Professional Documents
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Silverstein V Knief
Silverstein V Knief
CIVIL COV
REV. 1/2008
The JS-44 civil cover sheet and the informationcontained hergjfceither replace nor supplement the filing and service of
pleadings or other papers as required bylaw, except as provided by local rules of court. This form, approved by the Judicial
1 ZQU
Conference of the United States in September 1974, is required for use of the Clerk of Court for the purpose of initiating
the civil docket sheet.
PLAINTIFFS
DEFENDANTS
and Tetragon
DANIEL K. SILVERSTEIN,
Derivatively on Behalf
BYRON KNIEF, RUPERT DOREY, DAVID JEFFREYS, LEE OLESKY, GREVILLE V.B. WARD, PATRICK DEAR, READE GRIFFITH, ALEXANDER JACKSON,JEFF HERLYN, MICHAEL ROSENBERG,
DAVID WISHNOW, TETRAGON FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT LP
CAUSE OF ACTION (cite the u.s. civil statute under which you are filing and write a brief statement of cause)
(DO NOT CITE JURISDICTIONAL STATUTES UNLESS DIVERSITY)
Pursuant to Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act [15 U.S.C. Sections 78j(b) and 78t (a)]
promulgated thereunder by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission [17 c.F.R Section
and Rule
10b-
240. 10b-5].
Hasthisor a similar case been previously filed inSDNY at any time? No? [7] Yes?
&Case No.
NATURE OF SUIT
ACTIONS UNDER STATUTES
CONTRACT
PERSONAL INJURY
FORFEITURE/PENALTY
BANKRUPTCY
OTHER STATUTES
[ [ [ [
[ ] 610
[ ] 620
AGRICULTURE
[ J 422 APPEAL
28 USC 158
[ ]400
[ [ [ [ [ 1110 ]430 I 450 I 460 ] 470
STATE
[ ]423 WITHDRAWAL
28 USC 157
REAPPORTIONMENT ANTITRUST
PRODUCT LIABILITY
ASBESTOS PERSONAL
INJURY PRODUCT
LIABILITY
[ ] 625
[]150
[ ] 330 FEDERAL
EMPLOYERS'
LIABILITY
PROPERTY RIGHTS
RACKETEER INFLU
ENCED & CORRUPT
OF JUDGMENT
[ ) 151 [1152
PERSONAL PROPERTY
STUDENT LOANS
(EXCL VETERANS)
[ J 370 OTHER FRAUD [ 1371 TRUTH IN LENDING [ I 380 OTHER PERSONAL [ ]385
PROPERTY DAMAGE PROPERTY DAMAGE PRODUCT LIABILITY
[ [ [ [
ORGANIZATION ACT
SAFETY/HEALTH
[ J 690
[J 153
RECOVERY OF
ft] 850
OVERPAYMENT OF VETERAN'S
LABOR
I )160 [ J 190
[ ]875 CUSTOMER
LABOR/MGMT
RELATIONS
[ 1195
CONTRACT
PRODUCT LIABILITY
LABOR/MGMT
REPORTING &
DISCLOSURE ACT
[ ]196 FRANCHISE
CIVIL RIGHTS
PRISONER PETITIONS
RAILWAY LABOR ACT [ J 870 TAXES (U.S. Plaintiff or OTHER LABOR Defendant) LITIGATION [ ] 871 IRS-THIRD PARTY
EMPL RET INC SECURITY ACT
[ I 893 ENVIRONMENTAL
MATTERS
REAL PROPERTY
[ ]510
26 USC 7609
INFORMATION ACT
[ J210
I )220 ( ]230
LAND CONDEMNATION
[ [ [ [ [
] 530 HABEAS CORPUS IMMIGRATION ]535 DEATH PENALTY ]540 MANDAMUS & OTHER [ ]462 NATURALIZATION I 550 CIVIL RIGHTS APPLICATION I 555 PRISON CONDITION I ]463 HABEAS CORPUSALIEN DETAINEE
[ ]950 CONSTITUTIONALITY
OF STATE STATUTES
[ ]240 [J245
[ J290
[ J446
DISABILITIES -OTHER
[ ]465
OTHER IMMIGRATION
ACTIONS
v a ^^
Check if demanded in complaint: iiji CHECK IF THIS IS A CLASS ACTION
DO YOU CLAIM THIS CASE IS RELATED TO A CIVIL CASE NOW PENDING IN S.D.N.Y.?
IF SO, STATE:
LJ UNDERF.R.C.P. 23
DEMAND $_
OTHER
JUDGE
DOCKET NUMBER
NO
NOTE: Please submit at the time of filing an explanation of why cases are deemed related.
ORIGIN
LlJ 1 Original
Proceeding
LJ 7 Appeal to District
Judge from
2b.Removed from
State Court AND
at least one
Magistrate Judge
Judgment
BASIS OF JURISDICTION
L7J 3 FEDERAL QUESTION
(U.S. NOT A PARTY)
IF DIVERSITY, INDICATE
CITIZENSHIP BELOW.
(28 USC 1322, 1441)
Q4 DIVERSITY
[)1 [)2
[J1 []2
CITIZEN OR SUBJECT OF A
FOREIGN COUNTRY
[]3[]3 []4[]4
[]5 []6
[]5 []6
FOREIGN NATION
Checkone:
WHITE PLAINS
MANHATTAN
s^ty^c.
^/
)
i 1 no I ] N0
V^
Magistrate Judge
J. Michael McMahon, Clerk of Court by
is so Designated.
.
Schedule A
Rupert Dorey Le Camptrehard Rue des Rocquettes St. Andrews, Guernsey Gy6 8SH
Channel Islands
David Jeffreys
Canon Hall
Lee Olesky
317 West 92nd Street
(Westchester County)
Patrick Dear 399 Park Avenue
Riverside, CT 06878
(Fairfield County)
Chatham, NJ 07928
(Morris County)
David Wishnow
52 Dorison Drive
(New County County) Polygon Investment Partners LLP 399 Park Avenue, 22nd Floor New York, NY 10022
2-
m
F UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
11
Civil Action No.
Plaintiff,
vs.
FOR BREACHES OF FIDUCIARY DUTIES AND VIOLATIONS OF THE INVESTMENT ADVISERS ACT OF 1940
BYRON KNIEF, RUPERT DOREY, DAVID JEFFREYS, LEE OLESKY, GREVILLE V.B. WARD, PATRICK DEAR, READE GRIFFITH, ALEXANDER JACKSON, JEFF HERLYN, MICHAEL ROSENBERG, DAVID WISHNOW, TETRAGON FINANCIAL
MANAGEMENT LP and POLYGON
Defendants,
and
CO
Guernsey corporation,
Nominal Defendant. x DEMAND FOR JURY TRIAL
FACTUAL ALLEGATIONS
INTRODUCTION
1.
Ltd. ("TFG" or the "Company") against certain of Tetragon's officers anddirectors, its investment
directors, defendants Patrick Dear and Reade Griffith. Polygon Investment owns and controls
Polygon Credit Management GP LLC, which in turn owns and controls the defendant Investment
Manager.
3.
the expense of TFG. Defendants, in breachof their fiduciary duties, have awarded the Investment
Manager (and themselves) $205 million in performance fees even though TFG's investments have
failed to make up theirprior losses sincethe third quarterof 2008. Defendants' violations became so
pervasive that, with respect to a recent transaction in which oneparticular director was excluded by
his co-defendants from sharing in the ill-gotten gains, that director, Alexander Jackson, is now
independently suing his fellow directors for their breaches of fiduciary duties and looting of the
Company.2
The Investment Manager was formerly known as Polygon Credit Management LP.
A copy of Alexander Jackson's pleading in that case, filed in theRoyal Court ofGuernsey, is
1 -
4.
defendants, to remedy defendants' breaches of fiduciary duties of good faith, loyalty and
independence, and for unjust enrichment and constructive fraud. Plaintiffalso brings this action for
TFG against certain defendants for violation of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. As the TFG
Board of Directors (the "Board")has alreadydemonstrated, absentthis action, theCompany'srights
against its wayward fiduciaries will not be exercised, to the further detriment of TFG.
5. TFG is a closed-end investment company. It is a structured credit fund created in
2002 by several New York and London-based individuals via a closely controlled New York and London-based privateinvestment firm, Polygon Investment. InApril 2007, TFGraised $300 million
in a public offering. At all relevant times, TFG primarily invested in the "equity" or "first-loss"
tranches of collateralized loan obligations ("CLOs") - a structured credit vehicle that uses pools of
leveraged loans as collateral to issue debt securities with varying degrees of risk. TFG's principal
place ofbusiness is in NewYork. Seven outof thenineBoard members who haveserved onTFG's
seven-member Board since 2007 have been or are citizens of the United States.
6.
seven members, a majority of whom must be "independent." TFG's Articles also provide that all
members of the Audit Committee of the TFG Board must be "independent." However, contrary to
defendants' representations, neither the majority of the Board, nor the Audit Committee, has ever
been "independent."
7.
Instead offaithfully serving the Company's investors, defendants have engaged and
continue to engage in the looting of TFG. The Investment Manager, with the active complicity of the TFG Board, has expropriated almost $205 million in unjust fees in what has been described as
2-
'"the most flawed compensation system'" ever seen. As reported in an article in The Wall Street
Journal on February 16, 2010:
It might be one of the greatest financial performances of 2010 - a fortune created even after losing staggering sums for investors. Meet the managers of Tetragon Financial Group. They are five Wall Street veterans who, by luck and design, enjoy what Tetragon investor Charles W. Griege Jr. critiqued as "the most flawed compensation system" he had ever seen.
Tetragon is awarding its managers tens, and potentially hundreds, ofmillions of dollars. This comes despite massive losses in the fund, an offshoot of Londonbased hedge fund Polygon Investment Partners LLP, which decorated its Park Avenue offices with embossed wallpaper featuring its name.
And Tetragon is pocketing one-quarter ofthe "gains" it registers each quarter, though it is really just earning back the $767 million in losses recognized over the past year, according to securities filings. 8. Although defendants persi st in keeping secret the investment management agreement
("IMA") entered into between TFG and the Investment Manager on April 26, 2007, it appears that the Investment Manager is paid a percentage (1.5% per annum) of the aggregate Net Asset Value
("NAV") ofthe fund on a share-by-share basis. Defendants also claim and have approved, pursuant
to the IMA, a 25% "incentive (performance) fee" to the Investment Manager for increases in the
NAV of the fund. Defendants steadfastly refuse to disclose the IMA to TFG shareholders.
9.
Purportedly relying upon the terms of the IMA, defendants have expropriated (and
continue to expropriate) tens of millions of dollars from the Company, irrespective of TFG's
portfolio performance. Defendants paid a 25% performance fee to the Investment Manager each
time the Board marked up the net asset value of the fund that was previously marked down (at the
Investment Manager's direction) by hundreds of millions of dollars below the value established by
the Investment Manager's own chosen valuation model (itself commissioned from State Street Advisors, Inc.). Defendants have acted and continue to act in bad faith and in contravention oftheir
-3-
fiduciary duties. Infact, defendants' sole justification for arguing that the diversion ofthe fees tothe
Investment Manager is permissible, is thattheir manipulation of TFG's NAV downward and then
back up is not expressly forbidden by the IMA. As one reporter from The Wall Street Journal reported, the25% performance fee was atypical in theindustry and defendants' practice is nothing
short of "astounding":
which resets each quarter without recognizingprevious losses. If halfof TFG's portfolio is wiped out in a year, Polygon still collects 25% on any subsequent quarterly gain above a nominal Libor hurdle.
That's pretty much what happened between mid-2008 and mid-2009, when
TFG's net asset value sank to $693 million from $1.3 billion. But by the fourth
quarter of 2009, the leveraged loanmarket wason the mend, so Polygon wroteback up the valueof the TFGportfolio andtook a cool$29.8 millionin performance fees. Furtherwrite ups in the first nine months of 2010 resulted in another $78 million in performance fees, though net asset value remained well below that 2008 figure.
Loss-making funds typically must return to their high water mark before
taking performance fees.
Depending on yourpoint of view, it is either a very cleverway forPolygon to maximize TFG's fee potential, or a terribleway to treat shareholders who have had a very rough ride and are now seeing the vast bulk of recent improvements go into
Polygon's pocket.
To put it in perspective, shareholders got $41.9 million in dividends in the seven quarters to Sept. 30, 2010, while Polygon's affiliate that manages the fund, Tetragon Financial Management, took $130 million in fees.
Nice work if you can get it.
Margot Patrick, "Polygon's Tetragon StillMumonJackson Ousting," WSJ/The Source, January 27,
2011.
10.
"performance fees," defendants stacked the TFG Board and its Audit Committee with non-
independent directors who had (and still have) direct affiliations with the Investment Manager.
Insulated and conflicted, defendants have looted, and continue to loot, TFG through a series of
manipulative actions entered inbadfaith and in derogation of thefiduciary duties owed bythem to
TFG. The IMAitself,if portrayed andinterpreted accurately by defendants, wasagreed to in breach
of fiduciary duties owed to the Company by the defendant Board members who were not
11.
The claims asserted herein arise under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940,
15 U.S.C. 80b-l, etseq., and the common law for breaches of fiduciary duties, unjustenrichment
and constructivefraud. This Court has subject matterjurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1331, and
as well as 15 U.S.C. 80b-14. This Court also has supplemental jurisdiction over the non-federal
claims asserted herein pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1367.
12.
within New York and therefore invoked the benefits and protection of its laws and its courts. TFG
conducts business from its New York office. Each individual defendant has minimum contacts with
the State of New York, certain of the defendants are citizens of New York, reside here or have
14.
Venue is proper pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1391 and 1401. Many of the acts and
THE PARTIES
15.
Plaintiff Daniel K. Silverstein is, and at all times since March 2010 has been, a TFG
shareholder. He is a citizen of Pennsylvania. 16. Nominal party TFG is a Guernsey closed-end investment company whose executives
and directors are located in New York City. TFG's shares are traded on the Euronext Amsterdam
Exchange ("Euronext"). TFG invests primarily through long-term funding vehicles, such as CLOs,
in selected securities assets classes. Its main investments are in equity tranches of CLOs. TFG invests through a "master-feeder" structure whereby TFG's only direct investment is in shares of
Tetragon Financial Group Master Fund Limited ("TFG Master Fund"), also incorporated in
Guernsey.3 TFG and TFG Master Fund consist of the same board of directors.
17. Defendant Byron Knief ("Knief) has served as an Independent Non-Executive
Director of TFG and TFG Master Fund since July 2005. Knief is a citizen of New York. As a director, he regularly participates in the review and performance ofTFG's investments and generally
supervises the conduct ofTFG's affairs. He was responsible for reviewing and authorizing the IMA.
He is a Managing Director of Court Square Capital Advisor, LLC. Prior to 1989, he ran a variety of businesses for Citigroup in the United States, Europe, Canada and Latin America. While purporting to serve as an "Independent Director" ofTFG, he also serves as a board member of Polygon Global
Opportunities Fund and Polygon Global Opportunities Master Fund, which are directly affiliated
with TFG's Investment Manager by having a common owner, Polygon Investment. Defendant Knief has breached his fiduciary duties to TFG by simultaneously serving on the boards of companies
TFG has an authorized share capital of $1,000,000 divided into 10 voting shares and 999,999,990 non-voting shares, at par value of $0,001 each. The 10 voting shares are owned by Polygon Credit Holdings II Limited (based in the Cayman Islands), another Polygon Investment entity that is associated with the Investment Manager.
-6-
affiliated with the Investment Manager, thereby compromising his so-called "independence." As a member ofthe TFG Board, he violated his fiduciary duties by failing to safeguard TFG's assets and
wrongfully diverting tens of millions of dollars from TFG's coffers to those of the Investment
Manager with which he is affiliated. 18. Defendant Rupert Dorey ("Dorey") has served as an Independent Non-Executive
Director of TFG and TFG Master Fund since July 2005. Dorey is a U.K. citizen. As a director, he
regularly participates in the review and performance ofTFG's investments and generally supervises the conduct of TFG's affairs. He was responsible for reviewing and authorizing the IMA. He is based in Guernsey and has over 23 years of experience in debt capital markets specializing in creditrelated products, including derivative instruments. Defendant Dorey's expertise is principally in the areas of debt distribution, origination and trading, covering all types of debt from investment grade to high yield and distressed debt. Defendant Dorey currently acts as a director on a number ofhedge
funds, fund of hedge funds and private equity funds. He was at Credit Suisse for 17 years, from 1988 until 2006. As a member of the TFG Board, he breached his fiduciary duties by failing to
safeguard TFG's assets and wrongfully diverting tens of millions of dollars from TFG's coffers to
those of the Investment Manager.
19.
Director ofTFG and TFG Master Fund since July 2005. Jeffreys is a U.K. citizen. As a director, he
regularly participates in the review and performance ofTFG's investments and generally supervises
the conduct of TFG's affairs. He was responsible for reviewing and authorizing the IMA. He is
based in Guernsey and provides directorship services to a small number of fund groups. From 1993 until June 2004, defendant Jeffreys was Managing Director of Abacus Fund Managers (Guernsey) Limited. Previously, defendant Jeffreys worked as an auditor and accountant for 12 years with
-7-
Coopers & Lybrand (and its predecessor firms). As a member of the TFG Board, he breached his fiduciary duties by failing to safeguard TFG's assets and wrongfully diverting tens of millions of dollars from TFG's coffers to those of the Investment Manager. 20. Defendant Lee Olesky ("Olesky") served as an Independent Non-Executive Director
ofTFG and TFG Master Fund from July 2005 to April 2010. Olesky is a citizen ofNew York. As a
director, he regularly participated in the review and performance ofTFG's investments and generally
supervised the conduct ofTFG's affairs. He was responsible for reviewing and authorizing the IMA.
He is the President of Thomson TradeWeb and co-founder of the TradeWeb business, a fixed-
income electronic trading brokering platform. He has over 17 years of experience in the global
fixed-income markets and 7 years leading TradeWeb and another fixed-income electronic trading
brokering platform, BrokerTec, from start-up through to successful global businesses. Before that,
he was the Director of Fixed Income Legal and Compliance at Credit Suisse and in private law practice. He has served on the boards ofdirectors of a number ofprivate companies. While serving
as a purported "Independent Director" ofTFG, he also served as a board member of Polygon Credit Income Fund, which is affiliated with the Investment Manager. Defendant Olesky has breached his fiduciary duties to TFG by simultaneously serving on the boards ofthe companies affiliated with the Investment Manager, thereby compromising his so-called "independence." As a member ofthe TFG Board, defendant Olesky breached his fiduciary duties to TFG by failing to safeguard TFG's assets and wrongfully diverting tens of millions of dollars from TFG's coffers to those of the Investment Manager with which he is affiliated.
21. Defendant Greville V.B. Ward ("Ward") replaced defendant Olesky in April 2010 as
the new Independent Non-Executive Director ofTFG. Ward is a U.K. citizen. Defendant Ward was a former Managing Director and one of the founders of Collins Stewart Inc., a financial advisory
-8-
company. Previously, defendant Ward worked in London for Savory Milln, a brokerage firm.
While serving as an "Independent Director" of TFG, he currently serves on the board of Polygon Global Opportunities Master Fund and certain of its affiliates, which are affiliated with TFG's
Investment Manager. Defendant Ward has breached his fiduciary duties to TFG by simultaneously
serving on the boards of companies affiliated with the Investment Manager, thereby compromising
his so-called "independence." As a member of the TFG Board, defendant Ward breached his fiduciary duties to TFG by failing to safeguard TFG's assets and wrongfully diverting tens of
millions of dollars from TFG's coffers to those of the Investment Manager with which he is
affiliated.
22.
Defendant Patrick "Paddy" Dear ("Dear") is a director ofTFG and TFG Master Fund.
He co-founded TFG's Investment Manager in 2005 and serves as its Principal. Dear is a U.K. citizen. In 2002, he also co-founded Polygon Investment, which is affiliated with the Investment Manager. He is on the investment committees ofthe Investment Manager and TFG's Master Fund,
which is responsible for making all the investment decisions for TFG. He was previously Managing Director and the Global Head ofHedge Fund Coverage for UBS Warburg Equities. Prior to this, he was Co-Head of European sales trading, execution, arbitrage sales and flow derivatives. He was in equity sales at Prudential Bache before joining UBS. As a member of the TFG Board, defendant
Dear breached his fiduciary duties by failing to safeguard TFG's assets and wrongfully diverting tens ofmillions of dollars from TFG's coffers to those of the Investment Manager with which he is affiliated. As a Principal of TFG's Investment Manager, he aided and abetted the TFG Board
members in breaching their fiduciary obligations to TFG.
23. Defendant Reade Griffith ("Griffith") is a director of TFG and TFG Master Fund.
Griffith is a citizen of New York. He also co-founded TFG's Investment Manager and serves as a
-9-
He waspreviouslythe founderand formerChief Executive Officerof the European officeof Citadel Investment Group, a multi-strategy hedge fund that he joined in 1998. He was previously with
Baker, Nye, an investment company, where he was an analyst working on an arbitrage and special
situations portfolio. As a member of the TFG Board, defendant Griffith breached his fiduciary dutiesby failing to safeguard TFG's assetsand wrongfully divertingtens of millionsof dollars from
TFG's coffers to those of the Investment Manager with which he is affiliated. As a Principal of
TFG's Investment Manager, he aided and abetted the TFG Board in breaching its fiduciary
obligations to TFG.
24.
in Japan. He started his careerat PaineWebber. As a member of the TFG Board, defendant Jackson
breached his fiduciary duty by failing to safeguard TFG's assets and wrongfully diverting tens of
millions of dollars from TFG's coffers to the Investment Manager with which he is affiliated. As a
Principal of TFG's Investment Manager, he aided and abetted the TFG Board in breaching its
fiduciary obligations to TFG.
10-
25.
Defendant Jackson is well aware of the violations of law that he and his fellow
defendants have perpetrated. In a derivative action that Jackson himself filed in the Royal Court of
Guernsey on February 25, 2011 (a copy of which is attached hereto as Exhibit 1), Jackson
acknowledges that his fellow TFG Board members and executives - with the exception of Olesky, the same individual defendants as in this case - have engaged in self-dealing and made false
statements in connection with transactions with Polygon entities in which some of his fellow directors are heavily invested but from which Jackson has largely divested. Since Jackson cannot
profit from those transactions, he has alleged that they were entered into in a gross breach of fiduciary duties owed to him and other TFG shareholders. 26.
to TFG:
By his complaint, Jackson has admitted that each ofthe directors owe fiduciary duties
(i)
to act in good faith in the best interests ofthe Company and to promote
the success of the Company; (ii) to ensure that his own personal interests or duties to another Principal
do not come into conflict with the interests of the Company and not to use for his personal benefit
constitution and to ensure that the Company is operated lawfully, in accordance with its constitution (including its articles of association) and in accordance with all statutory and regulatory provisions
concerning the Company;
(iv)
-11 -
27.
In his lawsuit, defendant Jackson also acknowledged that his fellow TFG directors
and executives breached their fiduciary duties and unfairly enriched themselves in connection with a
transaction not authorized by TFG's Memorandum and Articles of Incorporation and at the expense ofTFG by (a) breaching the conflict provisions of Guernsey's Authorized Closed Ended Investment
Scheme Rules 2008 by engaging in transactions other than at arms' length; (b) acting against the
Company's interests by exposing it to double management fees and exposure to shareholders for misrepresentations that Jackson alleges were made by TFG; (c) breaching Sections 298 and 299 of
the Companies (Guernsey) Law 2008; (d) breaching their duties of full and frank disclosure; and (e)
breaching their duties of skill, care and diligence. Ex. 1 at 19-46, ^62-93. Defendant Jackson has
now been ousted from the TFG Board and has even been denied access to the New York offices of
the Investment Manager (of which he remains a Principal). Ex. 1 at 19, TJ61.2. 28. Defendant JeffHerlyn ("Herlyn") joined the Investment Manager as a Principal upon
its formation in May 2005. Herlyn is a citizen of Connecticut. He is on the investment committee of
the Investment Manager, which is responsible for making all of the investment decisions for TFG. Prior to that, he was a Managing Director and Co-Head (with defendant Michael Rosenberg) of the
Global CDO Group at UBS AG and was responsible for a group focused on structuring, originating
and distributing CDOs, inaddition to managing the secondary CDO trading desk.4 Prior to joining
UBS, he was a Managing Director at JPMorgan and a Co-Head (also with defendant Rosenberg) of
the firm's North American CDO Group. Previously, he was a Managing Director at CIBC World
Markets, where he held various positions within the North American Capital Markets Group,
CDOs, or collateralized debt obligations, are a type ofstructured asset-backed security whose value and payments are derived from a portfolio of fixed-income underlying assets. CDOs are
divided into different risk classes or tranches. Senior tranches are considered to be the safest
12
including National Sales Manager and Head ofthe U.S. Government Primary Dealer Trading Desk. As a Principal ofTFG's Investment Manager, defendant Herlyn aided and abetted the TFG Board in
breaching its fiduciary obligations to TFG. 29. Defendant Michael Rosenberg ("Rosenberg") joined the Investment Manager as a
Principal upon its formation in May 2005. Rosenberg is a citizen of New York. He is on the
investment committee of the Investment Manager, which is responsible for making all of the investment decisions for TFG. Prior to that, he was a Managing Director and Co-Head (with defendant Herlyn) ofthe Global CDO Group at UBS AG. Prior to joining UBS, he was a Managing Director at JPMorgan and a Co-Head (also with defendant Herlyn) of the firm's North American CDO Group. Prior to working in investment banking, he worked in the mortgage banking industry, both in the United States and internationally in Poland and in the former Soviet Union. As a
Principal ofTFG's Investment Manager, defendant Rosenberg aided and abetted the TFG Board in
breaching its fiduciary obligations to TFG. 30. Defendant David Wishnow ("Wishnow") served as a director ofTFG until December
2008 and joined TFG's Investment Manager as a Principal upon its formation in May 2005. Wishnow is a citizen ofNew Jersey. He is on the investment committee ofthe Investment Manager,
which is responsible for making all of the investment decisions for TFG. Prior to that, he was a
Managing Director and Head of European and Asian Hedge Company Client Management for the Fixed Income, Rates and Currency division at UBS AG in London. Prior to these positions, he was
European Co-Head ofUBS's Banks/Insurance Credit Fixed Income Sales and Global Head ofShort
Duration Sales, responsible for the distribution of financing, money market and short-term fixedincome products. As a member ofthe TFG Board, defendant Wishnow breached his fiduciary duties to TFG by failing to safeguard TFG's assets and wrongfully diverting tens of millions of dollars
-13-
from TFG's coffers to those ofthe Investment Manager with which he is affiliated. As a Principalof
TFG's Investment Manager, defendant Wishnow aided and abetted the TFG Board in breaching its
fiduciary obligations to TFG.
31.
appointed the investment manager ofTFG and the TFG Master Fund by defendants Knief, Dorey,
Jeffreys and Olesky pursuant to the IMA. The Investment Manager is a citizen of New York. The investment committee of the Investment Manager (the "Investment Committee") consists of
defendants Herlyn, Rosenberg, Wishnow, Griffith, Dear and Jackson (the "Principals") and is
responsible for the investment management of the portfolio and the business. The Investment
Committee currently sets forth the investment strategy and approves each significant investment by the TFG Master Fund. The risk committee of the Investment Manager (the "Risk Committee") currently consists of the Principals. The Risk Committee is currently responsible for the risk management of the portfolio and the business and performs active and regular oversight and risk monitoring. The Investment Manager aided and abetted TFG's Board in breaching its fiduciary
obligation to TFG.
32.
defendants Dear and Griffith. Polygon Investment is a citizen of New York. Polygon Investment owns and/or controls the Investment Manager, Polygon Credit Management GP LLC, Polygon Global Opportunities Fund, Polygon Opportunities Master Fund and Polygon Credit Income Fund.
Polygon Investment aided and abetted TFG's Board in breaching its fiduciary obligations to TFG.
DEFENDANTS' MISCONDUCT
14
A duty to exercise a level of skill and care that may be reasonably expected from a
person of the director's knowledge and experience;
A duty to act in good faith, exercise their powers for proper purpose and to keep their
company's confidence;
A duty to ensure that their own personal interests or duties to another principal do not conflict with the interests ofthe company and not to use for personalbenefit property or opportunities belonging to the company;
A duty to exercise their powers within the authority conferred by the company's
constitution and to ensure it is operated lawfully; and
34.
A duty to act honestly and in good faith in the best interests of the company as a
whole.
TFG's Articles assure TFG shareholders and regulators that there will be seven
members on the TFG Board and that a majority ofthose directors will be "independent." Articles at
43. The TFG Board has the authority and responsibility to declare dividend payments and has the
responsibility for preparing the Directors' Report and the Company's financial statements in
accordance with applicable law and regulations. Articles at 57. According to the Company's 2009
Annual Report, the directors are also responsible for keeping proper accounting records which disclose with "reasonable accuracy" at any time the financial position of the Company and enable them to ensure that the financial statements were legally compliant. Moreover, the Board has the
"general responsibility for taking such steps as are reasonably open to them to safeguardthe assetsof
the Company and to prevent and detect fraud and other irregularities."
35. The Articles provide that TFG shall maintain an Audit Committee of the Board,
composed solely of independent directors, to assist and advise the Board regarding:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
the qualifications, performance and independence of any third party that provided validations for the Company's investments; and
recommending to shareholders the firm ofindependent accountants to be engaged to conduct audits.
(v)
Articles at 49-50.
36.
by the Directors to satisfy in all material respects the standards for an 'independent' director set forth in United Kingdom's Financial Reporting Council's Combined Code of Corporate Governance, as
from time to time in effect." Articles at 3.
37.
that a director will not be "independent" if the director in question: has, or has had within the last three years, a material business relationship with the company either directly, or as a partner, shareholder, director or senior employee of a body that has such a relationship with the company;
has cross-directorships or has significant links with other directors through involvement in other companies or bodies; [or]
represents a significant shareholder ....
38.
From 2008 through 2010, the TFG Board consisted, variously, of defendants Dear,
Dorey, Griffith, Jackson, Jeffreys, Knief, Olesky and Ward. TFG identified Dorey, Jeffreys, Knief,
In April 2010, Olesky stepped down from the Board and was replaced bydefendant Ward,
also identified by TFG as an Independent Director. On January 24, 2011, it was announced that defendant Jackson had been ousted from the TFG Board (although he remains a Principal of the Investment Manager), and the TFG Board has now been reduced from seven members to just six.
16
39.
TFG falsely represented that Knief was "independent." In truth, he was a board
member of Polygon Credit Income Fund, Polygon Global Opportunities Fund and Polygon Global
Opportunities Master Fund.
40.
TFG falsely represented that Olesky was "independent." In truth, he was also a board
member of Polygon Credit Income Fund. 41. TFG falsely represented that Ward was "independent." In truth, he was a board
member of and had a material business relationship and significant links with Polygon Global
Opportunities Master Fund.
42.
These Polygon funds, on which Knief, Olesky and Ward sit as board members, are
directly affiliated with significant links and/or have material business relationships with the Investment Manager. Moreover, all ten voting shares in TFG are owned by Polygon Credit Holdings II Limited, an affiliate of the Investment Manager, as well as of Polygon Investment and Polygon
Investment Partners LP.
43.
The TFG Board has never been "independent" as defendants have represented.
Under a Non-independent Board, Defendants Implemented a Scheme to Award Their Closely Related Investment Manager Unjust Compensation
44.
Under the leadership, guidance and approval ofthe conflicted, non-independent TFG
Board, TFG entered into a non-arms'-length agreement with the Investment Manager. Defendants
insist that the IMA has allowed and allows the Investment Manager to charge an "incentive (performance) fee" equal to 25% ofthe increase in the NAV ofthe Company during the Calculation
17-
Period6 above (i) the Reference Net Asset Value ("Reference NAV")7 plus (ii) the Hurdle8 for the
Calculation Period, without limitation and without regard to the interests of TFG.
45. To award themselves performance fees equal to 25% of the increase in the NAV of
the Company, defendants took steps to manipulate TFG's NAV below its fair value. In TFG's 2008
Annual Report, defendants announced that the "dramatic global economic decline and increasingly
negative outlook as well as extensive upheaval in the global financial markets" had such a negative effect on TFG's investments that the third-party model supplied by State Street Advisors, Inc. that TFG had been using to value TFG's assets had been revised, stating:
The Investment Manager believes its buy-and-hold strategy has allowed the Company to take a long-term view on the expected cash flows from a CLO or other Securitization Vehicle. Market developments, however, have and may continue to, impact the fair value of a Securitization Vehicle and/or its underlying assets. For example, the fourth quarter of 2008 evidenced dramatic developments, including a marked deterioration in economic outlook and an increasingly negative default outlook by various market participants, including rating agencies, with an associated significant increase in rating agency downgrades and credits related Caal/CCC+ or below. The potential impact ofthose and further similar developmentshas prompted
A "Calculation Period" is a period ofthree months ending on March 31, June 30, September 30 and December 31 of each year, or as otherwise determined by the directors.
The Reference NAV is the greater of (i) NAV at the end of the Calculation Period
immediately preceding the current Calculation Period and (ii) NAV as ofthe end of the Calculation Period immediately preceding the Calculation Period referredto in subsection(i). For the purpose of
determining the Reference NAV at the end of a Calculation Period, NAV shall be adjusted by the amount of accrued dividends and the amounts of any redemptions or repurchase of the shares (or other relevant capital adjustments) and incentive fees to be paid with respect to that Calculation
Period.
o
The Hurdle for any Calculation Period will equal (i) the Reference NAV multiplied by (ii) the Hurdle Rate. For Calculation Periods ending prior to April 25,2008, the Hurdle Rate was equal to 8% per year multiplied by the actual number of days in the Calculation Period divided by 365. Subsequently, the Hurdle Rate for any Calculation Period equals the three-month USD LIBOR
(London Interbank Offered Rate) determined as of 11:00 a.m. London time on the first London business day of the then-current Calculation Period, plus the Hurdle Spread of 2.647858% in each case multiplied by the actual number of days in the Calculation Period divided by 365.
- 18-
46.
Accordingly, in the fourth quarter of 2008, TFG wrote down the NAV of its CLO
portfolio. TFG adjusted certain of its internal weighted-average rate of return ("IRR") modeling
assumptions, which included adjustments to the default rate, recovery rate, prepayment rate, and
reinvestment price and spread.9 For example, for the next two years, the annual assumed default rate
on the underlying loans was increased by 300% as compared to TFG's original annual assumed default rate (implied by the average Moody's Weighted Average Rating Factor); the assumed
recovery rate on the underlying loans was reduced to approximately 55%, or approximately 0.8% of TFG's original assumed recovery rate; the assumed loan prepayments rate was reduced to 7.5% p.a.
("per annum," or each year); and the assumed reinvestment rate was reduced to 87%. As a result,
the IRR fell 18.3% or 310 basis point from 16.9% in third quarter 2008 to 13.8% in fourth quarter 2008. These changes to the modeling assumptions were designed to enable defendants to carry out their wrongful conduct (as complained herein) because TFG's actual assumed default rates were, in
fact, at least 25% below the U.S. institutional rate and did not support these conservative changes to
the model:10
IRR measures the profitability ofthe underlying investments, and is also sometimes referred to as the discounted-cash-flow rate of return. A lower IRR results in a lower NAV, other things being equal.
10
United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("U.S. GAAP") require that
accounting methods reflect the characteristic of neutrality to avoid a biased result. "Relevance and reliability are the two primary qualities that make accounting information useful for decision
-19-
J\
2008 2009
Tetragon Financial
2010
faunw: TfG. S&MCD
47.
Not content with the advantage gained by the unsupported revisions to the model as also in the fourth quarter of 2008, the Investment Manager established an
detailed above,
Accelerated Loss Reserve ("ALR" or "reserve") to further mark down the NAVs of TFG's
investments in CLOs. Failing to provide investors with any specifics about how the amount of the ALR was to be determined, defendants simply asserted that "[t]he ALR was determined by applying a more pessimistic set of short-term assumptions to the CLO." Indeed, defendants attempted to
justify taking the additional ALR - on top of the alterations to the mark-to-model method - by
simply claiming that "TFG deemed it appropriate to apply an even more pessimistic view in order to
reflect further market deterioration in its fair value through an increased ALR."
making.... To be relevant, information must be timely and it must have predictive value or
feedback value or both. To be reliable, information must have representational faithfulness and it must be verifiable and neutral. ... A neutral choice between accounting alternatives is free from bias towards a predetermined result." Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 2, Qualitative Characteristics ofAccounting Information.
20
48.
Accordingly, in the fourth quarter of2008, TFG booked $141 million in ALR, and, in
the first quarter of 2009, the Investment Manager forced TFG to book another $290 million in
reserve ALR to further mark down the NAV of TFG's CLO portfolio. In fact, TFG admitted that it
reduced the NAV by booking ALR, that had "the effect of applying a higher discount [interest] rate
than the deals' IRRs to their respective cash flows."1' By the end offiscal 2009, defendants had by
fiat recorded an astounding $431 million markdown ofTFG's investment portfolio, notwithstanding that this was not consistent with the valuation generated by the revised model defendants themselves had just insisted be created. The ALR amount was so dramatic that it exceeded the entire
$300 million ofproceedsfrom TFG's initial offering and reduced TFG's NA Vby approximately 30%. By the end ofthe second quarter of2010, TFG stated that "after taking into account the ALR, [the discount rate] was close to 30%, on a portfolio wide basis, representing a significant spread over
BB-rated CLO debt tranches."
49.
At all relevant times, defendants have reassured investors that, in calculating its NAV
and preparing its financial statements, TFG complies with the dictates of U.S. GAAP, representing
that "TFG currently calculates its NAV and prepares its financial statements in accordance with
applicable law and U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles."12 These representations were
false and misleading.
1'
12
Ahigher discount (interest) rate reflects higher risk, and, other things being equal, results ina
"The financial statements are prepared in conformity with the United States generally
lower NAV.
accepted accounting principles ('U.S. GAAP')." TFG 2008 Annual Report. "The financial statements give a true and fair view, are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ('U.S. GAAP') and comply with the Companies (Guernsey) Law, 2008." TFG 2009 Annual Report.
-21
50.
U.S. GAAP constitute those standards recognized by the accounting profession in the
United States as the conventions, rules and procedures necessary to define accepted accounting
Accountingfor Contingencies ("FAS 5"), provides guidance on the appropriate recognition of loss
contingencies, including reserves. FAS 5 states that an estimated loss contingency shall be accrued
by a charge to net income only if both of the following conditions are met:
a. Information available prior to issuance ofthe financial statements indicates that it is probable that an asset had been impaired or a liability had been incurred at the date of the financial statements. It is implicit in this condition that it must be probable that one or morefuture events will occur confirming thefact ofthe loss.
b. The amount ofloss can be reasonably estimated.
"potential" rather than "probable and estimable" losses.14 TFG wrote that "[t]he Accelerated Loss
Reserve seeks to address a near-term rating agency driven phenomenon of an increase in negative
loan ratings migration that may persist for a period materially less than the expected life of an
13
On June 30, 2009, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Financial
Accounting Standard ("FAS") No. 168, The FASB Accounting Standards Codification and the Hierarchy of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles - a replacement of FASB Statement No. 162. FASB Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") became the source of authoritative U.S. accountingand reporting standards for non-governmental entities, in addition to guidanceissuedby the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), effective for financial statements issued for reporting periods that ended after September 15, 2009. The ASC did not change existing U.S. GAAP. These allegations use the historical references to U.S. GAAP as such references existed
during the relevant period.
14
According totheFASB, "probable" means "[t]he future event orevents are likely tooccur."
FAS 5,1f3a.
22
investment as well as other potential unrealized losses, which in each case may not be appropriate for inclusion in TFG's long-term IRR modeling assumptions, but which may have an impact on the
fair value of TFG's investments." TFG's ALR does not purport to result in an actual or probable
negative adjustment to the fair value of TFG's investment. Instead, TFG asserts that its negative adjustment merely "may have an impact on the fair value of TFG's investments." Clearly, TFG's
ALR is not based upon actual or "probable and estimable" losses, but rather, upon additional
"potential" unrealized losses arising from, among other things, rating agency downgrades to TFG's
investments' "underlying collateral." U.S. GAAP does not state or suggest that "potential,"
reported its investments at below fair value - a further violation ofU.S. GAAP. TFG represented in
its 2008 Annual Report that TFG adopted the provisions of FAS No. 157, Fair Value Measurements ("FAS 157"), effective its 2008 fiscal year. FAS 157 defines fair value as the price that TFG would receive to sell an asset or pay to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market
participants at the measurement date. TFG also stated that it considered the guidance provided by
FASB Staff Position ("FSP") FAS No. 157-3, Determining the Fair Value of a Financial Asset
When theMarketfor That Asset Is Not Active ("FSP FAS 157-3"), in its determination of estimated fair values during 2008. FSP FAS 157-3 states that "[a] fair value measurement represents the price
at which a transaction would occur between market participants at the measurement date." 54. TFG's statements that it adopted FAS 157 and FSP FAS 157-3 were false. TFG
buried a telling description in certain endnotes of its financial reports that, in effect, exposes the fact
-23
that its investment assets were not stated at fair value in accordance with U.S. GAAP due to booking
ALR:
The Accelerated Loss Reserve is transaction specific. The Accelerated Loss Reserve is a direct adjustment to the fair value of an investment to account for the potential impact of certain potential losses and the cumulative value of such adjustments is evidenced in TFG's financial statements.15
In the above endnotes, TFG admits that its investment assets which have already been calculated at
fair value using TFG's own mark-to-model valuation assumptions and methodology are further
artificially reduced by "the potential impact of certain potential losses." Thus, these investments are not reported at fair value, a clear violation of FAS 157 and FSP FAS 157-2.
55.
The ALR is simply an accounting manipulation created for the purpose ofgenerating
additional performance fees. TFG can boost - and has boosted - its performance fees merely by booking reversals ofthe ALR. In effect, TFG's ALR was not part ofthe process ofreporting TFG's investments at fair value; but instead, was an artifice designed specifically to mark down the NAV below fair value during the market downturn, and then to "earn" additional performance fees on
reversals of the ALR that further increase the NAV during market upswings. TFG's application of
the ALR is aptly characterized as "cookie jar" accounting. U.S. GAAP prohibits the accrual of
reserves for general orunspecified purposes.16 The SEC also prohibits the management ofearnings,
including the employment of unsubstantiated accruals to manage earnings. See In re Microsoft
15 16
See, e.g., TFG 2010 Consolidated Annual Report at 27 n.38. "Some enterprises have in the past accrued so-called 'reserves for general contingencies.'
General or unspecified business risks do not meet the conditions for accrual in paragraph 8 [of FAS 5], and no accrual for loss shall be made." FAS 5, ^14. "The first condition in paragraph 8 [of FAS 5] - that a loss contingency not be accrued until it is probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred - ... is intended to prohibit the recognition of a liability when it is not probable that one has been incurred and to prohibit the accrual of an asset impairment when it is not probable that an asset of an enterprise has been impaired." FAS 5, ]|68.
24
Corp., Exchange Act Release No. 46017, Accounting and Auditing Enforcement Release No. 1563,
2002 SEC LEXIS 1427 (June 3, 2002).
56.
Defendants' true motivations in adjusting the model and creating the ALR were
finally revealed when the Investment Manager started claiming significant performance fees by simply marking up the NAV of the investments that previously had beenwritten down. With the
stroke of a pen,defendants cashin on theirreversals of the ALRbecausethe ALRintroduced a bias
- in effect, an overstated discount rate - that favored the Investment Manager's own wallet at the
expense of investors.
57.
thereby, themselves) almost $205 million inpurported performance fees which were, in fact, nothing
of the sort. In fact, they extracted $41 million from TFG at the end of 2010, when the NAV of the underlying investment portfolio as of fourth quarter2010 was still $211 millionbelowthe NAV in third quarter 2008. Defendants continue to loot the Company and, at the end of first quarter 2011,
extracted another $55 million in performance fees even though the NAV ofthe investmentsremains
-25
Amount of
NAV Per
Percent of
NAV
Quarter 1Q07
2Q07 3Q07 4Q07 1Q08 2Q08 3Q08 4Q08 1Q09 2Q09 3Q09 4Q09
Incentive Fee
Share N/A
1Q10
2Q10 3Q10 4Q10 1Q11
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
4,712,136 5,031,334
lL
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
6,397,544
-
782,792,719 1,055,097,006 1,216,246,279 1,188,220,992 1,212,596,178 1,319,050,418 1,348,485,272 1,141,950,194 723,368,706 693,081,080 720,846,408 806,846,805 867,436,352 909,356,085 1,018,625,872 1,137,546,494 1,297,999,285
0.60%
0.48%
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
10.44
10.69
9.06
5.75 5.50 5.71 6.47
N/A
3.69% 2.57% 1.81%
29,781,872
7.02
7.44
3.86%
3.65%
4.28%
58.
Investment Managerforced TFG to further increasereserves. In third quarter 2009, TFG reported that "[t]he third quarter of 2009 saw a return to profitability, driven in part by improvements in the O/C [over-collateralization] cushions of certainU.S. portfoliodeals." Nonetheless, the Investment Manager forced TFG to increase the ALR by $79.7 million in that quarter. TFG explained the
increase as follows: "The quarter witnessed positive earnings as well as an increase in the
Accelerated Loss Reserves due to the restoration of certain previously released amounts." However,
the truth was that TFG did not merely perform a "restoration" of the ALR but added an additional
$79.7 million to the ALR because the Investment Manager recognized that the investment market
was improving, andby the third quarterof 2009 it might well be one of the last opportunities to take
advantage of the ALR "cookie jar."
26
59.
Further, in its 2009 Annual Report, TFG stated that "[t]he second half of 2009 saw a
general recovery in many ofTFG's CLO investments, which resulted in an increase in fair values." Nonetheless, in the fourth quarter of2009, TFG once again increased the ALR by $15.2million. As
revealed later, the sole purpose of the total $94.9 million increase in the ALR for the second half of
2009 was to increase the "cookie jar" for future drawdowns of the ALR to create further unearned
performance fees when a substantial amount of those reserves was reversed, as they were in 2010.
60. In the first quarter of 2010, defendants started reducing the ALR and, as a result,
increased the NAV of the CLO portfolio. Throughout 2010, defendants repeated this practice, and,
as shown in the chart below, in 2010 defendants reversed $91 million from TFG's ALR account,
reducing it from $349 million in the fourth quarter of 2009 to $258 million in the fourth quarter of 2010, and paid $22.8 million in performance fees to the Investment Manager simply for reversing
the ALR. Defendants continue this practice by reducing ALR reserves by $102 million in the first
quarter of 2011 and taking a stunning $25 million in performance fees for the reversal. As of first quarter 2011, defendants have extracted a total of $48.3 million in unjust performance fees by reversing the ALR and still have another $155.7 million in TFG's ALR account to potentially expropriate another $38.9 million in fees. The chart below also shows TFG's NAV and NAV per
share corrected to exclude the non-U.S. GAAP ALR, along with the ALR misstatement as a
-27-
Tetragon Financial Group Limited Material GAAP Misstatement Impact of TFG's Accelerated Loss Reserw
NAV Per Share Performance Corrected
ALR
Fees Accrued
on ALR Reversals
Misstatement as
a Percentage of
Corrected NAV
0%
Adjustment
0
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
1,348,485,272 1,141,950,194 723,368,706 693,081,080 720,846,408 806,846,805 867,436,352 909,356,085 1,018,625,872 1,137,546,494 1,297,999,285
10.69
$ $
$
9.06 5.75
5.50
$
$ $ $
5.71
6.47 7.02 7.44
$
$ $
8.43
9.47 10.85
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
(141,000,000) (315,000,000) (254,100,000) (333,800,000) (349,000,000) (339,500,000) (330,700,000) (274,700,000) (258,000,000) (155,700,000)
$ $
1,348,485,272 1,282,950,194
$10.69
$10.18
$ $ $ $ $
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
$8.25 $7.52
$8.35
$9.27 $9.79 $10.16 $10.82 $11.65 $12.37
-28%
-27% -22%
-19% -12%
61.
In fact, the total performance fee of $22.8 million paid to the defendant Investment
Managerin 2010- for reversing the ALR - exceeded the total $21.9 million feeawardedin 2008for
investment performance. Notably, defendants' manipulations have already resulted in the
Investment Manager reaping far more in fees than TFG has generated in income for its shareholders:
Management and Performance Fees as a Percentage of Investment Income
(In millions of dollars except percentages)
Management &
Performance Fees Investment Income Fees as Percent of Investment Income
4Q09
1Q10
2Q10
3Q10
4Q10
1Q11
Total
$32.7 $41.4
$25.4
$19.8 $46.6
$42.7
$45.6 $51.3
$60.0
$226.2
$46.8
$49.3
$53.7
$289.1
79%
54%
42%
87%
89%
112%
78%
62.
manipulations have had a deleterious impact on the market value of TFG shares, as well as TFG's
reported NAV per share. On March 31, 2011, for example, TFG's share price was only $7.60
(Ticker Symbol: TFG.AS), indicating that TFG traded at a substantial 30% discount to TFG's reported NAV of $10.85 per share as of the end of the first quarter of 2011.
-28
63.
Defendants have also drastically cut back dividend payouts to TFG shareholders
while lining their own pockets. The total dividend paid to shareholders in 2007 was $48.9 million,
which equaled to 41% ofthe cash flow from operations ("CFO") - inline with what was originally
contemplated when the Company went public in2007. And the total management and performance
fees ("M&P Fees") paidto the Investment Manager in 2007 was $29million, i.e., 24% of CFO. In 2007, this resulted in M&P Fees being 59% of the dividends paid to shareholders. But, as shown
below, since 2007, the total dividend payout as a percentage of CFO has substantially decreased,
while the M&P Fees to CFO ratio has exploded, thereby depriving shareholders while defendants further enrich themselves. For2010, thetotal dividend paid to shareholders was $34.2 million, 13%
ofCFO, whereas M&P Fees was $133.5 million, 51 %ofCFO. This translated into M&P Fees being
390% of dividends paid to shareholders in 2010.
Management and Performance Fees as a Percentage of Dividends Paid to Shareholders
(In millions of dollars except percentages) Cash Flow from Operations ("CFO")
Dividend
2007 2008 2009 2010
$120.4
$48.9
41%
$345.3
$97.9
28%
$138.9
$261.7 $34.2
13%
$15.1
11%
$29.0
24% 59%
$41.9
12%
43%
$42.2
30%
$133.5
51%
279%
390%
Defendants Breached Their Fiduciary Duties of Good Faith and Loyalty and the Investment Manager
Violated the Investment Advisers Act of 1940
64.
Beyond their obligation to exercise a level of skill and care that may be reasonably
expected from aperson ofadirector's knowledge and experience, defendants owed TFG afiduciary
duty to acthonestly in good faith and exercise their powers for proper purpose.
-29
65.
Moreover, the Board has the "general responsibility for taking such steps as are
reasonably open to them to safeguard the assets of the Fund and to prevent and detect fraud and
other irregularities."
66.
Defendants' acts were undertaken in bad faith and in flagrant disregard of their
fiduciary duties. Defendants knew or should have known thatby awarding exorbitant performance
fees/unjust compensation tothemselves and their affiliates, they emptied the corporate treasury and
damaged TFG.
67.
Defendants knew orshould have known, based ontheir numerous years ofexperience
with theinvestment industry, thatthe language contained in the IMA awarding investment advisers
"an incentive fee equal to 25% of the increase in the Net Asset" meant that the investment advisers
needed to surpass a certain previous peak NAV before they could be awarded performance fees. Nevertheless, defendants expropriatedfrom TFG anddiverted to theInvestment Manager almost
$205 million for revising down TFG's modeling assumptions and then making bookkeeping changes. In doing so, defendants breached their fiduciary duties and have failed to safeguard
corporate assets.
68.
Advisers Act of 1940 (the "Advisers Act"). Pursuant to 215 of the Advisers Act, any investment
adviser contract is considered voidif eitherthe formation or performance of the contract violates the
provisions of the Advisers Act. The IMA violates 206 of the Advisers Act. Under 206 of the
Advisers Act, investment advisers have an affirmative obligation of the utmost good faith and fair disclosure of all material facts to their clients, as well as a duty to avoid misleading them and to
avoid being manipulative. Byfailing todisclose itsintention toseek performance fees based only on
marking down assets and bookkeeping entries, defendants' Investment Manager manipulated and
-30-
misled TFG and its shareholders. Accordingly, the IMA is void as regards to the rights of the
defendants who, in agreeing to the IMA and/or to its enforcement, haveviolated the Advisers Act.
Shareholder Remonstrations Have Been Ignored
69.
millions of dollars from TFG to the Investment Manager was done without their knowing
participation. In fact, major shareholders ofTFG, including TFG's largest outside shareholder, have
directed letters to the TFG Board demanding that TFG stop its Investment Manager from continuing
to divert millions ofdollars in fees by merely making bookkeeping entries and/or reversing reserves.
As soonas the defendants' manipulations cameto light, theseinvestors demanded thatthe wholesale
breaches offiduciary duty bydefendants beremedied. For example, one aggrieved investor wrote in
his letter to the TFG Board:
As you well know, the Net Asset Value of Tetragon has plunged from approximately $10/share at its IPO to approximately $5.4 today. Under the current structure, you, theinvestment managers, stand tocollect incentive fees on any rise in
NAV, even from these depressed levels. This will come at the expense of your devoted shareholders that chose to hold their Tetragon shares, and ride out the
difficult times. If, for example, the gross NAV were to recover back to where it
stood atthe IPO, $10/share, you would collect over $1.0 pershare inincentive fees, and your shareholders would effectively remain underwater bythat amount. Worse yet, even if theNAV were toremain at current levels butfluctuate in theinterim, the
Investment Manager would collect incentive fees on these fluctuations. This current
incentive fee structure defeats the purpose of aligning the Investment Manager's interests with those ofshareholders: the larger the volatility in the NAV, the larger theincentive fees to the Investment Manager, all to thedismay of shareholders.
We propose that the incentive fee berestructured such that no incentivefee will bepaid to the Investment Manager until the NA V of Tetragon rises back to
$10/share.
only appropriate, but necessary. Moreover, such restructuring will send a strong
message to existing and potential shareholders that you have shareholder value in
mind. We are confident that such a message will contribute significantly to a recovery ofTetragon's share price, and will bewell-received bythe greater Tetragon
shareholderbase as well as by potential investors.
-31-
70.
Basedon numerous conversations with existingand potential shareholders, thereis a consensus around the fact that the incentive compensation on the reversal of the ALR is blatantly excessive. Most investors view the compensation as
inequitable and refuse to invest in a vehicle that permits theInvestment Manager to write down asset values during a downturn in thecredit cycle and then simply write up the values in subsequent quarters and take 25% of the"appreciation" for doing
nothing. This compensation arrangement is not in the spirit of the IMA, and it is contributing to TFG's stock price underperformance. I request thatthe Independent Directors force Polygon to waive its contractual right to an incentive fee on the reversal ofthe ALR. As a result, investors would gain considerable comfort that the Investment Manager and shareholders are receiving equitable compensation in the event of value creation. This action will contribute to reducing TFG's significant
discount to NAV.
November4,2010 letter from Omega Advisors, Inc. to the TFG Board, attached heretoas Exhibit3.
71.
72.
Pursuant to the IMA, TFG's directors can terminate the agreement based on the
Investment Manager's "fraud or wilful misconduct in the performance of [its] duties under the
Investment Management Agreement." Defendants have not done so. Instead, in continuing
breaches of their fiduciary duty, the directors refuse to take any steps whatsoever to terminate the
IMA and have permitted the Investment Manager to loot TFG of almost $205 million in unjust
compensation. Defendants continue to refuse to protect or safeguard the assets of the Company.
DERIVATIVE AND DEMAND FUTILITY ALLEGATIONS
73.
74.
TFG to redress injuries suffered, and yet to be suffered, by the Company as a direct and proximate
-32-
result ofdefendants' misconduct. Plaintiff is a holder ofTFG shares and was a holder ofTFG shares
75.
As shown in ^[33-43, the TFG Board has never been independent. At all relevant
times the TFG Board consisted of defendants Knief, Dorey, Jeffreys, Dear, Griffith, Jackson,
Wishnow,Olesky and/or Ward. Each ofthese defendants,by virtue of(i) being directlyresponsible for agreeingto and/or interpreting the IMA in the manner chosen; (ii) profiting from the misconduct allegedherein; and (iii) having irreparableconflicts ofinterest with and among each other andTFG,
is incapable of adequately evaluating a demand that the Board take action against themselves and
other former and current directors and officers of TFG for the misconduct alleged herein.
76. It was TFG's non-independent Board that instituted the IMA, and even though it has
the power to terminate the agreement, it has left the agreement intact so it can pay the Investment Manager, and thus themselves, tens of millions of dollars in unjust compensation. A pre-suit
demand upon the Board, although already made by TFG shareholders - and ignored by defendantsis a useless and futile action and is therefore excused.
77.
TFG's directors would not on their own commence this action on behalf of the
the voting shares. Thus, TFG's directors would be reluctant to commence this proceedingon behalf of the Company for the fear of being removed from office by the voting shareholders. In addition,
33
pursuant toArticle 63, the voting shareholders may call an"extraordinary general meeting" tovote
against thedecision to commence proceedings against the Investment Manager.
78. Plaintiff has not made any demand on shareholders of TFG to institute this action
since such demand would be a futile and useless act for the following reasons: (a) TFG is a publicly traded company with approximately 120 million shares
(b)
plaintiffwho has no way offinding out thenames, addresses orphone numbers ofshareholders; and
(c)
Against Defendants Dear, Dorey, Griffith, Jackson, Jeffreys, Knief, Olesky, Ward and Wishnow for Breaches of Fiduciary Duties
79. Plaintiff incorporates fl 1-78.
80.
to TFG the highest duty as a director ofa Guernsey company. Each ofthese defendants agreed to
and did participate in and/or aided and abetted one another inadeliberate course ofaction designed
to divert corporate assets in breach of the fiduciary duties these defendants owed to TFG.
81. As demonstrated by the allegations above, defendants named herein breached their
fiduciary duties of loyalty, good faith, and independence owed to TFG and its shareholders and
82.
Defendants have violated their fiduciary duties of loyalty, good faith, and
independence owed toTFG and its shareholders, have engaged inunlawful self-dealing, and have
-34-
acted to put their personal interests and/ortheir colleagues' interests ahead of the interests of TFG
and its shareholders. As directors and/or officers ofTFG, defendants participated in the wrongful
acts alleged herein. They thereby breached their fiduciary duties to TFG shareholders.
83.
joined in the pursuit of a common course of conduct and have acted in concert with one another in
furtherance of their common plan or design. At all relevant times, defendants collectively and
individually initiated a courseof conduct which was designed to and did causeTFG's assets to be
diverted to TFG's Investment Manager via a compensation scheme.
84.
failed to exercise good faith and instead have acted knowingly or in reckless disregard of their
fiduciary obligations toward TFG and its public shareholders, thereby harming TFG.
COUNT II
86.
87.
As a result ofthe conduct described above, defendants will beand have been unjustly
enriched at the expense of TFG, in the form of, among other things, unjustified performance fees.
88. All the payments and benefits provided to defendants based upon or related to the
Investment Manager's clandestine executive compensation scheme were unjustly awarded and atthe
expense of TFG, resulting in substantially unearned benefits.
89.
Defendants knew that they were unjustifiably receiving the benefits of the
performance fees and it would be unjust to allow defendants to retain these benefits.
-35-
90.
The Company received nobenefit from these payments and was in fact damaged by
such payments.
91.
Defendants should be ordered to disgorge the gains which they have and/or will
unjustly obtain and/or a constructive trust should be imposed for the benefit of the Company.
COUNT III
92.
93.
shareholders a duty to fully disclose the true nature and/or intent of the IMA.
94.
TFG justifiably relied upon its Board to act in the best interest of the Company and
95.
As a result of the conduct complained of, the defendants made, or aided and abetted
the making of, numerous misrepresentations to and/or concealed material facts from TFG
shareholders despite their duties to act honestly. Thus, they have committed constructive fraud
and/or violated their duty to act honestly.
96. As a result, TFG was damaged.
COUNT IV
Against Defendants Dear, Griffith, Herlyn, Jackson, Rosenberg, Wishnow and the Investment Manager
for Violating the Investment Advisers Act of 1940
97.
98.
Act.
-36-
99.
The Investment Manager violated 206 of the Advisers Act by its looting of TFG.
It shall be unlawful for any investment adviser, by use of the mails or any means or instrumentality of interstate commerce, directlyor indirectly (1) to employ any device, scheme, or artifice to defraud any client or
prospective client;
(2) to engage in any transaction, practice, or course of business which operates as a fraud or deceit upon any client or prospective client; [or]
100.
The IMA entered between the Investment Manager and the Company should be
violation of, or the continuance of any relationship or practice in violation of any provision of thistitle, or anyrule, regulation, or orderthereunder, shall be void (1) as regards the rights of any person who, in violation of any such provision, rule, regulation, or order, shall have made or engaged in the performance of any such contract, and (2) as regards the rights of any person who, not being a party to such contract, shall haveacquired anyright thereunder withactual knowledge of the facts
by reason of which the making or performance of such contract was in violation of
any such provision. 101. Accordingly, plaintiff seeks rescission ofthe IMA and restitution ofthe consideration
A.
-37-
B.
equity and the statutory provisions sued hereunder, including disgorgement, attachment,
C.
Directing the TFG Board to take all necessary actions to reform its corporate
governance and take steps to amend, alter, rectify and/or enjoin the terms of the IMA or its enforcement, so as to terminate the wrongful diversion of assets to defendants and their affiliates via
the manipulation of TFG's NAV; D. The IMA deemed void and in violation of the Advisers Act;
E.
attorneys' fees, accountants' and experts' fees, costs and expenses; and F. Granting such other and further relief as the Court deems just and proper.
JURY DEMAND
58 South Service Road, Suite 200 Melville, NY 11747 Telephone: 631/367-7100 631/367-1173 (fax)
38-
DARREN J. ROBBINS
MARK SOLOMON
655 West Broadway, Suite 1900 San Diego, CA 92101 Telephone: 619/231-1058 619/231-7423 (fax)
ROBBINS GELLER RUDMAN
& DOWD LLP S. ASHAR AHMED
431 Montgomery Avenue, Suite B Merion Station, PA 19066 Telephone: 610/660-8000 610/660-8080 (fax) Attorneys for Plaintiff
-39
VERIFICATION
I am a holder of Tetragon shares. I have read the foregoing complaint and am aware of
the contents thereof. I am informed and believe the matters therein are true and on that ground
allege that the matters stated therein are true.
i vania.
^t4*^^X
1 K. SILVERSTEhN
Appleby
J T Le Tissier
25 February 2011
tfe/w. g dependants
this g &dyoff^yitey20//
/??prfSs&6J?\
^6t7),OJ&tD&mCJkE:
States of America, 06878, whose address for service is First Floor, Lefebvrc Place, Lefebvre Street in the parish of Saint Peter Port (the "Plaintiff') suing on behalf of
himselfand all other shareholders in the Seventh and Eighth Defendants other than the
First to Sixth Defendants
ACTIONS
(1)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
G4893(i. 1
situate at Second Floor, Tudor House, Le Bordage in the parish of Saint Peter
Port;
(8)
who are together the "Defendants" TO SEE the Court order the relief claimed or
such other order as the Court deems necessary in the following circumstances:
1. These are the particulars of claims against the first to sixth Defendants to be
1.1
1.2
a double derivative claim brought by Mr Jackson seeking relief on behalf of the eighth Defendant, Tetragon Financial Group Master
Fund Limited ("TFGMF"), through TFG, being a shareholder in
TFGMF;
1.3
a double derivative Claim brought by Mr Jackson seeking relief on behalf ofTFG through Polygon Credit Holdings II Limited ("PCF1
II"), being a shareholder in TFG; and
1.4
2.
The Seventh and Eight Defendants are included as parties to this cause only in
so far as may be necessary for them to derive the benefit arising from it in then
favour and for the purposes of disclosure.
G1S9J6. i
3.
4.
In 2002 the Shareholders (as defined at paragraph 21 below) established a hedge fund together, then operating under the name Polygon Global Opportunities
Fund ("the Polygon Funds"). Approximately one half of the assets of the
Polygon Funds were invested in debt, which assets were principally managed
by MrJackson, and the other halfof the Polygon Funds' assets were invested in
equities, which assets were principally managed by Mr Griffith. Mr Dear was
5.
In 2005 the Shareholders established a second hedge, fund together operating under the name Tetragon ("the Tetragon Funds") in order to exploit investment opportunities arising in the equity or residual portion of collateralised loan obligations ("CLOs") and collateraliscd debt obligations ("CDOs"). The Tetragon Funds have 3t all material times been operated by
TFGMF, TFG and Tetragon Financial Group LP ("TFGUS"), a limited
liability partnership formerly established under the laws of Delaware and which
5.2
5.3
CM 8936.1
7.
8.
9.
According to its annual validation dated 21 January 2011 TFG had issued
9.1 9.2
as to all the voting shares, by Polygon Credit Holdings II Limited; as to 417,458 non-voting shares, by Mr Jackson though his broker
Morgan Stanley; and
9.3
10. In the prospectus for the initial global offering of shares in TFG dated 26
March 2007 (the "Prospectus") it was described inter alia as:
"The Company
Current Investments
Investment Manager to make the structure belter able to address changes in the
credit, environment.
Hedging and leverage across the portfolio to address the risk profile ofthe entire portfolio and apply appropriate hedging and leveraging strategies to enhance
returns."
11.
13. The registered office of TFGMF is situated at Second Floor, Tudor House, Le
Bordage in the parish of Saint Peter Port.
14.
According to its annual validation dated 21 January 2011 TFGMF had issued
G 489.16.1
15.
The Prospectus describes TFGMF and its relationship with TFG as follows:
"Summary
In this prospectus, references to the "Company" are to the hsuer together with Tetragon Financial Group Master Fund Limited (tlte. "Master Fund"). The Company invests
through a "master-feeder" structure whereby the Issuer's only direct investment is shares
in the Master Fund. Therefore, all investments of the Company arc made through the
Master Fund."
16.
17.
18. The authorised capital of PCH II is US$50,000 divided into 5 million shares of
US$0.01 each, which shares may be issued in one or more classes. The issued
share capital of PCH II is US$1,000 divided into 40,000 class A shaies, 40,000
class B shares and 20,000 class C shares.
19.
At all material times the issued shaies in PCH II were and are held as follows:
19.1
19.2
19.3
ciswf.i
20.
As set out
3bove, PCH II holds all of the voting shares in both TFG and TFGMF.
21.
At all material times, the directors of PCH II were, and are, Mr Jackson, Mr Griffith, and Mr Dear (together "the Shareholders")
22
A representative diagram of the organisational structure of TFG, TFGMF and associated entities is provided at appendix A.
23.
Until 23 January 2011 Mr Jackson was at aLi material times a director of both
all material times and are: Mr Griffith, Mr Dear, Mr Rupert Dorey, Mr David
Jeffreys, Mr Byron Knief, and Mr Greville Ward (together "the Directors").
24.
25.
25.1
25.2
to ensure that his own personal interests or duties to another principal did not come into conflict with the interests of the
Company and not to use for their personal benefit any asset or business opportunity belonging to the Company;
25.3
association) and in accordance with all statutory and regulatory provisions concerning the. Company;
25.4
to exercise his powers as a director of the Company for the purposes upon which they were conferred;
25.5
25.6
26.
Furthermore:
26.1
and entitled to vote as a director at any board meeting in respect of any such transaction or arrangement only it he has disclosed to the
directors of TFG the nature and extent of his interest in accordance
with the Companies (Guernsey) Law 2008 (articles 91(a) and 99);
and
26.2
I I j
I
26.3
27.
The investment manager for the Tetragon Funds was at all material times and is
28. TFM was most recently appointed as the investment manager of the Tetragon
Funds pursuant to a written agreement dated 26 April 2007 ("the. Investment
Management Agreement"). Under the terms of the Investment Management Agreement, TFG, TFGMF and TFGUS appointed TFM as manager of the
Tetragon Funds on the terms and conditions set out in that agreement (clause
2(a)). The following terms were (amongst others) express terms of the
Investment Management Agreement, namely that:
28.1
TFM,
discretionary authority on behalf of and for the account of the Tetragon Funds to manage and invest cash and other assets of the Tetragon Funds pursuant to and in accordance with the investment
28.2
28.3
28.4
the Tetragon Funds with persons who are affiliates of TFM (as that
term is defined in the US Securities Act 1933) provided that in
connection with any such transaction that exceeds $5 million of
aggregate investment TFM informs the boards of directors of TFG
and TFGMF and obtains either (i) the approval of a majority of the
members of the directors of TFG and TFGMF that do not have a
resolution or otherwise) or (ii) an opinion from a recognised investment bank, auditing firm or other appropriate professional
firm substantively to the effect that the. financial terms of the
28.5
29. The business and affairs of the Tetragon Funds are managed on a day to day
basis by Messrs Jeffrey Herlyn, Michael Rosenberg and David Wishnow.
Tetragon has an investment committee and a risk committee, each committee
G4B9J6.1
30. During or about May or June of2008 Mr Jackson took steps to remove himself
from the operation and management ofthe Polygon Funds.
31. During September, October, November and December 2008, the Polygon
Funds experienced significant financial losses. In about late 2008 a substantial
32. By reason of inter alia the losses and substantial redemption requests, in about
October 2008, Mr Griffith and Mr Dear publicly announced that the Polygon Funds would be wound up, though no formal petition to wind up the Polygon
Funds was submitted to the Court of the Cayman Islands at the time. To date
the Polygon Funds have not been wound up and since October 2008 their directors have sought to liquidate fund assets and distribute value to the
investors.
33. On 11 August 2010 a group of investors holding approximately 11% of the interests in the Polygon Funds presented to the Grand Court of the Cayman
failure and/or loss of the substratum of the Polygon Funds and/or (ii) the
investors have suffered a justifiable loss of faith in the management of the
Polygon Funds.
34. The said winding up petition was withdrawn following an arrangement being
reached with creditors of the Polygon Funds. Mr Griffiths and Mr Dear have
now stated that they anticipate they will be in a position to close the Polygon
Funds by the end of March 2011.
35.
Once the Polygon Funds have been closed the remuneration Mr Griffiths and
Mr Dear receive directly and indirectly from the operation of the Polygon
Funds will cease.
C:4S93h.l
36.
to the Polygon Funds (in which Mr Griffiths and Mr Dear are understood to
have substantial interests) will no longer receive fees for their services from the
Polygon Funds. Without such fees and in the absence of new business it is
anticipated those entities will either have to downsize dramatically or close
altogether.
37.
proposed real estate venture was purportedly entered by between the following
parties:
(a)
(b)
TFG;
TFGMF;
(c)
(d) (e)
(t)
(g)
(h)
38.
39.
each of the InfrastructureCo Entities. Mr Jackson believes Mr Griffith and MiDear to be the ultimate owners of the InfrastructureCo Entities and therefore,
LP. Mr Jackson does not expect or anticipate he will receive any current or
future remuneration as a result of his interest in Polygon Investment Partners
LP and his interest is due to be extinguished on 31 December 2012.
41.
services to the Polygon Funds. In the event that the InfrastructreCo Entities
42.
The Term Sheet provided, under the side-heading "Overview", that it outlined "certain binding economic and other understandings among the parlies" and
was intended "to serve as the basis for definitive documents...to replace the. Term
Sheet".
43
The stated purpose df the venture proposed in the Tenn Sheet (as described
under the side-heading "Purpose") is "to launch a global real estate business with
operations initially in New York, London and Tokyo, which may include, over lime,
investing in direct and indirect real estate investments, publicly and non-publicly traded real estate, equity, debt, hybrid and derivative securities including commercial mortgage
backed securities, and real estate advisory businesses" (collectively, the "RE
Business").
44.
It was further stated in the Tenn. Sheet (also under the side-heading "Purpose")
that the RE Business would "seek lo raise several discreel investment pools or funds,
CWJft.l
oovern the parties' respective obligations to the extent that the parties had not
entered into definitive documentation superseding the Term Sheet upon (i) the
fulfilment of the "Condition Precedent" and (ii) the approval in writing by the
46. The "Condition Precedent" for these purposes was defined in the Tenn Sheet
47.
The Tenn Sheet also provided for the Companies to participate in the GORE
real estate venture on terms (amongst others) that:
47.1
47.2
47.3
47.4
(under the side-heading "Working Capital") TFGMF with would provide GORE with working capital of US$10 million in the form of non-recourse working capital loans pursuant to the terms of a loan agreement on terms that each draw-down of working capital should be funded pro rata by Tetragon and Polygon HoldCo.
48.
Ihe Term Sheet provided for the InfrastructureCo Entities to participate in the
GORE real estate venture on terms (amongst others) that:
48.1
48.2
described in the Term Sheet and without payment of any additional purchase price or option payment, as a limited partner in Polygon
HoldCo, economic interests representing 3.6 per cent, of the equity
and profits of Polygon HoldCo and would be pari passu with the
other limited partners of Polygon HoldCo;
48.3
marketing and IR support, marketing systems, legal, compliance, administrative, payroll and employee benefits, office space, (in
London and New York) and other infrastructure services to the RE
Business; and
48.4
49.
In addition to the matters set out above, the Term Sheet provided (under the
49.1
49.2
50.
50.1
50.2
C93li.l
50.3
51.
Update on
Green Oak Real Estate business proposal". No proposal to vote upon or approve,
the proposed GORE Transaction was set out in the agenda for the parallel meetings. Further, at no time before the paraUel meetings did the board
circulate or was provided with a list of items which needed to be considered in
order to approve the GORE Transaction.
52. The parallel meetings of the boards of directors of the Companies took place
on 29 July 2010 as intended. Entry into the GORE Transaction was not on
the agendas for the meetings. Notwithstanding this, at the parallel meetings it
approved by the .boards ofthe Companies are accurate and representative ofthe
matters raised and resolutions made at the parallel meetings. Mr Jackson has
55.
It is averred that:
55.1
55.2
56.
The facts and matters on which Mr Jackson relies in this respect are set out
57.
In addition, the facts and matters set out herein demonstrate a course, of
conduct by Mr Griffith and Mr Dear designed effectively to apply the assets of the Companies for the benefit of the InfrastructureCo Entities, and thus
significantly to the benefit of their own interests.
58.
At all material times Mr Dear and Mr Griffith were the Directors who
Griffith and Mr Dear designed effectively to apply the assets of TFG and
TFGMF for the benefit of the InfrastructureCo Entities, and thus significantly
to the benefit of their own interests
59
The facts and matters set out within this cause and more particularly 3t
the Companies' members generally or some part of their members (including Mr Jackson). Mr Jackson reserves the right to amend or add to these particulars
following disclosure in these proceedings.
60. Further or alternatively, it is averred that unless the claims pleaded within this
Jackson those claims would not be prosecuted as the First to Sixth Defendants
to the claims:
60.1
60.2
and therefore would not othenvise permit the claims to be brought by the
Companies.
61. Upon being given notice that Mr Jackson was considering commencing
action:
this
61.1
61.2
Mr Jackson's access to the New York offices of the investment manager to TFM (the. investment manager) was, and remains,
suspended.
62. The Companies arc both authorised by the Guernsey Financial Services Commission ("the GFSC") under the Protection of Investors (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Law 1987 and each operates as an authorised closed ended
investment fund. Accordingly both are subject to the Authorised Closed
Ended Investment Scheme Rules 2008 ("the Rules").
63.
63.1
each of the Directors arc obliged to take all reasonable steps to ensure that there is no breach of any of the requirements of Rule
63.2
63.3
a relevant person may not sell or deal in the sale of property to TFG
or TFGMF unless the ami's length requirement in Rules 3.01(9) and (10) are satisfied (Rule 3.01(4));
63.4
63.5
64.
The ami's length requirement for the purposes of Rules 3.01(4) and (8) is that
the relevant arrangements must be at least as favourable to TFG and/or
TFGMF as would be any comparable arrangement effected on normal
65.
65.1
65.2
G 4893lv i
65. In the premises, pursuant to Rule 3.01 of the Rules each of the Companic may only enter into the GORE Transaction if the. transaction is at least favourable to the Companies as would be any comparable arrangement effected
:s
as
(i) The proposed terms of the GORE Transaction significantly favour the
InfrastructureCo Entities over the Companies and thereforeit_js^ jiot
65.1
(l)
(ii) '
(iii)
(i)
C-I89.50.V
(ii)
(iii)
undertaken by GORE.
65.2 Accordingly, under the proposed terms of the GORE Transaction the
total value of the consideration to be provided by the InfrastructureCo
Companies in return
consideration.
for
acceptable return for TFG and TFGMF commensurate with the level of
risk being accepted as would normally be expected in such a transaction
and therefore it is terms are not representative of an arms' length
transaction. Mr Jackson relies on the following facts and matters:
65.4.1
GJS93(i.l
65.4.2
would be unlikely.
65.4.3
business plan for the GORE real estate venture prepared by the
GORE Founders, it is predicted that GORE would have
minimal cash reserves by the fourth quarter of 2012.
(hi) The terms of the proposed GORE Transaction would provide no. or no
65.6
G4S93().l
65.6.1
neither TFG nor TFGMF would have any control over the
sum of US$100 million required to be made available to be coinvested in GORE investment programmes, whether as to the
nature or the timing of any investment;
65.6.2
GORE investment programme. The sums advanced by TFGMF by way of co-investment and working capital loan
could be used to finance the entirety of GORE's obligation to co-invest m any particular GORE investment programme;
65.6.4
there are no adequate pre-emption nghts in relation to the underlying investments made by GORE and accordingly those
investments are liable to dilution;
65.6.5
G-IB93A.I
65.6.7
65.7 By reason of the facts and matters set out above, the terms of the proposed GORE Transaction provide no, or alternatively no adequate,
commercial protection to the Companies in respect of their interests
under the GORE Transaction and do not represent an arrangement
(iv) The terms of the p^p.^H GOR P Transaction relating to default significantly favour the. InfrastnictureCo Entities over the Companies_and therefore is not representative ofan ami's length transaction
65.8 Each of the InfrastructureCo Entities and the Companies have agreed to
65.8.2
65.9 The obligations of each of the InfrastnictureCo Entities and the Companies set out in paragraph 65.8 above shall be referred to as their
"Obligations".
65.10 In return for inter alia their performance oftheir Obligations the terms of
the GORE Transaction provide:
65.10.2 the Companies will receive a 10 per cent, interest of both the
ownership interests and carried interests in GORE.
25 C4S9J6.
65.11 Under the heading "Failure to Fund Working Capital or TFG CoInvestment" the Term Sheet provides for the forfeiture of ownership interests and carried interests in GORE by the InfrastructureCo Entities
working capital commitment part of its Obligations they will forfeit 4 percentage points of their total ownership interests and
earned interests in GORE; and
capital commitment part of their Obligations they will forfeit 4 percentage points of their total ownership interests and earned
interests m GORE.
65.16 Accordingly, the terms of the GORE Transaction cannot be representative of an arm's length transaction as the tenns relating to
GIR9.V..I
66. In the premises, the. GORE Transaction is a transaction which causes the Companies to breach the Rules and in passing the GORE Resolutions,
approving the GORE Transaction and m allowing the Companies to enter
into the GORE Transaction the Directors have acted in breach oftheir duties
set out in paragraph 25 above.
ffii-
Companies,
67. 'The GORE Transaction ls not m the. best interests of the Companies. No reasonable director of the Companies, or either of them, would cause the.
Companies to enter into and pursue the GORE Transaction on the proposed
terms. Mr Jackson relies upon (a) the facts and matters set out in his letter of 6 July 2010 to the boards of both Companies, the letter sent by the Nelson Law
Finn LLC on behalf of Mr Jackson dated 6July 2010 to Mr Griffith. Mr Dear and PCH II, the letter sent by Appleby on 21 July 2010 to Simpson Thacher Baitlett LLP (the lawyers appointed to advise the independent directors), Mr
(i) The GORE Transaction would result in the Companies paying duplicate
fees
67.1
obliged pursuant to aservices agreement dated 26 April 2007 to make payments to Polygon Investment Partners LP and Polygon Investment
Partners LLP for the provision of infrastructure services on the.
Partners LP and Polygon Investment Partners LLP would also be entitled to receive payment, pursuant to the terms of the GORE Transaction, on the infrastructure services provided mrespect of those
same assets invested in the GORE investment programme
67.2
Pursuant to clause 10 of the Investment Management Agreement with TFM, the Companies are presently obliged to pay to TFM an annual
management fee of 1.5 per cent, of net asset value together with a quarterly peifonnance fee equal to 25 per cent, of the increase in net
asset value of the Tetragon Funds over the previous 3 months m excess of athreshold increase in net asset value (the "Hurdle"). The Hurdle is broadly calculated as net asset value multiplied by three month US Dollar LIBOR plus 2.65% per annum, over the preceding 3month period. In the event that the. Companies were to enter mto
the GORE Transaction, they would be obliged to pay management
67.3
It is against the interests of the Coiiipan.es to incur, directly and indirectly through TFM, two sets of management and performance
fees in respect of the same assets.
67.4
0.48936.1
fixed income and equity markets. [TFG] currently gains exposure to these assets primarily through investments in the
collateralized debt obligation ("CDO") products, winch are iaurilizcd interests in underlying assets assembled by asset
credit risk. By taking substantial positions in the Residual Franclm of these CDOs, the Company is able to negotiate
managers and divided into tranches based on their degree of process and obtain structuralflexibility, as well as the ability to influence amendment, to the terms, mil option exercise and other
decisions with respect to the CDOs. [TFG] currently invests in a broad range of CDO products, utilizing over 35 asset
certain enhanced features of the CDOs during the origination
acquired bear interest by reference to afoaling rate similar to the funding source for those assets). The Investment Manager actively and regularly evaluates available asset classes and looks for additional investment vehicles through which [TFG] can ?aiu exposure, to its target asset classes and through which if believes ii can generate attractive returns. Accordingly, [TFG] expects thai the asset classes and investment vehicles in its
portfolio will likely expand over time"
ri<k are primarily hedged through the long-term matched funding embedded in (he CDO structure (i.e., the assets
67.5
The Prospectus did not, in contrast, refer at all to the possibility of the
Tetragon Funds investing in real estate, real estate management
services, real estate financing structures or real estate-related financial vehicles, as is proposed by way of investments under the GORE Transaction. Mr Jackson will rely at trial upon the Prospectus for its
full terms
67.6
persons who subscribed for and were issued with non-voting shares in
67.7
It was further represented in the Prospectus that TFG would change its investment objective only by decision of the board with the
approval of the voting shareholders in TFG, i.e. PCH II. No such approval has been sought or obtained from PCH II and, if sought,
would not be given by reason of the fact that the approval of Mr
Jackson, as holder of all the issued class Bshares in PCH II, would be required and would not be given on the present tenns and in the
present circumstances.
67.8
In the circumstances entry into the GORE Transaction exposes TFG to potential claims for misrepresentation by the. non -voting
shareholders in TFG.
67.9
67.10
67 11
67.12
67.13
67.14
67.15
Siimmai^T2Ieach_^^
68.1
68.2
68.3
(Q_MA!LQfSectk^^
2008
69. Pursuant to sections 298 and 299 of the Companies (Guernsey) Law, 2008 ("Sections 298-299") before acompany grants nghts to subscribe for shares in a company otherwise, than for cash the board of directors must (inter alia):
69.1 resolve that, in its opinion, the consideration for and tenns of the issue
of the nghts or securities and, in either case, the shares are fair and
reasonable to the company and to all existing members (s^298(l)(b));
69.2 approve a certificate:
69.2.1 stating the consideration for, and tenns of, the issue of the
rights or securities and, in cither case, the shaies (s. 29S(2)(a));
<71893h.i
69.2.2
69.2.3 stating that, m their opinion, the consideration for and terms of
issue of the rights or securities and, in either case, the shares are
fair and reasonable to the company and to all existing members
(s. 298(1 Uc));
69.2.4
69.2.5
stating that, in the opinion of the board, the present cash value
of the consideration to be provided is not less than the amount
to be credited for the issue of the shares (s. 299(4)(b)),
69.3
69.4
resolve that, in its opinion, the present cash value of the consideration
to be. provided is not less than the amount to be credited for the issue
of the shares (s^99jSKb));
70. 'The proposed terms of the GORE Transaction include a term for the grant of options to the GORE Founders to subscribe for 3,908,241 shares in the capital
of TFG exercisable at $5.50 per share.
71.
71.1
resolve, that, in their opinion, the consideration for and tenns of the
issue, of the rights or sccunties and, in either case, the shares was fair
and reasonable to the company and to all existing members;
33 G4R93'vl
71.2
71.3
72. Mr Jackson avers that the minutes of the parallel meetings of directors of the Companies on 29 July 2010 are unrepresentative of the meeting and, m particular, the Directors faded adequately or at all to observe the requirements
of Sections 29S-299.
73. By reason of the matters aforesaid, following the entry of TFG mto the GORE
Transaction on the tenns set out in the Term Sheet, and mparticular die grant
the Directors and TFG have not complied with the requirements of
Sections 298-299;
73.2
73.3
in the circumstances the Directors, and each of them, has acted in breach oftheir duties in paragraphs 25.1, 25.3, 25.4 and 25.6 above in
3-1
G-fKWlvl
74. Further or alternatively, had the Directors complied with their Duties and with
Sections 298-299 they would not have agreed that the Companies should enter
into the GORE Transaction on the present terms. The Companies have
suffered loss as had the Directors caused the Companies to enter into the
GORE Transaction having complied with Sections 298-299 the terms of the
GORE Transaction would be more favourable to the Companies. (D) MR Griffith and Mr Dear have breached their duties of full and
FRANK DISCLOSURE TO THE COMPANIES
75.
At no material time, whether before or after the execution of the Term Sheet
on 18 May 2010, have Mr Griffith and Mr Dear disclosed fully and frankly to each ofthe Companies and all the other directors ofeach ofthe Companies the
nature and extent of their respective interests in relation to the Term Sheet
and/or the GORE Transaction.
76. In the premises, Mr Griffith and Mr Dear have acted, and continue to act, in
breach of their duties set out at paragraph 25.5 above and in breach of articles
77
Notwithstanding their failure to disclose their interests in the GORE Transaction fully and frankly, at meetings ofthe boards ofdirectors ofTFG and TFGMF held on 29 July 2010 both Mr Griffith and Mr Dear purported to vote m favour of approving the proposed terms of the GORE Transaction and in
favour of the GORE Resolutions.
78.
In the premises:
78.1
the Tenn Sheet is liable to be set aside at the instance of TFG and/or
TFGMF;
78.2
78.3
yet fully and frankly disclosed the nature and extent oftheir interest in
the GORE Transaction, the GORE Transaction would be liable to
be set aside at the instance of each of the Companies; and
78.4
by virtue of their positions as directors both Mr Griffith and Mr Dearare accountable to the Companies for any benefit they derive from
account of the benefits denved by Messrs Dear and Griffith from the
GORE Transaction is claimed.
(Hi Mr Griffith and Mr Dear havf placed themselves in a position of conflict in breach of their duties to the Companies
proposing and recommending the GORE Transaction to the boards of the Companies, each of Mr Griffith and Mr Dear has placed himself in a position
where his own respective personal interests and his fiduciary duty to the
InfrastructureCo Entities conflicted with the interests of the Companies and his
duties to those companies.
80.1
It was and is in the interests of the Companies (i) that the GORE
Transaction be pursued only if it is in the. best interests of the. Companies and (ii) that the Term Sheet and the GORE 'Transaction
80.2
act in the best interests of the Companies (as set out in paragraph 25.1
above). The said duty required them to negotiate such terms in
respect of the Tenn Sheet and the GORE Transaction as were most advantageous to the Companies. The aforesaid duty further required
Mr Griffith and Mr Dear to propose or recommend the Term Sheet and/or the GORE Transaction to the boards of the Companies only
80.3
and/or agents of the InfrastructureCo Entities, were also under a duty (to those entities) to act in the best interests of those entities. 'The said
80.4
personally from their entry into the Term Sheet and the GORE
Transaction on tenns which are most advantageous to the
81.
In the premises, there was and is a conflict between the duties of Mr Griffith
and Mr Dear to the Companies, on the one hand, and their personal interests
and duties to the InfrastnictureCo Entities, on the other. Accordingly, Mr Gnffith and Mr Dear have both acted, and m causing or allowing the
.37
82.
The said breaches of duty have not been authorised or otherwise approved by
the Companies.
S3. By virtue of their failure to comply with the provisions of article 91(c) of
TFG's Articles of Incoiporation and article 84(c) of TFGMF's Articles of
any benefit they derive from entry by the Companies into the GORE
Transaction and in particular their interests in the InfrastnictureCo Entities
An inquiry into and account of the benefits derived by Messrs Dear and
Griffith from the GORE Transaction is claimed.
84. By reason ofall the facts and matters set out in paragraphs 62 to 83 above: 84.1 in purporting to enter into the Term Sheet on behalf of TFG and
TFGMF each of Mr Griffith and Mr Dear failed to act with
84.2
in passing the GORJE Resolutions and approving the Tenn Sheet and
the GORE Transaction, each of the Directors failed to act with
CJ893KI
38
85.
Further, in breach of their duty to act with reasonable skill, care and diligence
the Directors failed adequately or at all to fully and properly consider the tenns
of the GORE Transaction on behalf of the Companies by reason of the
following facts and matters:
85.1
Houlihan Lokey Howard Si Zulcin Financial Advisors Inc ("Houlihan Lokey" and the "Fairness Opinion" as appropriate).
85.1.1
85.1.2
financial point of view" it specifically and expressly excluded any consideration or companson with inter alia the benefit
that the InfrastructureCo entities would obtain from the
GORE Transaction;
85.1.3
85.1.4
85.15
85.1.6
8517
85.1.8
85.2
85.2.1
fair;
85.2.2
85.2.3
85.3
85.3.1
85.3.2
to
the
GORE
any
proper
85.3.3
to critically analyse the methodology adopted by Houlihan Lokey and the assumptions and qualifications made by
Houlihan Lokey in their analysis of the GORE Transaction
and whether that methodology and those assumptions and
85.3.5
85.3.6
85.3.7
85.3.8
to consider whether the. voting rights of the Companies m relation to GORE activities arc appropriate and provide the
G4S936.1
85.3.9
the Companies with adequate protection from taxation and regulatory nsk through limitation of the types of
investments which can be made by GORE;
C936 I
Companies to ensure that duplicate infrastructure fees and duplicate investment management fees are not paid on those
assets committed under the co-investment commitment.
86. By reason of the breaches of duty of skill, care and diligence set out at
86.1
G4S93IU
86.2
Conclusion
87. By reason of the matters aforesaid, in passing the GORE Resolutions and approving the Tenn Sheet and the GORE Transaction, the Directors have
acted in breach of then Duties to the Companies and/or in breach of the
Companies' Articles.
88.
Companies, (ii) the Companies' Articles, (in) the Authorised Closed Ended
Investment Scheme Rules 2008 and/or (iv) the Companies (Guernsey) Law,
200S. Together all breaches of the Duties by the Directors set out in the cause
are refened to as the "Breaches'.
89.
As a result of the Breaches the. Companies have suffered loss and damage.
90.
Had the Breaches not taken place the Directors would not have resolved to
enter into the GORE transaction further or alternatively the Directors would
not have resolved to enter into the GORE transaction on the current terms.
91. If they had complied with their Duties the Directors would have ensured that the Companies did not enter into the GORE transaction other than on terms
which are in the best interest of the Companies and which are the best terms
which could be reasonably obtained.
92. Accordingly, in respect of the matters detailed under headings. 92.1 92.2 (A) (B) Breach of the. Authorised Closed Ended Investment Scheme The. GORE Transaction Is Not In The Best Interests of the
Rules 2008;
Companies,
GIC936.1
92.3
92.4
(F)
the Companies have suffered loss and damage which includes the difference in
value between the current tenns of the GORE Transaction and the tenns of the GORE Transaction which would have been obtained if the Directors had acted in accordance with their Duties and with paragraph 91 above. An
inquiry as to the amount of such loss and damage is claimed, together with an
order that the Directors pay such sums to the Companies as may be found
upon the taking of the inquiry.
93.1
93.2
an inquiry into and account of the benefit derived from the GORE transaction
by Mr Griffith and Mr Dear is claimed, together with an order that any such
benefit be paid to the Companies.
(1) An order pursuant to section 349 of the Companies (Guernsey) Law, 2008 (the
"Law") that the affairs of the Seventh and Eight Defendants are being and have been conducted in a manner that is unfairly prejudicial to the interests of thenmembers generally or some part of their members (including the Plaintiff);
(2) An order pursuant to section 350 of the Law authorising those, claims contained herein brought pursuant to section 349 and 350 of the Law lie brought in the
name of the Seventh and Eighth Defendants by the Plaintiff;
(3) An order that the Plaintiff be indemnified out of the assets of the Seventh and
Eighth Defendants in respect ofthe legal costs ofthe claims contained herein;
(4) Agamst the First to Sixth Defendants, an inquiry as to the loss and damage
suffered by the Seventh and Eighth Defendants detailed at paragraphs 87 to 92
above;
(5) An order for payment to the Seventh and Eighth Defendants by the First to Sixth
Defendants (in such proportions as the Court may order) ofsuch sums as shall be
found upon the taking ofthe said inquiry at (4) above;
(6) An inquiry into and account of the benefit derived by the First and Second
Defendants as detailed at paragraph 93 above;
(7) An order for payment to the Seventh and Eight Defendants by the First and
Second Defendant of such sums as shall be found upon the taking of the said
inquiiy and account at (6) above;
(9) An order for payment to the Seventh and Eighth Defendants of interest on the
said sums at such rate and for such period as the Court shall think fit,
(10) All other necessaiy and incidental orders and directions; (11) Such further orother relief as the Court thinks fit; and
(12) Costs.
J T LE TISSIER
Advocate for Alexander Jackson
G4RM6.I
APPENDIX A
Reade
I Alexander
Patrick
Griffith
40.000
I
40,000
Class B Shares
20.000
Jackson
Cla.ss C Shares
Dear
Polygon
Capital Holdings II
Limited
(PCH II)
iiiiilrMiiiii
1007c Non-Voiias
Shares
S @ro.uWpasteE|5S!
wssWf^a*TiSj<SaSsfaaBsS
iiiiiisiiiilii
48
tUSW.l
Jan 07
2011 5:55PM
561-883-DG07
Gentlemen:
We are writing to express our dissatisfaction with Tetragon Ffnanclal Group ltd.'s {'Tetragon") current structure of the Incentive fee payable to the Investment Manager.
We recogntee that on whole, the economic downturn of '0S-'09 was unexpected and, as such, that the sharp plunge in Tetragon's NAV has been an unforeseen consequence of that downturn. We recogntee also that when you drafted Tetragon's prospectus before gofng
public, you did not envision that such a problem would arise. Finally, we assume that each of
you Is doing your best to maxlmfea value for Tetragon shareholders.
Asyou well know, the Net Asset Value of Tetragon has plunged from approximately$10/share at Its IPOto approximately$5.4 today. Underthe current structure, you, the Investment managers, stand to collect Incentive fees on tmyrtse In NAV, even from these depressed levels, This will come at the expense of your devoted shareholders that chose to hold their Tetragon
shares, and ride out the difficult times. If, for example, the gross WAV were to recover back to
where ft stood atthe IPO, SlO/share, you would collect over $1.0 per share In Incentive fees, and your shareholders would effectively remain underwater by that amount. Worse yet, even If
the NAV wereto remain at currant levels but fluctuate inthe Interim, the Investment Manager
would collect Incentive fees on these fluctuations. This current Incentive fee structure defeats the purpose of aligning the Investment Manager's Interests with those ofshareholders: the
larger the volatility Inthe NAV, the largerthe Incentive fees to the InvestmentManager, all to
the dismay of shareholders.
Wo propose that that tfia incentive foe bo rastructured *ueh that no incentive fee will be paid
Omega Advisors,
Inc.
561-883-0607
p.t
We believe strongly that an adjustment to the Incentivefee structure Is not only appropriate,
message will contribute significantly to a recovery ofTetragon's shareprice, andwlH be wellreceived bythe greater Tetragon shareholder base as well as by potenfMInvestors.
We look forward to hearing back from you regarding this.
The undersigned own collectively over625,000 shares, representing approximately O.S %of
Tetragon's outstanding shares.
Sincerely,
L-C*
'.<]( Avse/l*
BRM Group
ByAvi Basher, CFO & VP Finance
Git Shwed
~""
"~""
"~
Page 2
Omega Advisors, Inc. 1 Wall Street Plaza 88 Pine Street 31st Floor | New York, New York 10005
Tel: 212-495-5210 I Fax: 212-495-5236
November 4,2010
Mr. Rupert Dorey, Director Mr. David Jeffreys, Director Mr. Byron L. Knief, Director
Mr. Greville V.B. Ward, Director
Tetragon Financial Group Ltd Dorey Court, Admiral Park, St. Peter Port Guernsey, Channel Islands GY1 8BG
Dear Gentlemen:
According to publicly available documents, Omega, and related entities, is the largest shareholder in Tetragon Financial Group, LTD ('TFG"), owning close to 10% of the equity. We remain very concerned aboutthe manner in which the Independent Directors of
TFG, as well as TFG's Investment Manager, Polygon Credit Management LP ("Polygon"), continue to operate with an apparent disregard for shareholder rights and an apparent lack of concern for enhancing shareholder value. As longas theIndependent Directors andPolygon continue to ignore the responsibilities associated with managing a public company, TFG shareswill continueto underperform its peers and trade at a significantdiscountto NAV. As Independent Directors with a fiduciary responsibility to protect the rights of non voting shareholders, I implore you to take the following actions in order to enhance
shareholder value:
1)
2) 3)
Amend the Investment Management Agreement to exclude incentive compensation on the reversal of the AcceleratedLoss Reserve ("ALR"); Increase corporate communication by conducting openquarterly conference calls followed by a question and answerperiod for all shareholders; Utilizeexcess cashto tender for up to 10%of common shares as long as the stock sells at a 20% or greater discount to NAV and we are confident in the
business outlook;
4) 5)
Incentive Compensation
Based on numerous conversations with existing and potential shareholders, there is a consensus around the fact that the incentive compensation on the reversal of the ALR is
blatantly excessive. Most investors view the compensation as inequitable and refuse to invest in a vehicle that permits the Investment Manager to write down asset values during a
downturn in the credit cycle and then simply write up the values in subsequent quarters and take 25% of the "appreciation" for doing nothing. This compensation arrangement is not in the spirit of the IMA, and it is contributing to TFG's stock price underperformance. I request that the Independent Directors force Polygon to waive its contractual right to an incentive fee on the reversal of the ALR. As a result, investors would gain considerable comfort that the Investment Manager and shareholders are receiving equitable compensation in the event of value creation. This action will contribute to reducing TFG's significant
discount to NAV.
Corporate Communication
I have been investing in stocks for decades and cannot recall a management team refusing to conduct interactive conference calls with shareholders. This is a highly unusual corporate communication policy for a public company with a market capitalization of about $700 million. In fact, both KFN and Man Group PLC, which are public investment companies, conduct interactive conference calls. Existing shareholders and, more importantly, potential shareholders find this policy unacceptable, making them wary about the Investment Managers' actions and motives. Shareholders are tired of Polygon's charade of asking for questions in advance and then simply ignoring them. Shareholders are entitled to an open dialogue with the Investment Manager in an open forum to confirm investment merits as well as discuss potential issues with the portfolio or strategy. By denying investors the opportunity to ask direct questions, the Investment Manager can operate in a vacuum and ignore investor concerns and demands. This closed minded communication style leads to investor skepticism and discourages potential investors from purchasing TFG shares. Furthermore, Polygon has a storied past with regards to upholding investor rights. The Wall Street Journal reported on September 4, 2010 that investors petitioned the Cayman Island court to appoint independent liquidators to wind up the Polygon Global Opportunities Fund because the fund manager, Reade Griffith, has returned just half of the money since announcing in late 2008 that he would wind up the fund. In addition, he continues to charge fees on more than $1.2 billion of capital that remains locked up despite investor outrage. The Board must recognize that Polygon's reputation of self-dealing is no longer acceptable and is causing TFG stock to underperform. I request that the Independent Directors force Polygon to hold quarterly conference calls with an open question and answer period so that investors can have a direct and honest dialogue with Polygon. This is standard protocol for large, public entities and will help ease investor concerns regarding Polygon's management of the portfolio. This action will also contribute to reducing TFG's significant discount to
NAV.
Excess Cash
The Board has elected, at the urging of Polygon, to retain an excessive amount of cash in TFG instead of paying out a one-time dividend or tendering for a meaningful percentage of the common stock. Since 3Q 2009, TFG has maintained a cash balance in excess of $149 million and elected not to deploy it during the greatest credit bull market in modern history. After CLO prices rallied and coiporate spreads largely normalized, Polygon
2
elected to potentially raise a new CLO and invest $110 million in GreenOak Real Estate, an asset class outside of TFG's core competency. Shareholders would be better served if the Board elected to use $100 million in cash to tender for up to 20% of the common stock. This would send a signal to the market that the Board and Polygon have tremendous confidence in their CLO investments and future prospects. In November 2009, I recommended that the Board consider a tender offer for 10% of the outstanding shares at a price of approximately $3.00. The Board elected not to pursue a tender offer, and instead, they elected to purchase 6.5 million shares in the secondary market over the past four
quarters at an average price of $4.00, or 16% above TFG's stock price on November 23,
2009. Although the stock price is higher today, the merits associated with a tender offer still stand given the significant share price discount to NAV. A meaningful tender offer would add to pro forma EPS, increase book value and significantly contribute to reducing TFG's discountto NAV. I wouldrecommend that the Boardestablisha policy of significant equity repurchase when the shares sell at a 20% or greater discount to NAV and we are comfortable
with our outlook.
Dividend Payout
The current dividend policy is unacceptable given current cash balance and cash
flows fromoperations ("CFO"). I request that the Board increase the dividend payoutratio to 40% of CFO, which is in line with what was originally contemplated when the company went public in 2007. As highlighted in table 1 below, the total dividend paid to shareholders in 2007 was $48.9 million, 41% of CFO, and total management and incentive fees ("M&I Fees") paid to Polygon was $29.0 million, 24% of CFO. This resulted in M&I Fees being 59% of the dividends paid to shareholders. Although shareholders may not approve of that ratio, it was at least more reasonable than what is occurring today.
This year, through October 29, 2010, the total dividends paid or declared to shareholders was $26.8 million, 14% of CFO, and M&I Fees paid to Polygon was $88.0 million. In other words, Polygon has received $61.2 million more in distributions than the shareholders, who have capital at risk. Overthe pastseven quarters, the Board paidPolygon $130.1 million in M&I Fees but just $41.9 million in dividends to shareholders. Furthermore, since 2007, the Board paid $188.7 million in dividends to shareholders and $200.6 million in M&I Fees to Polygon. This translates into M&I Fees being 106% of the dividends paid to shareholders. This is not equitable. Existing shareholders and, more importantly, potential shareholders find this payout policy unacceptable. The Board must recognize that the dividend payout ratio needs to be increased to approximately 40% of CFO. This would translate into YTD 2010 dividends of $46.3 million or $0.38 per share, versus the actual YTD amount of $0.14 per share. Increasing the dividend payout ratio would raise TFG's dividend yield and would contribute to reducing TFG's significant discount to NAV.
($mm)
CFO Dividends
2607
2008
$120.4
$48.9
41%
$345.3 $97.9
28%
$139.0
$15.1
11%
$186.1
$790.8
$26.8
14%
$188.7
24%
$29.0
24%
$41.5
12%
$411
30%
$88.0
47%
$200.6
25%
:;$i!!ir)if$^
Through October 29,2010 Source:TFG annualand Interim reports
Portfolio Disclosure
TFG portfolio disclosure is unacceptable and does not provide investors adequate information with which to accurately analyze the CLO holdings. Therefore, investors have no choice but to employ draconian assumptions when valuing TFG's CLO positions. The Board's decision to limit CLO disclosure is causing the stock to trade at a significant discount to NAV. For example, KFN provides quarterly updates that highlight capital structure, portfolio composition, deal dates, key portfolio metrics and over collateralization tests for each CLO (see table 2 below). This level of disclosure is necessary in order for investors to determine the risk profile of each CLO and, thus, the underlying value of TFG holdings and stock. I argue that this is one of the reasons KFN trades at a premium to book value. I have previously requested that the Board disclose CLO metrics but to no avail. In fact, Polygon has indicated that the information is "strategic" and that "investors would not understand it." If this is accurate, then why has KFN decided otherwise? I request that the Independent Directors force the Board to provide CLO level detail similar to KFN. This action will contribute to reducing TFG's significant discount to NAV.
KFNDiracI Tranche
Total Dtrt;indlrl
Ownttiblp
t
-
KFNOwnmhlp
OulatdiOrrrirKhlp
$ 715.000 O00
6(400
Tolal
Clew A ClwB
ClaaaC
715.000
58,000 61400
52.000
!.
cta*sr>
CtaiB
S2,0C
51XM0
La205bp*
15,000
ISjOOO
3,000
15,000 3,000
ClasaF
9.000
.
l530bpj I.a850bpa
RcaHual
Subordinated Note!
Total
6K00
5vJ00
85,500
* (37.M0
9M0O
!,K>
njm
17,5o0
AuH
WtdAvg Coupon*
Principal Caah
Honda FtatdRatc
33,134
31413 36.942
6.47% Senior Srcutrd loan*
ton
FloatingRata
toana
t>4.26%
' cod/7ndl.trni
M*
PbcdRate
floating Kato
Total
920J39
ifiis/m
LH97% L.VlMt
^BMJttHtHnAMllftitt/WK
Number of luuors
92
March 30,2009
2.6X 02
FinalMaturity
Nonfat End Data
April26,201) April26.2017
April 46,2008
281 boa
4.43
AoofDat*
Join 30,4009
OC<9mlor Minimum OC-Smhr Ratio 119,40% 12431% Pa* IOS.00%
Septan*** 30,2009
119.40% IJ7.II*
Paaa
DtnMbtrSl.tOIrt
119.40%
March 31.2010
119.40%
130.71% Pas*
1IIM30.2010
119.40% 131.68%
Paaa
128.10% Paaa
106.00% 111.30% Paaa
106A0%
106X0%
104.00%
106.65%
Pasa
11032%
Pasa
113.66%
Paaa
11450%
Fan 106.20%
112.60% Pa
106.20%
104.91% Fall
10620% tW.69%
l*J
106.20% 109.53%
Pan
106.20%
111.77% Pan
OC-Subordlnato Ratio
Subordinate Pasa/Fall
I hope this commentary has been insightful, andI would liketo meet with a Board representative; tq discuss thecontents of this letter and onlypublicly available information.
Leon G. Cooperman