Trigonometry Formulae Degree/Radian Relationship: 180 = radians Length of Arc: s = r ( in radians) 1 Area of Sector: A = r2 ( in radians) 2 s r Angular Velocity: = ( in radians)

radians) Linear Velocity: v = = = r t t t Let (x, y) be a point other than the origin on the terminal side of an angle in standard position. We have the following denitions, where r = x2 + y 2 : x r y r y x cos() = sec() = sin() = csc() = tan() = cot() = r x r y x y We can write all trigonometric functions in terms of cosine and sine as follows: 1 1 sin() cos() sec() = csc() = tan() = cot() = cos() sin() cos() sin() Even: Cosine is an even function, so cos(x) = cos(x) Odd: Sine and Tangent are odd functions, so sin(x) = sin(x), tan(x) = tan(x). Cofunction Identities: cos(90 ) = sin(), sin(90 ) = cos(), tan(90 ) = cot(), cot(90 ) = tan(), sec(90 ) = csc(), csc(90 ) = sec() Sum and Dierence Identities: cos(A B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B cos(A + B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B sin(A B) = sin A cos B cos A sin B sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B tan A + tan B tan(A + B) = 1 tan A tan B tan A tan B tan(A B) = 1 + tan A tan B Double-Angle Identities: cos(2A) = cos2 A sin2 A = 1 2 sin2 A = 2 cos2 A 1 sin(2A) = 2 sin A cos A 2 tan A tan(2A) = 1 tan2 A Half-Angle Identities: 1 cos A 2 1 + cos A cos( A ) = 2 2 1 cos A sin A 1 cos A tan( A ) = = = 2 1 + cos A sin A 1 + cos A sin( A ) = 2

 Product-to-Sum Identities: 1 cos A cos B = [cos(A + B) + cos(A B)] 2 1 sin A sin B = [cos(A B) cos(A + B)] 2 1 sin A cos B = [sin(A + B) + sin(A B)] 2 1 cos A sin B = [sin(A + B) sin(A B)] 2 Sum-to-Product Identities: A+B AB sin A + sin B = 2 sin cos 2 2 A+B AB sin A sin B = 2 cos sin 2 2 AB A+B cos cos A + cos B = 2 cos 2 2 A+B AB cos A cos B = 2 sin sin 2 2 Law of Sines: In any plane triangle ABC, with sides a, b, and c, we have: a b c = = sin A sin B sin C Law of Cosines: In any plane triangle ABC, with sides a, b, and c, we have: a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A b2 = a2 + c2 2ac cos B c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos C Law of Tangents: In any plane triangle ABC, with sides a, b, and c, we have: tan a+b = ab tan tan b+c = bc tan tan c+a = ca tan
A+B 2 AB 2 B+C 2 BC 2 C+A 2 CA 2

In any plane triangle ABC, with sides a, b, and c, the area A is given by any of the following: 1 1 1 (a) A = bc sin A = ab sin C = ac sin B 2 2 2 1 (b) (Herons formula) A = s(s a)(s b)(s c), where s = (a + b + c) 2