Danh sch nhm : 1. L Khnh Chi 2. Nguyn Th Thy Linh 3. Phm Minh Ngc 4.

Phan Hng Trang

nh gi ti nguyn thin nhin Vit Nam

I. V tr a l
1. c im : a. Nm trn bn o, gn trung tm ng Nam - Lnh th nc ta ko di sut sn ng v sn nam ca bn o ng Dng, chim phn ln din tch ca bn o ny v nm v tr gn trung tm khu vc ng Nam . Do nc ta mang nhiu c im chung v nhng iu kin t nhin, dn c vn ha v lch s ca ng Nam , ng thi c nhng nt ring bit, c o. - Vit Nam l mt gc ca lc a chu , va tip ni vi b ng, va tip ni vi b nam ca lc a. Vit Nam cng va c bin gii lc a va c hi gii rng. b. Vit Nam l nc nhit i gi ma - Nc ta nm hon ton trong vnh ai nhit i Bc bn cu v nm ng vo khu vc gi ma ng Nam .

- c trng ca kh hu nhit i gi ma l nhiu nng, lm ma, m trung bnh cao. Lng ma trung bnh hng nm hu khp cc vng trong nc t 1500 2000mm, m trung bnh ln n 85%. 2. Thun li v kh khn cho pht trin kinh t : a. Thun li

- Do nm v tr tip gip gia lc a v i dng trn vnh ai sinh khong

chu - Thi Bnh Dng cho nn ti nguyn khong sn ca Vit Nam kh a dng. - Do v tr v hnh dng lnh th cng to nn s phn ha a dng ca t nhin, hnh thnh cc vng t nhin khc nhau, b sung cho nhau trong s pht trin kinh t - x hi (gia M.Bc - Nam; gia min ni-ng bng, ven bin, hi o) - Vit Nam nm ng t ng hng hi v hng khng quc t quan trng cng vi cc cng bin (Ci Ln, Hi Phng, Nng, Si Gn); Cc sn bay quc t (Ni Bi, Tn Sn Nht, Nng); Cc tuyn ng b, ng st Xuyn ... to iu kin thun li trao i, giao lu vi cc nc xung quanh. Vit Nam cn l ca ng thng ra bin ca Lo, Thi Lan, ng Bc CPC v khu vc Ty Nam Trung Quc. - V tr a l v hnh dng lnh th nc ta nh hng su sc n s hnh thnh cc c im ca t nhin; T nh hng n vic la chn phng thc khai thc ti nguyn; Ti s t chc lnh th kinh t quc dn (c bit l vic t chc cc trung tm, ht nhn pht trin ca vng); ng thi cng nh hng ti cc mi lin h ni-ngoi vng cng nh mi lin h kinh t quc t. - Nm trong khu vc nhit i gi ma ng Nam , ng t ni gp g ca nhng lung gi xut pht t cc trung tm ln bao quanh nn t nhin Vit Nam phong ph v a dng. c im ny c tc ng su sc n c cu, quy m v hng pht trin kinh t - x hi Vit Nam. - Nc ta tr thnh mt u mi giao thng quan trng i t n Dng sang Thi Bnh Dng v chu c i Dng hoc ngc li;v tr cho php nc

ta c th d dng pht trin cc quan h kinh t - thng mi, khoa hc - k thut vi cc nc trong khu vc v trn th gii. - Vit Nam nm trong khu vc ang din ra cc hot ng kinh t si ng nht th gii trong th k XXI. - Bin gii lc a phn ln khng phi l bin gii t nhin nn rt thun li cho nc ta c th pht trin ton din ngnh giao thng vn ti, pht trin ng lin vn quc t. - Kh hu nhit i gi ma to iu kin thun li tin hnh xem canh, gi v, tng nhanh vng quay rung t, thm canh tng nng sut. Nhit v m trung bnh cao thun li cho s pht trin cc loi cy nhit i nh cao su, c ph, da, ma, la nc. b. Kh khn - Nm vng kinh t nng ng phi cnh tranh tch cc vi cc nc khc. - Nc ta nm trong vng c nhiu thin tai nht l bo, l lt, hn hn thng xy ra hng nm nh hng ln n cc hot ng sn xut kinh t, c bit l ngnh nng, ng nghip. - m cao, ma nhiu theo ma nh hng n vic thi cng cc cng trnh v bo qun cc sn phm nng, cng nghip - Lnh th tri rng v chia lm nhiu vng kinh t gy kh khn cho vic qun l cc hot ng kinh t.

II. Ti nguyn nhin liu nng lng

1. Than : a. c im - Than ca nc ta tp trung ch yu vng Qung Ninh. Tnh n su 300m c tr lng than thm d 3,5 t tn, su 300 n 900m c tr lng d bo 2 t tn. Nu tnh c tr lng ca cc m than nh a phng th tng tr lng khong trn 6 t tn trong vng Qung Ninh c ti 5,5 t tn chim gn 90% tr lng than ca c nc.

- Ngoi Qung Ninh, cc a phng c than nh : Thi Nguyn (tr lng thm d 80 triu tn); Lng Sn c tr lng thm d trn 100 triu tn; Qung Nam tr lng thm d 10 triu tn - Than ca ta ch yu l than antraxit, nhit nng cao (trn 8000 calo/kg), thnh phn cc-bon ln (trn 90%) t tro, t lu hunh, mt ng nh. ng bng song Hng c ngun than nu ln, su t 200m n 2000m tr lng d bo hang chc t tn. - Nc ta cn c than bn, ln nht l ng bng Sng Cu Long (tr lng d bo 400 500 triu tn) c th lm cht t dng trong sinh hot hoc sn xut vt liu xy dng cp thp. b. Thun li v kh khn - Thun li : Tr lng ln, nhiu loi than, sn lng than khai thc c th ln n 25-30 triu tn. - Kh khn : + Cha c kh nng khai thc ngun than nu ln ng bng sng Hng trong 10 n 15 nm na. + Vic khai thc than bn c th lm nhim mn t trng trt. + Hiu qu khai thc than ch vo khong 13-15 triu tn/nm. 2. Ngun thy nng : a. c im - Cc nh my thy in: Ha Bnh vi tng cng sut thit k 1920MW, Thc B 108MW, Tr An 400MW, a Nhim 160MW, v trn 200 trm thy in nh vi tng cng sut 330MW. - Hin nay nc ta ang trin khai xy dng cc nh my thy in : Hm Thun 330MW, Yaly 700MW, Thc M 120MW, Sng Hinh 60MW, Vnh Sn 60MW. Ta cng ang tin hnh kho st tin ti xy dng nhiu nh my thy in trn phm vi c nc, ln nht l Sn La cng sut t 3600-4000 MW.

b. Thun li v kh khn - Thun li : Sng nhiu nc, min ni c dc cao nn sng nhiu thc, h nc khng lm ngp nhiu t nng nghip, sn ngun nguyn liu xy dng ti ch, gi thnh cng trnh r. - Kh khn : + Tr lng phn b khng u theo lnh th v trn cc dng sng. + Nc ta mi khai thc c trn 10% tng d tr thy nng ca c nc. + Nguy c l lt trong ma ma cao. 3. Du kh : a. c im - Tr lng d bo a cht khong gn 10 t tn, tr lng khai thc khong 4-5 t tn du quy i. Du ca nc ta t lu hunh nhng hm lng Pa-ra-phin cao (18-30%) v ng c nhit cao. - Du kh ca nc ta tp trung ti cc b ln : + B trm tch sng Hng c din tch kh ln, tr lng d bo a cht khong 1,5 t tn. + B trm tch Cu Long tr lng d bo a cht khong 2,5 t tn, tr lng khai thc c th t ti 500 triu tn du quy i. + B trm tch Nam Cn Sn, c tim nng ln nht vi tr lng a cht khong 3 n 4 t tn. + B trm tch Trung B bao gm cc b pha ng Hu, ng Nng, ng Ph Khnh. Tr lng d bo khng vt qu 1 t tn du quy i. + B Th Chu M Lai c tim nng khng ln, khong vi trm triu tn du quy i.

- Cc vng m khai thc chnh hin nay l Bch H, i Hng, Lan , Lan Ty, Rng v 4 m khc, cc m ny u nm thm lc a pha Nam.Vi tr lng trn c th a sn lng khai thc du th hng nm ln ti mc ti a xp x 40 triu tn. - Tr lng kh t nc ta c tnh khong t 1652 n 2212 t m3. Tr lng tp trung ch yu 2 vng ng bng sng Cu Long v ng bng sng Hng. ng bng sng Hng, m kh t Tin Hi (Thi Bnh) c tr lng 1 t m3 kh. b. Thun li v kh khn - Thun li: tr lng ln, thun li cho vic pht trin cc ngnh cng nghip nng. - Kh khn: vic khai thc cn gp nhiu kh khn do ph thuc cng ngh nc ngoi.

III. Ti nguyn kh hu
1. Kh hu Vit Nam l kh hu nhit i m gi ma: a) Tnh cht nhit i: * Tnh cht nhit i c quy nh bi v tr nc ta trong vng ni ch tuyn: - Hng nm, nhn c lng bc x Mt tri ln. - Trong nm, c 2 ln Mt tri ln thin nh. * Tng bc x ln, cn bng bc x dng quanh nm khin: - Nhit trung bnh nm cao, trn 200C. - Tng s gi nng t 1400 n 3000 gi/ nm

b) Lng ma, m ln: * Lng ma trung bnh nm: - nhng sn ni n gi bin, cc khi ni cao: 3500-4000mm.

- Trung bnh nm c nc: 1500-2000mm. * m khng kh cao, trn 80%, cn bng m lun dng.

c) Gi ma: Chu nh hng ca 2 ma gi chnh: Gi ma ma ng v gi ma ma h. * Gi ma ma h: Vo ma h ( t thng V n thng X) c 2 lung gi cng hng Ty Nam thi vo Vit Nam. +) u ma h: Khi kh nhit i m t Bc n Dng di chuyn theo hng Ty Nam: - Xm nhp trc tip v gy ma ln cho ng bng Nam B v Ty Nguyn. - Trn xung ng bng ven bin Trung B v phn nam ca khu vc Ty Bc, khi kh ny tr nn kh nng (cn gi l gi phn Ty Nam hoc gi Lo). +) Cui ma h: Gi ma Ty Nam (xut pht t p cao cn ch tuyn bn cu Nam) hot ng mnh. -> Gy ma ln v ko di cho cc vng n gi Nam B v Ty Nguyn..

2. Kh hu Vit Nam c s phn ha theo khng gian: * Min kh hu Bc c s phn chia thnh 4 ma: Xun, H, Thu, ng. Trong ma ng lnh, t ma cn ma h nng m, ma nhiu. * Min kh hu Nam c 2 ma: Ma kh v ma ma r rt. * Min kh hu ng Trng Sn c 2 ma: Ma kh v ma ma; chu nh hng ca gi phn Ty Nam.

* Min kh hu Ty Nguyn c 2 ma: Ma kh (t thng 12 n thng 4) v ma ma (t thng 5 n thng 11).

3. Kh hu Vit Nam mang tnh tht thng: Do kh hu Vit Nam mang tnh bnh lu hn l bc x, chu nh hng ca gi ma t xa n. Tu s din bin ca gi ma ng bc v ty nam m kh hu Vit Nam mang tnh tht thng : c nm m, c nm rt, c nm ma ng n sm, c nm n mun; c nm ma nhiu, c nm ma t; c nm ma sm, c nm ma mun.

4. Kh hu Vit Nam em li nhng thun li: * Pht trin 1 nn nng nghip ton din: +) i vi min kh hu Bc: - Tng cng thm canh, xen canh, gi v. - Thch hp trng cc loi cy cn nhit v nhit i. - Vo ma ng cc tnh min ni trung du pha Bc v ng bng sng Hng c th trng cc loi rau qu mang tnh n i. - Pht trin chn nui: Gia sc, gia cm +) i vi min kh hu ng Trng Sn: Thch hp trng cc loi cu cng nghip: Da, bng, thuc l, ch, ma, cao su.. +) i vi min kh hu Ty Nguyn: Thch hp trng cc loi cy cng nghip: Cao su, c ph, ca cao. +) i vi min kh hu Nam:

- Thch hp trng cc loi cy nhit i cn xch o: ay, bng, ma, thuc l, c ph.. - Cc loi cy n qu: Da hu, xoi, da, chui, mt - Pht trin chn nui: Ln, g,.. * Pht trin cc ngnh kinh t lm nghip, thy sn, giao thng vn ti, du lch v y mnh hot ng khai thc, xy dngnht l vo ma kh

5. Kh hu Vit Nam gy ra nhng kh khn: * Cc hot ng giao thng vn ti, du lch, cng nghip khai thcchu nh hng trc tip ca s phn ma kh hu, ch nc ca sng ngi. * m cao gy kh khn cho vic bo qun my mc, thit b, nng sn. * Cc thin tai nh ma bo, l lt, hn hn hng nm gy tn tht rt ln cho mi ngnh sn xut, thit hi v ngi v ti sn. * Cc hin tng thi tit bt thng nh dng, lc, ma , sng mui, rt hi, kh nngcng gy nh hng ln n sn xut v i sng. * Mi trng thin nhin d b suy thoi.

IV. Ti nguyn khong sn

Loi khong sn Cht Phn b lng Khon Du kh 814,7 triu Tng Ch yu ng g sn tn (c kh i tt bin Vng Tu nng nng v bin ng. lng thng mi) Than Than 36,960 t Tng i Phn lc a bin cht tn tt trong b than Tr lng ngha vi hot ng kinh t - Dng sn xut nhin liu, ha du, xut khu. - Dng lm kh t S dng cho cc ngnh cng nghip

thp (lignit)

sng Hng

trong nc v xut khu.

Than 80 triu Thi Nguyn, bin cht tn Sng , Ngh trung Tnh bnh (bitum) Than 18 t tn Qung Ninh, bin cht Thi Nguyn, cao Sng , ng (anthraci Sn t) Urani 218000 tn C tim ng Bc B, L ngun nguyn liu nng pht Trung Trung khong cho cc nh trin B, Ty Nguyn my in ht nhn. a nhit 264 ngun C tim Ty Bc, Nam c nhit nng pht Trung B, Ty trn 300C trin Nguyn, B Sng Hng, Sng Cu Long 200 triu C tim Cao Bng, Lng tn nng pht Sn, Hi trin Dng, Ngh An 2,1 t tn C tim Ty Nguyn nng pht trin 10 triu C tim Ty Bc B tn nng pht trin Ngun nng lng sn xut in

Khon Bauxi Diaspo g sn t (b r kim xt) loi Gibsit t him

Dng sn xut nhm

Qung Titan titan gc trong

15 tn

triu C tim Thi Nguyn nng pht trin

- Dng sn xut pin mt tri, linh kin my mc, nam chm. - Dng sn xut h thng dn ng cho tn la, cc thit b ngoi v tr. - Dng lm kim loi chu nhit - Dng sn xut cc loi hp kim

mafic

triu C tim Mng Ci, Ninh nng pht Thun, Bnh trin Thun, B Ra Vng Tu 110 triu C tim T khong - Dng luyn kim tn nng pht Lin, i T, en, to ra cc loi trin Thi Nguyn thp c bit cng. - Dng trong cng nghip ha hc, ch dy tc bng n Qung crom sa 22 triu t c tim Thanh Ha Dng trong luyn khong tn nng pht kim trin Khon Apatit 2,5 t tn Tng i Bc B - Dng sn xut ra g cht tt phn apatit (c kh cng nng kh chua t) nghip - Dng luyn kim Barit 25 triu t c tim Lai Chu, Lo - Dng lm cht n tn nng pht Cai trong cc sn phm trin cht do, cht kt dnh, sn lt - c s dng trong ngnh cng nghip thy tinh. Graphit 20 triu t c kh Lo Cai, Yn Dng trong ch to tn nng pht Bi, Qung Ngi pin v bt ch trin Vt Ct trng Tng i C kh Qung Bnh, Dng cho ngnh liu ln nng pht Cam Ranh cng nghip thy xy trin tinh, pha l

Titan trong v phong ha Titan sa khon g Qung Wolfram

2,5 tn

( dng trong hng khng, tu hi qun, tu v tr....) - Dng sn xut triu Khng c Ngh An, Thi cc loi qu tim nng Nguyn pht trin

300 tn

dng

Cao lanh

Tng i C ln nng trin vi v t Tng i C st ln nng trin

kh Hi Dng, Dng cho lm s pht Mng Ci, Ph Th kh Dng cho cng trnh pht xy dng, thy li, ch to tm p, tm lt. Dng cho sn xut vi, xi mng.

V. Ti nguyn bin
Vit Nam c hn 3.260 km b bin, chim gn 50% chiu di bin gii ca t nc v vi din tch trn 1 triu km2 thm lc a, l mt th mnh quan trng ca nc ta. Bin l c s tt pht trin ngnh ng nghip, l a bn thc hin vic khai thc v nui trng thy sn, t thc y s pht trin ca ngnh cng nghip ch bin thc phm. Bn cnh , ti nguyn bin cn to iu kin thun li cho giao thong vn ti ng bin v ngnh cng nghip ng tu thy, ngh mui, ngnh kinh t dch v du lch pht trin. Ti nguyn bin nc ta c ngha cc k quan trng i vi pht trin t nc. a) V hi sn Trong s nhng li ch m bin mang li, kinh t thy sn chim v tr c bit quan trng, an xen gia li ch trc mt v li ch lu di theo mt ngha y ca n. Tr lng: Ngoi c bin l ngun li chnh, cn c nhiu loi c sn c gi tr kinh t cao. S liu thng k cho thy, trong vng bin Vit Nam c khong 11.000 loi sinh vt c tr trong hn 20 kiu HST in hnh, thuc 6 vng a dng sinh hc (DSH) bin khc nhau. n nay xc nh c 15 bi c ln quan trng, ngoi ra, cn c cc bi tm quan trng vng bin gn b thuc vinh Bc B v bin Ty Nam B. Ven bin c trn 37 vn ha mt nc l, thch hp nui cc loi thy sn xut khu nh: c, tm, cua, rong cu , . . .

Cc HST bin - ven bin nc ta c nng sut sinh hc cao v quyt inh hu nh ton b nng sut s cp ca ton vng bin. Tim nng ngun li c bin c tnh khong 3,1 - 4,2 triu tn, sn lng khai thc bn vng khong 1,4 - 1,7 triu tn. Ngoi ra, tr lng ngun li c rn san h, vng dc thm lc a, vng bin su > 150m v ngun li nhuyn th hai mnh v ang c iu tra nh gi. Cht lng: y l ngun nguyn liu quan trng cho cc ngnh cng nghip ch bin, c bit l ch bin thc phm. Phn b: Mt s a bn khu duyn hi c mt hi sn cao nh : Qung Ninh, Nam H vs nhiu a im khc Trung B v Nam B u c th phn b nhng x nghip sn xut cc loi sn phm ly nguyn liu t bin. b) V mui Bin Vit Nam c ngun mui ln nguyn liu quan trng ca cng nghip ha cht Nc bin ca Vit Nam c nng mui l 3,5% ngang vi cc bin c mn trung bnh trn th gii. Sut dc b bin nc ta li c nhiu ch c th xy dng cc im trng khai thc mui, c bit l cc tnh Thanh Ha, Ngh An, Qung Ngi, Khnh Ha, Bnh Thun, B Ra c) V du lch bin: S lung, phn b: Dc b bin v cc hi o, nhiu ni c tim nng bo tn thin nhin, v c hn 125 bi bin c th pht trin du lch, trong c trn 20 bi bin t quy m v tiu chun quc t nh Tr C, Bi Chy, Sn, Sm Sn, Nha Trang, Vng Tu, Ph Quc,... dc b bin c cc di tch lch s vn ha nh c Hu, ph c Hi An, Thp Chm,... Cc bn o v cc o ln nh lin kt nhau to thnh mt qun th du lch him c trn th gii nh Vinh H Long. Dc ven bin hoc nm cch bin khng xa cn c cc trung tm thng mi, cc thnh ph du lch nh H Long, Hi Phng, Nng, Nha Trang, Vng Tu,... Cht lng: Bin v ven bin nc ta c nhiu tim nng ln pht trin du lch, vi nhiu cnh quan bin v hi o k th, nhiu bi tm rng v p ni ting, hng nm thu ht nhiu du khch trong v ngoi nc. y chnh l mt ngun

lc to ln i vi ngnh kinh t quan trng, c kh nng mang li li ch kinh t ln, gp phn quan trng trong pht trin kinh t a phng v t nc. d) V du kh: Tr lng: Vit Nam nm trong khu vc c tim nng du kh khng nh. Nhiu b trm tch c trin vng du kh c xc nh trong c b trm tch Cu Long v Nam Cn Sn c tr lng ln nht, iu kin khai thc li thun li, tr lng nh gi khong 3-4 t m3 du quy i, trong 0,9 - 1,2 t m3 du v 2.100 - 2.800 t m3 kh, phn ln tp trung vng nc su xa b. So vi cc nc ng Nam , tr lng du kh ca nc ta ng th 3, sau lnnxia v Malaixia. Cht lng: y l ngun ti nguyn hng u, gp phn quan trng ng k vo vic pht trin kinh t, hnh thnh nn cng nghip du kh non tr ca nc ta, c bit trong giai on khi ng nn kinh t cng nghip ha, hin i ha. Phn b: Nhiu b trm tch c trin vng du kh c xc nh trong c b trm tch Cu Long v Nam Cn Sn c tr lng ln nht. e) V a hnh b v o: Dc b bin Vit Nam c nhiu vng, vnh kn gi, b bin khng c hm vc su dc, t by ly, nhiu ca sng, c nhiu ch thun tin cho vic thit lp cc x nghip ng tu v sa cha tu thy. Vng bin rng, b bin ko di, c nhiu vng bin kn (Ci Ln, Sn Tr, Dung Qut, Cam Ranh) c th xy dng nhiu hi cng ln, to iu kin thun li cho vic m rng giao l gia cc vng, a phng trong nc v quc t

VI. Ti nguyn rng

Rng l ngun ti nguyn hu hn nhng c kh nng phc hi cn gi l ngun ti nguyn ti to. Ngoi ngha v ti nguyn ng, thc vt, rng cn th hin nh l mt yu t a l khng th thiu vng c trong tng th t nhin. Rng c nhiu tc dng nh: iu ha kh hu, cung cp lien tc ngun nc trong sch, lm tng d tr ngun nc ngm, ch ng nguy c l lt, ngn chn s ph hy ca cc dng l, chng xi mn v bo v t, lm gim

sc ph hy ca gi, chng ct bay, lm tng kh nng gi m ca t v tng nng sut ma mng, p ng nhu cu pht trin chn nui Tr lng: Din tch rng v t rng ca nc ta kh ln, khong 19 triu ha, trong t l che ph trung bnh ca rng nc ta tnh n nm 2010 l 39,5%, nhng din tch rng ca nc ta ch yu l rng ti sinh v rng trng mi. Trong tr lng g trn 550 triu m3, trong tr lng g khai thc tng i thun li ch c 300 triu m3, tr lng g kinh t ch 110 triu m3. Cht lng: Rng Vit Nam l rng nhit i, chng loi cy rng phong ph, nhng mc hn hp v phn tn trn nhng a hnh phc tp gy kh khn cho vic khai thc. Rng ca nc ta phn ln l rng nhit i, nhng bn cnh c pha tp thm cc khu rng cn nhit i v n i trn ni cao. Bn cnh nhng loi thc vt ch pht sinh bn o ng Dng, rng nc ta cn c thc vt di c t Trung Hoa, n v Malaysia ti, do c nhiu loi g c gi tr kinh t ln, c trn 100 loi g c gi tr thng phm. Bn cnh ngun g ln, rng Vit Nam cn c nhiu tre, na, song my l ngun nguyn liu ln cho cng nghip giy v m ngh phm; nhiu cy c du, cy dc liu, cng vi cc loi sn phm khc nh cnh kin rt cn cho cng nghip. Rng nc ta c nhiu loi cy c phm cht cao ca rng nhit i nh cc loi cy thit mc, hng sc c sc chu nn cao, t b mt mc, c th ngm lu ngy di nc. l nhng loi g qu, cn thit nhiu trong cc cng trnh xy dng ln, trong vic xy dng cu ng, ng tu thuyn Nhiu loi g c gi tr cng nghip khc nh b , trm trng, lt hoa, sng l, ch ch, c i dng ng tu thuyn. Rng nc ta cng l ni c tr ca nhiu loi chim th c sc c gi tr kinh t c bit, l ngun thc phm, ngun dc liu qu, l ti nguyn phc v cho ngnh du lch, xut khu. Phn b: Din tch rng v t rng nc ta c phn b tt c cc dng a hnh khc nhau v khp cc vng min trong c nc, nhng cc vng c quy

m din tch rng tp trung ln l: Ty Nguyn (2.993,2 nghn ha), ng Bc (2.673,9 nghn ha), Bc Trung B (2.222,0 nghn ha), Duyn hi Nam Trung B (1.166,3 nghn ha), Ty Bc (1.037,0 nghn ha), ng Nam B (1.026,2 nghn ha). Bn cnh din tch c rng nu trn th din tch t trng i trc c kh nng trng rng c cn kh ln.

VII. Ti nguyn t:
Ti nguyn t l vn trng tm trong lch s pht trin ca Vit Nam. Khi qut chung t t nhin Vit Nam c din tch t lin gn 330.000km2, phn ni thy v lnh hi vi b bin rng 226.000km2; vng c quyn kinh t v thm lc a rng khong 1000km2. t nng nghip chim khong t 10 11 triu ha. t ai ca nc ta rt a dng v phc tp v loi hnh, c phn chia thnh 13 nhm, trong c 2 nhm t c gi tr kinh t ln l t ph sa v t vng. - t ph sa vi din tch trn 6 triu ha, thch hp pht trin cc loi cy nng nghip ngn ngy nh la, ng - Nhm t vng c hnh thnh trong qu trnh phong ha nhit i to thnh nhiu loi t vng khc nhau: t badan; t vng ni vi; t vng min ni trung du. Nhm t vng nhit i l c s pht trin cc loi cy cng nghip lu nm v pht trin lm nghip. Hin nay nc ta mi s dng gn 80% din tch t, cn li l t xu cn c ci to, bao gm t mn, t phn, t xm bc mu, t ct, t ong Vai tr ca t trong qu trnh pht trin: t l mt trong cc yu t u vo ca mi qu trnh sn xut. t ai cn tc ng vo vic gii quyt nh cho mi ngi => Gi t c tc ng trc tip vo gi hng ha, tc ng mang tnh quyt nh vo hnh thnh gi hng ha bt ng sn. => iu tit c th trng quyn s dng t dn ti iu tit c th trng bt ng sn ni ring v th trng hng ha ni chung Mc tiu, phng hng khai thc c hiu qu t ai:

Mi loi t c tham gia th trng c phng hng pht trin ring ph hp vi c th trong qun l v s dng: - t nng nghip: th trng quyn s dng t tip tc m bo y mnh qu trnh sn xut hng ha trong nng nghip, tp trung t ai hp l v khuyn khch m rng u t nhm tng nng sut, sn lng, gi tr hng ha, m bo an ninh lng thc quc gia, xa ngho trong khu vc nng thn - t phi nng nghip khng phi t : th trng quyn s dng t cn to ng lc cho qu trnh u t pht trin kinh t cng nghip v dch v, a dng hoa hng ha bt ng sn, pht trin th trng trong c khu vc, u t h tng k thut, h tng x hi, v cc cng trnh cng cng - t : th trng quyn s dng t mt mt to hiu qu cao trong pht trin th trng nh v mt khc m bo gii quyt tt vn nh cho ngi c thu nhp thp v trugn binhg, ngi thuc din c hng ch u i Gii php v chnh sch: - Sa i, b sung, hon chnh h thng php lut v t ai, bt ng sn - Nng cao cht lng quy hoch s dng t v quy hoch u t pht trin - Hon thin b my qun l t ai

VIII. Ti nguyn nc:

Khi qut chung

- V nc mt, trung bnh hng nm lnh th Vit Nam nhn c 1.944mm nc ma, trong bc hi tr li khng trung 1.000mm, cn li 941mm hnh thnh mt lng nc mt khong 310 t m3. Tnh bnh qun, mi ngi dn Vit, c th hng c mt lng nc bng 3.870 m3 mi nm; hoc 10,6 m3 tc 10.600 lt nc mi ngy. Ngoi ngun nc mt t ma, Vit Nam hin cn c ngun nc rt ln do cc con sng xuyn bin gii em t lnh th cc nc ngoi vo nh sng Hng, sng M, sng C, sng M Cng. Lng nc ny c tnh bng 520 t m3, gp 1,7 ln lng nc ngt hnh thnh trong nc.

=> Tng hp hai ngun nc mt: ngun hnh thnh trn lnh th quc gia v ngun t nc ngoi chy vo, ni mt cch khi qut, Vit Nam c tng lng nc mt trung bnh nm bng khong 830 t m3. Trong phn hnh thnh trong nc l 310 t, chim 37%; phn t nc ngoi vo l 520 t, chim 63% - V nc di t, tim nng ca nc ta cng tng i ln. Tng tr lng c tim nng khai thc c trn c nc ca cc tng tr nc trn ton lnh th, cha k phn hi o, c tnh gn 2000m3/s, tng ng khong 60 t m3/nm. Tr lng ny thay i nhiu theo cc vng: di do nht ng bng sng Hng, ng bng sng Cu Long, ng Nam B; kh nhiu Ty Nguyn v t hn ti cc vng ni Ty Bc, ng Bc v duyn hi Bc v Nam Trung B. Tr lng giai on tm kim v thm d s b mi t khong 8 t m3/nm, tc khong 13% tng tr lng. Theo kt qu iu tra, kho st v nghin cu c n nm 1999 th tr lng nc ngm thuc loi c th khai thc ngay vi tin cy cao (cp A) vo khong 736.205m3/ngy; thuc loi c th khai thc vi tin cy kh (cp B) vo khong 939.625m3/ngy; thuc loi c d bo l c kh nng khai thc (cp C1), 2.007.165 v (C2), 10.848.451m3/ngy. Tng lng khai thc ch mi vo khong 5% tng tr lng. Trong cc nm ti lng khai thc c th ln ti khong 12 t m3/nm. So snh vi th gii tr lng nc ngm ca Vit Nam vo mc trung bnh. Vit Nam cng c ti nguyn nc nng v nc khong phong ph, a dng v loi hnh. Ti nguyn ny c nh gi c cht lng tt, c kh nng v mt phn c s dng cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau Khai thc ti nguyn nc: - S dng cho nng nghip: nc ti cho hn 9 triu ha t nng nghip, chn nui v nui trng thy sn. Ngoi ti nguyn nc mt, ti nguyn nc ngm cng c khai thc ti cho din tch t nng nghip, cho chn nui nhiu vng. c bit cho vic ti cao su, c ph vo ma kh cc tnh vng ni pha Bc min Trung, ng Nam b v Ty Nguyn
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S dng cho sn xut in: Nc ta c tim nng thy in di do, vi hn 2.000 sng sui ln, nh phn b trn khp lnh th. Tng tim nng l thuyt ngun thy in nc ta khong 308 t Kwh. Tr nng k thut thu in trn ton lnh th Vit Nam l 72 t Kwh vi cng sut t 10 MW tr ln, c khong 360 v tr lp t my, tng cng sut 17.500 MW. Ngoi ra

cha k n tim nng thy in nh. Hin nay sn lng in do thy in pht hng nm khong 23,8 Kwh chim 51% tng sn lng in pht ra ca c nc.
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S dng cung cp cho sn xut cng nghip v dn c: S dng nc cho sinh hot c xem xt hai khu vc l thnh th v nng thn. Nc ta c khong hn 600 th cc loi v gn 100 khu cng nghip tp trung vi dn s khong 19 triu 900 nghn ngi, chim 25% dn s c nc (nm 2002). y mnh cng tc iu tra c bn a cht v ti nguyn nc di t, c bit l vic tm kim - thm d nhm to c s khai thc s dng ngun nc hp l, trnh nguy c nhim, suy thoi, cn kit v nhng tc ng tiu cc n mi trng, tng kh nng b cp, ti to nc di t. Bo v v pht trin ti nguyn rng:

Mc tiu, phng hng khai thc c hiu qu

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Trong gn 60 nm qua, do nhiu nguyn nhn m rng nc ta b tn ph d di, che ph t 43,7% (nm 1943) ch cn 28% (hin nay) d ton dn b khng t cng sc vo vic trng v ti to rng. nhiu tnh min ni pha Bc che ph ca rng suy gim d di: nm 1943 che ph rng trn a bn Lo Cai l 70%, nay cn 19,8%, tnh Sn La che ph ch cn 12%. min Trung, min Nam tnh trng cng tng t: ch trong vng 8 nm (1990 1997) m gn 15.000 ha rng phng h u ngun Tr An, 8500 ha rng bo tn Bin Bc b ph tri... Do mt rng m 13 triu ha t b suy thoi thnh t hoang ho. Cng do mt rng nn kh nng gi nc, iu tit dng chy b suy gim mnh, gy nhiu tai ho i vi cuc sng ca cng ng. cc khu rng rm c thm mc v lp mn kh dy, kh nng lu gi lng nc ma rt ln. Ti y lng nc ma ri xung chy ra khi rng ch c t 3% (ng vi dc 100) n 34% (ni dc ln ti 400 hoc hn). Trong trng hp ny rng tr thnh "h cha t nhin" c tc dng tr nc vo ma ma v l ngun cung cp nc cho sng, sui vo ma kh. Nu tnh vi lng ma 2000 mm/nm, din tch rng 14,3 triu ha (1943) v dc trung bnh 250, ta thy h cha t nhin ni trn t dung tch 241,67

t m3/nm. y l ngun nc hon ton c th khai thc s dng cung cp nc.

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Quy hoch tng th cc h cha nc:

C nc hin c hng ngn h cha nc ln, va v nh. Tng dung tch 10 h ln l 13 t m3 nc v 445 h cha va (dung tch mi h 5 - 10 triu m 3) l 5 t m3. Nhiu h, m ao nh cha c iu kin thng k v xc nh chi tit, khi lng nc mi h tuy nh nhng tng lng nc khng nh, l ni tiu thot nc vo ma ma v l ngun nc sinh hot cho khng t dn c ngoi th, nng thn. Li ch nhiu mt, c bit v kinh t ca h l iu d thy, nhng s d cn thn trng khi quy hoch xy dng thm (hoc san lp bt) cc h bi bn cnh cc li ch, cc h cha ln v va lun tim n cc tai ho: gy l thm khc khi v p, nguy c nhim khng kh do bt k mt h cha no cng lm ngp mt din tch rng ln, lng kh CO2, CH4 thot ra rt nhiu
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X l cht thi:

Cc kh thi ngoi kha cnh l mt trong nhng ngun gy nhim nc di t cn rt hi cho c th nh gy cn tr ng h hp (SO2), ngn tr v gim kh nng vn chuyn oxy ca mu (CO, NO2), ring NO2 lng ng vch cung phi, ht trong phi c chuyn ho thnh cc nitrosamin c kh nng gy ung th. Cc ht bi cng nguy him khng km: cc ht c kch thc hn 5 m b gi li trong mi v kh qun, cc ht c kch thc 0,1 m 1 m c th xm nhp su vo phi...

Gii php, chnh sch:

- Tng cng cng tc iu tra c bn a cht v ti nguyn nc di t, c bit ch trng vic nh gi nc di t qua vic nghin cu, gii quyt vn cung cp, kim sot v nhim nc di t; - Kt hp cht ch gia iu tra vi quy hoch, m bo kt qu nghin cu va c ngha khoa hc va c ngha thc tin; - Nhm a nhanh lng nc sch tm c vo s dng p ng nhu cu dn sinh, Nh nc cn u t cho cng tc khai dn i vi cc chng trnh trng im nh nc cho min ni, bin gii, hi o... v cng tc thm d nc di

t ti cc vng c ngha kinh t - x hi cao khi kh khn hoc khng c kh nng huy ng cc ngun vn khc; - C k hoch v chnh sch c th i mi thit b cng ngh nhm nng cao nng sut, cht lng iu tra nc di t. - Nh nc cn u t th nghim cc cng ngh b sung nhn to nc di t, hnh lang ly nc, khoan tia ti cc khonh c iu kin a cht thu vn thch hp, nhm xc nh quy trnh cng ngh hp l p dng vo thc t.