ONE WORLD - ONE GREEN

Ti liu c cp bi moitruongxanh.info
Chng 1 NHNG VN CHUNG

1.1. M u Ngnh cng nghip Dt - Nhum ang pht trin mnh m nc ta v l mt trong nhng ngnh cng nghip c trng c nguy c nhim, gy ra cc tc ng xu nht nh i vi mi trng xung quanh v sc kho cng ng, c bit l do lng nc thi sn xut ln, c cha nhiu cc cht nhim v c, hu c v kim loi nng. Theo quy nh ti iu 18 Lut Bo v Mi trng c Quc hi Nc CHXHCN Vit Nam thng qua ngy 27/12/1993 th cc d n loi ny c trch nhim thc hin bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng trnh np cho C quan qun l nh nc v bo v mi trng thm nh. Do vy bn hng dn ny c bin son nhm tr gip vic lp v thm nh bo co TM i vi cc d n Nh my Dt - Nhum. 1.2. Ni dung ca bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng Ni dung c bn ca bo co TM l d bo, nh gi nhng tc ng tim tng trc tip v gin tip, ngn hn v di hn, tch cc v tiu cc do vic thc hin mt d n pht trin c th gy ra cho mi trng. Trn c s nhng d bo v nh gi ny, xut nhng bin php gim thiu (bao gm qun l v k thut) nhm pht huy nhng tc ng tch cc v gim nh ti mc c th nhng tc ng tiu cc. p ng mc tiu ny, ni dung cn c mt bo co TM d n Nh my Dt - Nhum phi bao gm: M t s lc v d n. Hin trng mi trng ni thc hin d n. D bo, nh gi cc tc ng ca d n n mi trng khu vc. xut cc bin php khc phc, gim thiu tc ng tiu cc ca d n. Chng trnh qun l, gim st v quan trc mi trng. Kt lun v kin ngh. 1.3. Cc phng php nh gi tc ng mi trng i vi cc d n Nh my Dt - Nhum, vic nh gi tc ng mi trng thng c tin hnh bng nhng phng php sau y: - Phng php lit k (Checklists) - Phng php ma trn (Matrices) - Phng php mng li (Networks) - Phng php so snh. - Phng php chuyn gia. - Phng php nh gi nhanh. - Phng php nghin cu, kho st thc a. - Phng php m hnh ho. - Phng php phn tch chi ph, li ch. Chng 2 M T S LC D N Yu cu: Ni dung m t s lc v d n Nh my Dt - Nhum phi c trnh by mt cch xc tch, y , r rng bng ngn ng ph thng, d hiu v cn c minh ho bng nhng s liu, biu bng, bn , s t l thch hp. Cn c Lut chng kinh t k thut kh thi ca d n, ngoi vic gii thiu v C quan qun l d n, C quan thc hin d n, mc tiu kinh t k thut ca d n..., vic m t s lc d n Nh my Dt Nhum c th c th hin theo cc ni dung di y: 2.1. c im, quy m cng trnh Trnh by cc ni dung v v tr, c im ca d n, tng vn u t, cng sut thit k v.v... 2.2. Cng ngh sn xut Trong phn ny cn lm r cc ni dung sau: - Cng ngh sn xut, - Thit b my mc, c bit lu trnh by chi tit v cc thit b x l mi trng (thit b x l kh thi, thit b x l nc thi...). 2.3. Cc hng mc cng trnh v khi lng xy lp - H thng nh xng chnh. - Cc cng trnh ph tr. - Khi lng cc cng trnh thi cng. 2.4. Nhu cu v nng lng, nhin liu, nc phc v sn xut - Nhu cu v nng lng v phng thc cung cp,

B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng - Cc mi trng

ONE WORLD - ONE GREEN

Ti liu c cp bi moitruongxanh.info

- Nhu cu v nhin liu v phng thc cung cp, - Nhu cu cp nc (sn xut, sinh hot) v phng thc cung cp. 2.5. Nhu cu v phng thc cung cp nguyn liu, ho cht Nu mt cch nh lng nhu cu v k hoch v ngun cung cp nguyn liu, ho cht. 2.6. Tin thc hin d n Nu lch trnh thc hin cc hng mc cng trnh ca d n t giai on chun b n giai on hon thnh a cng trnh vo hot ng. Chng 3 KHO ST, NH GI HIN TRNG MI TRNG nn Yu cu: Mi trng nn l mi trng khu vc trc khi thc hin d n v s chu tc ng ca qu trnh thc hin d n. nh gi mi trng nn l qu trnh xc nh hin trng mi trng ca khu vc m d n d nh s thc hin. Do vy, phn ni dung ny phi th hin c mt cch nh lng cao nht cht lng ca cc thnh phn mi trng nn khu vc thng qua nhng s liu quan trc, o c cc ch tiu mi trng s chu tc ng trc tip ca d n trong tng lai. Trnh thu thp thng tin, s liu qu mc hoc khng cn thit. Cc s liu v mi trng khu vc l nhng cn c khoa hc thc hin TM. N quyt nh tnh ng n ca mt qu trnh nh gi v cc gii php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc, tng cng cc tc ng tch cc ca d n i vi vng hot ng ca d n, cng nh n l c s kim sot, nh gi phn tc ng tng thm do d n gy ra sau ny. S liu mi trng nn cn t nhng tiu chun cht lng sau y: C tin cy, r rng v phi r ngun gc xut x. S liu ny c th ly t nhiu ngun t liu khc nhau nh: cc trm quan trc (monitoring) mi trng quc gia v tnh, cc cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc, kho st trong nhiu nm c cng b chnh thc hoc d n t tin hnh kho st, o c. Cc s liu, ti liu phi bao gm nhng yu t, thnh phn mi trng trong vng chu tc ng trc tip hay gin tip ca d n. Cc s liu phi c x l s b, h thng ho, r rng gip cho ngi x l s liu d dng phn tch tng hp, phn chia thnh cc nhm s liu, nhn nh c im ca vng nghin cu. Phng php o lng kho st phn tch thng k phi tun th cc quy nh ca cc tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam (TCVN) do B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng ban hnh. Trong trng hp thiu TCVN c th s dng tiu chun ca nc ngoi c iu kin t nhin, kinh t - x hi tng t. 3.1. Cc thng s mi trng nn Vic kho st v quan trc cc thng s mi trng phi t mc ch thu thp y cc ti liu, s liu v cc thnh phn mi trng vt l, kinh t, vn ho - x hi... Qua c th nh gi c hin trng mi trng trc khi thc hin d n, cng nh d bo din bin mi trng khu vc nu khng thc hin d n. iu cn lu : Ch tin hnh thu thp, o c, iu tra cc s liu v mi trng v ti nguyn thin nhin nhng khu vc c lin quan trc tip hoc gin tip n d n v nhng ch tiu mi trng s b tc ng bi d n. Khng kho st, quan trc nhng thng s mi trng khng chu tc ng trc tip hay gin tip ca d n. Phng php ly mu v phn tch phi tun th Tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam c B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng ban hnh. My mc thit b o lng ngoi thc a v trong phng th nghim phi c chun ho. Cc thng s mi trng v ti nguyn cn kho st v quan trc xc nh iu kin mi trng nn i vi D n nh my Dt - Nhum c th c xem xt theo cc ni dung gi di y: Bng 3.1. Cc thng s mi trng v ti nguyn cn kho st khi nh gi mi trng nn i vi d n Nh my Dt - Nhum. TT Mi trng v ti Thng s Phng php kho st nguyn v quan trc (1) (2) (3) (4) I. iu kin t nhin 1.1 V tr a l a danh, to v a l ca khu vc Ti liu d n hoc atlat thc hin d n. V tr hnh chnh v quc gia giao thng 1.2 c im a M t nhng c im a hnh ca khu Ti liu d n hoc a

B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng - Cc mi trng

ONE WORLD - ONE GREEN

hnh, a mo 1.3 c im kh hu, kh tng, thu vn

Ti liu c cp bi moitruongxanh.info
l, a cht khu vc Ti liu ca cc trm kh tng thu vn khu vc v quan trc ti hin trng Theo s liu thng k ca a phng v ti liu iu tra, phng vn khi kho st

2.1

Dn c - lao ng

vc d n mt cch chi tit (ni, i, ng bng...) - Nhit - Lng ma, m - Ch gi - Cc hin tng thi tit bt thng II. c im kinh t - x hi Ch n tnh hnh dn c kim sng trong nhng khu vc thc hin d n v chu tc ng ca d n Vic pht trin d n trong mi lin quan n Quy hoch pht trin kinh t ca vng, tnh - Y t v sc kho cng ng - Bnh ng h hp, c bit silico - Mng li v tnh hnh gio dc dn tr - Vic lm v tht nghip - Cc cng trnh vn ho, lch s, du lch c gi tr trong khu vc thc hin d n hoc nhng khu vc ln cn chu tc ng ca d n. - Thun phong m tc v phong tc tp qun ca dn a phng c th c nh hng n vic thc hin d n II. Ti nguyn thin nhin - Tng din tch t t nhin v cht lng - Hin trng s dng t (nng nghip, lm nghip, chuyn dng, t , s dng khc, t cha s dng) - c im h thng thu vn mt trong khu vc (sng, h, knh mng) - Hin trng s dng ti nguyn nc mt trong khu vc - c im a cht thu vn khu vc (tng cha nc, tr lng, cht lng nc ngm) - Hin trng khai thc v s dng Cc s liu v thm thc vt v h ng vt trong khu vc thc hin d n. Cn c bit ch n nhng chng loi c th ca khu vc hoc c trong sch IV. H tng c s v dch v - c im ca cc tuyn ng giao thng (thu, b) c lin quan n hot ng vn chuyn ca d n - Tai nn, s c giao thng Hin trng v kh nng cung cp dch v, thng mi V. Hin trng mi trng vt l - Hm lng cht hu c - Nit tng s - Phtpho tng s - pH

2.2

Kinh t

2.3

Tnh hnh x hi

Nh 2.2

2.4

Vn ho lch s

3.1

Ti nguyn t

Nh 2.2

3.2

Ti nguyn nc mt

3.3

Ti nguyn nc ngm (v nc khong) Ti nguyn ng thc vt

Thu thp thng tin, t liu iu tra c bn ca khu vc v kho st, iu tra b sung Nh 3.2

3.4

Nh 3.2

4.1

Giao thng

Ti liu ca c quan chc nng v qun l hnh chnh a phng

4.2

Dch v, thng mi Cht lng t

5.1

- Phng php chun Mohr sau khi oxy ho mu bng kali Bicromat - Phng php Kjendahn

B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng - Cc mi trng

ONE WORLD - ONE GREEN

- Cc kim loi nng

Ti liu c cp bi moitruongxanh.info
- Phng php trc quang - My o pH - Quang ph hp th nguyn t - Nhit k - My o pH in cc thu tinh - Lc, sy 105 C - My o c - My o mu - My o khong - Winhle hoc in cc oxy - Oxy tiu th sau 5 ngy nhit 20 C - Oxy ho bng K2Cr2O7 - So mu quang ph kh kin - Quang ph hp th nguyn t - Sc k kh, theo TCVN 5070-1995 - Lc qua mng v nui cy 43 C - Phng php sc k kh theo TCVN 59721995 hay phng php th Folin-Ciocalteur Phng php Tetracloromercurat (TCM/pararosanilin) theo TCVN 5971-1995 - Phng php Griss Saltman theo ISO 6768/1995 - Phng php o khi lng, theo TCVN 50671995 - My o PM10 - My o mc n tng ng tch phn. - nt - nt - My o chn ng - nt - nt -

5.2

Cht lng nc mt, nc ngm

- Nhit - pH - Hm lng cn l lng - c - mu - Tng khong ho - Oxy ho tan (DO) - Nhu cu oxy sinh ho (BOD5) - Nhu cu oxy ho hc (COD) - Tng N - Tng P - Tng st (Fe), kim loi nng - Hm lng du, m - Tng s Coliform

5.3.

Cht lng khng kh

- CO - SO2 - NOx - H2S - Bi l lng tng s (TSP) - Bi l lng c ng knh di 10 m ClO2

5.4

Ting n

- L50 - Leq - Lmax

- Gia tc - Vn tc - Tn s 3.2. X l ti liu mi trng nn S liu mi trng nn sau khi c thu thp cn phi c x l v th hin trong bo co TM mt cch r rng, n gin vi mc cng nh lng cng tt. Di y l mt vi hng dn c th tham kho trong khi thc hin xc nh cht lng ca tng thnh phn mi trng. 3.2.1. Mi trng t Mi trng t ca khu vc thc hin d n c nh gi da vo cc s liu iu tra v hin trng s dng t cho cc mc ch pht trin kinh t Cc s liu cn c th hin mt cch nh lng v c th lp thnh bng nh di y. Bng 3.2. Hin trng s dng t khu vc d n Din tch cc loi t 5.5 TT Mc ch s dng Tng I II III Ghi ch

Chn ng

B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng - Cc mi trng

ONE WORLD - ONE GREEN

1. 2. 3. 4. t nng nghip t lm nghip t t khc ................... Tng din tch t t nhin

Ti liu c cp bi moitruongxanh.info

3.2.2. Mi trng nc Nh trong bng 3.1 nu, i vi D n Nh my Bia - Ru - Nc gii kht, vic nh gi cht lng mi trng nc ni chung, nc mt v nc ngm ni ring cn c vo kt qu o c v phn tch mu nc ti cc im ly mu theo cc ch tiu nu. Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc c c th hin theo mu bng 3.3, 3.4. Bng 3.3. Kt qu phn tch thnh phn, tnh cht nc mt Thi gian ly mu............................................... V tr ly mu: im W1 TT Ch tiu n v im o/ly mu Phng php ly S 1 S... mu/thit b o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Nhit pH BOD5 COD Hm lng cn l lng xy ho tan c Tng N Tng P Kim loi nng Coliform
0

C -

mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l NTU mg/l mg/l mg/l

MPN/ 100 ml Bng 3.4. Kt qu phn tch thnh phn, tnh cht nc ngm TT Ch tiu n v im o/ly mu S 1 S... 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 pH khong ho (TDS) oxy ho KMnO4 c Cl
-

Phng php ly mu/thit b o

mg/l mg/l NTU mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

3PO4

NH4+
NO2

B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng - Cc mi trng

ONE WORLD - ONE GREEN

9 10 11 12 13 14 SO42Fe Hm lng cn l lng kim ton phn cng Coliforms mg/l mg/l mg/l mglg/l mg/l MPN/ 100 ml

Ti liu c cp bi moitruongxanh.info

3.2.3. Mi trng khng kh Hot ng ca d n c nhiu tim nng gy nhim mi trng khng kh c bit l bi, kh c. Do vy cc s liu kho st, o c cn phi c la chn sao cho phn nh c mt cch chnh xc v trung thc nht v cht lng mi trng khng kh khu vc thc hin d n v khu vc ln cn (chu nhng tc ng trc tip hay gin tip ca d n). S liu v mi trng kh hu c th c th hin theo mu trong bng 3.5 v 3.6 di y. Bng 3.5. S liu kh tng V tr im o:............................................. Ngy o: ..................................................... Thi Hng gi Tc gi Nhit m (%) p sut Phng gian/a php/thit b (0C) (mbar) im o o

Bng 3.6. Cht lng mi trng khng kh im o: X V tr o:...................................... Ngy o:...................................... Thi Nng cc kh c hi gian/a CO NO2 SO2 CO2 im o (mg/m3) (mg/m3) (mg/m3) (ppm)

Bi (mg/m3)

Phng php/ thit b o

TCVN ( so snh) 3.2.4. Ting n nh gi mc n nn, phi tin hnh la chn a im sao cho tht thch hp c th xc nh nhng ngun gy ra ting n hin c trong khu vc ng thi nh gi c kh nng lan truyn m thanh. thun li cho vic theo di, gim st, v tr cc im o c cht lng mi trng khng kh ni chung, ting n ni ring phi c th hin trn mt bn t l thch hp. Kt qu o c ting n c th c th hin theo mu bng 3.7 Bng 3.7. Kt qu kho st ting n im o: N1 V tr o: ............................................ Ngy o: ............................................ Thi gian/a im Laeq Lamax L50 (dBA) Phng php/thit b o kho st (dBA) (dBA)

B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng - Cc mi trng

ONE WORLD - ONE GREEN

Ti liu c cp bi moitruongxanh.info

TCVN 3.2.5. Hin trng cc iu kin kinh t - x hi Cc iu kin kinh t - x hi ti khu vc thc hin D n v ln cn s chu nhng nh hng trc tip, gin tip nht nh, v vy vic kho st v nh gi hin trng cc iu kin kinh t x hi ca khu vc l mt vn rt cn thit. Ni dung iu tra hin trng kinh t - x hi ti khu vc thc hin ca D n c th tham kho mu bng 3.8. Bng 3.8. Phiu iu tra kinh t - x hi 1. Khu vc iu tra: - Tn khu vc iu tra: - S h dn: ..... (h). Tng s dn: ..........(ngi). Bnh qun:........ ngi/h. - T l tng dn s trung bnh: ................. %. 2. Tnh trng t ai: - Tng din tch t:............... (ha). Trong t nng nghip: ............. (ha). - t cng nghip: ..................(ha). t khc: ....................................... (ha). 3. Tnh hnh kinh t: - S h lm nng nghip: .............. (h). Phi nng nghip: (h) - S ngi lm trong cc x nghip cng nghip ti a phng: (ngi) - Thu nhp: Bnh qun:......... /thng. Cao nht: /thng Thp nht: /thng - S h giu: ............................ (h). S h ngho: (h) 4. Cc cng trnh cng cng, h tng c s trong khu vc: - C quan, Trng hc, Vin nghin cu: (c s) - Nh my, X nghip cng nghip: (c s) - Bnh vin, Trm Y t: (c s) - Ch: ..................... (c s). Ngha trang: (c s) - nh, cha, nh th: (c s) - Trnh trng giao thng, ng: + ng t:........................ %. + ng cp phi: % + ng b tng: ........................ %. + ng gch: % - Tnh trng cp in, nc: + S h c cp in: ............. (h). + S h c cp nc: .......... (h) 5. Tnh hnh sc kho: - S ngi mc bnh truyn nhim: ....... (ngi). + Bnh mn tnh: (ngi) - Bnh ngh nghip: (ngi) 6. Cc yu cu v kin ngh ca a phng v v sinh mi trng: Xc nhn ca a phng Ngy... thng.... nm Ngi iu tra 3.3. nh gi hin trng mi trng nn Da vo cc s liu o c, iu tra v cc thnh phn mi trng nu trn, tin hnh nh gi hin trng cht lng mi trng ni thc hin d n Nh my Dt - Nhum trn c s i sch vi tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam v cc tiu chun khc lin quan ca cc c quan c thm quyn ca Nh nc ban hnh theo cc ni dung sau: Mi trng vt l: cht lng nc mt, nc ngm, cht lng khng kh, kh hu, ting n, chn ng, mi trng t, tnh hnh l lt. Ti nguyn sinh vt: ng vt, thc vt, sinh thi vng, bao gm c sinh vt di nc v sinh vt trn cn, cn c bit quan tm i vi ng vt hoang d v thc vt qu him. Ti nguyn t: hin trng s dng t, vn gii phng mt bng;

B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng - Cc mi trng

ONE WORLD - ONE GREEN

Ti liu c cp bi moitruongxanh.info

Cng trnh vn ho, lch s: nh l cng trnh tn gio, m m, khu kho c, cng trnh vn ho lch s, cnh quan, du lch. Kinh t - x hi: dn s, ngh nghip, mc sng, iu kin v sinh, sc kho cng ng v.v... Chng 4 D BO, NH GI TC NG MI TRNG CA d n Yu cu: Phn ni dung cn phi ch ra mt cch nh lng, ton din nhng tc ng tim tng bao gm nhng tc ng trc tip v gin tip, ngn hn v lu di, nhng tc ng tim n v tch lu, nhng tc ng c th hoc khng th khc phc c tim nng ln gy suy thoi, nhim mi trng khu vc. 4.1. Nguyn tc nh gi TM i vi d n Nh my Dt - Nhum trc ht l nh gi nhng tc ng ca d n n cc yu t cnh quan, mi trng t nhin, kinh t - x hi v cc gi tr khc. y l mt trong nhng chng trng tm ca bo co TM. Ni dung ca chng ny s quyt nh rt ln n cht lng ca bo co. nh gi tc ng mi trng i vi d n loi ny cn c tin hnh i vi c ba giai on thc thi d n. - Giai on chun b mt bng. - Giai on thi cng xy dng nh my. - Giai on vn hnh nh my. Cn phi nh gi cc gii php bo v mi trng m trong phng n thit k kh thi ca d n la chn nhm iu chnh, hon thin hoc b sung cc gii php mi t c tiu chun bo v mi trng. Trng hp c bit cn thit th xut thay i mt phn hoc ton b phng n thit k kh thi ca d n. 4.2. Ngun pht sinh cht thi Ngun pht sinh cht thi v do hot ng ca Nh my Dt - Nhum v tnh cht ca chng c trnh by mt cch khi qut tham kho ti bng 4.1. Bng 4.1. Ngun gy nhim ca Nh my Dt - Nhum Cht Ngun gy nhim Mc , tnh cht nhim nhim Nc thi 1. Nc thi cng nghip: Nc thi cha xt (NaOH), Soda - T cng on h si (Na2CO3), axit sulfuric, Clo hot tnh, - T cng on nu cc cht kh v c (nh Na2SO4) hoc - T cng on git Na2S2O3, natrisulfua (Na2S), dung mi - T cng on trung ho hu c clo ho, Crom VI, kim loi nng, - T cng on ty cc polyme tng hp, s si, cc mui - T cng on nhum trung tnh, cht hot ng b mt. - T cng on h hon tt - T cng on sy kh 2. Nc ma chy qua cc bi vt liu, Hm lng cn l lng ln, BOD, COD rc ca nh my rt cao 3. Nc thi sinh hot phn ly cn v Cha nhiu t ct, BOD, COD cao. sn phm Kh thi 1. T khu ty trng - Kh Clo, Kh NO2, ho cht hu c, 2. T cng on hin mu, in axit (H2SO4, CH3COOH...). 3. L hi, my pht in SO2, NOx, CO, aldehyde, hydrocarbon... Cht thi 1. Cht thi rn cng nghip - Vi vn bi bng, bao nilon, giy, g, rn 2. Bn thi t x l nc thng nha, chai, l ng ho cht... 3. Cht thi rn sinh hot - Kim loi nng, polyme, cht hot ng b mt. - t, ct, mnh v thu tinh, kim loi, giy nhn, bao b. 4.3. Tc ng n mi trng vt l 4.3.1. Tc ng n mi trng nc a. Giai on thi cng: Ngun gy nhim nc trong giai on ny ch yu l nc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn v nc ma chy trn trn b mt cng trng xy dng.

B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng - Cc mi trng

ONE WORLD - ONE GREEN

Ti liu c cp bi moitruongxanh.info

- Do tp trung nhiu cng nhn xy dng nn lng nc thi sinh hot (bnh qun 60 - 80 lt/ngi/ngy m) thng ln, song cng thay i theo thi gian v ma trong nm. Nc thi sinh hot cha nhiu cht cn b, cht rn l lng, cht hu c, cc cht dinh dng v vi sinh vt. - Nc ma chy trn c lu lng ph thuc vo ch kh hu khu vc v thng c hm lng cht l lng l bn t cao, ngoi ra cn c nhiu tp cht khc. b. Giai on hot ng ca nh my Nc thi sinh ra trong giai on ny ca d n ch yu l nc thi cng nghip v nc thi sinh hot. Nc thi cng nghip ca Nh my Dt - Nhum nh trnh by trong bng 4.1 c mc nhim cao cht hu c, ho cht, kim loi nng v c bit l mu. - Nc thi sn xut ca ngnh cng nghip Dt - Nhum mang cc tnh cht sau: 3 + Lng nc thi thng ln (khong 50 n 300 m nc cho 1 tn hng dt) ch yu t cng on dt nhum v nu ty. + Nc thi cha hn hp phc tp cc ho cht d tha (phm nhum, cht hot ng b mt, cht in ly, cht ngm, cht to mi trng, tinh bt, men, cht oxy ho) di dng cc ion, cc kim loi nng v cc tp cht tch ra t x si: . nc thi ty git c pH dao ng t 9 n 12, hm lng cht hu c cao (COD c th ln ti 1000 3000 mg/l). mu ca nc thi kh ln nhng giai on ty ban u v c th ln ti 10.000 Pt-Co, hm lng cn l lng t gi tr 2000 mg/l. . Nc thi nhum thng khng n nh v a dng (hiu qu hp th thuc nhum ca vi ch t 60 70%, 30 - 40% cc phm nhum tha dng nguyn thu hoc b phn hu mt dng khc, do nc c mu rt cao i khi ln n 50.000 Pt-Co, COD thay i t 80 n 18.000 mg/l. Cc phm nhum hot tnh, hon nguyn, thng thi trc tip ra mi trng, lng phm nhum tha ln dn n gia tng cht hu c v mu. + Mc nhim ca nc thi dt nhum ph thuc rt ln vo loi v lng ho cht s dng, vo kt cu mt hng sn xut (ty trng, nhum, in hoa...), vo t l s dng si tng hp, vo loi hnh cng ngh sn xut (gin on, lin tc hay bn lin tc), vo c tnh my mc thit b s dng... - Nc x t l hi thng c pH cao v c cha mt lng nh du m, cn l khng ho tan, cht v c. - Nc thi t cc thit b lc bi v bi thi x c lu lng v hm lng cn l lng (bi than) rt ln. - Nc thi t qu trnh ra thit b thng c hm lng cht hu c cao ng thi cha du, m, cn v trong trng hp ra l hi c th cha c axit, kim. Do vy nhn chung nc thi t cng on ny c gi tr pH rt khc nhau (axit hoc kim) v cha cc cht rn l lng, mt s ion kim loi nng. c im, tnh cht nu trn ca nc thi Nh my Dt - Nhum s khng ch lm nhim nc mt nhng ao, h, sng, nc ngm trong khu vc m cn c th lm gia tng dng chy mt ca ngun tip nhn gy nn hin tng xi l, tch t... Do vy trn c s ly mu phn tch hoc thc hin trong phng php nh gi nhanh ca T chc Y t Th gii (WHO) phn ni dung ny cn thit phi lm r, xc nh v tnh c: - Lu lng nc thi sinh hot, sn xut (cc loi) sinh ra trong ngy, thng, nm. - Thnh phn, nng cht nhim, ti lng nhim trong nc thi. - V tr v kh nng tip nhn nc thi ca cc im nc mt trong khu vc. - nh gi kh nng lan truyn v mc gy nhim mi trng nc (nhit cao, cht nhim) c th xy ra. 4.3.2. Tc ng n mi trng khng kh a. Giai on thi cng: - Trong giai on thi cng cng trnh, cht gy nhim khng kh ch yu l bi sinh ra t qu trnh san i t, bc d vt liu xy dng v khi hn c cha bi, CO, SOx, NOx, hydrocacrbon, kh thi ca cc phng tin vn chuyn. Tc ng ln mi trng khng kh giai on ny c mc khng ln v ch mang tnh tm thi, nhng cng cn phi nh gi c bin php gim thiu thch hp. - Ting n pht sinh giai on ny ch yu l t cc my mc san i v cc phng tin vn chuyn vi mc ln ti 80 - 90 dBA. b. Giai on vn hnh - Kh thi ca Nh my Dt - Nhum ch yu t cc cng on x l nhit v x l hon tt hng dt. C th nhn din cc ngun thi hi kh c nh sau: + Kh ClO(Cl2) bc ra t khu ty trng va si bng nc Javen, + Kh NO2 bc ra t cng on hin mu trong qu trnh nhum mu vi thuc nhum hon nguyn tan loi "Indigosol". + Hp cht hu c bay hi trong in Pigment. + Formandehyde: Trong in hoa pigment phi s dng cc cht to mng kt dnh (binder) hoc cht gn mu (fixer) do vy mt lng formandehyde s thot ra mi trng.

B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng - Cc mi trng

ONE WORLD - ONE GREEN

Ti liu c cp bi moitruongxanh.info

- Khu vc l hi (t du, than) c cha nhiu cht nhim c bit l kh SO 2 (ph thuc vo hm lng lu hunh trong du), CO, NOx v bi than. Lng kh thi ny l rt ln ln ti hng nghn m3/pht v lu lng vi trm m3/giy. - Ting n: c trng ca ngnh dt - nhum ph thuc vo th h my mc v ch yu pht ra t cc my dt, my ct ngang vi (hot ng theo nguyn tc dp), cm my nhum - git ty - ly tm vt nc vi, l hi v c bit l ting n kh ng do cc dng kh, hi vn chuyn lin tc trong ng ng. Vic pht tn cc kh c v ting n s gp phn lm gia tng mc nhim khng kh chung cho ton vng v c bit l nh hng nghim trng n sc kho con ngi. Do vy trong phn nh gi v tc ng ca kh thi n mi trng khng kh khu vc cn lm r cc ni dung sau: - Cc ngun thi kh, lu lng kh thi ca tng ngun, - Thnh phn, nng cht nhim, ti lng nhim trong kh thi. - Ngun pht sinh ting n ca nh my, cng gy n ca tng ngun. - Tnh ton mc lan truyn kh c, ting n nh hng mi trng khng kh khu vc theo thi gian v khng gian trn c s s dng cc m hnh lan truyn kh (Sutton, Gausse, Screen 3, IGM...). 4.3.3. Tc ng n mi trng t Vic xy dng Nh my Dt - Nhum s tc ng ti mi trng t trong khu vc. t b tc ng chnh do cng vic o lp v b xi mn. Vic o p nh hng trc tip n sn xut nng nghip v lm nghip, cnh quan mi trng. Xi mn s to ra lng sng ngi, cng rnh thot nc v c th gy ng ngp, gim cht lng nc mt, nh hng n h sinh thi di nc. Ngoi ra do nh hng ca kh thi, nc thi ca nh my cng gy nn nhim t v cy trng. V vy, cn phi nh gi chnh xc mc tc ng ca vic o t, p t v xi mn i vi ti nguyn v h sinh thi nht l trong giai on thi cng v d bo mc t c th b nhim do cc cht thi trong giai on hot ng ca d n. Cn xut cc gii php phng nga v kim sot cc tc ng xu ny. 4.3.4. Cht thi rn a. Giai on xy dng Cht thi rn ch yu trong giai on ny l cc loi nguyn vt liu xy dng ph thi, ri vi nh gch ngi, xi mng, st thp vn... Lng cht thi ny l tu thuc vo quy m ca tng cng trnh v trnh qun l ca d n, ngoi ra cn mt s lng nh rc thi sinh hot. b. Giai on vn hnh Cht thi rn ch yu ca Nh my Dt - Nhum bao gm cc cht thi km hiu qu khi x l sinh hc nh: vi vn, bi bng, bao b, chai l thu tinh ng ho cht, giy vn, kt nha, x than, cn du, bi cn x l nc. nh gi c mc tc ng mi trng ca cht thi rn c bit l cht thi rn cng nghip cn phi: - Tnh tng khi lng v thnh phn cht thi rn pht sinh trong tng cng on sn xut ca nh my. c bit lu cht thi c hi. - Khi lng, thnh phn cht thi rn sinh hot. 4.3.5. nhim nhit nhim nhit l mt loi nhim cn quan tm trong ngnh dt - nhum. Nhit pht sinh ch yu t: - S truyn nhit qua tng thnh ca l hi, ca cc my mc thit b s dng hi (cc my nu, ty, nhum vi, my nh hnh vi) v ca h thng ng ng dn hi, kh nng. - S r r h thng ng ng dn hi, cc van, mi ni trn h thng ng ng. - S to nhit v bc hi nc ca cc my sy kh vi. Tng cc nhit lng ny to vo khng gian nh xng rt ln lm nhit bn trong nh xng tng cao c th chnh vi nhit mi trng bn ngoi t 2 n 5 C (cha k n nh hng ca iu kin kh hu trong khu vc) nh hng ti qu trnh h hp ca c th con ngi tc ng xu ti sc kho v nng sut lao ng. Ngoi ra nhit cao cn c tim nng gy ra cc s c chy, n, v vy cn phi nh gi tc ng ca nhim c bin php x l, gim thiu thch hp. 4.4. Tc ng n mi trng sinh thi Cc tc ng ny ch yu lin quan n vic thi cc cht nhim nc, kh, cc cht thi rn vt qu mc cho php vo mi trng tip nhn gy nn nhng bin i c bn v h sinh thi. Tu theo dng cht thi v mi trng tip nhn m cc h sinh thi c th b tc ng: - H sinh thi di nc: nc thi ca Nh my Dt - Nhum nh trnh by phn trn b nhim bi cht hu c, ho cht, kim loi nng, cht mu v du m. Tnh cht nhim ca nc thi lm cho mi trng nc b bin i bt li (DO gim, pH bin i, nhiu cht c ho hc...) cho s sinh tn ca hu ht cc loi thu sinh v thm ch lm mt kh nng t lm sch ca nc. - H sinh thi trn cn: cht thi rn v kh ca Nh my Dt - Nhum s c nhng nh hng nht nh. Nhn chung, cc ng vt nui cng nh cc loi ng vt hoang d u rt nhy cm vi s nhim

B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng - Cc mi trng

ONE WORLD - ONE GREEN

Ti liu c cp bi moitruongxanh.info

mi trng. Hu ht cc cht nhim mi trng khng kh v mi trng nc thi u c tc ng xu n thc vt v ng vt, gy nh hng c hi i vi ngh nng v ngh trng vn. Biu hin chnh ca n l lm cho cy trng chm pht trin, c bit l cc sng khi quang ho gy tc hi n cc loi rau trng, u, la, ng, cc loi cy n tri v cc loi cy cnh. Cc thnh phn nhim trong mi trng khng kh nh SO2, NO2, Cl2, aldehyde v bi than, ngay c nng thp cng lm chm qu trnh sinh trng ca cy trng, nng cao lm vng l, hoa qu b lp, b nt, v mc cao hn cy s b cht. Vi c im nu trn cn thit phi c nhng tnh ton, d bo v mc tc ng ny. 4.5. Tc ng n mi trng kinh t - x hi 4.5.1. Tc ng n cht lng cuc sng con ngi a. Sc kho cng ng i vi Nh my Dt - Nhum, tt c cc ngun gy nhim trong qu trnh hot ng u c th gy tc ng trc tip hoc gin tip n sc kho ca con ngi trong vng chu nh hng ca D n. Tu thuc vo nng v thi gian tc dng ca cc cht nhim m mc tc hi ca chng i vi sc kho cng ng s khc nhau. b. Kinh t x hi Qu trnh hnh thnh v s hot ng ca mt d n cng nghip nh Nh my Dt - Nhum c mt ngha kinh t x hi rt to ln cho khu vc ni ring v cho t nc ni chung. Trc tin l vic gp phn to ra cng n vic lm v nng cao i sng ca nhn dn trong vng. Vic a D n vo hot ng s l ngun thu ht lao ng ln v gii quyt vic lm khng ch cho ngi dn a phng, to nn cnh quan mi vi tin trnh th ho nhanh hn. iu ny cng gp phn lm tng dn tr v thc vn minh th cho nhn dn trong khu vc. Nhng ni dung ny c th c lm sng t bi tnh ton chi ph - li ch theo cc ni dung sau: 1) Tng hp chi ph cho 1 nm 2) Tng hp doanh thu cho 1 nm 3) Tng hp cc chi tiu + Doanh thu + Thu doanh thu + Thu li tc + Li nhun thun 4) Tnh ton hiu qu kinh t + Ch tiu hon vn tnh theo 2 mc: T khi dy chuyn i vo hot ng v t khi nhn vay tin + T sut li nhn thun + im hon vn (Sn lng hon vn lt/nm) 5) Hiu qu kinh t x hi + To cng n vic lm + Nng cao trnh tay ngh, kh nng qun l, iu hnh, nhn thc thc t v th trng trong v ngoi nc... + To sn phm cho x hi... 4.5.2. Tc ng n ti nguyn v mi trng do con ngi s dng a. Cp thot nc Nhu cu s dng nc ca Nh my Dt - Nhum thng ln nn u phi khoan ging hoc o ging khai thc nc ngm phc v cho sn xut v sinh hot ca nh my. Vic khai thc nc ngm c nguy c gy nn s cn kit ngun nc ngm vo ma kh, dn c trong khu vc s khng nc dng v t ko theo hng lot cc tc ng tiu cc khc. i vi vn thot nc, hot ng ca D n c th lm gia tng mc chu ti ca h thng thot nc tp trung hoc lm gia tng lu lng v dng chy, lm nhim cc sng tip nhn nc thi. V vy cn phi xem xt v nh gi thc t v kh nng tiu thot nc ca khu vc d n, kh nng xy ra tnh trng ngp lt... b. Giao thng vn ti S hnh thnh v hot ng ca D n s gp phn cng vi cc hot ng khc trong khu vc lm cho tnh trng v sinh ng ph, bi tng ln do cc phng tin vn chuyn nguyn vt liu. Mt giao thng trong khu vc tng ln lm nh hng n nhu cu i li ca nhn dn. Tuy vy, chnh s pht trin ca d n cng s gp phn ci thin h thng ng cng nh thc y qu trnh th ho trong khu vc. 4.5.3. Cng trnh vn ho lch s Cc cng trnh vn ho lch s trong khu vc thc hin d n c th b tc ng cn c m t v nh gi c th v cc mt: a im, loi cng trnh, nin i v gi tr tinh thn cng nh vt cht ca cng trnh. Vic nh gi tc ng ca dj n i vi cc cng trnh vn ho lch s v kho c phi cp ti cc tc ng gy nt n, ln st cng trnh v ng thi kin ngh k hoch v bin php bo v cc cng trnh vn ho lch s trong khu vc d n.

B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng - Cc mi trng

ONE WORLD - ONE GREEN

Ti liu c cp bi moitruongxanh.info

4.6. nh gi ri ro, s c c im ca ngnh cng nghip Dt - Nhum l s dng v tng tr mt lng ln nhin liu (du, than), nguyn liu (ho cht, vi, si, bng). Do vy cn c cc bin php phng chng s c nh: chng st, chng chp in v c bit l chng chy, n. Ngoi ra tu theo iu kin ca tng a phng cn nh gi kh nng xy ra s c ngp lt vo ma ma ko theo cc hu qu nhim do nc ma chy trn to nn (trn nc thi, lp ng cng thot,...). Chng 5 CC BIN PHP KHC PHC, GIM THIU TC ng tiu cc ca d n n mi trng Yu cu: Cn c vo cc tc ng mi trng nu ti chng 4, xut mt cch c th cc bin php qun l v k thut mang tnh kh thi cao nhm phng trnh, gim thiu cc tc ng mi trng do vic thc hin d n gy nn. Cc bin php gim thiu xut phi m bo cc nguyn tc sau: - Gim thiu ti mc ti a c th c ph hp vi cng ngh x l i vi qu trnh sn xut ngay t giai on u ca d n. - Bin php gim thiu phi c tnh kh thi cao, ph hp vi cc mc tiu sn xut v ph hp vi ngun ti chnh cho php ca ch u t. - C phng n ph hp i vi nhng tc ng mi trng khng th khc phc hoc gim nh. - Cc bin php bo v mi trng phi c thc thi sut c qu trnh chun b mt bng, xy dng nh my v qu trnh hot ng ca nh my. Di y l nhng gi v cc bin php gim thiu c th c xem xt p dng: Nh phn tch chng 4, cc tc ng ca D n n mi trng xut pht t vic thi cc cht nhim vt qu tiu chun cho php vo mi trng v cc s c pht sinh trong qu trnh hot ng ca d n. Do vy, gim thiu cc tc ng ca D n n mi trng cn phi khng ch nhim do cc cht thi v hn ch n mc thp nht kh nng xy ra s c. Vic khng ch v gim thiu nhim do cht thi ca d n xy dng Nh my Dt - Nhum c th c tin hnh bng cch kt hp 3 bin php sau: - Bin php ngn nga nhim v s c. - Bin php k thut khng ch nhim v x l cht thi. - Bin php qun l v quan trc mi trng. 5.1. Bin php ngn nga nhim v s c y l mt trong nhng bin php rt quan trng v n cho php lm gim lng cht thi ngay ti ngun v khc phc c nhng nh hng bt li i vi mi trng do cc cht nhim gy ra. Bin php ny c th c thc hin theo cc chiu hng sau: - Quy hoch hp l tng mt bng ca d n trn c s xem xt n cc vn mi trng c lin quan nh: + La chn hng hp l s dng mt cch tt nht cc iu kin thng gi t nhin gp phn ci thin mi trng lao ng bn trong nh my. + Xc nh kch thc cc vng cch ly v sinh cng nghip gia cc hng mc cng trnh trong nh my cng nh gia nh my v cc khu dn c m bo s thng thong gia cc cng trnh, hn ch lan truyn nhim, m bo phng chy cha chy v gim thiu nhng nh hng trc tip do cht thi i vi con ngi v cc cng trnh xung quanh. + B tr hp l cc cng on sn xut, cc khu ph tr, khu kho bi, khu hnh chnh v c di xy xanh ngn cch, c t l din tch cy xanh trn tng din tch t s dng ca d n hp l (c th ln ti 20 25%). Cc h thng thi kh, ng khi ca nh my cn b tr cc khu vc thun li cho vic gim st v x l. + Khu vc b tr trm in, khu x l nc thi tp trung, x l rc thi cn c t pha cui hng gi ch o. - p dng cng ngh tin tin, cng ngh sch hn t cht thi. - Nghim tc thc hin ch vn hnh thit b cng ngh, nh lng chnh xc nguyn vt liu, nhin liu qu trnh din ra mc n nh cao, gim bt lng cht thi, n nh thnh phn v tnh cht ca cht thi to iu kin thun li cho vic qun l v x l cht thi. 5.2. Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng tiu chc n mi trng vt l 5.2.1. Gim thiu tc ng gy nhim mi trng nc i vi vic gim thiu tc ng mi trng nc ca nc thi Nh my Dt - Nhum c th xem xt p dng cc bin php sau: - Phn lung dng thi bao gm: gm cc loi nc sch, nc nhim c hc, nc nhim bn ho cht, cht hu c v nc nhim bn du m, cht rn l lng... y l bin php va mang tnh k thut va mang tnh qun l rt hu hiu v kinh t gim bt nh mc tiu hao nc cho sn xut, tit kim nng lng ng thi gim i mt lng ng k nc thi cn x l. - Tun hon ti s dng nc lm lnh s tit kim c mt lng ln nc (ti thiu gim 30% lng nc thi).

B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng - Cc mi trng

ONE WORLD - ONE GREEN

Ti liu c cp bi moitruongxanh.info

- Khi thng h thng thot nc thi v b tr h ga v t gi thu gom b thi rn. Tng qut c th thy rng, nc thi ca cng ngh dt nhum c BOD cao, pH mang tnh kim, mu, c v hm lng cn l lng cao c cha du m, cht hot ng b mt v mt s kim loi nng nn thng thng cng ngh x l nc thi thng ng dng cc qu trnh x l c hc, ho l v sinh hc x l cn l lng (SS), cht hu c (BOD5, COD), c, du m, kim loi nng... H thng x l nc thi thng c chia lm 3 h thng ph l: X l bc mt (Primary treatment), x l bc hai (Secondary treatment) v x l bc ba/bc cao (Tertiary/Advanced treatment). iu cn lu l lu lng v cht lng nc thi thng thay i theo thi gian, do iu ho phi c dung tch ln tnh cht nc thi vo h thng x l sinh hc tip theo tng i n nh. - Nc thi sau x l phi t tiu chun mi trng cho php. 5.2.2. Gim thiu tc ng gy nhim mi trng khng kh Nh trnh by trong chng 4, nhim khng kh nh my dt nhum ch yu l do khi t l hi t du v cc dng kh c trng pht ra t dy truyn cng ngh. Do vy gim thiu tc ng mi trng khng kh c th xem xt p dng cc bin php sau: - Dng nhin liu (than hoc du) c hm lng lu hunh thp. - p dng cng ngh tin tin. - Xy dng ng khi c chiu cao ph hp trong mi tng quan vi lu lng, nng kh thi, a hnh v iu kin kh hu khu vc. - Trong cc phn xng ca nh my cn phi c thit k m bo iu kin v sinh cng nghip, m bo thng thong v m bo ch vi kh hu bn trong cng trnh nht l ti nhng v tr thao tacs ca ngi cng nhn bng cch thit lp h thng thng gi t nhin, h thng thng gi ht, thng gi chung hoc thng gi cc b (phn xng nghin bt, ln men...). - Ti cc ngun sinh ra kh thi c hi v bi cn lp t cc thit b x l kh, bi c cng sut ph hp m bm kh thi sau x l t tiu chun mi trng cho php. Nhng phng php thng c p dng i vi vic x l kh t c bit l SO 2 l phng php hp th dng m hoc dng a, phng php hp th, phng php oxy ho kh... - p dng cc bin php k thut v qun l cn thit gim thiu vic sinh bi do hot ng ca cc phng tin vn chuyn. 5.2.3. Gim thiu tc ng mi trng ca cht thi rn Cht thi rn sinh ra trong qu trnh hot ng ca d n nh trnh by chng 4 bao gm vi ph liu, bi vi, bng, thng nha, chai l thu tinh ng ho cht, bn thi t x l nc. Do vy, c th p dng cc bin php sau: - Xy dng kho, bi theo tiu chun cha v bo qun cht thi rn. - Cc cht thi rn v c bn vng t c hi, bao b, giy ph thi c th thu gom v em bn cho cc dch v, i vi rc thi sinh hot cn c bin php thu gom v x l tp trung. - Bn thi x l nc c kim loi nng, cc cht hu c kh phn hu, phi x l theo quy ch cht thi c hi. 5.3. Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc n mi trng sinh thi Mt D n xy dng Nh my Dt - Nhum c pht trin s tc ng rt ln n mi trng sinh thi khu vc bi cc hot ng tt yu ca n nh xy dng h thng giao thng, cng trnh nh xng, h tng c s v cht thi sinh ra trong qu trnh hot ng. Do vy cn c nhng bin php gim thiu thch hp nh: - Trong qu trnh sng lc v lit k cn phi quan tm n mi trng sinh thi vn c ca h ng thc vt ti ni thc hin d n, so snh nh gi li hi gia cc v tr c a ra nhm chn c v tr ti u cho d n t b nh hng n h sinh thi. - Khng ch nhng tc ng c hi ti iu kin sinh thi t nhin bng gii php s dng hp l ti nguyn thin nhin. y l mt yu t rt quan trng cn phi c quan tm. - Cc gii php k thut, qun l thch hp hn ch c s ph v cn bng sinh thi. 5.4. Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc n mi trng kinh t - x hi - nhn vn Nh trn trnh by, cc tc ng n mi trng kinh t - x hi v nhn vn l rt ln. Do vy cn phi c cc bin php thch hp gim thiu cc tc ng trn, trong ch c bit n nhng vn sau: - Di dn, n b. - C cu vic lm cho ngi dn a phng chu tc ng ca d n. - Quy hoch pht trin c s h tng ph hp cho khu nh c mi... Chng 6 CHNG TRNH QUN L V QUAN TRC, GIM ST mi trng Yu cu: Phn ni dung ny phi xut c cc bin php qun l v gim st, quan trc mi trng nhm m bo thc hin c hiu qu cc bin php bo v mi trng c nu trong chng 5 ng thi kp thi pht hin nhng kin ngh trong qu trnh thc hin cng nh nhng biu hin suy thoi, nhim mi trng do d n gy ra iu chnh, ngn chn.

B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng - Cc mi trng

ONE WORLD - ONE GREEN

Ti liu c cp bi moitruongxanh.info

Do vy phi m bo cc nguyn tc sau: - Nhng xut di gc qun l mi trng pht ht sc c th v ph hp vi trnh t chc, qun l ca c s. - Nhng xut v gim st mi trng ch nn tp trung vo nhng thnh phn mi trng, nhng ch tiu mi trng chu tc ng ca d n. * iu cn lu l d n phi chu hon ton kinh ph cho nhng hot ng ni trn, do vy trong phn ny cng cn nu ln nhng d ton kinh ph cn thit nhm m bo cho cc hot ng ny ni trn. 6.1. Chng trnh qun l mi trng Vi tm quan trng ca cng tc qun l mi trng nu trn, phn ni dung ny cn cp n cc hot ng ca c s di gc bo v mi trng v thng thng bao gm: - M hnh t chc, c cu nhn s cho cng tc qun l mi trng. - Lp k hoch qun l, trin khai cc cng tc bo v mi trng tng ng cho cc giai on: chun b mt bng, thi cng cng trnh v vn hnh cng trnh. - K hoch o to, gio dc nng cao nhn thc mi trng. 6.2. Chng trnh quan trc, gim st mi trng Theo di din bin cht lng mi trng v kim sot mc gy nhim ca d n s do chnh bn thn ch u t ng ra t chc thc hin vi s kt hp vi cc c quan chuyn mn c chc nng. Vic gim st, quan trc mi trng cn phi c tin hnh lin tc trong sut qu trnh hot ng ca d n. Chng trnh gim st, quan trc mi trng cn xc nh r: - i tng, ch tiu quan trc mi trng - Thi gian v tn sut quan trc - Nhu cu thit b quan trc - Nhn lc phc v cho quan trc - D tr kinh ph cho quan trc mi trng. Cc im quan trc, gim st mi trng phi c th hin trn bn c chnh xc thch hp. S liu quan trc mi trng phi c ch d n cp nht, lu gi... 6.2.1. i tng, ch tiu quan trc, gim st mi trng Nhng i tng quan trng nht cn phi c mt chng trnh gim st chi tit, c th l mi trng khng kh, ting n, mi trng nc, mi trng t v sc kho cng nhn. a. Gim st mi trng khng kh * i vi mi trng khng kh bn trong hng ro nh my: + Ti cc phn xng dt nhum l hi, khu vn phng * i vi mi trng khng kh khu vc xung quanh nh my: + Cc im o cch ng khi nh my nhng khong cch ph hp theo hng gi ch o v ma ng v ma h. + Cc im o ti nhng im dn c nhng khong cch ph hp theo hng gi ch o v ma ng v ma h. * Thng s cn gim st: + Ting n, nhit , m, bi l lng, kh SO2, NO2, Cl2, Formaldehyde. + Ti khu vc h thng x l nc thi cn gim st: mi, kh CH4, H2S. b. Gim st mi trng nc * i vi cc cng trnh x l nc thi: + 1 im u v 1 im u ra ca h thng x l nc thi. * i vi vc nc mt tip nhn nc thi ca nh my: + Mt vi im trn v di ni tip nhn nc thi. * Thng s cn gim st: + pH, c, cht rn l lng, BOD5, COD, Crom, du m, cht hot ng b mt, kim loi nng, Coliforms... c. Gim st mi trng t * La chn v tr gim st mi trng t ti vng t b nhim do bi than, kh c hoc vng t b ngp bi nc thi. * Yu t gim st: hm lng mn, kim loi nng v du m. 6.2.2. Thi gian v tn sut gim st, quan trc Hot ng gim st, quan trc mi trng phi c thc hin theo nhng tn sut nht nh trong sut qu trnh thc hin d n. Chng trnh quan trc cc thnh phn mi trng phi tht c th v thng thng theo tn sut 3 thng/ln cho nm hot ng u tin v 6 thng/ln cho nhng nm hot ng tip theo. 6.2.3. D tr kinh ph cho gim st, quan trc mi trng D tr kinh ph cho hot ng quan trc mi trng ca c s l cn thit v khng th thiu, do vy trong phn ni dung ny phi xut rt c th, r rng nhng khon kinh ph d tr cho hot ng quan trc tng phn mi trng nu trn.

B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng - Cc mi trng

ONE WORLD - ONE GREEN

Ti liu c cp bi moitruongxanh.info

Chng 7 CU TRC CA BO CO NH GI TC NG mi trng Yu cu: Cu trc bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng da trn c s hng dn ti Ph lc I.2 Ngh nh 175/CP, ngy 18/10/1994 v "Hng dn thi hnh Lut Bo v Mi trng" ca Chnh ph. I. M u Trong phn m u trnh by nhng ni dung chnh nh sau: 1. Mc ch thnh lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng 2. Cc vn bn php quy v c s d liu, ti liu k thut lp bo co. * Cc vn bn php quy bao gm: - Lut Bo v mi trng c Quc hi nc CHXHCN Vit Nam thng qua ngy 27/12/1993. - Ngh nh s 175/CP ca Chnh ph ngy 18/10/1994 hng dn thi hnh Lut Bo v mi trng. - Cc vn bn php quy hin hnh lin quan n vic nh gi tc ng mi trng do B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng ban hnh. - Cc tiu chun nh nc Vit Nam v mi trng, TCVN - 1995. * C s d liu ti liu k thut lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng: - Cc ti liu lu tr. - Cc ti liu iu tra kho st. - Cc ti liu khc. 3. Phng php la chn nh gi tc ng mi trng Phn ny lit k cc phng php chnh c s dng trong qu trnh nh gi tc ng mi trng. 4. T chc, thnh vin v tin thc hin nh gi tc ng mi trng - Danh sch c quan t vn hay thay mt ch u t thc hin nh gi tc ng mi trng. - Thnh vin chnh tham gia lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng. - Tin thc hin nh gi tc ng mi trng. II. M t s lc d n 1. Gii thiu v d n: - Tn d n - Ch u t ca d n: Tn c quan ch qun, c quan thc hin xy dng lun chng kinh t k thut hoc vn bn c gi tr tng ng. - a im thc hin d n. - Mc tiu kinh t, x hi, ngha chnh tr ca d n. - Ni dung c bn v lnh vc hot ng ca d n. - Hnh thc u t v ngun vn ca d n. - Tin thc hin d n. - Vn u t cho d n/ngun vn. 2. M t s lc v cng ngh v thit b ca d n. - Cng ngh sn xut - Danh mc cc thit b - Nhu cu nguyn, nhin liu - Nhu cu cp in, nc. 3. M t s lc v cng ngh v thit b x l mi trng d kin thc hin trong d n. III. Hin trng mi trng ti im thc hin d n M t khi qut v iu kin a l t nhin, kinh t - x hi c lin quan ti a im thc hin d n. D bo din bin trong iu kin khng thc hin d n. * Ni dung ca phn ny c bin son da trn cc d liu m t trong chng 4 ca Bn hng dn. IV. D bo, nh gi tc ng ca d n n mi trng 1. M t tc ng ca d n n mi trng ti a im thc hin d n Trnh by tnh cht, phm vi, mc din bin theo thi gian, khng gian ca tng tc ng mi trng c nu trong chng 4 ca bn hng dn. So snh vi trng hp khng thc hin d n. 2. nh gi din bin tng hp v mi trng khi thc hin d n. - Phn tch din bin tng hp theo tng phng n thc hin d n. - Nhng tn tht v ti nguyn v mi trng theo tng phng n. nh hng cc kh nng khc phc. - So snh c/mt v li/hi v kinh t - x hi v ti nguyn mi trng theo tng phng n. Trong phn ny cn nu r: + Cc cht a vo sn xut + Cc cht thi ca sn xut + Cc sn phm + D bo tc ng ca cc cht i vi mi trng.

B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng - Cc mi trng

ONE WORLD - ONE GREEN

Ti liu c cp bi moitruongxanh.info

3. nh gi chung nh gi chung v mc tin cy ca cc d bo nh gi tc ng mi trng. Cc cng tc nghin cu iu tra, kho st o c cn c tip tc iu chnh d bo nh gi tc ng mi trng trong tng lai. 4. Nhng kin ngh v la chn phng n thc hin d n - Kin ngh v la chn phng n thc hin d n trn quan im bo v mi trng. - Kin ngh v cc bin php bo v mi trng km theo phng n c ngh chp thun. Ni dung ca phn ny c bin son da trn cc d liu c nu ti chng 4. V. Cc bin php khc phc tc ng tiu cc ca d n n mi trng Trnh by k cc bin php k thut - cng ngh, t chc - iu hnh nhm khc phc cc tc ng tiu cc ca d n n mi trng. So snh li ch thu c v chi ph phi b ra cho tng bin php ca d n. * Ni dung ca phn ny c bin son da trn cc d liu m t trong chng 5 ca Bn hng dn. VI. Chng trnh qun l v quan trc gim st mi trng Trnh by theo cc ni dung nu trong chng 6. VII. Kt lun v kin ngh - Trnh by tm tt nhng tc ng mi trng do thc hin d n. - Phn tch, nhn nh mc ph hp v mt mi trng ca d n. - Kin ngh i vi c quan qun l nh nc v bo v mi trng nhm thc hin nhng bin php bo v mi trng c xut. - Cam kt ca ch d n v thc hin cc gii php bo v mi trng khi thc hin d n. VIII. Danh mc cc ti liu tham kho Lit k theo th t ABC danh mc cc ti liu chnh s dng khi thc hin nh gi tc ng mi trng d n. IX. Ph lc km theo.

B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng - Cc mi trng