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iii Summary

e










5

10

11

1

12

13











e


















14

15

16

17

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urban footprint











20

CO2 NOx

CO

CO2 NOx

CO2 SO2

t


21

Jacobs, 1969; Sennett, 1970











22

t t





















23

 t


NOx

24

A
C B



25


t





Gerrad et al., 2001; Still
& Simmonds, 2000

Hensher & King, 2001

26

e









27

out of pocket costs

28

29

Marshal, 2001

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Bell & Feitelson,
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Newman & Kenworthy, 1989

Breheny, 1992; Anderson et al., 1996; Maat, 2001
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Stonor & de Arruda
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42

43






















"

44

45

A Leq





46


















dBA

47






dBA dBA
Leq

dBA










dBA



Leq (A)
Free Field


48

dBA

Ldn
Ldn +10 dB



Ldn

55 Ldn 60 Ldn
ICAO
FAA

ICAO





Ldn

49













dBA

50



dBA

51

















dBA

52






























53
























65 Ldn



54

55

56

57

NOx
CO SO2
HC
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58

59

60




SO2
NOx
VOC NOx CO
VOC CO
NOx
NOx
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PM2.5 PM10

61






















SO2

NOx CO NOx CO




62

NOx











NOx

63


140

120

100

80

60

40

20

450

400

350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

64


NOx NO2
WHO
NO2
25
NO2
WHO
20

15

10

SO2
SO2



65

 SO2


SO2
SO2
70

60
50

40

30
20
10

PM2.5 PM10



PM2.5
PM2.5 PM10

66

 PM2.5 PM10
80
70

PM10

PM10

PM2.5

PM2.5

60
50
40
30
20
10

'

'

'

O3

67


100

90

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10

68

NO2

NOx

SO2

CO

PM10

O3

WHO

69





PM2.5




k
NO2 NO
NO2 NO2 NO
NO2 NO
NOx NO2

TA LUFT


NOx SO2

70

SO2

SO2

SO2

NO2

71







Exhaust Pipe
CO

CO
CO
CO

CO
CO

72






NOx

73

SO2








BAT-
Best Available Technology
Scrubbers





CO
74

NOx

75

76

77

78

79

80

81




I U
Ueq

Ueq = U* (1+3I)

I

I

Ueq

82

83

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85


























Penwarden, A.D. & Wise A.F.E., 1975. Wind Environment Around Buildings,
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86

87

88

crowding

89

Holtzclaw
Woodhill, 1992
90







Berridge,
Banister Lewinberg, Greenberg Ltd, 1991

91


Vickrey















frog leap sprawl

92

93

Urban Task Force; Towards an Urban Renaissance, Department of the environment,
London 1999, p. 62.
94

Dinks double income no kids)

95

96

97





























98

99

100













McLoughlin

101

;
;


102

103

DETR (1998)

104

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_______

105





 

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106





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A
B
C

%

%

%

%

%

%

 

  
 


107



levels
of intervention

Infill

108





sustainability

x%

x%

x%

x%

social-cost benefit
109

110

111

Towards an Urban Renaissance, mission statement, chaired by Lord Rogers of

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the Environment, Transport and the Regions: London, October 1998.
112

113

114

115

CASBEE BREEAM
ECOQUATUM LEED ESCALE
R-2000 ECOEFECT

116

BREEAM

R-2000

Http://collab.bre.co.uk/BREwww/sustainabe/bream.html
http://gov.mb.ca/natres/r2000/about_history.html
117





BREEAM
EcoHomes




Global Environmental Assessment &
Resources Consumption

(Ecology of the Site)

Indoor Environmental Quality

Green Building Council

http://sviva.gov.il/Enviroment/Static/Binaries/Articals/bniya_2.pdf
118


LEED GBC GPR BREEAM

119





ISO

120

Garden City has, we will suppose, grown until it has reached a population of
32,000. How shall it grow? How shall it provide for the needs of others who will
be attracted by its numerous advantages? Shall it build on the zone of agricultural
land, which is around it, and thus for ever destroy its right to be called a Garden
City? the land around the town were, as is the land around our present cities,
owned by private individuals anxious to make a profit out of it. For then, as the
town filled up, the agricultural land would become ripe for building purposes,
and the beauty and healthfulness of the town would be quickly destroyed.7

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121

http://www.nadlanneto.co.il/docs/NadlanNeto_Instructor.doc

122

http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-2168114,00.html
123

10

Lucas Ph. Simons, Adriaan Slob, Houke Holswilder and Arnold Tukker, The Fourth
Generations, New Strategies Call for New Eco-Indicators
124





11








(ISO

125

X





EcoHomes



SAP
126

EcoHomes






127

The obligations to generate a minimum quantity of electricity from renewable
resources in turn can improve security of supply and make it possible to maintain
alternative resources.13

C
C

Shoshana Gabbay, The Environment in Israel, Jerusalem 2002

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128



Photovoltaic

129

130

131

132

133

16
17

100
80
60
40
20
0

134


18



40

30

20

10

135


EcoHomes


EcoHomes



136

 EcoHomes

137

e

138

EcoHomes

139






dBA
dBA
dBA
Leq

Ldn
Ldn
Ldn
Ldn Yearly Day-Night Average Sound
Level

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

http://mmi.gov.il

148

149

http://www.jerusalem.muni.il/
http://sviva.gov.il

150

EcoHomes

151

ISO

ISO

152

http://www.brecertification.co.uk/whoarewe.jsp
http://collab.bre.co.uk/BREwww/about/index.html

153

Ley 24/2001, de 27 de diciembre, de Medidas Fiscales, Administrativas y de Orden

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de 25 de abril, de medidas de reforma econmica. (Ampliacin a toda tipologa de empresa,
BOE 26/04/02).
154




U
W/m2C
BREEAM - Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method
CASBEE - Comprehensive Assessment System for Building Environmental
Efficiency

155

Beauty is in the eye of the beholder

Scruton, 1979)

157







aisthanesthai

















Arendt, 1958



Baudrillard,1981 Debord,1967


158

 Webber,1964

Jameson,
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159




La Rochefoucauld, 1665

Howard, 1902





160

161

































162

163

Watkins, 1977



Choyai,
1965

Gropius,1935

pilotis
plan libre


164








Choyai, 1965

165









Harlap, 1982
















Cite Radieuse



T


166

167







International Style

168






temenos

Elliade, 1965

Ingersoll, 1944



less is more

169






Bton Brut




Banham, 1976

170










Whyte, 1988

171

172







interface

H
















173

174

175

176


















Scruton,1979














177

178

179

180

181

182

183

Jacobs, 1960
Sitte,
1889
Lynch,1960






184


Venturi ,1966

185

186

187

188




infill






















Zygmunt, 1988



189

190

191











Baudrillard, 1986

192

193

194

195




























x





196

197











Jameson, 1991

aesthetically
198

 correct environment

199






Savinio, 1944)

Design Excellence








200

















adaptability legibility





Barnett, 1995


201







BD


CNU

BD

202

203

204

205

UR

206

207

208

Jacobs, 1961




Jokilehto, 1996

209

210

211

environmental-friendly
and user-friendly



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Barnett, 1995

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eek

Plein et (Lowndes et al, 2001b)
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(Alterman et al, 1984) (Dukes, 2001)
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Innes & Booher




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227






(Innes & Booher, 2000)

(Arnstein, 1969









(Innes & Booher, 2000)


V

(Weeks, 2000)
N

228










(Gray, 1989)


Margerum









(Innes & Booher, 2000)






229

 (Renn et al, 1993)

(Fischer, 1995




(Wood & Gray, 1991)





(Marshall & Ozawa, 2001)

230

231


(Susskind et al, 1999)

232

233















NIMBY






e

Not In My Back Yard NIMBY 1

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(Lowndes et al, 2001b)
Wilson,
1999
(Innes & Booher, 1999)

Net-
Works

(Innes & Booher, 1999)


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S. Arnstein

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C.M.Salter








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259