi ch, giy lm bi) v qu trnh qun l vic dy (v d: bng im, c s d liu). Gio sinh cn nhng cng c ny vit bi lun v chun b bi thuyt trnh. Microsoft cung cp nhiu cng c h tr cho cc hot ng ny ca ging vin v gio sinh (Word, Excel, Publisher hay Power Point).

50

h tr vic to ra v qun l cc t liu ghi k thut s chng ta cn n nhng cng c x l a phng tin. Nhng cng ngh mi ny cho php c nhn th hin bn thn di nhiu hnh thc. Gio vin c th to ra ngun t liu ghi cho vic dy hc. Ngy nay, nhiu trng yu cu sinh vin to cc bi lun v h s k thut s thay v bi vit theo kiu truyn thng. Phn mm x l a phng tin ny gm cng c x l hnh nh ( chun b cho cc bui hc v biu ), cng c bin tp phim ( to cc bi lun bng video), cng c bin tp m thanh ( to cc file m thanh t bi ging) v cc sn phm a phng tin ( pht trin cc phn mm dy hc v dng c hc tp). Tt c cc cng c ni trn u h tr vic to ra cc sn phm a phng tin qua Internet. Tuy nhin, ngy nay vi s xut hin ngy cng nhiu ca cc thit b mn hnh nh nh in thoi thng minh hay ipod, ngi ta cng quan tm n vic to ti nguyn a phng tin s dng trn cc thit b . Ngoi ra chng ta cng cn nhng phn mm chuyn dng cho cc mn hc nh phn mm x l ha, phn mm phn tch d liu thng k, phn mm phn tch bin lun, phn mm kim ton, hay cc phn mm h tr thu thp thng tin vi s tr gip ca mt s phn cng khc. Tt c cc cng c ny phi h tr vic to ti nguyn a phng tin a ln Internet Ngy nay, mc d bn c th tm t liu cho bt k ti no trn Internet, bn cng nn c mt b cc a CD v DVD phc v cho dy hc v cho php ging vin v gio sinh s dng chng trong th vin. C nhiu b t in bch khoa ton th rt hay, c cc bi hng dn mang tnh tng tc v cc tr chi hc tp trong cc a CD v DVD. Hn na, cng c nhng b phim dy hc rt ng mua ging vin c th s dng v mc ch ging dy. Bn cnh vic cung cp my tnh, chng ta cng nn cn nhc vic trang b cc phn cng v cng c c lin quan nh: My chiu dng chuyn i d liu hnh nh t my vi tnh. Nhiu lp hc, nu khng ni l tt c, nn c trang b my chiu. Bng thng minh cng ngh ny mi xut hin trong vi nm tr li y v rt ph bin cc nc pht trin. Ban u nhng thit b ny rt mc nhng gn y gi ca chng gim ng k. Bng tng tc cho php mn hnh my tnh c trnh by trn mt giao din ln hn. Ging vin v gio sinh c th tng tc vi hnh nh trn mn hnh, nhn mnh thng tin quan trng, vit trn , hay di chuyn vt. Ngy cng c nhiu phn mm gio dc c thit k ng dng cng ngh mi ny.

51

My in bn nn mua v gn my in trong mi phng my. Tuy nhin, mt s trng li thch mi trng khng giy hn. H tin rng ti liu c th c phn pht v tip cn d dng di hnh thc s m nh c th gi nguyn hin trng ban u. Ti liu ny s c c, ghi ch v x l trn mn hnh my tnh m khng nht thit phi in ra. Gio sinh c th np bi tp theo nh dng s. Tuy nhin vic s dng my in nn dnh cho i tng ging vin nhng ngay c trong trng hp ny, vic qun l cng cn phi cht ch. t c iu ny, chng ta nn quy nh s lng in n hn ch cho tng ging vin. My scan C mt vi my scan s rt tin li. V d, thit b ny cho php qut hnh nh trn giy thnh nh k thut s. My nh k thut s thit b cho php ging vin v gio sinh chp li hnh nh hoc quay phim. Trng hc nn trang b cng c ny v cho ging vin, gio sinh mn. Tuy nhin, ngy nay in thoi di ng cng c th chp hnh v quay phim nn ng dng s phm trn lnh vc mi ny cng cn c khai ph. My ghi m k thut s - thit b cho php chng ta ghi m bi ging v cc cuc phng vn trong nhiu gi thng i km vi mt phn mm h tr bin tp m thanh v chuyn ha thnh a CD. N c bit hu dng cho cc nghin cu i hi ngi lm phi thu thp thng tin bng hnh thc phng vn hay cho cc ging vin mun ghi li bi ging ca mnh v chuyn ha thnh cc file m thanh dng podcast. My tnh cm tay (PDA) v cc thit b di ng khc PDA l nhng thit b cng ngh mi c tnh nng tng t nh my tnh (xem Roschelle, 2003). Chng c th truy cp Internet v s dng h iu hnh mnh (Microsoft Mobile) cng vi b cng c nh MS Office Mobile (Word, Excel v.v). Chng tch hp tt vi cc ng dng my tnh khc v cho php gi mail, ln lch, ghi ch v.v.. Chng cng c th hin th cc ni dung a phng tin v ti liu (vd e-book). Gn y, cng ngh ny c tch hp chung vi in thoi di ng v my nh KTS. Cuc hn nhn ny to ra mt th h mi cc thit b c nhn vi tim nng ng dng vo ging dy khng th b qua. My tnh siu nh - gn y c s gia tng s dng my tnh siu nh gi r (vd Classmate PC hay EEE). Tim nng ca chng trong gio dc cng cn khm ph.

Bn cnh vic s dng cc phn cng b sung va nu, iu quan trng l chng ta nn nhy bn vi s pht trin v lun th nghim nhng cng ngh mi c tim nng ci tin gio dc.

52

An ninh mng
Trong phn ny, chng ta s xem xt nhng vn ny sinh khi ng dng CNTT vo dy hc. y, chng ti tm dng thut tnh an ninh ni v mt trong s cc vn ny. Tng la v phn mm chng vi-rt phi c ci t vo my ch v cc my trm bo v chng khi s tn cng ca vi-rt, phn mm gin ip, malware, phishing ng thi bo v h thng v d liu. My phi c cu hnh cho php Windows cp nht nhng phin bn dit vi-rt mi nht. V nhng hnh thc tn cng mi lin tc xut hin nn nu my trm v my ch khng c cc phn mm bo v mi nht th s rt nguy him. Phn mm ny s tiu dit vi-rt c trong tp tin ca gio sinh (nh bi tp h np hay nhng file nh km). Bn cnh , bn cng cn bo v mng khng dy ca mnh khi nhng k xm nhp. S dng Internet ngy cng tr nn nguy him v cc hot ng ca bn ti phm hay cc c nhn c xu ngy cng tng. V d hnh vi g gm, mi chi khi giao tip qua mng, hnh vi tng tin, mua bn dm, pht tn tranh nh khiu dm, la gt ngi dng b tin u t hay mua cc sn phm khng tt. Mc d nhng vn ny khng ni cm trong mi trng s phm nhng nhng trng c hc sinh v thnh nin nn c nhnng bin php bo v hc sinh ca mnh. Mt s phn mm nh Net Nanny ca Finer Technologies c th bo v mng ca trng bn. Tuy nhin, ngy nay tht kh gim st v iu khin nhng g con ngi c th lm trn Internet nhng t nht chng ta cng nn cnh bo sinh vin v cc mi nguy hi v gio dc thc c nhn v trch nhim x hi ca cc em khi s dng Internet. Bn cnh nguy c n t bn ngoi, cc hnh vi sai phm ca gio sinh nh thm cc trang c ni dung khng ph hp hay ci t cc phn mm cha c gip php cng lm ny sinh vn . Gii php cho hin trng ny l chng ta khng cho php truy cp mt s trang web nht nh, tuy nhin, khi lm nh vy chng ta s gp mt vn khc l trang web ca trng ta s kh m cp nht v mi ngy u xut hin rt nhiu trang web mi. Mt s phn mm qun l lp hc cho php gio vin c th quan st c mn hnh ca tng sinh vin v can thip khi cn thit nh phn mm Junglebyte. Bn cnh , my tnh phi c cu hnh ngn chn vic ci t cc phn mm khng c php.

53

Trng hc s c nhiu my tnh mc tin v cc cng c phn mm, phn cng c lin quan. Nhng ti sn s c nguy c b mt cp. Mt bin php bo v ngun ti sn ny l trang b cc thit b bo v ph hp nh lp camara chng trm, m bo ca s v ca ra vo c kha k (v d, mun ra vo phi c th thng t nht chng ta cng cn minh), lp chung bo ng, lp cc thit b vo im c nh v gio dc cho gio sinh v nhn vin bo v thng xuyn kim tra. Mt s cng ngh hin cc nguy c ny i c th c s dng gm thit b an ninh sinh trc v cng ngh nhn dng nh vo tn s radio. Ging vin, gio sinh v nhng ngi s dng thit b my tnh ca trng phi c bo v khi nhng nguy c tim nng. Dy cp phi c sp xp ngn chn cc tai nn do tip xc vi in, tai nn chy n, va qut. Nhng yu t mi trng nh nh sng, ting n, c, thit b ngoi vi my tnh phi c t chc hp l. Ngoi ra, chng ta nn ban hnh nhng quy nh v s dng phng my v cc thit b v d nh sinh vin khng c n ung trong phng. Cui cng, chng ta nn mua bo him bo v ngun ti sn ca trng.

H tr CNTT
Chin lc s dng CNTT trong trng i hi phi c mt i ng cc chuyn gia h tr vic s dng CNTT. Nhim v ca i ng chuyn gia ny gm h tr ging vin (v d nh h tr thit k chng trnh, h tr k thut hay h tr vic to ra cc sn phm media), h tr gio sinh v h tr cc nh qun l. TCET cho rng mt yu t ca c s h tng cng ngh lun b coi nh l i ng h tr k thut. Ni mt cch khc, chng ta phi c mt i ng gm cc k thut vin lm vic ton thi gian v c trnh chuyn mn cng nh kinh nghim p ng yu cu ca trng. Danh sch di y l nhng chuyn gia cn thit mc d nhu cu mi trng c th khc nhau: Chuyn gia v mng - chu trch nhim thit k mng, ci t v duy tr hot ng mng. Nhn vin k thut my tnh - chu trch nhim qun l my ch v phng lab, kim tra cc phin bn phn mm c s dng v qun l my tnh ca gio vin. Lp trnh vin - chu trch nhim ci t, qun l h thng, pht trin cc ng dng server, qun l c s d liu v cc yu cu khc v chng trnh ca trng. Nhn vin thit k chng trnh - chu trch nhim thit k cc ngun ti nguyn hc tp v qun l vic hc qua mng.

54

Chuyn gia hiu ng m thanh/hnh nh - chu trch nhim pht trin cc sn phm media phc v cho vic dy hc. Chuyn gia sn phm a phng tin - to ra cc sn phm a phng tin, cc phn mm dy hc v dng c hc tp v h tr ging vin khi h tham gia vo lnh vc ny. Chuyn gia v web - chu trch nhim pht trin v duy tr hot ng ca trang web trng bn.

55

Phng din th nm Thng tin lin lc v quan h i tc

Thng tin lin lc v quan h i tc l hai tr ct c lin quan ln nhau v gip cc trng s phm trong vic ng dng CNTT. Cc knh lin lc hiu qu gia trng s phm v cc t chc khc to nn tng cho vic xy dng quan h i tc gia nh trng vi cc t chc. Trong nhng mi quan h ny, thng tin hiu qu li c vai tr quan trng trong vic xy dng nim tin v s tn trng gia cc ch th gio dc. CNTT mang li c hi h tr cc knh thng tin lin lc nh vy. Cc chng c gn y cho thy nhng trng s phm xy dng c cc chng trnh kt ni vi cc trng v ngnh gio dc (B gio dc, s gio dc v.v) v h thng trng t th c nhiu kh nng hn trong vic o to gio vin c cht lng v gn b vi ngh dy lu hn (Darling-Hammond, 2006; Edwards & Mutton, 2007). iu ny th hin tm quan trng ca vic kt ni vi nhu cu ging dy ca cc i tc cc trng s phm nng cao cht lng tuyn dng v gi chn gio vin. Xt n vai tr ca vic lin kt cc i tc trong o to gio vin, phn ny tp trung vo vn thng tin lin lc v quan h i tc. N gii thch su vn then cht v a ra nhng v d in hnh cng cc bi hc c th rt ra: Cc hnh thc lin lc h tr bi CNTT. Cch tip cn ca nh trng vi cc i tc trong vic s dng CNTT phc v ging dy, hc tp v qun l. Quan h vi cc trng ph thng trong vic s dng CNTT vo ging dy, hc tp v qun l. Quan h vi B v cc S Gio Dc trong vic s dng CNTT vo ging dy, hc tp v qun l. Quan h vi cc t chc t nhn, nh nc v quc t trong vic s dng CNTT vo ging dy, hc tp v qun l. Lin kt vi cng ng trong v ngoi nc nh CNTT.

Cc hnh thc lin lc h tr bi CNTT

Hc cch dy hay l cng vic thng xuyn ca gio vin. vic nng cao trnh gio vin t hiu qu, n cn gn kt vi thc tin ging dy v quan trng hn,cn hiu c iu kin lm vic cng nh bi cnh vn ha x hi (Cochran-Smith & Lytle, 2001). xa khong cch gia l lun v thc tin, mi quan h gia trng s

56

phm v cc ch th khc c vai tr rt quan trng. Mi quan h c th hnh thnh qua cc hot ng nh gio vin hng dn, ging vin v cc nh qun l cng chu trch nhim lp k hoch, thi hnh v nh gi cc hot ng chuyn mn theo phng php hin i v gn vi cc vn gio dc hin hnh. Do , vic lin lc gia cc ch th gio dc tr thnh iu kin quan trng h tr cc mi quan h trn. CNTT gip cc i tc lin lc vi nhau bt k ni u, bt k lc no c theo cch ng b v phi ng b. vic lin lc nh CNTT t kt qu, nh trng khng ch a thng tin hay bn tin ln website m cn cn s dng nhng phng tin khc nh chat trc tuyn, din n v hi tho; ng thi h tr i tc ng gp vo vic tho lun gii php nng cao cht lng chng trnh o to gio vin. Vin Gio Dc Quc Gia Singapore, Sharpe, Hu, Crawford, Gopinathan, Khine, Moo v Wong (2003) m t cch s dng hi tho trc tuyn a mn hnh kt ni gio sinh, gio vin hng dn thc tp v ging vin trong mt cuc trao i v vn ging dy ca cc gio sinh trong k thc tp. Cc lin h gia l thuyt v thc tin c a ra gip gio sinh suy ngm v lin h vi thc t ging dy. Quan trng hn, nhng cuc lin lc nh vy gip tm ra mc ch, gi tr v ting ni chung gia cc trng s phm vi cc ch th khc, gii quyt c nhng ch trch v chuyn thiu trao i gia cc ch th trong qu trnh o to gio vin (Triggs & John, 2004).

Cch tip cn ca nh trng vi cc i tc

Mc d vic lin kt vi cc ch th khc trong qu trnh o to gio vin mang li nhng li ch r rng cho cc trng s phm trong vic nng cao nng lc s dng CNTT trong ging dy, vic xy dng v duy tr cc mi quan h i tc hiu qu khng phi l iu d dng. Cc nghin cu ch ra hai thch thc dnh cho cc trng s phm: vn hu cn v nhng khc bit v t chc (Bartholomew & Sandholtz, 2009). Vn th nht gm c thi gian, ti chnh, khen thng, ng vin v vn th hai gm s mng, c cu v vn ha t chc. Do , bn cnh vic khuyn khch ging vin v cc lnh o khoa xy dng quan h, cc trng s phm cn phi h tr h gii quyt cc thch thc trn. Do vic xy dng quan h vi i tc mt nhiu thi gian, c ch ng vin, khen thng ca cc trng s phm c vai tr quan trng trong vic duy tr s tham gia ca ging vin, lnh o cc khoa v cc i tc. Cng lc , trng s phm cn dnh ngun lc ti chnh xy dng cc mi quan h ny. Mc d ngun ti chnh ngoi trng c th c dng cho cc quan h i tc ny, ngun ti chnh trong trng cng cn thit t thnh vi i tc. Cc trng s phm cng cn xy dng quan h lu di vi trng ph thng v cc t chc gio dc khc. nhng ni , s tin cy v ci m l cn thit. Vn ha t chc ca mt trng s phm c s

57

khc bit r rt vi vn ha t chc ca trng ph thng hay mt t chc gio dc. Ging vin trng s phm v cc lnh o khoa thng tip cn cc tnh hung v vn mi theo kiu l lun trong khi gio vin v lnh o cc trng ph thng c xu hng tip cn thc t (Davies, Edwards, Gannon & Laws, 2007). Nhng khc bit ny c th dn n xung t tim tng v do , s tin cy v ci m gia cc i tc l cha kha cho quan h hp tc thnh cng. Nh trng s phm cng cn c cch tip cn thng nht ton trng khi xy dng nhng mi quan h nh vy.

Mi quan h vi cc trng ph thng

Mt trong nhng thch thc chnh i vi cc chng trnh o to gio sinh l s thiu ng b gia chng trnh o to trong trng s phm v thc tin ging dy trng ph thng (Furlong, 2005; Levine, 2007). iu ny c th dn ti tnh trng thiu gn kt gia l lun vi thc tin v kh khn trong vic tm ch thc tp c cht lng gip gio sinh tch ly kinh nghim cng nh tnh trng thiu s chuyn giao cc k nng c bn gia trng s phm v trng ph thng (Villegas & Davis, 2007). Vic pht trin cc k nng c bn i hi c tri thc l thuyt v tri nghim thc tin. Deng (2004, tr.143) gii thch vai tr ca l thuyt i vi vic o to gio sinh nh sau: L thuyt khng ch h tr vic o to k nng v phng php cho gio sinh m quan trng hn, n dy gio sinh v s phc tp v o c ngh gio. ng cng ni thm rng to c mi lin kt gia l thuyt v thc tin l mt qu trnh phc tp v thc tp s phm c vai tr quan trng trong vic to mi lin kt ny. V l do trn, mt m hnh hp tc hiu qu gia trng s phm v nh trng ph thng s h tr rt nhiu cho gio sinh (Wong & Goh, 2002). Ngoi vic chung tay nng cao cht lng gio vin v cng nhau xy dng chin lc cho vic ny, cc trng ph thng cng tham gia nhiu vo vic nh gi gio sinh. Vic chuyn gio vin v kinh nghim ging dy ca h vo trung tm ca qu trnh gio dc mang li ci nhn mi v o to gio vin (Lieberman & Mace, 2008). Ci nhn mi ny s gip cho chng trnh o to gio sinh gn kt hn vi nhu cu ca nh trng ph thng. Vic gio sinh tch cc tham gia vo hot ng trng ph thng cng tng cng mi lin kt gia l lun v thc tin. Khi tham gia vo cc hot ng ca nh trng nh hp gio vin v.v, h c c tri nghim thc tp s phm ton din hn. Gio sinh cng c th tham gia vo hot ng nghin cu v hp tc vi gio vin trng ph thng. Mi quan h cht ch gia trng s phm v trng ph thng rt quan trng i vi qu trnh hc tp nng cao trnh ca c gio vin hng dn ln ging vin s phm. Gio vin hng dn v ging vin phi dy mu v hng dn cc hot ng dy v hc trng ph thng v trng s phm. H cng cn phi bit khi no th

58

nn hn ch bt nhng hng dn ny. Ngoi ra, gio vin hng dn thc tp cn phi trang b l thuyt dy hc gip gio sinh hiu thc tin ging dy v ging vin s phm cn trang b kinh nghim thc tin v cc hot ng v cng tc dy hc trng ph thng. trng S phm ca H Emporia State M, ging vin dnh mt thi gian kh ln dy mu, dy nhm vi cc gio vin ph thng v hng dn gio sinh (Levine, 2007). Ging vin cng cn cng lm cng vic nghin cu chung vi cc gio vin v gio sinh tm hiu cc mi trng ging dy c ng dng CNTT. Davies, Edwards, Gannon v Laws (2007, tr.37) cnh bo nh sau: Khi gio vin mi dy hc h cm thy nhng gii php m h hc trng o to gio vin khng p dng c. Bi v h khng c dy cc cch phn tch ti sao n khng p dng c v t tm gii php mi, h thng li cho ngi o to mnh. Nh vy, vic cng nhau khm ph s m bo c uy tn ca ging vin trng s phm. Tuy nhin, cng c nhiu kiu quan h i tc gia trng s phm v trng ph thng, c th l mt trong ba dng sau: 1. Trng s phm mnh hn trng ph thng. 2. Mi quan h din bin theo kiu b sung hoc c lp. C ngha l trng ph thng v trng s phm ng c nhng lnh vc c lp ng thi c nhng lnh vc b sung cho nhau. 3. Hp tc bnh ng gia trng s phm v cc trng ph thng (Furlong, Whitty, Barrett, Barton & Miles, 1995). Cc trng s phm cn c gng t c dng quan h th ba. Mi quan h vi trng ph thng khng ch bao gm cc hot ng trong ging vin s phm ng vai tr c vn m c cc hot ng m gio vin v lnh o trng ph thng tham gia vo hot ng thit k chng trnh ging dy v cc phn nh gi trong chng trnh o to gio vin.

Quan h vi B v cc S Gio Dc
Mc d mi quan h gia trng s phm vi cc trng ph thng c vai tr quan trng trong vic to iu kin cho gio sinh tri nghim thc tin ging dy trng ph thng, cc mi quan h ny s cng gn b hn khi c s tham gia ca B v cc S Gio Dc. V d, chng trnh Oxford Internship Scheme m gio sinh trng cp 2 tri qua giai on 1 nm sau tt nghip, gio sinh thc tp c trng ph thng,

59

trng s phm v c quan gio dc a phng h tr rn luyn k nng ging dy trng cp 2 bng vic tr thnh mt thnh vin ca hi ng gio vin trng (Furlong, 2005). Cc k nng ging dy thc tin nh vy bao gm c vic s dng CNTT nng cao cht lng dy v hc. Mc tiu chung ca trng s phm, trng ph thng v B Gio Dc l o to gio vin m sau cc trng ph thng mun tuyn dng. iu ny c nhn mnh nm 2003 bi Hi ng quc gia v ging dy v tng lai Hoa K (NCTAF) rng mi ngi u ng im cc gio sinh c o to k l ngun lc qu gi nht m cng ng c th trao cho th h tr ca mnh (NCTAF, 2003 tr.4). V vy, nhiu trng s phm trn th gii xy dng mi quan h lu di v hiu qu vi B Gio Dc v trng ph thng. Mi quan h gia trng s phm v B Gio Dc khng phi l quan h mt chiu. C hai bn u c mc tiu chung khng th thc hin c vi n lc ca mt bn (Callahan & Martin, 2007). Ngoi vic thc hin cc d n m B v S giao cho, mi quan h i bn v ng dng CNTT trong ging dy cn i hi cc quan chc v nh qun l tham gia qu trnh thit k chng trnh dy hc v nh gi gio sinh.

Quan h vi cc t chc trong v ngoi nc, nh nc v t nhn

Chng ta tin rng khng mt b phn no c th tp hp tt c ngun lc gii quyt cc vn x hi v pht trin chng ta ang phi i mt mt cch hiu qu (Googins v Rochlin, 2000; Tennyson, 2003). Chnh ph khp ni trn th gii ngy cng quan tm n quan h nh nc - t nhn (PPP) (Public private partnerships) nh l mt c cu pht trin v duy tr dch v v c s h tng cng (Moore, 2005). Cng l tnh t ch tt c cc dch v hay c s h tng c nh nc cung cp trong khi t nhn m ch nhng g thuc v b phn t nhn hay phi nh nc. l nhng t chc phi li nhun hay c li nhun (Latham, 2006). Cc t chc c li nhn thng l cc cng ty kinh doan c ngun lc v mong mun thc hin cc trch nhin x hi. Quan h i tc ch cc hot ng trong cc bn tham gia phi chia s mc tiu, trch nhim, quyt nh v c ri ro. PPP tp trung vo trch nhim ca hai b phn nh nc v t nhn trong vic cung cp v duy tr c s h tng v dch v cho dn chng. Mc d ngy cng c nhiu ngi quan tm n PPP nhng vn c rt t cc bi bo vit v cc nghin cu c th ca PPP v vic chng thnh cng hay tht bi trong vic cung cp c s h tng v dch v cho t nc. Nhng nghin cu nh vy rt him trong lnh vc ci cch gio dc. Nhiu trng hp ch tp trung vo vic m t PPP c s dng nh mt cng c lp y khong cch s gia nhng ngi c phng tin v nhng ngi khng c. Dangwal, Jha, Chatterjee v Mitra (2005)

60

nghin cu mt trng hp trong PPP tm cch lp y khong trng v cung cp c hi hc tp cho nhng ngi km may mn. Trong d n ny, chnh ph ca mt nc ang pht trin kt hp PPP vi mt cng ty cng ngh t nhn cung cp nhng gii php k thut h tr vic hc ca nhng hc sinh khng tham d lp hc. Cc ti liu khng m t cu trc, qu trnh hot ng, hay vic qun l d n ca PPP m ch ni vn tt v mt d n em li li ch gio dc r rng cho nhng thanh nin km may mn. Mt PPP khc c cp l m hnh i mi trng hc Co-NECT c New American Schools (NAS) ti tr, lm vic vi cc i tc nh nc v t nhn. D n Co-NECT nhn mnh s pht trin k nng t chc ca hc sinh khi h tham gia vo nhng d n ko di v Nhiu PPP theo hng tp trung xy dng nng lc ca cc i tc a nhiu quy nh. em n mt mi trng c li cho phng v ngi dng cui. vic hc theo d n, Co-NECT t chc li hc sinh bng cch nhm h li vi nhau da vo im s. CoNECT cng cung cp cc kha nng cao chuyn mn cho gio vin v kp hp cht ch vi cc hiu trng h tr gio vin. Mc d CNTT l mt cng c quan trng trong mi chng trnh nhng m hnh Co-NECT xem t thn CNTT l i mi. Trong m hnh ny, CNTT kt hp tt c cc yu t ca n lc i mi trng hc (Russell & Haney, 1997). Mt trong s t bi bo vit v PPP trong gio dc nh gi chng trnh Hng Dn ng Nghip ca Microsoft (Lim, Wong & Quah, 2007). Da trn cc trng hp nghin cu nm nc Chu , bi bo tho lun v nhng trng hp tt nht v ch ra vn , trnh by r rng m hnh bi dy v a ra gi duy tr v m rng PPP. Quan h i tc ( cp a phng v cp quc gia) c nhn mnh trong bi vit ny da trn nhng mc tiu chung l pht trin kh nng ca i tc a phng v ngi dng cui. Cng lc, vic to quan h vi cc trng s phm a phng c xem l mt cch duy tr tnh bn vng v kh nng m rng ca chng trnh. Tuy nhin, trong thi i t ch i hc ngy cng tng, vn kh khn l o lng c nh hng ca quan h i tc v "Sau tt c, thi gian v n lc cho quan h i tc phi c chuyn thnh nhng kt qu nhn thy c" (Callahan v Martin, 2007, tr. 143). Kt qu ny nn xt v lng ln v cht nh thng tin v thnh tch ca hc sinh, thng tin v gio sinh, s hiu bit ca ging vin v cch ging dy v cc chnh sch ca trng ph thng, s nhn thc v nh gi gio sinh ca gio vin trng ph thng.

61

Hi nhp vi cng ng trong nc v quc t

Hi nhp vn ha, x hi, chnh tr, sinh thi v kinh t gia cc quc gia cng vi qu trnh pht trin cng ngh nh v bo em n s thay i - kt qu ca ton cu ha. D cho chng ta u, chng ta phi i mt vi vn mnh chung. Trong mt trt t t th gii mi, con ci ca chng ta v th h tr phi chun b lm nhn t thay i ch khng ch l ngi quan st th ng nhng s kin th gii (Davies, 2006; Torres, 2002). Nhng trng s phm nn bt u yu cu gio sinh tham gia vo cc hot ng v bui ni chuyn v ti lm th no trang b cho hc sinh ca h kin thc v bn cht cc vn ton cu v lm th no ng vai tr ch ng trong vic nhn ra chng. Kt ni c vai tr rt quan trng i vi thnh cng trong hc tp v n mang li s ch , ng c hc tp v n lc ca ngi hc. c kt ni khi hc tp, gio vin cn mang li cho hc sinh nhng c hi thc hin nhng bi hc v hin tng hc trong t cch cng dn ton cu. Ton cu ha l mt hin tng phc tp, a chiu tr thnh mt phn ca cuc sng hng ngy. N lm m i bin gii a phng, quc gia, quc t v to xung t gia cc yu t bn a v ton cu (Yamashita, 2006). Khi xt mt hin tng nh vy v nhng thch thc ca n, vic hc hng th cn to c hi ngi hc kim nghim nhiu chiu cc vn bn a v ton cu ri c hnh ng. CNTT gip tng cng tnh hi nhp nh vy v n mang tri nghim hc tp ca hc sinh ra ngoi 4 bc tng lp hc. Cc trng s phm do cn bt u kt ni vi cng ng bn a v quc t, vi s h tr ca CNTT, v lm cho nhng kt ni y tr thnh phn tt yu ca chng trnh o to v nh gi gio sinh. CNTT em n c hi cho cc trng s phm hp tc vi cc cc t chc khc trong v ngoi nc khuyn khch sinh vin tham gia vo cc cuc i thoi v cc vn trong khu vc v trn ton th gii. Vi k hoch v s cam kt, cc trng s phm c kh nng to ra cc d n tch hp CNTT nhm pht trin mi quan h gia h v cc cng ng khc. Mt v d l quan h gia i hc Southern Cross (Southern Cross University) v y ban t vn rng Gondwana thuc khu di sn th gii ca c (Advisory Committess of the Gondwana Rainforest of Australia World Heritage Area) khuyn khch cc trng pht trin mc tiu gio dc v mi trng. Theo yu cu nh gi ca trng, gio sinh phi thit k mt ngun t liu hc trn web v rng v cc khu di sn th gii cho i tng hc sinh ph thng v trung hc. iu quan trng l, ngun t liu c bn a ha nh vy s gip hc sinh trng ph thng lin h trc tip vi tnh hnh ca qu hng mnh. Ngoi ra, ngun t liu s l cu ni cho quan h i tc gia cc t chc a phng v trng nhm hp tc xy dng cc hot ng dy hc v mi trng.

62

63

Phng din th su Nghin cu v nh gi

Chng ny tho lun nhng vn c bn lin quan n xy dng mi trng, dch v, cng c, nng lc con ngi v rng buc v nghin cu khoa hc v nh gi vi s h tr ca CNTT cc trng s phm. nh ngha ng nht v nghin cu l mt phng php khch quan, c h thng, p ng cc yu cu v hc thut nhm tm ra gii php cho mt vn v nng tm hiu bit ca con ngi qua s pht trin cc gi thuyt. l mt chui cc hot ng c tnh ton cn thn, p dng nhng phn tch chnh xc c xy dng trn nhng g chng ta bit v cc vn lin quan n gio dc v cch ngi khc nghin cu chng. Theo Roblyer v Knezek (2003), nghin cu lin quan n CNTT trong gio dc nn: a) C chng trnh hnh ng da trn l lun chung b) Cung cp nhng bng chng thuyt phc v CNTT lm tng ng c hc tp nh th no. c) Hng n vic ci t phng php ging dy Nhn chung, c ba m hnh nghin cu chnh: nghin cu thc nghim, lun thuyt ph phn v lun thuyt din gii ( bit thm v cc m hnh ny, xem Willis, Thompson & Sadera, 1999). Trong chng ny, chng ti khng c nh tho lun chi tit v phng php c th no trong nghin cu gio dc lin quan n CNTT hay cch tin hnh cc nghin cu ny. c nhiu ti liu bn v cc vn c bn ca nghin cu gio dc (xem Blaxter, Hughes v Tight, 2001; Cohen, Manion v Morrison, 2000; Gall, Gall v Borg, 1999; Gay, Mills v Airasian, 2006; Krathwohl, 1998). Th nn, trong chng ny chng ti ch cung cp phn tm tt v hng s ch ca ngi c n cc vn c bn lin quan ti vic xy dng v duy tr kh nng nghin cu v CNTT trong gio dc cc trng. Trng tm ca chng ny gm: Hot ng ging dy c tch hp CNTT v cc chnh sch lin quan n CNTT H tr v cp kinh ph cho nghin cu v pht trin nh hng ca nghin cu v pht trin i vi cc chng trnh o to gio sinh nh hng ca nghin cu v pht trin i vi trng hc v h thng gio dc nh gi

64

Hot ng ging dy c tch hp CNTT v cc chnh sch lin quan n CNTT

Cn thng xuyn cp nht gi nhp vi nhng tin b ca CNTT (Hot ng ging dy v chnh sch)
Pht trin v duy tr kh nng nghin cu ca trng m bo cho s tin b lin tc trong cc chng trnh o to thng qua vic to ra v s dng nhng kin thc mi, cng ngh mi, phng php mi, chnh sch CNTT hiu qu, cng c qun l hiu qu, v hng n h tr v ci tin h thng gio dc trong nc. Ngoi ra, nghin cu cn cung cp nn tng cho vic pht trin chuyn mn ca i ng ging vin v lm tng uy tn ca trng. Xy dng v duy tr kh nng nghin cu c bit quan trng trong thi i cng ngh vn cn nhiu hn ch hin nay v CNTT lun to ra nhng c hi v thch thc mi cho gio dc. Nghin cu phi i i vi nhng tin b trong cng ngh em n s pht trin v i mi trong chnh sch v phng php gio dc. c nhiu bi vit v cc lnh vc c th nghin cu ca CNTT trong gio dc. Nhn chung, cc nh nghin cu cho rng cn phi nghin cu chuyn su c nhng bng chng ng tin cy v li ch m CNTT em n cho gio dc (Pollard, Pollard, 2004; Roblyer v Knezek, 2003). iu ny rt cn thit v cc nh s phm v cc nh hoch nh chnh sch lun mun xc minh rng thi gian, n lc v tin ca ca h c u t hiu qu. (Ringstaff v Kelly, 2002). Ringstaff v Kelly (2002, tr.24) cho rng: C nhng bng chng nghin cu quan trng cho thy CNTT c th c nhng nh hng tch cc i vi kt qu ca sinh vin trong nhng hon cnh c th v cho nhng mc ch c th. Tuy nhin, khng c mt cng thc nhim mu no cho cc nh s phm v cc nh hoch nh chnh sch bit l liu ci h nhn c c xng ng vi s u t ca h khng. Do thay v t cu hi:"Liu chng ta c nn u t cho CNTT khng?", chng ta hy hi:"Trong iu kin no, CNTT c th em n nhiu li ch nht cho ngi hc?" Roblyer (2005) , Roblyer v Knezek (2003) ngh rng mc ch ca nghin cu l: Xc lp li th ca CNTT trong gio dc. Pht trin v ci thin cc chin lc s dng Kim sot nh hng i vi cc mc ch x hi quan trng Hnh thnh cc nh hng mong mun

65

Theo Haffin v cc tc gi (1996), trng tm nghin cu CNTT trong gio dc nn c hiu l nghin cu v s nh hng i vi nhn thc ca nhng ngi lm vic vi CNTT ch khng ch nghin cu v nh hng ca CNTT i vi vic hc (tr. 392). iu ny gip chng ta bit lm cch no pht huy ht kh nng ca ngi hc v tim nng ca cng ngh cng nh hiu thu nhng cch thc ng dng CNTT ci tin lp hc v trng hc (Haffin v cc tc gi, 1996, tr.395). C th hn, trong bng bo co v kt qu ca nghin cu Delphy, Pollard v Pollard (2994, tr.159) ch ra tm quan trng ca nhng hot ng di y i vi nghin cu CNTT trong gio dc: Nghin cu mi quan h gia cng ngh v gio dc Pht trin cc m hnh o to gio sinh v gio vin thnh nhng ngi s dng CNTT hiu qu Pht trin m hnh o to h tr vic hc trong lp v trn mng Pht trin nhng phng php v tiu chun nh gi tnh hiu qu ca vic hc tch hp CNTT ph hp Nghin cu nhnng thay i trong lp hc, trong vai tr ca ngi thy, trong trng do ng dng CNTT v quyt nh lm th no CNTT c th h tr tt nht ci cch gio dc Nghin cu nhng yu t nh hng n khong cch v cng ngh (digital devide) v cc tc ng ca CNTT i vi cc quan h hp tc v tng tc x hi.

Hedberg v Lim (2004) cho rng c mt s vn mang tm quan trng chin lc i vi cc nghin cu v ng dng CNTT trong ging dy nh sau: S pht trin chuyn mn ca gio vin trong ng dng CNTT (t giai on gio sinh n giai on i dy hc) Nghin cu cc cng ngh mi c gn vi l lun v phng php ging dy S h tr ca trng i vi ng dng CNTT Tch hp CNTT vo nhng chuyn ngnh c th. Tc l, lm cch no pht huy cc cng c CNTT pht trin t duy chuyn ngnh cho hc sinh Mi trng hc tp c s h tr ca CNTT dnh cho cc hc sinh yu km Game v cc gi lp do hc sinh to ra

66

Tng t, Haffin v ng tc gi a ra mt tp hp cc vn chnh s l trng tm ca nghin cu CNTT trong gio dc trong th k 21: Pht trin cc phng php ging dy mi thit k cc mi trng hc tp Nhanh chng in hnh ha cc phng php v m hnh sng to Tch hp cng ngh analog thnh cc nh dng s Cng c v ngun t liu h tr vic nng cao kin thc Lp hc sng to v trng hc sng to Pht huy ti a nng lc ca ngi hc v tim nng CNTT Hiu r v mi quan h gia dy, hc v CNTT nh ngha li cc vn nghin cu v cc phng php nh gi Nghin cu chuyn ngnh Pht trin nhng l thuyt mi

Trng tm nghin cu
Trong phn ny, chng ti s trnh by mt s lnh vc c th cung cp nn tng hu ch cho nghin cu CNTT trong dy hc cc trng s phm. Chng ti cng hi vng rng nhng thng tin ny s gip cho ging vin nhn ra nhu cu v c hi nghin cu ph hp trong mi trng lm vic ca h. Trng i hc l mnh t mu m tin hnh nghin cu v ng dng CNTT trong gio dc cho cc ging vin. V d, chng ta c th nghin cu v nhn thc ca gio sinh i vi CNTT, thay i ca ging vin khi ng dng CNTT dy, nh hng ca CNTT i vi kt qu ca sinh vin, nhng m hnh nh gi mi, qu trnh nhn thc khi hc vi cc phng tin s ca sinh vin, v vic bn thn sinh vin l ngi thit k ngun t liu hc tp nh s tr gip ca cng ngh. Chng ta nn khuyn khch ging vin trnh by nhng th nghim vi CNTT bng cch thu thp d liu, ni v kt qu ca nhng n lc ca h (xem v d trong nghin cu ca Churchill, 2009). mc cao hn, trng nn tin hnh nghin cu chnh thc v s dng CNTT trong lp hc v tc ng ca n i vi vic dy, vic hc v vic nh gi trong mt chng trnh gio dc (v cc vn c lin quan xem Willis, Thompson v Sadera, 1999). Trng ph thng a phng cng l mt lnh vc quan trng nghin cu. Khc vi nhng nghin cu trong phm vi lp hc, nghin cu trng ph thng cn phi

67

c t chc v tin hnh cn thn hn vi s cho php ca cc nhn vt c nh hng, v d: hiu trng, gio vin, hc sinh v ph huynh. Trng tm ca nhng nghin cu ny c th l tc ng ca CNTT i vi vic hc ca hc sinh, i vi s pht trin tay ngh ca gio vin, i vi s lnh o ca trng v i vi cc chnh sch v CNTT. Nghin cu c tin hnh trong trng s em n nhng hiu bit su sc v cc ng dng s phm ca CNTT v cung cp thng tin v nhng kh nng v phng php nghin cu trong mi trng c bit ny. C rt nhiu nghin cu v vic s dng CNTT ca hc sinh trong trng v a ra nhin vn c lin quan nh tc ng ca CNTT i vi kt qu hc tp, s hp tc, vic nng cao kin thc, thi i vi vic hc, v s t tin ca sinh vin (xem Butzin, 2000; Sandholtz, Ringstaff v Dwyer, 1997; Scardamalia v Bereiter, 1994, Schacter v Fagnano, 1999, Sivin-Kachala v Bialo, 2000, Teo v Churchill, 2007b,Waxman, Connel v Gray, 2002). Cc nghin cu ny cao nh hng quan trng ca CNTT l thay i phng php s phm theo hng ly ngi hc lm trung tm, v d nhng hot ng d n trong ngi hc phi chuyn tm hn, hp tc hn v ng vai tr ch ng hn. Ngi hc phi lm vic vi cng ngh ch khng ch hc t cng ngh (Bozeman v Baumbach, 1995; Culp, Hawkins v Honey, 1999; Jonassen v Reeves, 1996; Means, 1994; Reeves, 1998; Penuel v ng tc gi, 2000; Ringstaff v Kelly, 2002). CNTT l cng c hiu qu nht khi c s dng trong cc hot ng ly ngi hc lm trung tm. Tuy nhin, nhng nh nghin cu cng nn xem xt gi sau ca Ringstaff v Kelly (2002, tr.23-24): Lp hc khng phi l phng th nghim ni cc nh khoa hc c th so snh tnh hiu qu ca CNTT vi cc phng php ging dy truyn thng m vn khng ch c cc bin s nghin cu khc. Hn na, chng ta c rt t phng php nh gi hiu qu, ng tin cy v sinh li o c k nng suy ngh c t chc, kh nng gii quyt vn , hay kh nng tm kim, nh gi v s dng thng tin ca sinh vin s gia tng nh th no trong qu trnh s dng CNTT. Mc d CNTT c chng minh l lm tng ng c hc tp v s chuyn tm ca sinh vin nhng c rt t cng c o lng nh hng thc s ca n. Bn cnh , c nhiu nghin cu v vic s dng CNTT trong lp hc ca gio vin v cc vn c lin quan nh s thay i trong phng php ging dy, trong thi , s t tin, trnh tin hc, s pht trin chuyn mn, ro cn khi ng dng CNTT, hiu bit ca gio vin v CNTT (Becker v Ravitz, 1999; Churchill, 2006; Foo, Ho v Hedberg, 2005; Henriquez v Riconscennte, 1999; King, 2000; Mann, 1999; Moallem, 1998; Rogers, 2000). Mt s cng nghin cu v gio sinh chng hn nh quan im ging dy ca h (vd Lim & Chan, 2007).

68

Vic tin hnh cc nghin cu v trng ph thng ph thuc rt nhiu vo mi quan h gia khi trng ny v cc trng s phm. Mi quan h ny c th l gia c nhn cc ging vin i hc v gio vin ph thng hay qua s trung gian ca c quan qun l (vd B Gio Dc). Phng chuyn trch thc tp c th ng vai tr quan trng trong vic xy dng mi quan h gia trng i hc s phm v khi trng ph thng. Vic cc gio vin ph thng tham gia cc kha hc sau i hc hay cc chng trnh, hi tho bi dng chuyn mn l nhn t quan trng gip mi quan h ny thm bn vng. nghin cu thnh cng, cc trng i hc s phm phi c mt chin lc thit lp, h tr v pht trin s lin kt vi cc trng ph thng hiu qu. Trong trng hp ny, cc trng s phm phi m bo rng trng ph thng cng nhn nhn h l mt phn trong qu trnh ci tin gio dc. So snh ng dng CNTT trong gio dc gia trng ny v trng khc hay gia h thng gio dc ca nc ny vi nc khc l mt trng tm nghin cu khc. Hip hi nh gi thnh tu trong gio dc quc t tin hnh nghin cu CNTT trong gio dc ln hai t nm 1998 n nm 2003 trn cc i tng l gio vin ph thng, hc sinh, hiu trng v cc trng ph thng ti mt s quc gia (xem Plomp v cc tc gi, 2009). Trong nhng nm gn y, do nh hng tch cc ca ton cu ha v s pht trin kinh t khu vc Chu , cc tp ch khoa hc quc t ngy cng quan tm n h thng gio dc v ng dng CNTT trong gio dc cc nc nh Trung Quc. Ngoi ra, CNTT cng ang to ra khong cch s gia cc nc pht trin v cc nc ang pht trin. Tin hnh nhng nghin cu so snh hot ng ging dy c ng dng CNTT h tr cho vic chuyn giao nhng ng dng CNTT thnh cng t nc pht trin sang nc ang pht trin hay gia nhng nc ang pht trin v gp phn vo vic xa i khong cch s ny. Lin Hp Quc v cc t chc lin quan sn lng h tr cho cc nghin cu so snh xuyn quc gia tm ra phng cch ci thin h thng gio dc ca cc nc ang pht trin.

Phng php ging dy ly ngi hc lm trung tm

Trng tm nghin cu l tm hiu v cc phng php ging dy ni tri v CNTT s h tr nhng phng php ny nh th no t c mc tiu ra. Ngy nay, phng php ging dy ly ngi hc lm trung tm c xem l phng tin chun b cho hc sinh lm vic trong thi i mi (Churchill, 2006a). Phng php ny v c bn khc vi phng php ging dy truyn thng ly ngi dy lm trung tm v d phng php hc pht vn, phng php hc theo d n, phng php gii quyt vn v hc qua thit k. Xy dng m hnh ng dng thnh cng cc phng php ging dy ny v tm hiu xem CNTT c th h tr nhng phng php ny nh th no l mt lnh vc cn nghin cu. Mt s phng php ly ngi hc lm trung tm v ng dng ca CNTT trong dy hc c ni n trong cc nghin cu l: phng php hc tp theo hng kin to (Jonassen, 1999), gii quyt vn (Jonassen,

69

2000), phng php hc tp da vo vn (Savery v Duffy, 1995), phng php hc tp ch ng (Grabinger, 1996), mi trng hc tp c tch hp cng ngh (Vosniadou, De Court v Mandl, 1995), mi trng hc tp mang tnh tng tc (Harper v Hedberg, 1997), tm hiu vn theo nhm (Bereiter v Scardamalia,), Quest Atlantis (Barab v cc tc gi, 2005), hc tp da trn tnh hung (Brown, Collins v Duguid, 1989), Microlessons (Divaharan v Wong, 2003) v WebQuest (Dogde, 1995).

Nhng cng ngh mi

CNTT c nhng ng dng tuyt vi trong lnh vc gio dc. Cc cng ngh mi nh mng x hi, ghi m, k chuyn k thut s, blog, podcast v cng ngh di ng (xem Churchill, 2007). Tuy nhin, iu quan trng l chng ta phi pht huy ht tim nng ca nhng cng ngh ny c c nhng ng dng tt nht trong gio dc. Nghin cu v CNTT ngy cng c quan tm nn c hi xut bn ca cc ti liu ny kh ln. Tp ch v lnh vc ny lun tm kim nhng bi bo v ng dng thc s ca CNTT trong nhiu trng hp khc nhau. Trng tm nghin cu ng dng CNTT cho vic hc l pht trin v ng dng cc phng tin k thut s, tr chi hc tp, cng c nhn thc, h thng qun l hc tp, mi trng hc tp v cc cng c da trn nhng cng ngh mi. V d, Churchill v Hedberg (2008) nghin cu v thit k cng c hc tp cho cc thit b cm tay mn hnh nh. ng v nhng ngi khc cn cp n h thng bookmark x hi v mt s ng dng khc. Tin hnh nghin cu vi nhng trng tm va nu yu cu cc trng s phm phi pht trin kh nng thit k CNTT. Cc kh nng ny bao gm chuyn ngnh thit k (vd thit k multimedia) v nhng ngun lc khc (vd gia cng phn mm) cng nh l s dng cc cng c phn cng v phn mm hin c (vd b cng c to t liu multimedia). Nghin cu trong lnh vc ny gip chng ta hiu thm v nhng vn lin quan n qu trnh hc tp ca con ngi (qu trnh nhn thc, s thay i nim, s t duy v tr tu tp th). Kt qu ca nghin cu l cc sn phm cng ngh phc v cho vic hc vi tim nng ng dng rt cao. Nghin cu cng nn quan tm n cc vn lin quan n thit k chng trnh o to. y cng l yu t chnh cho vic pht trin cc chng trnh hc tp a phng tin nh hc trn my tnh, hng dn thng minh v cc kha hc e-learning (Reiser v Dempsey, 2002). Thit k chng trnh c bit quan trng trong cc kha hc t xa hay kha hun luyn nhn vin trong doanh nghip v qun i.

Lin kt gia nghin cu v thc tin

Mt trong nhng vn c bn ca nghin cu l tr li c cu hi liu nhng kt qu ca n c thc s c ng dng trong trng hc hay khng. Thng thng,

70

nhng kt qu ny c trnh by trong cc hi ngh, bo co, sch v tp ch khoa hc v c cc nh nghin cu khc hay cc nghin cu sinh quan tm. Tuy nhin, vic chuyn ha tri thc thnh thc tin vn cn nhiu hn ch. Lim (2004) cho rng lm c iu ny, cc trng phi hiu v chp nhn kt qu ca cc nghin cu. Lim cng cp n mt s vn nh hng n vic chuyn ha ny: trng hc khng ng h ci tin v qu trnh chuyn giao tri thc cn b hn ch bi s thiu lin kt trong nghin cu, thit k, pht trin, chnh sch v thc hin. Roblyer (2005) nhn mnh tm quan trng ca s kt ni nh sau: c bit, cc nghin cu v CNTT b triu chng gi l triu chng nghin cu n l vi mc ch l c bng tin s hay c b nhim. Khi nghin cu hon tt; trng hp nghin cu cng khp li. Mt nghin cu tt phi c xy dng t nn tng trong qu kh v hng n tng lai. Trong lnh vc nghin cu hnh vi ca con ngi ni c nhng bin s rt phc tp v a dng, cc nghin cu cn nhiu thi gian chng minh kt qu v nh hng. Do vy, nhng bi bo vit v nghin cu phi ch r rng y ch mt phn ca mt lot nghin cu v ra nhng hng nghin cu tip theo. Phn ny trnh by mt s cch cng b kt qu nghin cu, chuyn giao tri thc v cc kh nng ti u ha tc ng ca nghin cu i vi tri thc hin ti, cc nghin cu tip theo v hot ng ging dy ti trng s phm cng nh l trong cc iu kin khc. Nhng d n nghin cu v ang thc hin c th a ln mt website chuyn bit. Trong nhng trang ny, c gi c th tm thy bn tm tt nhng ni dung chnh ca cc d n v ngun gc ca chng, phng php nghin cu c s dng, kt qu t c hay kt qu d kin t c, nhng u sch hon tt hay ang vit, bo co v nhng slide lin quan n d n, thng tin chi tit v cc thnh vin trong nhm d n v d nh: s yu l lch, lnh vc nghin cu h quan tm v cc u sch xut bn. Trang ny cng nu ln nhng kh nng ng dng thc t ca kt qu nghin cu. Bn cnh , trang web cng cho php ng nhng gp , ph bnh v yu cu ca ngi xem i vi cc nghin cu. Ngoi ra, trang web cng c chc nng RSS cho php ngi xem ng k nhn nhng thng tin mi nht v d n. Cng vi trang web, chng ta c th s dng nhng cng c Internet khc qung co d n v ph bin kt qu d n nh thit lp trang wiki, mt mng x hi hay cung cp thng tin v d n trn nhng trang web chia s phim ph bin. Ring cc trng cng nn xy dng mt trang web qung b nhng nghin cu cht lng nht v cc trng hp ng dng hiu qu ca nhng nghin cu ny. Xut bn chnh thc (cc bi bo khoa hc, bng bo co, sch hay cc chng trong sch) l cch d thy nht

Xut bn chnh thc khng phi l cch duy nht cng b kt qu nghin c u v chuyn giao tri thc ra bn ngoi trng.

71

cng b kt qu nghin cu v chuyn giao tri thc ra ngoi trng. Tuy nhin, i tng c nhng ti liu ny ch yu l cc gio s, cc nh nghin cu v cc nghin cu sinh nn ng dng ca chng trn thc t vn cn nhiu hn ch. D sao th vic xut bn cc ti liu ny l cn thit v chng lm tng uy tn ca cc nh nghin cu v nh hng n danh ting cng nh th hng ca trng. bit thm thng tin v h thng xp hng cc trng i hc, cc bn nn xem qua ba h thng sau: Leiden, Shanghai JiaoTong hay Times Higher Education Supplement Ranking. Ph bin nhng cng trnh nghin cu l mt hot ng quan trng nh hng n th hng ca trng v nu c phn hi tch cc th s to s ch trong i tng sinh vin v c c hi nhn c s h tr t pha chnh ph. Cng trnh nghin cu phi c ph bin cn thn khng ch cng ng quc t bit n m cng ng trong nc cng c y thng tin v kt qu nghin cu cng nh nhng ng dng ca kt qu ny trn thc t. Do , cng trnh nghin cu phi c phn phi theo nhiu knh: xut bn trong nc (bo co gi n trng hc trong nc, cc vin hay trang web), bo co hi ngh khoa hc trong v ngoi nc, sch v cc chng sch nu c hay ng trn cc tp ch khoa hc quc t. tng uy tn ca cc ging vin, tng th bc v danh ting ca trng, chng ta cn c n phm ng cc tp ch quc t c uy tn v c xp hng cao. C nhiu h thng xp hng cc tp ch, trong mt h thng quan trng cn ch l SSCI (Social Science Citation Index) ca Thompson Reuters. Khng phi tt c cc tp ch u c trong h thng xp hng SSCI. H thng ny theo di cc trch dn v bo co thng nin v cc tp ch c xp hng theo ci gi l ch s tc ng. Khng phi tt c cc tp ch chuyn ngnh u c mt trong h thng ny. Cc ging vin lun mun cc bo co ca mnh xut hin trong nhng tp ch c tn trong h thng xp hng ny hay nhng tp ch c yu t nh hng cao hn. Tuy nhin, cc tp ch ny lun c h thng bnh duyt kn rt gt gao v t l t chi thng cao. Trong bng 2, chng ti c cung cp tn ca mt s tp ch c uy tn nht trong lnh vc CNTT trong gio dc. C mt s tp ch khc trong lnh vc ny d khng c tn trong h thng xp hng nhng vn to c ting vang v thu ht nhiu ngi c nh Educational Technology v Educational Media International. Bng 2: Cc tp ch CNTT trong gio dc hng u trong SSCI Tn tp ch Ch s tc ng Website nm 2007 http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journal description.authors/347/description

Computer & Science 1.602 (C&E)

72

Journal of Sciences

Learning 1.571

http:///www.cc.gatech.edu/lst/jls

Journal of Computer 0.800 Assisted Learnning (JCAL) British Journal Educational Technology (BJET) of 0.574

http://jcal.info/

http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref =007-1013

Educational 0.270 Technology Research & Development (ETR &D)

http://www.springer.com/education/learni ng+&+instruction/journal/11423

Hi ngh v hi tho
Tham gia v trnh by ti cc hi ngh trong nc v quc t l mt bc quan trng ph bin kt qu ca nghin cu. Bn cnh vic cng b kt qu nghin cu, tham gia hi ngh l mt c hi tt gp g nhng ngi c cng mi quan tm n lnh vc chng ta nghin cu hay nhng ngi sn lng ng dng kt qu nghin cu ca chng ta vo mi trng lm vic ca h. Sau hi ngh, cc bo co c th c in thnh sch xut bn tuy nhin mt s hi ngh ch chn la nhng bo co xut sc nht in trong n bn c bit ca tp ch thnh vin. Cng nh cc tp ch, mt s hi ngh c uy tnh cao nh AERA - hi ngh ca Hi Nghin Cu Gio Dc M; Ed-Media - hi ngh th gii v ng dng cc sn phm a phng tin, siu phng tin v truyn thng ng di trong gio dc. Tuy hu ht cc hi ngh v CNTT trong gio dc u hng n i tng l cc hc gi v cc nh nghin cu nh ICCE - Hi ngh v ng dng CNTT trong ging dy nhng ngy nay mt s hi ngh quan tm n i tng l cc gio vin ph thng nh SITE - Hi CNTT v gio dc. Nhng hi ngh ny l c hi tt tho lun v kh nng ng dng cc kt qu nghin cu vo cng tc ging dy trng. Bn cnh , ti hi ngh ny chng ta s tm ra c nhng gio vin quan tm n ng dng CNTT trong dy hc v sn sng tham gia nhng nghin cu tip theo. Nhng gio vin tham gia hi ngh c th em n nhng tng mi tin cho ng dng CNTT trong dy hc v c hi nghin cu trong trng ca h.

73

Ging vin i hc nn ng vai tr ch ng trong vic t chc nhng hi ngh khoa hc thng xuyn trng h cung cp thng tin v cc nghin cu hon tt hay ang c tin hnh. Hi ngh khng ch m ca tip n cc ging vin trong trng, cc nh nghin cu, cc nghin cu sinh m phi mi cc gio vin ph thng, cc quan chc ca s, B Gio Dc, v cc ging vin trng bn cng tham gia. Ngoi ra, trang web ca trng cng nn ng ti thng tin v cc hi ngh sp din ra cho cc c nhn quan tm v nhng on phim hay on ghi m ni dung hi ngh bng cc file m thanh hay trn cc trang web chia s phim v on ghi m.

Cc chng trnh nghin cu sau i hc

Qun l v pht trin cc chng trnh nghin cu nh thc s, tin s, tin s gio dc khng ch h tr cho vic pht trin kh nng nghin cu m cn l cng c quan trng ph bin nhng kt qu nghin cu. Nghin cu sinh s n lc nghin cu, da trn nn tng kin thc sn c v xy dng thm kin thc mi nng cao kh nng nghin cu ca trng. Ngoi ra, nghin cu sinh cn tham gia cc hot ng xut bn sch v c mt ti cc hi ngh. Nhng hot ng ny ca h gp phn lm tng uy tn ca trng i hc m h ang cng tc. Sau khi tt nghip (hoc trong qu trnh hc nu sinh vin l gio vin hc ti chc), gio sinh c th gip vic ph bin kt qu nghin cu, chuyn giao v p dng tri thc trong iu kin ca nh trng v c quan h. Cc hot ng nghin cu mang li sn phm cht lng hay, c nhiu trin vng nn c tip tc v h tr ngoi vic xut bn bo co, bi bo v bo co hi ngh khoa hc. Vic ny c th thc hin bng cch ku gi u t thm vo nhng chuyn c th hoc lnh vc quan trng. Nhng li ku gi nh vy c th ng trn thng bo kt qu nghin cu hay website ca d n chng hn. Trng i hc cng c th tnh n kh nng hnh thnh nhng mng nghin cu tp hp li cc d n lin quan v nhng ngi c quan tm. Tuyn m v hng dn sinh vin c quan tm cng mang li kt qu tt v m rng kt qu nghin cu ca d n.

H tr vn cho nghin cu v pht trin

pht trin v duy tr kh nng nghin cu ca trng i hc, chng ta phi cung cp nhng dch v, cng c h tr thch hp v c s khuyn khch. Qu trnh chun b cng nghin cu, tuyn dng nhn s, huy ng vn v chi tiu, gim st v gip qu trnh vit bo co v xut bn sch. Tuy nhin, iu quan trng l phi lm cho cc nh nghin cu thy rng h ang c h tr ch khng phi b b buc. Trong phn ny, chng ti nu ra mt s dch v, cng c v i ng m nh trng cn c to mi trng nghin cu khoa hc thun li cho ging vin. Trng i hc phi c mt vn phng qun l ngun h tr ny v mt vn cng quan trng khng km l lm th no s h tr n ng i tng.

74

Ngun kinh ph rt quan trng cho hot ng nghin cu. Kinh ph c th c s dng tuyn dng nhn s nh tr l nghin cu, gim c d n, lp trnh vin, nhn vin thit k a phng tin, gio s, cng nh chi tr cho vic mua thit b v qung b. Nhng ngun kinh ph chnh thng n t cc t chc ngoi trng (vd nh T chc Khoa hc quc gia M, c, Hi ng nghin cu c hay Hi ng cp kinh ph nghin cu ca Hng Kng). Thnh thong, c nhng li mi nghin cu n t cc ban ngnh, t chc, c quan quyn lc khc nhau nc ngoi. Ngoi ra, c th c ngun kinh ph t cc c quan gio dc trong nc hay cc t chc quc t nh UNESCO. Microsoft cng rt thng xuyn h tr vn cho cc nghin cu v ng dng CNTT trong gio dc. Trng i hc phi c k hoch cp kinh ph h tr cho cc hot ng nghin cu di nhiu hnh thc nh kinh ph thu thp ti liu, kinh ph nghin cu cho nhn vin mi v kinh ph nng cao chuyn mn. Nhng h tr t c quan s ti s gip cc ging vin sp xp tng v tin hnh mt nghin cu thm d xin ti tr t bn ngoi. Ngoi ra, nh trng c th lp ra cc c ch khen thng nh Gii thng nghin cu xut sc hay Gii thng kt qu nghin cu xut sc cng nhn nhng nghin cu v cng trnh xut bn c cht lng. Cc gii thng ny cng nn c mt khon h tr cc hot ng nghin cu tip theo ca ngi t gii. Nhng ngi c gii c th lm c vn cho ngi khc hay t chc seminar chia s kinh nghim nghin cu ca mnh. H tr vic vit nghin cu cng l mt bc quan trng y mnh nghin cu v gp phn ng dng kt qu nghin cu trong thc t ging dy. S h tr ny gm bin tp bn tho, vit n xin ti tr, xut d n, v cc bn bo co c thc hin bi nhng ngi chuyn nghip v s c cc nh nghin cu v cc nh ti tr xem li. c bit, nu trng ca bn khng trong khi nc ni ting Anh th vic xut bn ti liu nghin cu bng ting Anh l cn thit. iu ny s gy kh khn cho cc ging vin khi yu cu h vit li nghin cu bng ngn ng ting Anh chun mc. gii quyt vn ny, trng hoc phi yu cu dch v bn ngoi gip hoc phi o to mt i ng trong trng chuyn trch nhim v ny. Ngoi ra, ti liu xut bn phi c trnh by theo nhh dng thch hp. Hnh thc trnh by ph bin nht cho cc ti liu lin quan n CNTT l APA (vit tt ca American Psychological Association). Cng c mt s sch hng dn cch trnh by ti liu theo nh dng ny. Nhng ging vin mi s gp kh khn trong vic xut bn cng trnh nghin cu. iu ny c th dn n s khng tha mn vi ngh nghip v km hiu qu trong cng vic. Mt cch h tr cc i tng ny l cho h mt khon kinh ph nh tr cho cc chuyn

Vic h tr nghin cu thng xuyn s to nn tng cho nhng tin b ca cc hot ng nghin cu khoa hc.

75

gia bn ngoi h lm c vn v gip cho vic xut bn. C th l nhng chuyn gia ny s tr gip vic vit xut c c hi nhn c ngun ti tr ln hn. Ngoi ra, nhng ng nghip c thm nin, c bit l nhng ngi tng nhn c ngun ti tr bn ngoi hay c nhng gii thng nh "Gii thng cho nh nghin cu xut sc nht" hay "Gii thng cho kt qu nghin cu xut sc nht" s gip c vn cho nhng vn c lin quan n nghin cu hay xut bn. cp n cc vn o c trong nhng nghin cu gio dc c lin quan n CNTT mt cch thch hp l mt yu cu i vi cc nh nghin cu. c bit, iu quan trng nu nghin cu ca h lin quan n hc sinh ph thng. D xy ra trng hp mt s nh nghin cu (c bit l cc nh nghin cu mi) khng thc c iu ny. Do vy, chng ta cn c mt nhm trong vn phng nghin cu ca trng m bo cc nghin cu c tin hnh ng quy tc o c khoa hc. Nh nghin cu (v c sinh vin lm nghin cu khoa hc) cn chng minh cng trnh ca mnh khng sao chp ca ngi khc (thng l trc khi cp kinh ph). H s chng minh ny cn c xem xt v xut nghin cu c th cn phi c b sung, chnh sa. Ngi nghin cu khng nn tin hnh tuyn cng tc vin v thu thp d liu trc khi h s chng minh c duyt. Trng nn c sn cc form h tr ngi nghin cu lm h s chng minh. Bn cnh , trng thnh thong nn c nhng bui tp hun hoc seminar gip ngi nghin cu v cc sinh vin NCKH hiu r hn cc vn o c trong nghin cu khoa hc cng nh cc th tc lin quan. Ngoi ra, trng cng nn cho cc nh nghin cu khong thi gian ngh hp l h c th thu thp ti liu, nng cao chuyn mn, hi kin cc chuyn gia, n nhng ni tin hnh cc nghin cu tng t hay chia s mi quan tm v tham gia cc hi ngh. Khong thi gian ngh php n lng ny l cng c h tr cho cc hot ng nghin cu v n cho php cc ging vin c th ngh lu, v thi gian ngh ny ph thuc vo s nm cng tc, i tham quan cc trng i hc nc ngoi v c thi gian lin tc hon thnh nghin cu. Khon tin ti tr v k hoch ngh php phi bao gm vic tham gia mt hi ngh quc t quan trng lin quan n ng dng CNTT trong ging dy. Chng ta cng hi vng ngi c nhn ti tr s c bi trnh by trong hi ngh v sau bo co li vi ng nghip. Bn cnh vic h tr cho ging vin ca trng i thm cc trng bn nc ngoi v tham gia hi ngh, chng ta cng nn c mt khong ti tr khc cho cc gio s nc ngoi i thm cc trng s phm. Ban u c th l mt chuyn thm ngn v mt bi trnh by trong hi ngh, sau , chng ta c th mi cc gio s ny k hp ng lm ging vin thnh ging trong thi gian lu hn. K hoch ngh php khc cng h tr hot ng nng cao chuyn mn.

76

Vic h tr nghin cu thng xuyn s to nn tng cho nhng tin b ca cc hot ng nghin cu khoa hc. C th l mt ngy gp g cc ging vin mt ni th thi bn ngoi mi trng lm vic thng nht. Trong thi gian , cc ging vin c th tho lun v nhng mc tiu chin lc ca nghin cu, nhn xt v a ra gi chuyn kt qu nghin cu thnh tin cho nhng nghin cu chuyn su hay ng dng chng vo thc t ging dy. Ngoi ra, h cn c th tho lun v nhng vn lin quan n vic ci thin cng c h tr nghin cu hay a ra kin cho cc k hoch ca nhng nm tip theo. Nhm nghin cu s cng nhau trnh by k hoch nghin cu v nhng cng vic phi lm thc hin k hoch . Bng cch ny, cc tng ci tin, sng to v hp tc c th ny sinh.

Trung tm nghin cu
Mc ch thnh lp v hot ng ca cc trung tm v nhm nghin cu l h tr cc hot ng nghin cu. Cc trung tm ny c th da trn nhng mng nghin cu c tm quan trng chin lc mang li hiu qu v chuyn giao cho cc nghin cu k cn cng nh ng dng vo l lun v thc tin. Nhim v ca trung tm l tp hp cc nh nghin cu c cng mi quan tm v mc ch. Ngoi ra, trung tm c trch nhim t vn cho cc nh nghin cu, t chc hi ngh, h tr xut bn, v qun l cc mi quan h vi cc trng khc. Mt s v d in hnh v cc trung tm nghin cu l: Cognition and Technology Group i hc Vanderbilt; The learning and Epistemology Group i hc MIT, Center for IT in Education ihc Hongkong v Asia-Pacific Centre of Excellenceor Teacher Education and Innovations i hc Edith Cowan. nh gi ging vin c xem l cng c quan trng duy tr tnh hiu ca cc hot ng nghin cu, ca vic xut bn sch v chuyn ha tri thc. Khng ging nh nhng cng c h tr c cp trc , cng c ny khng c cc ging vin yu thch. Tuy nhin, nu c s dng ng cch, cng c ny s nng cao tinh thn trch nhim ca cc nh nghin cu c bit i vi cc d n c ti tr. nh gi ging vin s c tin hnh hng nm theo ging vin phi bo co v kt qu nghin cu v cc u sch xut bn ca h.

Tc ng ca nghin cu v pht trin i vi cc chng trnh o to gio sinh

Cc trng s phm phi c s thng nht gia nghin cu, pht trin v cng tc dy hc, ng thi cng nn xy dng mt mi trng thun li cho vic nng cao tri thc. Theo Sivin-Kachala v Bialo (2000), do s pht trin ang din ra qu nhanh nn cc trng cn thng xuyn ci tin nhng k hoch ng dng CNTT trong ging dy v

77

chnh sa chnh sch lun c cp nhn v hng li t nhng c hi mi. Cc nghin cu cng cho thy cng ngh nn l cht xc tc v l cng c c lc em n nhng thay i trong lp hc, trong trng hc v trong cc c quan gio dc c thm quyn (Bozeman v Baumbach 1995; Chang v cc tc gi khc, 1998; Glennan v Melmed , 1996; Hawkins, Spielvogel v Panush, 1996; Means, 1994; Ringstaff v Kelly, 2002). Tuy nhin, s thay i s hiu qu hn nu i km theo l nhng bi nghin cu c cht lng v s nh gi khch quan kt qu t c. Trong chng ny, chng ti s trnh by mt s l do chnh tin hnh cc nghin cu lin quan n ng dng CNTT trong ging dy vi mc ch nh hng tm nhn ca trng. iu kin c th ca tng trng s c th gip bn tm thm nhng l do mi v phng din ny gip bn c ngh thm cc kh nng khc. Hot ng nghin cu cung cp nn tng pht trin nhng kin thc c sn v to ra nhng kin thc mi. Hiu c nhng vn lin quan n nghin cu v lnh vc ang xem xt s gip ging vin nhn ra c nhng hn ch ca phng php ang s dng, ca kin thc v chnh sch v CNTT, t , gip nh hng cho vic ci tin v nng cao kin thc. Phn tch d liu c th a ra nhng bng chng bc b tri thc c v mang li tri thc mi, chng hn nh l m hnh o to gio vin hiu qu hn. Ngoi ra, p dng kt qu nghin cu vo ging dy v o to gio vin c th nng tri thc ln tm cao mi. Nghin cu cung cp cng c pht trin kin thc m sau nhng kin thc ny c th c ng dng trong cc chng trnh o to. Ngoi ra, nhng kin thc mi thu c qua qu trnh nghin cu s c kim nghim bi i ng cc chuyn gia (v c th phi nh n s t vn ca cc c quan gio dc c thm quyn) xem xt tim nng ng dng trong ton b chng trnh o to. Bng cch ny, nghin cu c nh hng trc tip n s ci tin chng trnh, v thng qua chng trnh, o to mt th h gio vin c trang b nhng kin thc cp nht nht nhm gip cho trng bt kp vi tc pht trin. Hn na, nghin cu l mt cng c nh gi s ph hp v mt ni dung ca chng trnh v cho php chng ta nhn ra nhng lnh vc cn c ci thin. Qua nghin cu v ng dng kt qu ca nghin cu, chng trnh o to ca chng ta s cp nht, ph hp v mang tnh cnh tranh. cc trng i hc hin nay, hot ng nghin cu phc v cho nhu cu i mi phng php ging dy. Mt s nghin cu c s lin quan n ng dng CNTT trong dy hc c thc hin trn ton th gii. Willis, Thompson v Sadera (1999, tr.41) cho rng t nhng nghin cu ny, chng ta bit c: Hu ht sinh vin trng s phm u c thi tch cc vi vic s dng CNTT trong dy hc nhng h khng t tin v kh nng s dng CNTT ca bn thn. Cc ging vin trng s phm cng c thi tch cc i vi vic s dng CNTT nhng h cm thy cha kinh nghim p dng vo cc kha

78

hc. Ngoi ra, chng ta cng bit c rng vic chun b nng lc s dng CNTT cho cc gio sinh l cha y . Willis v cc ng nghip (1999) cho rng nhng n lc nghin cu ng dng CNTT trong ging dy phi i i vi qu trnh thay i ca nh trng, ging vin v gn vi vic ph bin nhng phng php dy hc mi ra phm vi ton trng. Nghin cu gp phn nng cao chuyn mn ca i ng ging vin v cc thnh vin khc trong nhm nghin cu. Ngoi ra, n cng cung cp cho cc nghin cu sinh nhng cng c hc tp v nghin cu quan trng. Bng cch tham gia nghin cu, ging vin khng nhng to ra kin thc mi m cn pht trin v cng c nhng k nng, kin thc c sn. Vic gp phn nng cao kin thc v ph bin kt qu nghin cu gip cho trng bn c bit n nhiu hn. To ra tri thc mi nh hng cho vic hc cc trng trong v ngoi nc s lm tng uy tn khng ch ca trng bn m cn ca tng c nhn ging vin. Mt mi trng nghin cu pht trin v bn vng s l nn tng cho s th nghim cc ng dng cng ngh v phng php mi v cho s pht trin cc chnh sch v CNTT. iu ny c bit quan trng v ngy nay chng ta chng kin s ra i ca nhiu cng ngh mi ang thch thc cc phng php truyn thng, qua chng ta cng thy c nhiu cch thc ci tin phng php ging dy. Hot ng nghin cu cc ng dng CNTT trong ging dy mang n li ch cho vic pht trin tri thc v phng php mi v li ch cho vic xy dng mi trng cho php gio vin c th th nghim nhng tri thc, phng php mi ny.

nh hng ca nghin cu v pht trin i vi trng ph thng v h thng gio dc

Theo ui cc hot ng nghin cu cho php gio vin nhn ra nhng vn tn ti lin quan n hot ng ging dy c th l trng ph thng hay trng i hc ca h. Hiu ng thc trng v cc vn ca gio dc a phng c vai tr quan trng trong vic nng cao cht lng dch v ca trng i vi cng ng a phng. ng thi, gio vin c th so snh cc hot ng trong trng vi cc in hnh ca cc trng hng u trn th gii rt ra nhng im c th hc hi v t to thnh tri thc mi trong lnh vc ca mnh. Mt phn quan trng ca kh nng nghin cu ca mt trng i hc l b khung chung gip nh hng tm nhn, chnh sch, chin lc v k hoch ng dng kt qu nghin cu vo thc t ging dy trng v h thng gio dc trong nc. B khung

79

ny l mt cng c hng dn thc hin cc nhim v, s hp tc v nh hng ca cc nh nghin cu, ng thi n cng h tr qu trnh nghin cu v qun l nghin cu. bt u xy dng mt b khung nh vy, cc ging vin nn m rng b khung hnh 5 (Lim v Hung, 2003).

Hnh 5: Cc h thng hot ng trong bi cnh vn ha x hi ca lp hc (Lim & Hung, 2003)

nh gi
Hot ng nghin cu phi gn lin vi qu trnh kim nghim v nh gi vic ng dng CNTT, chnh sch, hot ng dy v hc, chng trnh v cng tc qun l ca trng. Nghin cu cung cp thng tin cn thit cho qu trnh nh gi v a ra nhng lnh vc cn phi c ch . S nh gi thng xuyn v hp l v cc hot ng sau n l cng c quan trng cho qu trnh pht trin v hon thin ca trng. Ngoi ra, chnh sch v vic thc hin CNTT cng cn phi c kim nghim v nh gi thng xuyn pht hin nhng b phn cn c xem xt v ci tin. iu quan trng l cc ch th trong trng phi tham gia qu trnh kim nghim, pht hin l hng, nhng b phn cn c xem xt v ci tin. Bn cnh , tham quan cc trng khc v xem li nhng trng hp s dng CNTT hiu qu ng vai tr quan trng trong nh gi qu trnh thc hin CNTT v chnh sch v CNTT trng. Kt

80

qu nh gi s dn n vic xem xt li qu trnh thc hin v chnh sch va nu. Ngoi ra, bt k hnh thc nh gi hin thi no cng phi da trn kt qa ca nhng ln nh gi trc . Vic nh gi thng xuyn c th c thc hin di nhiu hnh thc: nh gi gi dy ca gio sinh, d gi, nh gi cht lng ca gio vin vi s tham gia ca cc on thanh tra ngoi trng. Bn cnh nh gi tng hp, trng nn c thm nh gi b phn cng tc ging dy. nh gi b phn cho php chng ta c thm ci tin trong phng php dy v hc v qua nh gi ny chng nhn bit c nhng b phn no cn c ci thin. Gio vin ng vai tr then cht trong qu trnh qun l v h tr nh gi b phn v thc hin qu trnh xem xt li. Trong mi trng hp, thng tin v kt qu nh gi phi c xem xt cn thn v nhng tho lun lin quan n ci tin vic dy v hc phi c tin hnh trong cc ban ph hp (v d nh: ban chng trnh cc kha hc hay ban v cht lng ging dy).