www.sviva.gov.

il
www.jiis.org.il
www.gsi.gov.il

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16

17

18

19

20

21

e

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AHAVA



22

23

24

25





Dead Sea Transform




e




rhomb shaped e
graben

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graben rift

26







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27

28








APC Arab Potash Co. DSW



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CaSO42H2O
NaCl











CaCO3
29

Hall and Neev, 1974

(HCO3) SO4)



k

(H2S)

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31

Dead
Sea



































32

-350

Input (10 m 3)
1500

Water level (m)

-400

1050
900

-450

600 - no DSPI
600

-500

DSPI stop pumping

-550

300

-600

-650

100

200

300

400

500

Time (yr)

Yechieli et al., 1998
33

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e

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Debris flow a





34

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.GSI/18/2004

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GSI/18/2004

 GSI/18/2004

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 GSI/18/2004 .
37

 GSI/18/2004
38

 GSI/18/2004
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40


GSI/18/2004
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GSI/18/2004
42
















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43

..
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GSI/18/2004

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44

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Sand Volcanoes

Sand Volcanoes
GSI/18/2004
45



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o o


o

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<2m
Illite
Smectite





o o
o
o


k o

MW=5.3


46

..

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interface

47

(1999; 2000a,b) Salameh and El-Naser





GSI/21/2004 GSI/20/2004 GSI/13/2004

..

ek

GSI/18/2004

.

..


48

Current Research, 2002

InSAR

GSI/18/2004
49


Current Research, 2002

GSI/18/2004

50

e ..

DEM

51


GSI/13/2004
52


GSI/13/2004
53


GSI/13/2004
54


GSI/13/2004
55


GSI/13/2004
56

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57

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P88


P88

P7
P8
P88


KMgCl36H2O)

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58






ek







e

59



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60

61

salary salarium














(Hecht & Ezer, 1984)







H2S

62






Chimarra
Trichoptera)
Chessman

Poliracuis simplex

..




"

Y e

..

Poliracuis simplex

63

The IUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book, Wells
et al., 1980

EN CR
RE VU

Sterapsis
squamosa

Sterapsis squamosa

64



Por et al., 2001






Dimentman & Por, 1991




N

Reochromis aureus
Aphanius e
mento




Goren & Ortal, 1999

IUCN, 1980

Evans, 1994

..

Aphanius richardsoni

Garra ghorensis

65

O



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e

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66

67

68

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70

71

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72

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..

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Gazella dorcas

74

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Raz,1983

..

Garra ghorensis


75

SO4

.

..





(Neev & Emery, 1967)

.
..

..

76






(Oren, 1983b

..

primary producer
Dunaliella




Oren, 1983a Halobacterium
Haloarcula marismortii
Halobacterium sodomense


Oren, 1983b

Oren, 1983c, 1985;
Oren, & Shilo, 1982
(Oren, 1993

77

Desulfuvibrio



Desulfuvibrio

Buchalo et al., 2000






Gimnascella marismortui

78

.

a

79


80

81

a
82

a
83

a
84

a
85

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86


..



87

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88

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.
..

90

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91

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..

92

93

94

95

96

97

..

98


..

..

99

..

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

.
..

1.7%

2,150

8%

10,615

5%

6,870

84%

106,684

100%

126,300

112


113

..






"

d

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114

.

Restoration Costs
..











e

115

.

..










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116

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.


117

e
e

57,834,772

39,480,282

43,376,079

29,610,212

15

16,430,333

11,215,989

25

117,641,184

80,306,483

48

118

50%

50

113

12

1,357

200

272,000

120

14,000

286,000

119

29,228,205

23,279,623

7,297,498

6,106,239

15

2,060,040

1,696,177

25

38,585,743

31,082,039

48

32.80%

38.70%

9,100,000

6,600,000

38,000,000

31,000,000

15,000,000

12,000,000

53,000,050

43,000,020

5,500,000

6,000,000

6,600,000

9,100,000

12,100,000 15,100,000

..

120

..
TCM - Travel Cost Method

..
CVM - Contingent Valuation Method






121

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CVM

TCM ..
CVM

TCM













122

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TCM

CVM

123

125

126

127

128

e




129

130

131

132

(?)

(?)

133

I

II

InSAR

SIDE-SCAN SONAR

I



II


III



134

I

II
III


GIS IV

I


II
III

IV
V

135

GIS

I
I

136

137

138

139

R
RP

P
P
RR
RR

RR

RP

RR

RR

+
+

+
+
+

+
+
+
+

+
+

+
+
+
+
+

+
+

+
+
+

+
+

+
+

140

49

RR

RP

P
P

R
P

P
R

13

10

+
+

+
+

+
+
+

+
+

35

38

R RP RR P

141

OLIGOCHAETA

Tubifex tubifex

AMPHIPODA

Echinogammarus sp.

ISOPODA

Asellus

DECAPODA

Potamon

GASTROPODA

Melanopsis buccinoidea
Melanoides tuberculatus
Theodoxus michonii
Heleobia sp.

ACARI

Hydracarina

ODONATA

Zygoptera
Pseudagrion sp.
Anisoptera
Gomphus davidi

HETEROPTERA

Gerridae
Veliidae

COLEOPTERA

Berosus sp.

DIPTERA

Simullidae
Dixidae
Dixella sp.
Chironomidae
Chironomus sp.
Rheotanytarsus
Chironomid ()
Ceratopogonidae
Tabanidae
Culicidae
Tipulidae
Empididae

Philopotamidae: Chimarra sp. (?)

Hydroptilidae: Hydroptila sp.

RANIDAE

Rana ridibunda

BUFONIDAE

Bufo viridis

CYPRINODOTIDAE

Aphanius dispar richardsoni

CICHLIDAE

Oreochromis aureus

TRICHOPTERA

.
142

Paraechinus aethiopicus
Rhinopoma microphyllum
Rhinopoma hardwickii
Pipistrellus bodenheimeri
Psammomys obesus
Acomys russatus
Canis aureus
Vulpes vulpes
Meles meles
Herpestes ichneumon
Hyaena hyaena
Felis silvestris
Felis chaus
Caracal caracal

Panthera pardus
Procavia capensis
Capra nubiana
Gazella gazella gazella

Isopoda
Turcolana detecta
Microparasellus enot-samar

+
+

Amphipoda
Bogidiella copia
Habraeobogidiela bromleyana
Metacrangonyx ortali

+
+
+

+
+
+

Copepoda
Schizopera dimentmani

Gastropoda
Pseudoamnicula solitaria
Hydrobiidae sp. ( )

+
+

Ostheichthiyes
Aphanius richardsoni

(-)

Crustaceae

. ;Goren & Ortal, 1999; Por et al, 2001; Dimentman & Por, 1991
143





==============================================================
01

.

.



.
.

.


.
.
.
:
.

. PILOT
.
.

.

.

144

145

p6

p7
p8
p88

 


















146

 














         













 










         






         













         

147















         


60




50




         

30

20

10

2002


40

2003

148

60

50





40
30
20

10

 

2002

 

2003

60

40

30
20

50

10




2002

2003

 

 

 
 






 

 

149







Ward and Beal, 2000






Willingness
to pay WTP

TCM Travel Cost Method












TCM

Kolstad, 2000

TCM =
Travel Cost Method

TCM
Harold Hotelling

TCM
150

151


Ci= (W/4) * (Ti) + ( Km(i)*1.92*2)+ Night

Ti

i Km(i)


Night

GIS



Vi/Pi=f(Ci ; Si)

i
i Vi
i Pi
Ci
Si

152

dC=600









- .

.

.

.

.

.


.

.
- .

.

.

.

R2 = 0.895
F = 42.655

V = 4.622 - 1.413LndC
R2 = 0.99
F = 561.828
Pvalue = 0.00

Vi = 1.55 - 0.00085dC

.

e
!

153

.

PValue = 0.001

,dC=50


Vtotal = 527.36- 0.498dC
R2 = 0.534
F = 37.85
Sig. = 0.00

Vtotal
dC

Y

X

 .

 .
 .
 .

 .

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

 .
 .
 .
 .

 .

 .

.

 .

 .

.

. .  .  .  . .  . .

154

Vtotal = 1180 - 386.253LndC
R2 = 0.854
F = 194.021
PValue = 0.0004

Vtotal

dC

CVM

155

TCM

Contingent Valuation
Method CVM


U.S Water Resources Council
EPA

Loomis, 1984

WTPi=f(S,T.Q)

I
S
T
Q

156

CVM

CVM

Sig

t value

St. error

Sig

t value

Rsq=.138 F=5.999 sig=000

Rsq=.114 F=19.253 sig=

Stepwise regression analysis

157

-. -. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

-.

. .

. .

. .

. .

-.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

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. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

-. -. .

158






et














k

EXXON-

VALDEX



















159

CVM



Contingent
Valuation Method (CVM)
















CVM

Robert Mitchell
Richard Carson

CVM

160

 __


__

__

161

CVM

__

d1


d3

d2

162

 ABCE





1 + 1 X 0.25 = 1.25

B A

2 + 3 X0.25 = 2.5
3 + 3 X0.25 = 3.75
4 ++ 4 X0.25 = 5

A'B'C'E'






p
CVM

163

100X1 = 100

200X1/3 ~ 67

B B

100X1/3 ~33
C
B

B E

CVM

164












____________________________________

___________

__________
_________

________________

165

Uromastyx aegyptius








Polyrhachis simplex

167









d
















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170