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BTHDCmoi
BTHDCmoi
PHN I
3:15:57 O7/p77/15/2011
BI TP HO
CU TO NGUYN T V BNG H THNG TUN HON
1.
a. Khi chiu nh sng vi bc sng = 434 nm vo b mt cc kim loi: K, Ca, Zn, i vi kim loi no s
xy ra hiu ng quang in?
b. Vi trng hp xy ra hiu ng quang in - Hy tnh vn tc e khi bt ra khi b mt kim loi.
Cho bit tn s gii hn ca cc kim loi
Kim loi
o(s-1)
K
5,5.1014
Ca
7,1.1014
Zn
10,4.1014
p s:
a. Kim loi K
b. v = 4,53.105 m.s-1
2. Nng lng phn ly lin kt I - I trong phn t I 2 l 150,48kJ.mol-1. Nng lng ny c th s dng di
dng nh sng. Hy tnh bc sng nh sng cn s dng trong qu trnh ny.
p s:
795 nm
3. Trong nguyn t hidro trng thi c bn gi thit bn knh trung bnh ca qu o electron l 0,53.10 -10 m,
hy tnh bt nh trong vn tc chuyn ng ca electron.
p s:
vx 6,9.106 m/s.
4. Hy tnh bc sng ca sng vt cht lin kt vi mt my bay c khi lng 100 tn bay vi vn tc 1000
km/h v ca sng lin kt vi mt electron c khi lng bng 9,1x10-31 kg chuyn ng vi vn tc 106
m/s.Rt ra nhn xt?
p s:
mb = 2,385.10-41m
e = 7,28.10-10m
6. Mt nguyn t R thuc chu k 4 c th to hp cht kh dng RH3 v to oxit cao nht dng R2O5. Hy vit
cu hnh electron ca nguyn t R v cc ion R3+, R5+. Xc nh v tr ca R trong bng h thng tun hon.
7. Vit cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t c Z = 9, 11, 16. T hy cho bit:
a. Nguyn t no trong cc nguyn t trn c nng lng ion ho I 1 ln nht, nguyn t no c nng lng ion
ho I1 nh nht.
b. Cation v anion no d c to thnh nht t mi nguyn t.
8. Tnh nng lng ion ho ca nguyn t H; ion He+ v ion Li2+ trng thi c bn v gii thch s bin thin
nng lng ion ho theo dy H, He+, Li2+.
p s:
I H = 13,6eV
I He+ = 54,4eV
I Li2+ = 122,4eV
I tng v Z i vi e tng
9. Radi (Ra) Z = 88 l nguyn t kim th ( chu k 7). Hy d on nguyn t kim th tip theo s c s th
t l bao nhiu.
B mn Ho V c i cng
3:15:57 O7/p77/15/2011
p s:
Z = 120
LIN KT HO HC
1. Vit cc cng thc Lewis c th c ca cc phn t v ion sau: PO43-, SO42-, NO2-, NO2+, CO32-.
2. Theo quan im ca thuyt cp e lin kt (thuyt ho tr v lin kt thuyt VB), hy gii thch:
a. Cc trng thi ho tr c th c ca S (Z = 16), Cl (Z = 17)
b. V sao nguyn t Nit (Z = 7) khng th c ho tr 5.
3. Dng thuyt cp e lin kt (thuyt VB) gii thch s to thnh cc phn t v ion: B2, BF, BF3, BF4-.
4. V sao phn t NH3 c dng thp tam gic, cn phn t BF3 c dng tam gic phng.
5. Hy gii thch ti sao trong dy:
H2O H2S H2Se gc lin kt cng gn vi gc vung?
6. Hy cho bit cc loi lin kt c trong cc phn t sau:
Cl2, O2, N2, CO2, (H2O)x, (HF)2, NH3, NH4+, KF
Bit m in ca
H
C
O
N
F
K
2,1
2,5 3,5
3,0
4
0,8
7. Trn c s thuyt VB, hy m t cc lin kt trong cc phn t: CH3 CH3; CH2 = CH2;
CH CH bng s xen ph cc AO. Ghi trn s : lin kt no l lin kt , lin kt no l lin kt .
8. Cho cc phn t v ion B2, B2+, F2, F2a. Hy v gin nng lng cc MO v cu hnh e ca cc phn t v ion .
b. Tnh bc lin kt.
c. Nhn xt v bn lin kt v di lin kt ca B2 vi B2+, F2 vi F2-.
d. Nhn xt t tnh.
e. So snh cc kt qu trn vi phng php cp e lin kt (VB).
9. Hy cho bit cc AO c th tham gia to MO lin kt trong cc trng hp:
a. To phn t HF t H v F.
b. To phn t HCl t H v Cl.
c. To phn t CO t C v O.
10. Gii thch v sao nng lng ion ho ca cc phn t H2, N2, C2, CO cao hn nng lng ion ho ca
cc nguyn t tng ng v nng lng ion ho ca cc phn t F 2, O2, NO li thp hn nng lng ion
ho ca cc nguyn t tng ng.
I1 ( kJ/mol )
H
1308
C
1083
N
1396
O
1312
F
1675
H2
C2
N2
O2
F2
CO
NO
I1
1488
1154
1507
1173
1526 1354
913
+
11. C cc phn t v ion sau: SO2, CO2, OF2, BF3, CF4, H3O
Hy cho bit mi nguyn t trung tm ca cc phn t v ion trn c dng lai ho g v cu trc khng gian
ca chng. Phn t no c mmen lng cc phn t bng khng, phn t no c mmen lng cc phn t
khc khng?
12.
B mn Ho V c i cng
3:15:57 O7/p77/15/2011
Hhh (KJ/mol)
32,6
16,3
17,6
19,6
Nhn xt v gii thch quy lut bin thin ca cc i lng ?
13. LiF c mmen = 6,5D, khong cch gia hai ht nhn l = 1,56Ao. Hy tnh ion ca lin kt trong
LiF.
p s:
87%
14. Thc nghim xc nh c mmen lng cc ca phn t H2O l 1,85D, gc lin kt HOH = 104,5o,
di lin kt O H l 0,0957nm
a. Tnh momen lng cc lin kt O H (b qua mmen to ra do cc cp e khng lin kt ca oxi).
b. Tnh ion c trong lin kt O H.
p s:
a. O-H = 1,51D
b. 32,8%
B mn Ho V c i cng
3:15:57 O7/p77/15/2011
Cho bit :
Cpo (J.K-1.mol-1)
Cgr
8,64
O2(k)
29,36
CO2(k)
- 393,51
37,13
Ho1500K = -394,556 kJ
p s:
4. 25oC v p sut 101,325kPa, entanpi to thnh ca axtnitryl CH 3CN trng thi kh bng 88,0 kJ.mol-1.
Tnh nng lng to lin kt C N trong phn t ny t cc nguyn t? Bit rng nng lng to thnh cc
lin kt C H v C C ln lt bng -413 kJ.mol-1 v -348 kJ.mol-1 v:
Cgraphit
Chi
Hothng hoa = 718,4 kJ.mol-1
H(k)
1
H2(k)
2
Ho = -218,0 kJ
2N(k)
N2(k)
Ho = -946,0 kJ.mol-1
p s:
-888,8 kJ.mol-1
1
O2(k)
2
CO2(k)
Ho298 = -283 kJ
a. T 4098 K
b. T 2555 K
B mn Ho V c i cng
3:15:57 O7/p77/15/2011
3.
B mn Ho V c i cng
3:15:57 O7/p77/15/2011
a- Hng s cn bng Kp
b- S bin thin entanpi t do chun Go
c- S bin i entanpi chun Ho
d- S bin i entrpi t do chun So
ca phn ng nhit phn NH4Cl 427oC? Gi s hi tun theo tnh cht kh l tng.
p s:
a. Kp(700) = 9
b. Go700 = -12,7874 kJ.mol-1
c. Ho = 161,387 kJ.mol-1
d. Go700 = 249 J.mol-1
a- Tnh phn ly ca amnic thnh nit v hyr 2000C di p sut tng cng lc cn bng l
1atm v 0,8 atm?
Cho bit s bin i entanpi t do chun ca phn ng
NH3(k)
1/2 N2 (k) + 3/2 H2(k)
o
G T = 43513,6 - 29,706T. lgT - 15,86T (J.mol-1)
b- Kt qu ny c ph hp vi nguyn l Le Chtelier khng? Ti sao?
c- Cng bi ton trn nhng p sut ban u l 1atm v 0,8 atm?
p s:
a. 73,09% v 76,75%
c. 64% v 67,87%
4.
5067 ,17
+ 0,39lnT
T
n N 2 = 84,12 mol
c. = 98%
d. = 99,2%
p1
= 5,43 3149.T-1
B mn Ho V c i cng
3:15:57 O7/p77/15/2011
-1
4761 ,4
- 2,66lnT
T
Kp(773) = 3,65.10-3
d. Tng p sut
e. P = 50 atm; PNH3 = 2,655 atm
P = 100 atm; PNH3 = 8,09 atm
5. a- Tm iu kin tng hp cacbon oxyt CO t graphit v oxi? Bit rng khi t chy graphit c th xy ra
ng thi bn phn ng:
(1)
C(gr) + O2(k)
CO2
G0T = -394132,8 - 0,8368T (J.mol-1)
(2)
C(gr) + CO2(k)
2CO(k)
(3)
C(gr) + 1/2O2(k)
CO(k) G0T = -111.712,8 - 87,6548T (J.mol-1)
(4)
2CO(k) + O2(k)
2CO2(k)
b- Tnh thnh phn phn trm theo p sut ca CO v CO2 trong hn hp cn bng di p sut tng
cng l 1 atm v 800, 900 v 10000C?
B mn Ho V c i cng
3:15:57 O7/p77/15/2011
c- Cng cu hi trn nhng p sut tng cng l 0,5atm? Kt qu tnh ton ny c ph hp vi nguyn
l Le Chtelier khng? Ti sao?
p s: a. Thiu khng kh hoc oxi hn ch phn ng chy
ca CO, T > 978K, P thp
b. 1073K: 87,86% CO v 12,14% CO2
1173K: 97,1% CO v 2,9% CO2
1273K: 99,23% CO v 0,77% CO2
c. 1073K: 93,17% CO v 6,83% CO2
1173K: 98,51% CO v 1,49% CO2
1273K: 99,61% CO v 0,39% CO2
6. Bng thc nghim, ngi ta xc nh mt hn hp kh gm 1,95% CO v 98,05% CO2 (theo th tch)
nm cn bng vi Niken v oxit ca n trng thi rn v nguyn cht di p sut 1atm v 1500oC.
Tnh p sut ring phn ca oxi nm cn bng vi Niken v oxit nguyn cht ca n v entanpi t do to
thnh chun ca NiO nhit ny ch da vo cc d kin sau:
Cgr +
1
O2(k)
2
Cgr + O2(k)
CO(k)
1. Dung dch ng v dung dch Na2SO4 cha s mol ca cht ho tan c trong mt lng nc bng nhau.
cng mt nhit , p sut hi bo ho ca hai dung dch c bng nhau khng? Ti sao?
2. C hai dung dch cha mt lng nc bng nhau. Dung dch th nht cha 0,5mol ng, dung dch th
hai cha 0,2 mol CaCl2. Hai dung dch ny ng c cng mt nhit . Xc nh in ly biu kin ca
CaCl2 trong dung dch ny?
p s:
75%
3. 50oC p sut ca hi nc bo ho bng 92,51 mm Hg. Tnh p sut hi bo ho ca dung dch cha 1 mol NaCl
trong 1000g nc, nu in ly biu kin ca NaCl trong dung ny bng 70%.
p s:
89,68 mmHg
4. Trong dung dich nng 0,1M, in ly ca axit axtic bng 1,32%. nng no ca dung dch
in ly ca n bng 90%?
p s:
2,179.10-6 M
5. Tnh nng ion H3O+ v pH ca cc dung dch sau:
a. HNO3 0,1M; 10-8M?
b. KOH 0,2M; 10-8M?
c. NaCH3COO 0,1M?
d. NH4Cl 0,1M?
e. NH4CH3COO 0,1M; 0,01M?
f. NaHCO3 0,1M?
Cho bit Ka (CH3COOH) = 1,75. 10-5, Ka(NH4+) = 5,6.10-10 v hng s in ly ca axit H2CO3 l K1 v K2 ln
lt bng 4,31.10-7 v 5,61.10-11.
p s:
a. 1; 6,98 b. 13,3; 7,02;
c. 8,88
d. 5,12;
e. 7;
f. 8,31
6. Chng minh rng dung dch long cha hn hp cng s mol ca NH4Cl v NH3 l dung dch m, pH ca
n khng bin i khi pha long. pH ca dung dch ny l 9,25, tnh Kb ca NH3.
p s:
pH = 14 + lgKb
B mn Ho V c i cng
3:15:57 O7/p77/15/2011
Kb = 1,78.10-5
7. ho tan ca PbI2 180C bng 1,5.10-3 mol.l-1. Tnh:
a. Nng ca ion Pb2+ v I- trong dung dch bo ho PbI2 180C?
b. Tch s ho tan ca PbI2 180C?
c. Khi thm KI vo th ho tan ca PbI2 tng hay gim? Ti sao?
d. Mun gim ho tan ca PbI2 i 15 ln th phi thm bao nhiu mol KI vo trong 1lt dung dch bo ho
PbI2?
p s:
a. [Pb2+] = 1,5.10-3M v [I-] = 3.10-3 M
b. TPbI2 = 1,35.10-8
d. 1,14.10-2mol/lt
8. ho tan ca canxi oxalat CaC2O4 trong dung dch amn oxalat (NH4)2C2O4 0,05M s nh hn trong nc
nguyn cht bao nhiu ln nu in ly biu kin ca amn oxalat bng 70% v tch s ho tan ca canxi
oxalat bng 3,8.10-9?
p s:
570 ln
9. Tnh xem pH no ca dung dch FeCl3 0,1M bt u kt ta Fe(OH)3? Cho bit tch s ho tan ca
Fe(OH)3 bng 3,8.10-38.
p s:
1,86
CHNG VII: NG HO HC
1) 150oC mt phn ng kt thc trong 16 pht. Tnh xem 2000C v 800C phn ng ny kt thc trong bao
lu? Cho bit h s nhit ca phn ng bng 2,5.
p s:
2) Mt phn ng tin hnh vi vn tc v 20oC. Hi phi tng nhit ln ti bao nhiu vn tc ca phn
ng tng ln 1024 ln? Cho bit h s nhit ca phn ng bng 2.
p s:
120oC
3) Phn ng ho hc lm cho sa chua c nng lng hot ho bng 43,05 kJ.mol -1. Hy so snh tc ca
phn ng ny 30oC v 5oC.
p s:
4,649 ln
4) Phn ng phn hu H2O2 l phn ng bc nht. Nng lng hot ho Ea ca n bng 75,312 kJ.mol-1. Khi c
mt men xc tc c trong vt thng, nng lng hot ho ca n ch cn l 8,368 kJ.mol-1. Tnh xem
200C khi c mt men xc tc vn tc ca phn ng tng ln bao nhiu so vi khi khng c xc tc?
p s:
8,61.1011 ln
5) Nghin cu s thu phn ca mt este tan trong nc:
R COOR + NaOH
R
COONa + ROH
Ngi ta thy:
- Nu tng nng ca NaOH ln hai ln th vn tc ban u ca phn ng s tng ln gp i.
- Nu tng nng ca este ln hai ln ta cng c kt qu nh vy.
a. Xc nh bc ca phn ng v dng ca phng trnh ng hc.
b. Ngi ta cho 0,01mol NaOH v 0,01mol este vo 1lt nc (th tch khng thay i). Sau 200 pht 3/5 este
b thu phn.
Tnh: - Hng s vn tc ca phn ng
- Thi gian 99% este b thu phn.
p s:
k = 0,75mol-1.l.ph-1
t = 13200 pht
B mn Ho V c i cng
3:15:57 O7/p77/15/2011
6) Mt cht phng x c chu k bn hu t1/2 = 30 nm. Hi trong bao nhiu nm 99,9% s nguyn t ca cht
b phn hu phng x?
p s: 298,96 nm
7) Ccbon 14 phn r phng x theo phn ng sau:
14
6
C01 e +147 N
33,9
276
1,76.10-5
10
B mn Ho V c i cng
3:15:57 O7/p77/15/2011
b.
[ Fe 3+ ]
= 0,96
[Fe 2 + ]
8. Cho:
HClO + H3O+ + e = 1/2 Cl2(k) + 2H2O o = 1,63V
Cl2 (k) + 2e + aq = 2Cl- .aq
o = 1,36V
Tnh hng s cn bng ca phn ng:
a. Cl2(k) + 2H2O
HClO + Cl- .aq + H3O+
b. Cl2.aq + 2H2O
HClO + Cl- .aq + H3O+
Cho bit
[Cl 2 .aq ]
= 0,066
PCl 2 ( k )
p s:
a. 2,653.10-5
b. 4,02.10-4
9. Cho oHg22+/Hg = 0,798V v oHg2+/Hg22+ = 0,91V; THgS = 4.10-53. Tnh hng s cn bng ca cc phn
ng:
a. Hg22+
Hg + Hg2+
2+
2b. Hg2 + S
HgS + Hg
p s:
a. 1,26.10-2
b. 3,16.1050
11