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ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL

Born 1847 - Died 1922

Alexander Graham Bell was born in Scotland. His mother, who was deaf, was a musician and a painter of portraits. His father, who taught deaf people how to speak, invented "Visible Speech". This was a code which showed how the tongue, lips, and throat were positioned to make speech sounds. Graham, or "Aleck", as his family called him, was interested in working with the deaf throughout his life. He only attended school for five years; from the time he was ten until he was fourteen, but he never stopped learning. He read the books in his grandfather's library and studied tutorials * . When he was a teenager, he and his brother Melly used the voice box of a dead sheep to make a

speaking machine that cried, "Mama!" This created even more interest in human speech and how it worked. When he was in his early 20's, his two brothers died of tuberculosis * . Bell himself had the disease and his father moved the family to Canada looking for a better climate in which to live. Bell recovered from the disease. Two years later he went to Boston to open a school for teachers of the deaf and then became a professor at Boston University. It was at this time that he met Mabel Hubbard, one of his students who was 10 years younger than he. Mabel had become deaf at the age of four due to scarlet fever. Five years later they were married. At the wedding ceremony he gave her a gift of all but 10 shares of the stock in the newly formed company called Bell Telephone Company. They had two daughters and two sons. Their sons both died at a young age. Thomas Watson became an associate of Bell. He made parts and built models of Bell's inventions. One day while they were working Bell accidently heard the sound of a plucked reed * coming over the telegraph wire. Watson had been tuning the metal reeds in the next room. Bell drew up a plan for the telephone and they continued to experiment. The next day he transmitted the famous words, "Mr. Watson, come here. I want you!" A few months later on Feb. 14, 1876, he applied for a patent on his telephone.

He knew he would have to work quickly to get the patent * because other people were also trying to make an invention to transmit the human voice. Elisha Gray claims he too invented the telephone, but Bell got to the patent office an hour or so before he did. It is said that Antonio eucci also succeeded with the invention before Bell. Because Bell had the patent, he had the right to be the only one to produce telephones in the U.S. for the next 19 years. He showed the invention to Queen Victoria of England and she wanted lines to connect her castles. By 1917, nearly all of the United State had telephone service.

He continued to invent other things. He developed a method of making phonograph * records on a wax disc. He made an iron breathing lung, and a device for locating icebergs at sea. He experimented with sheep. He was interested in kites that could lift a man, and he invented a hydrofoil * which set a world speed record of over 70 miles per hour. He along with others started the National Geographic Society and he served as its president for several years. He became a U.S. citizen, but he died in Canada at the age of 75.

Samuel F. B. Morse
Better known as the inventor of the electric telegraph, Samuel F. B. Morse was also a professor of painting and sculpture at New York University, which was founded in 1832. His appointment that year to the first such professorship in the United States represents a milestone in his mission to promote the fine arts as truly American. Morse's reputation alternated between recognition and neglect throughout his artistic career. His training in England from 1811 to 1815 sparked his ambition to create a more nurturing environment for the fine arts in his native country. But the material realities of the American art scene, which lacked institutional support and private patronage, forced Morse to adapt his grandiose plans, and he soon resorted to portraiture as the only marketable genre. After working as an itinerant portraitist in New Hampshire and Vermont, he resided for a while in Charleston, South Carolina, and finally settled in New York City. His clients included not only local dignitaries but also eminent national figures such as President James Monroe. For Morse, however, portrait painting exemplified America's materialism. Like Sir Joshua Reynolds, he considered history painting to be the most elevated genre of art. Following in the footsteps of his compatriots Benjamin West and John Trumbull, Morse modernized history painting for an American audience. His House of Representatives (182223; Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.), with its attention to contemporary costume and lack of a single dramatic moment, illustrates this approach. Set in the newly- renovated Hall of Congress, it includes individual portraits of dozens of congressmen, Supreme Court justices, journalists, and janitors, all participating in the orderly process of democratic government. Here, Morse was able to domesticate the grand ideal by fusing it with a more casual tone. The Gallery of the Louvre (183233; Terra Museum of American Art, Chicago), begun the year Morse assumed his teaching post at NYU, best captures his educational agenda. It features an art teacher surrounded by students in the Louvre museum in Paris. In this self-contained ideal world, where students interact with works of art from various old-master traditions, Morse conceived the past in animated relation to the present. In 1835 he moved into NYU's new University Building, constructed in the then-fashionable neo-Gothic style at Washington Square Easton the site of the current Silver Center, the home of the Grey Art Gallery. He took the northwest tower as his studio, as well as six other rooms for himself and his students, who received both theoretical and practical instruction. As an unpaid faculty member, Morse collected fees for instruction directly from his students and was responsible for their welfare. But, greatly disappointed by his failure to secure a commission to paint a mural in the Capitol Rotunda in Washington, D.C., Morse soon drew back from the arts and turned his attention to the telegraph and to his groundbreaking research in photography, conducted in collaboration with NYU Professor of Chemistry John Draper. Although he no longer taught after 1841, Morse continued to be listed as Professor of the Literature of the Arts of Design until just before his death in 1872.

Morse never realized his dream of developing a truly American public art, one that educated the populace to new heights of artistic awareness while fostering enthusiasm for a distinctly American heritage. Yet the founding of the National Academy of Design, over which he presided from 1826 to 1842, and his presentation there, first in 1826, then in 182829 and 183132, of the first educational art lectures in America (published as Lectures on the Affinity of Painting with the Other Fine Arts) were significant steps in the encouragment of the arts in America. And his paintings remain as records of his progressive contribution to the American art scene. His idealistic vision of the role of art education in developing America as a preeminent cultural force is best embodied in the Allegorical Landscape of New York University (183536; New-York Historical Society, New York). Here Morse transposes NYU's University Building from Washington Square to a timeless classical landscape inspired by the work of the seventeenth-century French master Claude Lorrain. Such a struggle to fuse old and new characterizes all of Morse's involvements in American cultural life.

Borobodur temple This famous Buddhist temple, dating from the 8th and 9th centuries, is located in central Java. It was built in three tiers: a pyramidal base with five concentric square terraces, the trunk of a cone with three circular platforms and, at the top, a monumental stupa. The walls and balustrades are decorated with fine low reliefs, covering a total surface area of 2,500 m2. Around the circular platforms are 72 openwork stupas, each containing a statue of the Buddha. The monument was restored with UNESCO's help in the 1970s.

Long Description
Borobudur is one of the greatest Buddhist monuments in the world. Founded by a king of the Saliendra dynasty, it was built to honour the glory of both the Buddha and its founder, a true king Bodhisattva. The name Borobudur is believed to have been derived from the Sanskrit words vihara Buddha uhr, meaning the Buddhist monastery on the hill. Borobudur temple is located in Muntilan, Magelang, and is about 42 km from Yogyakarta city. This colossal temple was built between AD 750 and 842: 300 years before Cambodia's Angkor Wat, 400 years before work had begun on the great European cathedrals. Little is known about its early history except that a huge army of workers worked in the tropical heat to shift and carve the 60,000 m3 of stone. At the beginning of the 11th century AD, because of the political situation in Central Java, divine monuments in that area, including the Borobudur Temple became completely neglected and given over to decay. The Sanctuary was exposed to volcanic eruption and other ravages of nature. The temple was not rediscovered until

the 19th century. A first restoration campaign, supervised by Theodor van Erp, was undertaken shortly after the turn of the century. A second one was led more recently (1973-82). A harmonious marriage of stupas, temple-mountain and the ritual diagram, this temple complex was built on several levels around a hill which forms a natural centre. The first level above the base comprises five square terraces, graduated in size and forming the base of a pyramid. Above this level are three concentric circular platforms crowned by the main stupa. Stairways provide access to this monumental stupa. The base and the balustrades enclosing the square terraces are decorated in reliefs sculpted in the stone. They illustrate the different phases of the soul's progression towards redemption and episodes from the life of Buddha. The circular terraces are decorated with no fewer than 72 openwork stupas each containing a statue of Buddha. Stylistically the art of Borobudur is a tributary of Indian influences (Gupta and post-Gupta styles). The walls of Borobudur are sculptured in bas-reliefs, extending over a total length of 6 km. It has been hailed as the largest and most complete ensemble of Buddhist reliefs in the world, unsurpassed in artistic merit, each scene an individual masterpiece. The narratives reliefs on the main walls read from the right to left, those on the balustrade from left to right. This was done for the purpose of the Pradaksina, the ritual circumambulation which the pilgrims make moving on the clockwise and keeping the sanctuary to the right. The Karmawibangga reliefs on the hidden foot are devoted to the law of karma. The Lalitavistara series do not provide a complete biography of the Buddha, from the Hushita heaven and end his sermon in the Deer Park near the Benares. Jataka are stories about the Buddha before he was born as Prince Sidharta. Awadana are similar to Jataka, but the main figure is not the Boddhisatva, and the saintly deeds are attributed to other legendary persons. The stories are compiled in the Dvijavadana (Glorious Heavenly Acts) and the Awadana Sataka (Hundred Awadanas). The first twenty panels in the lower series of the first gallery depict, the Sudhanakumaravadana. The series of reliefs covering the wall of the second gallery is devoted to Sudhana's tireless wanderings in search of the Highest Perfect Wisdom. The story is continued on the wall and balustrade of the third and fourth galleries. Its depiction in most of the 460 panels is based on the holy Nahayana text Gandavyuha, the concluding scenes being derived from another text, the Badracari.

Eiffel Tower
(French: Tour Eiffel) is an iron tower built on the Champ de Mars on the banks of the River Seine in Paris. The tower has become a global icon of France and one of the world famous structure. This structure was built between 1887 and 1889 as the entrance to Exposition, World's Fair that celebrated the French Revolution a century. Actually planning to build the Eiffel tower in Baecelona, for the Universal Exhibition of 1888, but the responsible parties in Barcelona city hall thought strange and expensive, and does not fit with the city. After the rejection of Plan of Barcelona, Eiffel send the draft to the party responsible for the Universal Exhibition in Paris, where he built the tower a year later, in 1889. The tower was inaugurated on March 31, 1889, and opened on May 6. Three hundred workers joined together 18,083 of iron unders (a pure form of structural iron), using two and a half million of nails, in the form of structural by Maurice Koechelin. The risk of accident is very great, to modern skyscrapers the tower is unusual open without the middle level except the two platforms. However, because Eiffel took care, including use of the moving pulley block, auxiliary rails and screens, and in this case only one who died. The tower is getting criticism from the public when it is built, calling it disturbing eyes. Daily newspapers are filled with letters of criticism from the art community in Paris. Eiffel tower standing licensed for 20 years, which means it must be dismantled in 1909, when ownership transferred to the City of Paris. The city had planned to tear it down (part of the original contest rules for designing a tower that is easy to tear down) but after this tower proved extremely profitable in terms of communication, the tower was left standing after the permit expires. For example, the military uses it to arrange a taxi Paris on the front lines during the First Battle of the Marne, and the battle was a victory monomen

BIg ben

Istana Westminster dan Big Ben dari timur laut, dari Jembatan Westminster

Menara ini dibangun sebagai bagian dari rencana pembangunan istana baru oleh Charles Barry, setelah Istana Westminster yang lama telah hancur akibat kebakaran pada malam 22 Oktober 1834. Menara ini tingginya 96.3 meter (316 kaki) dan dibangun dengan gaya Gothik Victoria. 61 meter (200 kaki) di bawah jam terbuat dari bata yang dilapisi oleh batu, sedangkan puncak menara ditopang dengan rangka besi yang dibuat dari besi leleh. Menara ini dibangun di atas tanah berukuran 15 meter kali 15 meter, fondasi terbuat dari beton setebal 3 meter (9 kaki), pada kedalaman 4 meter (13 kaki) di bawah permukaan. Semua sisi jam tingginya 55 meter (180 kaki) dari atas tanah. Karena berubahnya kondisi tanah sejak pembangunannya, Menara Big Ben sedikit miring ke barat laut kurang lebih 220 milimeter (8.66 inci), menara ini miring setiap tahun sebanyak beberapa milimeter ke arah timur dan barat dikarenakan efek thermal. Jam ini sangat besar sehingga menara ini pernah dijadikan sebagai menara jam berwajah empat terbesar, namun rekor ini akhirnya dipegang oleh Menara jam Allen-Bradley di Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Namun, sang arsitek tidak memasang bel pada jam tersebut, sehingga Big Ben memegang rekor sebagai Menara jam empat sisi terbesar dengan lonceng.
Salah satu sisi Menara Jam Westminster. Garis pendek (jam) memiliki panjang 2.7 meter (9 kaki) dan garis panjang (menit) memiliki panjang 4.3 meter (14 kaki).

Jam dan lonceng Big Ben didesain oleh Augustus Pugin. Jam ini diletakan pada sebuah kerangka besi berukuran 7 meter (23 kaki), ditopang dengan 312 kepingan kaca opal, sehingga mirip seperti jendela berwarna. Beberapa keping gelas kemungkinan dibuang untuk pemeriksaan. Loncengnya dilapisi seluruhnya dengan emas. Di bagian bawah jam, di setiap sisi jam, terdapat tulisan Domine Salvam Fac Reginam Nostram Victoriam Primam, yang dalam bahasa Indonesia berarti Oh Tuhan, lindungi Ratu Victoria yang Pertama.

Big Ben pada petang, dengan wahana London Eye di belakangnya.

Jam ini terkenal karena ketepatannya. Pendesainnya adalah seorang pengacara dan horologis amatir Edmund Beckett Denison, dan George Airy, seorang Astronom Kerajaan. Jam ini dibuat oleh Edward John Dent, yang menyelesaikannya pada tahun 1854. Namun menara Big Ben belum selesai saat itu sampai tahun 1859. Pepatah Inggris putting a penny on yang berarti memperlambat laju, muncul dari metode metode-substansi yang berasal dari pendulum jam. Di atas pendulum terdapat setumpuk koin penny, koin ini digunakan untuk mengubah waktu jam. Menambah atau mengurangi koin mengubah pusat gravitasi jam, sehingga waktu bertambah sebanyak 0.4 detik sehari. Ketika Blitz London, Istana Westminster sempat dibom oleh Jerman, pada 10 Mei 1941, sebuah bom tiba-tiba menghancurkan dua dari empat muka jam dan sebagian dari atap menara dan menghancurkan ruangan dewan rakyat. Arsitek Sir Giles Gilbert Scott merancang lagi ruangan lima-lantai. Dua lantai yang diisi saat ini dengan ruangan lain pertama kali digunakan pada tanggal 26 Oktober 1950, jam ini masih berjalan, walaupun serangkaian serangan bom besar terus terjadi dan berlangsung sampai Blitz berakhir.

Sisi selatan Big Ben sedang dibersihkan, 11 Agustus 2007.

y Tahun Baru 1962: Jam menjadi lambat karena salju dan es yang menutupi lengan panjang jam, menyebabkan bandul terlepas dari tempatnya, untuk mencegah kerusakan serius, bandul ini diayunkan lagi. Sehingga jam ini berdentang 10 menit kemudian. y 5 Agustus 1976: Kerusakan pertama dan terbesar. Bagian dari lonceng hancur karena logam yang sudah tua. Big Ben berhenti selama 9 bulan dan 26 hari - jam ini akhirnya berbunyi kembali pada tanggal 9 Mei 1977, ini adalah kerusakan terlama sejak pembangunannya. Sehingga BBC Radio 4 harus memberi tanda waktu dengan suara "pip". Musim kemarau 1976 sangat panjang dan panas di Britania dan mungkin merupakan penyebab rusaknya jam. y 30 April 1997 (sehari sebelum pemilu): Terhenti. Tiga minggu kemudian: Berhenti kembali. Jumat, 27 Mei 2005: Jam berhenti pada pukul 10:07 malam waktu setempat, kemungkinan berhenti karena cuaca panas (temperatur di London saat itu mencapai 31.8 C (90 F). Jam ini akhirnya berjalan lagi, namun berhenti kembali pada 10:20 malam waktu setempat dan berhenti selama 90 menit sampai akhirnya berjalan kembali.

y y

y y

29 Oktober 2005: Dihentikan selama 33 jam sehingga jam dan loncengnya beristirahat. Ini adalah pemberhentian terlama selama kurun waktu 22 tahun. 7:00 pagi 5 Juni 2006: Lonceng "Quarter Bells" dikeluarkan selama empat minggu karena rusak dimakan waktu dan harus diperbaiki. Sehingga, BBC Radio 4 memberi suara waktu dengan suara burung diikuti dengan suara "pip".

Celine Dion
This article is about the singer. For her 1992 self-titled album, see Cline Dion (album).

Celine Dion

Dion performing "Taking Chances" at her Taking Chances Tour concert in Bell Centre, Montreal, Canada, on August 19, 2008. Background information Birth name Born Origin Cline Marie Claudette Dion March 30, 1968 (age 43) Charlemagne, Quebec, Canada Pop, dance-pop, pop rock, soft rock, adult contemporary

Genres

Occupations

Singer,[1] songwriter-composer,[2] actress[3] Vocals 1980 present Sony Music Canada, Epic, 550, Columbia celinedion.com

Instruments Years active Labels Website

Cline Marie Claudette Dion (French pronunciation: [selin dj ] ( listen)) (CC, OQ; born March 30, 1968) is a Canadian recording artist and entrepreneur. Born to a large family from Charlemagne, Quebec,[4] Dion emerged as a teen star in the French-speaking world after her manager and future husband Ren Anglil mortgaged his home to finance her first record.[5] In 1990, she released the English-language album Unison, establishing herself as a viable pop artist in North America and other English-speaking areas of the world.[6] Dion had first gained international recognition in the 1980s by winning both the 1982 Yamaha World Popular Song Festival and the 1988 Eurovision Song Contest.[7][8] Following a series of French albums in the early 1980s, she signed on to CBS Records Canada in 1986. During the 1990s, with the help of Anglil, she achieved worldwide fame after signing with Epic Records and releasing several English albums along with additional French albums, becoming one of the most successful artists in pop music history.[9][10] However, in 1999 at the height of her success, Dion announced a hiatus from entertainment in order to start a family and spend time with her husband, who had been diagnosed with cancer.[10][11] She returned to the top of pop music in 2002 and signed a three-year (later extended to almost five years) contract to perform nightly in a five-star theatrical show at the Colosseum at Caesars Palace, Las Vegas.[12][13][14] Dion's music has been influenced by genres ranging from rock and R&B to gospel and classical. While her releases have often received mixed critical reception, she is renowned for her technically skilled and powerful vocals.[15][16][17] Dion is the best-selling Canadian artist of all time,[18][19] is the second best-selling female artist in the United States of America during the Nielsen SoundScan era,[20][21] and is the only female artist to have two singles that have sold more than a million copies in the United Kingdom.[22] In addition, her 1995 album D'eux, is the best-selling French-language album of all time.[23] In 2004, after surpassing 175 million in album sales worldwide, she was presented with the Chopard Diamond Award at the World Music Awards for becoming the best-selling female artist of all time.[24][25] According to Sony Music Entertainment, Dion has sold over 200 million albums worldwide.[26]

Mariah Carey
This article is about the singer. For her self-titled album, see Mariah Carey (album).

Mariah Carey

Carey at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival Background information March 27, 1970 (age 41), March 27, 1969 (age 42) (Sources vary) Huntington, New York, United States R&B, pop, Soul, Dance. [1] Singer-songwriter, model, record producer, actress, film producer

Born

Genres

Occupations

Years active 1988 present Labels Columbia, Virgin, Island Boyz II Men, Whitney Houston, Luther Vandross, Jay-Z, Jermaine Dupri, Bone Thugs N Harmony, Busta Rhymes, Nicki Minaj, Ne-Yo

Associated acts

Website

mariahcarey.com

Mariah Carey's signature

Mariah Carey (born March 27, 1970[2] or 1969;[3] sources vary) is an American R&B/pop singer-songwriter, record producer and actress. She made her recording debut in 1990 under the guidance of Columbia Records executive Tommy Mottola, and became the first recording artist to have her first five singles top the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. Following her marriage to Mottola in 1993, a series of hit records including "Dreamlover" and "Hero" from the diamond album Music Box established her position as Columbia Records' highest-selling act. Following her separation from Mottola in 1997, she introduced elements of hip hop into her album work, to much initial success, but when she left Columbia in 2001 her popularity was in decline. She signed an unprecedented $100 million deal with Virgin Records, only to be dropped from the label and bought out of her contract in the following year. This radical turn of events was due to the highly publicized physical and emotional breakdown, as well as the poor reception that was given to Glitter, her film and soundtrack project. In 2002 Carey signed a $24 million deal with Island Records, and after a relatively unsuccessful period, she returned to the top of pop music in 2005 with her album The Emancipation of Mimi.[4][5] The album became the best-selling album of the 2000s decade and its single, "We Belong Together," became her most successful solo single of her music career and was also awarded Song of the Decade by Billboard. In a career spanning over two decades, Carey has sold more than 200 million albums, singles, and videos worldwide, according to Island Def Jam, which makes her one of the world's bestselling music artists.[6][7] Carey was cited as the worlds best-selling recording artist of the 1990s at the World Music Awards in 1998,[8][9] and was named the best-selling female artist of the millennium by the same awards show in 2000.[10][11][12] According to the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), she is the third-best-selling female artist, with shipments of 63 million albums in the U.S. In 2006 Carey was listed in 6th place on the Forbes Richest 20 Woman In Entertainment list. In April 2008, "Touch My Body" became Carey's eighteenth number one single on the Hot 100, the most by any solo artist.[13][14] Carey was included in Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People in the world in 2008. Carey starred in the film Precious (2009), which earned her a Breakthrough Performance Award at the Palm Springs International Film Festival and an NAACP Image Award nomination. Aside from her commercial accomplishments, she composes all her own material, has earned five Grammy Awards, seventeen World Music Awards, and is known for her five-octave vocal range, power, melismatic style and signature use of the whistle register.[15][16][17]

Taj mahal ,arga,india

Text Source: Taj Mahal, Mausoleum of Mumtaz Mahal Taj Mahal is regarded as one of the eight wonders of the world, and some Western historians have noted that its architectural beauty has never been surpassed. The Taj is the most beautiful monument built by the Mughals, the Muslim rulers of India. Taj Mahal is built entirely of white marble. Its stunning architectural beauty is beyond adequate description, particularly at dawn and sunset. The Taj seems to glow in the light of the full moon. On a foggy morning, the visitors experience the Taj as if suspended when viewed from across the Jamuna river. Taj Mahal was built by a Muslim, Emperor Shah Jahan (died 1666 C.E.) in the memory of his dear wife and queen Mumtaz Mahal at Agra, India. It is an "elegy in marble" or some say an expression of a "dream." Taj Mahal (meaning Crown Palace) is a Mausoleum that houses the grave of queen Mumtaz Mahal at the lower chamber. The grave of Shah Jahan was added to it later. The queens real name was Arjumand Banu. In the tradition of the Mughals, important ladies of the royal family were given another name at their marriage or at some other significant event in their lives, and that new name was commonly used by the public. Shah Jahan's real name was Shahab-ud-din, and he was known as Prince Khurram before ascending to the throne in 1628. Taj Mahal was constructed over a period of twenty-two years, employing twenty thousand workers. It was completed in 1648 C.E. at a cost of 32 Million Rupees. The construction documents show that its master architect was Ustad Isa, the renowned Islamic architect of his time. The documents contain names of those employed and the inventory of construction materials and their origin. Expert craftsmen from Delhi, Qannauj, Lahore, and Multan were

employed. In addition, many renowned Muslim craftsmen from Baghdad, Shiraz and Bukhara worked on many specialized tasks. The Taj stands on a raised, square platform (186 x 186 feet) with its four corners truncated, forming an unequal octagon. The architectural design uses the interlocking arabesque concept, in which each element stands on its own and perfectly integrates with the main structure. It uses the principles of self-replicating geometry and a symmetry of architectural elements. Its central dome is fifty-eight feet in diameter and rises to a height of 213 feet. It is flanked by four subsidiary domed chambers. The four graceful, slender minarets are 162.5 feet each. The entire mausoleum (inside as well as outside) is decorated with inlaid design of flowers and calligraphy using precious gems such as agate and jasper. The main archways, chiseled with passages from the Holy Quran and the bold scroll work of flowery pattern, give a captivating charm to its beauty. The central domed chamber and four adjoining chambers include many walls and panels of Islamic decoration. The mausoleum is a part of a vast complex comprising of a main gateway, an elaborate garden, a mosque (to the left), a guest house (to the right), and several other palatial buildings. The Taj is at the farthest end of this complex, with the river Jamuna behind it. The large garden contains four reflecting pools dividing it at the center. Each of these four sections is further subdivided into four sections and then each into yet another four sections. Like the Taj, the garden elements serve like Arabesque, standing on their own and also constituting the whole.