CHNG I CC TNH CHT C BN CA VT LIU XY DNG 1.1. Khi nim chung 1.1.1.

Phn loi tnh cht ca vt liu xy dng (VLXD) Qu trnh lm vic trong kt cu cng trnh, vt liu phi chu s tc dng ca ti trng bn ngoi v mi trng xung quanh. Ti trng s gy ra bin dng v ng sut trong vt liu. Do , kt cu cng trnh lm vic an ton th trc tin vt liu phi c cc tnh cht c hc theo yu cu. Ngoi ra, vt liu cn phi c bn vng chng li cc tc dng vt l v ha hc ca mi trng. Trong mt s trng hp i vi vt liu cn c mt s yu cu ring v nhit, m, chng phng x v.v... Nh vy, yu cu v tnh cht ca vt liu rt a dng. Song nghin cu v s dng vt liu, c th phn tnh cht ca n thnh nhng nhm nh: nhm tnh cht c trng cho trng thi v cu trc, nhm tnh cht vt l, tnh cht c hc, tnh cht ha hc v mt s tnh cht mang ngha tng hp khc nh tnh cng tc, tnh tui th v.v... Cc tham s c trng cho trng thi v cu trc ca vt liu l nhng tnh cht c trng cho qu trnh cng ngh, thnh phn pha, thnh phn khong ha, th d khi lng ring, khi lng th tch, rng, c, mn, v.v... Nhng tnh cht vt l xc nh mi quan h ca vt liu vi mi trng nh tnh cht c lin quan n nc, n nhit, in, m, tnh lu bin ca vt liu nht, do... Nhng tnh cht c hc xc nh quan h ca vt liu vi bin dng v s ph hy n di tc dng ca ti trng nh cng , cng, do v.v... Cc tnh cht ha hc c lin quan n nhng bin i ha hc v bn vng ca vt liu i vi tc dng ca cc nhn t ha hc. trnh nhng nh hng ca cc yu t khch quan trong qu trnh th nghim, cc tnh cht ca vt liu phi c xc nh trong iu kin v phng php chun theo quy nh ca tiu chun nh nc Vit Nam. Khi tnh cht c xc nh l nhng tnh cht tiu chun. Ngoi cc tiu chun nh nc cn cc tiu chun cp ngnh, cp b. Cc tiu chun c th c b sung v chnh l ty theo trnh sn xut v yu cu s dng vt liu. Hin nay nc ta, i vi 1 s loi VLXD cha c tiu chun v yu cu k thut quy nh th c th dng cc tiu chun ca nc ngoi. 1.1.2 Quan h gia cu trc v tnh cht Cu trc ca vt liu c biu th 3 mc: cu trc v m (cu trc c th quan st bng mt thng), cu trc vi m (ch quan st bng knh hin vi) v cu trc trong hay cu to cht (phi dng nhng thit b hin i quan st v nghin cu nh knh hin vi in t, phn tch rngen) Cu trc v m .Bng mt thng ngi ta th phn bit cc dng cu trc ny nh: nhn to c, cu trc t ong, cu trc dng si, dng lp, dng ht ri...
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Vt liu nhn to c rt ph bin trong xy dng nh b tng nng, gch p lt, gch silicat. Nhng loi vt liu ny thng c cng , kh nng chng thm, chng n mn tt hn cc loi vt liu rng cng loi, nhng nng v tnh cch m, cch nhit km hn. Bng mt thng cng c th nhn thy nhng lin kt th ca n, v d: thy c lp xi mng lin kt vi ht ct liu, dy ca lp , ln ca ht ct liu: pht hin c nhng ht, vt rn nt ln, v.v... Vt liu cu to rng c th l nhng vt liu c nhng l rng ln nh b tng kh, b tng bt, cht do t ong hoc nhng vt liu c nhng l rng b (vt liu dng nc, dng ph gia chy). Loi vt liu ny c cng , chng n mn km hn vt liu c cng loi, nhng kh nng cch nhit, cch m tt hn. Lng l rng, kch thc, hnh dng, c tnh v s phn b ca l rng c nh hng ln n tnh cht ca vt liu. Vt liu c cu to dng si, nh g, cc sn phm c t bng khong v bng thy tinh, tm si g p v.v... c cng , dn nhit v cc tnh cht khc rt khc nhau theo phng dc v theo phng ngang th. Vt liu c cu trc dng lp, nh phin ma, dip thch st v.v... l vt liu c tnh d hng (tnh cht khc nhau theo cc phng khc nhau). Vt liu ht ri nh ct liu cho b tng, vt liu dng bt (xi mng, bt vi sng) c cc tnh cht v cng dng khc nhau ty theo thnh phn ln v trng thi b mt ht. Cu trc vi m ca vt liu c th l cu to tinh th hay v nh hnh. Cu to tinh th v v nh hnh ch l hai trng thi khc nhau ca cng mt cht. V d oxyt silic c th tn ti dng tinh th thch anh hay dng v nh hnh (opan). Dng tinh th c bn v n nh ln hn dng v nh hnh. SiO2 tinh th khng tng tc vi Ca(OH)2 iu kin thng, trong khi SiO2 v nh hnh li c th tng tc vi Ca(OH)2 ngay nhit thng. Cu to bn trong ca cc cht l cu to nguyn t, phn t, hnh dng kch thc ca tinh th, lin kt ni b gia chng. Cu to bn trong ca cc cht quyt nh cng , cng, bn nhit v nhiu tnh cht quan trng khc. Khi nghin cu cc cht c cu to tinh th, ngi ta phi phn bit chng da vo c im ca mi lin kt gia cc phn t to ra mng li khng gian. Ty theo kiu lin kt, mng li ny c th c hnh thnh t cc nguyn t trung ha (kim cng, SiO2) cc ion (CaCO3 , kim loi), phn t (nc ) . Lin kt cng ha tr c hnh thnh t nhng i in t dng chung, trong nhng tinh th ca cc cht n gin (kim cng, than ch) hay trong cc tinh th ca hp cht gm hai nguyn t (thch anh). Nu hai nguyn t ging nhau th cp in t dng chung thuc c hai nguyn t . Nu hai nguyn t c tnh cht khc nhau th cp in t b lch v pha nguyn t c tnh cht kim mnh hn, to ra lin kt cng ha tr c cc (H2O). Nhng vt liu c lin kt dng ny c cng , cng cao v rt kh chy.
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Lin kt ion c hnh thnh trong cc tinh th vt liu m cc nguyn t khi tng tc vi nhau nhng in t cho nhau hnh thnh cc ion m v ion dng. Cc ion tri du ht nhau to ra phn t. Vt liu xy dng c lin kt loi ny (thch cao, anhirit) c cng v cng thp, khng bn nc, trong nhng loi VLXD thng gp nh canxit, fenspat vi nhng tinh th phc tp gm nhng tinh th gm c lin kt cng ha tr v lin kt ion. Bn trong 2 ion phc tp CO 3 l lin kt cng ha tr. Nhng chnh n lin kt vi Ca2+ bng lin kt ion (CaCO3) c cng kh cao. Lin kt phn t c hnh thnh ch yu trong nhng tinh th ca cc cht c lin kt cng ha tr. Lin kt silicat l lin kt phc tp, c to thnh t khi 4 mt SiO4 lin kt vi nhau bng nhng nh chung (nhng nguyn t oxi chung) to thnh mng li khng gian ba chiu vi nhng tnh cht c bit cho VLXD. iu cho php coi chng nh l cc polime v c. 1.1.3. Quan h gia thnh phn v tnh cht Vt liu xy dng c c trng bng 3 thnh phn: Ha hc, khong vt v thnh phn pha. Thnh phn ha hc c biu th bng % hm lng cc oxyt c trong vt liu. N cho php phn on hng lot cc tnh cht ca VLXD: tnh cht chu la, bn sinh vt, cc c trng c hc v cc c tnh k thut khc. Ring i vi kim loi hoc hp kim th thnh phn ha hc c tnh bng % cc nguyn t ha hc Thnh phn ha hc c xc nh bng cch phn tch ha hc (kt qu phn tch c biu din di dng cc oxyt) Cc oxyt trong vt liu v c lin kt vi nhau thnh cc mui kp, c gi l thnh phn khong vt. Thnh phn khong vt Thnh phn khong vt quyt nh cc tnh cht c bn ca vt liu. Khong 3CaO.SiO2 v 3CaO.Al2O3 trong xi mng pooc lng quyt nh tnh ng rn nhanh, chm ca xi mng, khong 3Al2O3 2SiO2 quyt nh tnh cht ca vt liu gm. Bit c thnh phn khong vt ta c th ta c th phn on tng i chnh xc cc tnh cht ca VLXD. Vic xc nh thnh phn khong vt kh phc tp, c bit l v mt nh lng. V vy ngi ta phi dng nhiu phng php h tr cho nhau : phn tch nhit vi sai, phn tch ph rnghen, laze, knh hin vi in t v.v... Thnh phn pha a s vt liu khi lm vic u tn ti pha rn. Nhng trong vt liu lun cha mt lng l rng, bn ngoi pha rn n cn cha c pha kh (khi kh) v pha lng (khi m). T l ca cc pha ny trong vt liu c nh hng n cht lng ca n, c bit l cc tnh cht v m, nhit, tnh chng n mn, cng v.v...
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Thnh phn cc pha bin i trong qu trnh cng ngh v di s tc ng ca mi trng. S thay i pha lm cho tnh cht ca vt liu cng thay i. V d nc cha nhiu trong cc l rng ca vt liu s nh hng xu n tnh cht nhit, m v cng ca vt liu, lm cho vt liu b n ra v.v... Ngoi vt liu rn, trong xy dng cn loi vt liu ph bin trng thi nht do. Cc cht kt dnh khi nho trn vi dung mi (thng l nc), khi cha rn chc c cu trc phc tp v bin i theo thi gian: giai on u trng thi dung dch, sau trng thi keo. Trng thi ny quyt nh cc tnh cht ch yu ca hn hp. Trong h keo, mi ht keo gm c nhn keo, lp hp th v ngoi cng l lp khuych tn. Chng c lin kt vi nhau bng cc lc phn t, lc ma st, lc mao dn, v.v... mi loi cht kt dnh khi nho trn vi dung mi thch hp s cho mt h keo nht nh. 1.2. Tnh cht vt l 1.2.1. Cc thng s trng thi Khi lng ring Khi lng ring ca vt liu l khi lng ca mt n v th tch vt liu trng thi hon ton c (khng c l rng). Khi lng ring c k hiu bng v tnh theo cng thc : m = g/cm 3 ; kg/l; kg/m 3 V Trong : m : Khi lng ca vt liu trng thi kh, g, kg V : Th tch hon ton c ca vt liu, cm3, l, m3. Tu theo tng loi vt liu m c nhng phng php xc nh khc nhau. i vi vt liu hon ton c nh knh, thp v.v..., c xc nh bng cch cn v o mu th nghim, i nhng vt liu rng th phi nghin n c ht < 0,2 mm v nhng loi vt liu ri c c ht b (ct, xi mng...) th c xc nh bng phng php bnh t trng (hnh 1.1). Khi lng ring ca vt liu ph thuc vo thnh phn v cu trc vi m ca n, i vi vt liu rn th n khng ph thuc vo thnh phn pha. Khi lng ring Hnh 1-1: Bnh t trng ca vt liu bin i trong mt

phm vi hp, c bit l nhng loi vt liu cng loi s c khi lng ring tng t nhau. Ngi ta c th dng khi lng ring phn bit nhng loi vt liu khc nhau, phn on mt s tnh cht ca n. Khi lng th tch Khi lng th tch ca vt liu l khi lng ca mt n v th tch vt liu trng thi t nhin (k c l rng). Nu khi lng ca mu vt liu l m v th tch t nhin ca mu l Vv m (g/cm 3 , kg/m 3 , T/m 3 ) th: V = VV Bng 1-1 H s dn nhit , , v, Tn VLXD r, (%) 3 3 (g/cm ) (g/cm ) (kCal/mCh) B tng 2,4 1,00 2,6 10 -nng 1,0 0,30 2,6 61,5 -nh 0,5 0,17 2,6 81 -t ong Gch : 1,8 0,69 2,65 3,2 -thng 1,3 0,47 2,65 51 -rng rut 1,4 2,67 2,40 -granit 1,4 0,43 2,7 52 -tp ni la Thu tinh: 2,65 0,50 2,65 0,0 -knh ca s 0,30 0,10 2,65 88 -thu tinh bt Cht do 2,0 0,43 2,0 0,0 -cht do ct thu tinh 0,015 0,026 1,2 98 -mipo Vt liu g : 0,15 1,53 67 -g thng 0,5 0,05 1,5 86 -tm si g 0,2 T s liu bng 1-1, ta thy: v ca vt liu xy dng dao ng trong mt khong rng. i vi vt liu cng loi c cu to khc nhau th v khc nhau, v cn ph thuc vo m ca mi trng. V vy, trong thc t buc phi xc nh v tiu chun. Vic xc nh khi lng mu c thc hin bng cch cn, cn Vv th ty theo loi vt liu m dng mt trong ba cch sau : i vi mu vt liu c kch thc hnh hc r rng ta dng cch o trc tip; i vi mu vt liu khng c kch thc hnh hc r rng th dng phng php chim ch trong cht lng; i vi vt liu ri (xi mng, ct, si) th vt liu t mt chiu cao nht nh xung mt dng c c th tch bit trc. Da vo khi lng th tch ca vt liu c th phn on mt s tnh cht ca n, nh cng , rng, la chn phng tin vn chuyn, tnh ton trng lng bn thn kt cu.
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1.2.2. c trng cu trc c trng cu trc ca vt liu xy dng l rng v c. rng r (s thp phn, %) l th tch rng cha trong mt n v th tch t nhin ca vt liu. Vr Nu th tch rng l Vr v th tch t nhin ca vt liu l Vv th : r = Vv Trong : Vr = Vv-V Vv V V = 1 = 1 v Do : r = Vr Vv L rng trong vt liu gm l rng kn v l rng h. L rng h l l rng thng vi mi trng bn ngoi. i vi vt liu dng ht cn phn ra l rng trong ht v l rng gia cc ht. rng h (rh ) l t s gia tng l rng cha nc bo ha v th tch t nhin ca vt liu: m m1 1 rh = 2 Vv n Trong : m1 v m2 l khi lng ca mu trng thi kh v trng thi bo ha nc. L rng h c th thng vi nhau v vi mi trng bn ngoi, nn chng thng cha nc iu kin bo ha bnh thng nh ngm vt liu trong nc. L rng h lm tng thm nc v ht nc, gim kh nng chu lc. Tuy nhin trong vt liu v cc sn phm ht m th l rng h v vic khoan l li cn thit ht nng lng m. rng kn (rk ): rk = r-rh Vt liu cha nhiu l rng kn th cng cao, cch nhit tt. rng trong vt liu dao ng trong mt phm vi rng t 0 n 98%. Da vo rng c th phn on mt s tnh cht ca vt liu: cng chu lc, tnh chng thm, cc tnh cht c lin quan n nhit v m. c () l mc cha y th tch vt liu bng cht rn: =
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Nh vy r + = 1 ( hay 100%), c ngha l vt liu kh bao gm b khung cng chu lc v l rng khng kh. mn hay ln ca vt liu dng ht, dng bt l i lng nh gi kch thc ht ca n. mn quyt nh kh nng tng tc ca vt liu vi mi trng (hot ng ha hc, phn tn trong mi trng), ng thi nh hng nhiu n rng gia cc ht. V vy tu theo tng loi vt liu v mc ch s dng ngi ta tng hay gim mn ca chng. i vi vt liu ri khi xc nh mn thng phi quan tm n tng nhm ht, hnh dng v tnh cht b mt ht, nhm, kh nng hp th v lin kt vi vt liu khc.
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 mn thng c nh gi bng t din b mt (cm2/g) hoc lng lt sng, lng st sng tiu chun (%). Dng c sng tiu chun c kch thc ca l ph thuc vo tng loi vt liu. 1.2.3. Nhng tnh cht c lin quan n mi trng nc Lin kt gia nc v vt liu Trong vt liu lun cha mt lng nc nht nh. Tu theo bn cht ca vt liu, thnh phn, tnh cht b mt v c tnh l rng ca n m mc lin kt gia nc vi vt liu c khc nhau. Da vo mc lin kt , nc trong vt liu c chia thnh 3 loi: Nc ho hc, nc ho l v nc c hc. Nc ho hc l nc tham gia vo thnh phn ca vt liu, c lin kt bn vi vt liu. Nc ho hc ch bay hi nhit cao (trn 500C). Khi nc ho hc mt th tnh cht ha hc ca vt liu b thay i ln. Nc ho l c lin kt kh bn vi vt liu, n ch thay i di s tc ng ca iu kin mi trng nh nhit , m v khi bay hi n lm cho tnh cht ca vt liu thay i mt mc nht nh. Nc c hc (nc t do), loi ny gn nh khng c lin kt vi vt liu, d dng thay i ngay trong iu kin thng. Khi nc c hc thay i, khng lm thay i tnh cht ca vt liu. m m W (%) l ch tiu nh gi lng nc c tht mn trong vt liu ti thi im th nghim. Nu khi lng ca vt liu lc m l ma v khi lng ca vt liu sau khi sy kh l mk th: m mk m W= a 100(%) hay W = n 100(%) . mk mk Trong khng kh vt liu c th ht hi nc ca mi trng vo trong cc l rng v ngng t thnh pha lng. y l mt qu trnh c tnh cht thun nghch. Trong cng mt iu kin mi trng nu vt liu cng rng th m ca n cng cao. ng thi m cn ph thuc vo bn cht ca vt liu, c tnh ca l rng v vo mi trng. mi trng khng kh khi p lc hi nc tng ( m tng i ca khng kh tng) th m ca vt liu tng. m ca vt liu tng lm xu i tnh tnh cht nhit k thut, gim cng v bn, lm tng th tch ca mt s loi vt liu. V vy tnh cht ca vt liu xy dng phi c xc nh trong iu kin m nht nh. ht nc ht nc ca vt liu l kh nng ht v gi nc ca n iu kin thng v c xc nh bng cch ngm mu vo trong nc c nhit 20 0,5oC. Trong iu kin nc ch c th chui vo trong l rng h, do m ht nc lun lun nh hn rng ca vt liu. Th d rng ca b tng nh c th l 50 60%, nhng ht nc ca n ch n 20 30% th tch. ht nc c xc nh theo khi lng v theo th tch. ht nc theo khi lng l t s gia khi lng nc m vt liu ht vo vi khi lng vt liu kh.
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 ht nc theo khi lng k hiu l HP (%) v xc nh theo cng thc: m mk m H P = n 100 (%) = u 100 (%) mk mk ht nc theo th tch l t s gia th tch nc m vt liu ht vo vi th tch t nhin ca vt liu. ht nc theo th tch c k hiu l HV(%) v xc nh theo cng Vn 100 (%) hay HV = m mk 100(%) thc : H V = Vv Vv n Trong : mn, Vn : Khi lng v th tch nc m vt liu ht . n : Khi lng ring ca nc n = 1g/cm3 m, mk: Khi lng ca vt liu khi ht nc (t) v khi kh Vv : Th tch t nhin ca vt liu . H v v = hay H v = H p v Mi quan h gia HV v HP nh sau : H p n n (v: khi lng th tch tiu chun). xc nh ht nc ca vt liu, ta ly mu vt liu sy kh em cn ri ngm vo nc. Ty tng loi vt liu m thi gian ngm nc khc nhau. Sau khi vt liu ht no nc c vt ra em cn ri xc nh ht nc theo khi lng hoc theo th tch bng cc cng thc trn. ht nc c to thnh khi ngm trc tip vt liu vo nc, do vi cng mt mu vt liu em th nghim th ht nc s ln hn m. ht nc ca vt liu ph thuc vo rng, c tnh ca l rng v thnh phn ca vt liu. V d: ht nc theo khi lng ca granit 0,02 0,7% ca b tng nng 2 4% ca gch t st 8 20%. Khi ht nc tng ln s lm cho th tch ca mt s vt liu tng v kh nng thu nhit tng nhng cng chu lc v kh nng cch nhit gim i. bo ha nc bo ha nc l ch tiu nh gi kh nng ht nc ln nht ca vt liu trong iu kin cng bc bng nhit hay p sut. bo ha nc cng c xc nh theo khi lng v theo th tch, tng t nh ht nc trong iu kin thng. bo ha nc theo khi lng: m bh m k m bh bh bh N 100 (%) HP = 100 (%) hay H P = mk mk bo ha nc theo th tch : bh VN m bh m k bh bh HV = 100 (%) hay H v = 100 (%) VV N VV Trong cc cng thc trn : bh m bh , VN : Khi lng v th tch nc m vt liu ht vo khi bo ha. N
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m bh , m k : Khi lng ca mu vt liu khi bo ha nc v khi kh.

VV : Th tch t nhin ca vt liu. xc nh bo ha nc ca vt liu c th thc hin mt trong 2 phng php sau: Phng php nhit : Luc mu vt liu c ly kh trong nc 4 gi, ngui ri vt mu ra cn v tnh ton. Phng php chn khng: Ngm mu vt liu c sy kh trong mt bnh kn ng nc, h p lc trong bnh xung cn 20 mmHg cho n khi khng cn bt kh thot ra th tr li p lc bnh thng v gi thm 2 gi na ri vt mu ra cn v tnh ton. bo ha nc ca vt liu khng nhng ph thuc vo thnh phn ca vt liu v rng m cn ph thuc vo tnh cht ca cc l rng, do bo ha nc c nh gi bng h s bo ha Cbh thng qua bo ha nc theo
bh th tch H V v rng r : C bh =

H bh V r

Cbh thay i t 0 n 1. Khi h s bo ha ln tc l trong vt liu c nhiu l rng h . Khi vt liu b bo ha nc s lm cho th tch vt liu v kh nng dn nhit tng, nhng kh nng cch nhit v c bit l cng chu lc th gim i. Do mc bn nc ca vt liu c nh gi bng h s mm (Km) thng qua cng ca mu bo ha nc Rbh v cng ca mu kh Rk :
Km = R bh Rk

Nhng vt liu c Km > 0,75 l vt liu chu nc c th dng cho cc cng trnh thy li. Tnh thm nc Tnh thm nc l tnh cht cho nc thm qua t pha c p lc cao sang pha c p lc thp. Tnh thm nc c c trng bng h s thm Kth (m/h): Vn .a K th = S(p 1 p 2 )t Nh vy, Kth l th tch nc thm qua Vn (m3) mt tm vt liu c chiu dy a=1m, din tch S = 1m2, sau thi gian t = 1 gi, khi chnh lch p lc thu tnh hai mt l p1 - p2 = 1m ct nc. Ty thuc tng loi vt liu m c cch nh gi tnh thm nc khc nhau. V d: Tnh thm nc ca ngi lp c nh gi bng thi gian xuyn nc qua vin ngi, tnh thm nc ca b tng c nh gi bng p lc nc ln nht ng vi lc xut hin nc qua b mt mu b tng hnh tr c ng knh v chiu cao bng 150 mm. Mc thm nc ca vt liu ph thuc vo bn cht ca vt liu, rng v tnh cht ca l rng. Nu vt liu c nhiu l rng ln v thng nhau th mc thm nc s ln hn khi vt liu c l rng nh v cch nhau.
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Bin dng m Khi m thay i th th tch v kch thc ca vt liu rng hu c hoc v c cng thay i: b co khi sy kh v trng n khi ht nc. Trong thc t iu kin kh m thay i thng xuyn, bin dng co n lp i lp li s lm pht sinh vt nt v dn n ph hoi vt liu. Nhng loi vt liu c rng cao (g, b tng nh), s c co ln : Dng vt liu co, mm/m G (ngang th) 30-100 Va xy dng 0,5-1 Gch t st 0,03-0,1 B tng nng 0,3-0,7 granit 0,02-0,06 1.2.4. Cc tnh cht ca vt liu lin quan n nhit Tnh dn nhit Tnh dn nhit ca vt liu l tnh cht cho nhit truyn qua t pha c nhit cao sang pha c nhit thp. Khi ch truyn nhit n nh v vt liu c dng tm phng th nhit lng truyn qua tm vt liu c xc nh theo cng thc:
Q=

Trong : F : Din tch b mt ca tm vt liu, m2. : Chiu dy ca tm vt liu, m. t1, t2 : Nhit hai b mt ca tm vt liu, 0C. : Thi gian nhit truyn qua, h. : H s dn nhit , Kcal/m .0C.h . Khi F = 1m2; = 1m; t1 - t2 = 1oC; = 1h th = Q . Vy h s dn nhit l nhit lng truyn qua mt tm vt liu dy1m c din tch 1m2 trong mt gi khi chnh lch nhit gia hai mt i din l 1oC. H s dn nhit ca vt liu ph thuc vo nhiu yu t : Loi vt liu, rng v tnh cht ca l rng, m, nhit bnh qun gia hai b mt vt liu. Do dn nhit ca khng kh rt b ( = 0,02 Kcal/m.C.h) so vi dn nhit ca vt rn v vy khi rng cao, l rng kn v cch nhau th h s dn nhit thp hay kh nng cch nhit ca vt liu tt. Khi khi lng th tch ca vt liu cng ln th dn nhit cng tt. Trong iu kin m ca vt liu l 57%, c th dng cng thc ca V.P.Necraxov xc nh h s dn nhit ca vt liu.

F(t1 t 2 ) . , Kcal.

= 0,0196 + 0,22 2 0,14 v

Trong : v l khi lng th tch ca vt liu, T/m3.

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Nu m ca vt liu tng th h s dn nhit tng ln, kh nng cch nhit ca vt liu km i v nc c = 0,5 Kcal/m.C.h. Khi nhit bnh qun gia 2 mt tm vt liu tng th dn nhit cng ln, th hin bng cng thc ca Vlaxov: t = 0 (1+0,002 t) Trong : 0- h s dn nhit 0C; t - h s dn nhit nhit bnh qun t. Nhit t thch hp p dng cng thc trn l trong phm vi di 100C. Trong thc t, h s dn nhit c dng la chn vt liu cho cc kt cu bao che, tnh ton kt cu bo v cc thit b nhit. Gi tr h s dn nhit ca mt s loi vt liu thng thng : B tng nng = 1,0 - 1,3 Kcal/m.0C.h . B tng nh = 0,20 - 0,3 Kcal/m.0C.h . G = 0,15 - 0,2 Kcal/m.0C.h . Gch t st c = 0,5 - 0,7 Kcal/m.0C.h . Gch t st rng = 0,3 - 0,4 Kcal/m.0C.h . Thp xy dng = 50 Kcal/m.0C.h . Nhit dung v nhit dung ring Nhit dung l nhit lng m vt liu thu vo khi c un nng. Nhit lng vt liu thu vo c xc nh theo cng thc : Q = C . m. (t2 - t1) , Kcal. Trong : m : Khi lng ca vt liu, kg . t1 ,t2 : Nhit ca vt liu trc v sau khi un , 0C . C : H s thu nhit (cn gi l nhit dung ring hay t nhit), Kcal/kg.0C. Khi m = 1kg; t2 - t1 = 10C; th C = Q. Vy h s thu nhit l nhit lng cn thit un nng 1kg vt liu ln 0 1 C. Kh nng thu nhit ca vt liu ph thuc vo loi vt liu, thnh phn ca vt liu v m. Mi loi vt liu c gi tr h s thu nhit khc nhau. Vt liu v c thng c h s thu nhit t 0,75 n 0,92 Kcal/kg.0C, ca vt liu g l 0,7 Kcal/kg .0C. Nc c h s thu nhit ln nht: 1 Kcal/kg.0C. Do khi m ca vt liu tng th h s thu nhit cng tng: C + 0,01W C n CW = K 1 + 0,01W Trong : CK , Cw , Cn : H s thu nhit ca vt liu kh, vt liu c m W v ca nc. Khi vt liu l hn hp ca nhiu vt liu thnh phn c h s thu nhit C1, C2 ... Cn v khi lng tng ng l m1, m2 ... mn th h s thu nhit ca vt liu hn hp ny s c tnh theo cng thc :
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C1 m 1 + C 2 m 2 + + C n m n . m1 + m 2 + + m n H s thu nhit c s dng tnh ton nhit lng khi gia cng nhit cho vt liu xy dng v la chn vt liu trong cc trm nhit . Tnh chng chy L kh nng ca vt liu chu c tc dng ca ngn la trong mt thi gian nht nh. Da vo kh nng chng chy, vt liu c chia ra 3 nhm: Vt liu khng chy: L nhng vt liu khng chy v khng bin hnh khi nhit cao nh gch, ngi, b tng hoc khng chy nhng bin hnh nh thp, hoc b phn hy nhit cao nh: vi, lmit. Vt liu kh chy: L nhng vt liu m bn thn th chy c nhng nh c lp bo v nn kh chy, nh tm v bo p c trt va xi mng ngoi. Vt liu d chy : L nhng vt liu c th chy bng ln di tc dng ca ngn la hay nhit cao, nh: tre, g, vt liu cht do. Tnh chu la L tnh cht ca vt liu chu c tc dng lu di ca nhit cao m khng b chy v bin hnh. Da vo kh nng chu la chia vt liu thnh 3 nhm. Vt liu chu la : Chu c nhit 15800C trong thi gian lu di. Vt liu kh chy : Chu c nhit t 1350 - 1580 0C trong thi gian lu di. Vt liu d chy : Chu c nhit < 13500C trong thi gian lu di. C=

1.3. Tnh cht c hc 1.3.1. Tnh bin dng ca vt liu Tnh bin dng ca vt liu l tnh cht ca n c th thay i hnh dng, kch thc di s tc dng ca ti trng bn ngoi. Da vo c tnh bin dng, ngi ta chia bin dng ra 2 loi: Bin dng n hi v bin dng do. Bin dng n hi L tnh cht ca vt liu khi chu tc dng ca ngoi lc th b bin dng nhng khi b ngoi lc i th hnh dng c c phc hi. Bin dng n hi thng xy ra khi ti trng tc dng b v trong thi gian ngn . Bin dng n hi xy ra khi ngoi lc tc dng ln vt liu cha vt qu lc tng tc gia cc cht im ca n. Bin dng do L bin dng ca vt liu xy ra khi chu tc dng ca ngoi lc m sau khi b ngoi lc i th hnh dng c khng c phc hi. Nguyn nhn ca bin dng do l lc tc dng vt qu lc tng tc gia cc cht im, ph v cu trc ca vt liu lm cc cht im c chuyn dch tng i do bin dng vn cn tn ti khi loi b ngoi lc.
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Da vo quan h gia ng sut v bin dng ngi ta chia vt liu ra loi do, loi gin v loi n hi (hnh 1 - 2).

Hnh 1 - 2: S bin dng: a) Thp; b) Btng; c) Cht n hi

Vt liu do l vt liu trc khi ph hoi c hin tng bin hnh do r rt (thp), cn vt liu gin trc khi ph hoi khng c hin tng bin hnh do r rt (b tng). Tnh do v tnh gin ca vt liu bin i tu thuc vo nhit , lng ngm nc, tc tng lc v.v... V d: bitum khi tng lc nn nhanh hay nn nhit thp l vt liu c tnh gin, khi tng lc t t hay nn nhit cao l vt liu do. t st khi kh l vt liu gin, khi m l vt liu do. Tnh gin L tnh cht ca vt liu khi chu tc dng ca ngoi lc ti mc no th b ph hoi m trc khi xy ra s ph hoi th hu nh khng c hin tng bin dng do. V d : Khi tc dng 1 lc ln vo khong gia ca vin ngi t trn 2 gi ta th vin ngi s b gy m khng c hin tng cong trc khi gy. 1.3.2. Cng chu lc Khi nim chung Cng l kh nng ca vt liu chng li s ph hoi ca ng sut xut hin trong vt liu do ngoi lc hoc iu kin mi trng. Cng ca vt liu ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: Thnh phn cu trc, phng php th nghim, iu kin mi trng, hnh dng kch thc mu v.v... Do so snh kh nng chu lc ca vt liu ta phi tin hnh th nghim trong iu kin tiu chun. Khi da vo cng gii hn nh ra mc ca vt liu xy dng. Mc ca vt liu (theo cng ) l gii hn kh nng chu lc ca vt liu c th nghim trong iu kin tiu chun nh: kch thc mu, cch ch to mu, phng php v thi gian bo dng trc khi th . Phng php xc nh C hai phng php xc nh cng ca vt liu: Phng php ph hoi v phng php khng ph hoi. Phng php ph hoi: Cng ca vt liu c xc nh bng cch cho ngoi lc tc dng vo mu c kch thc tiu chun (ty thuc vo tng loi vt liu) cho n khi mu b ph hoi ri tnh theo cng thc.
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Hnh dng, kch thc mu v cng thc tnh khi xc nh cng chu lc ca mt s loi vt liu c m t trong bng 1-2. Bng 1-2 Kch thc mu Hnh dng mu Cng thc Tiu chun (mm) Cng nn B tng a = 100, 150, TCVN 3118 : 1993 200, 300 P Va Rn = 2 a = 70,7 TCVN 3121 : 1979 a thin nhin a = 40 50 TCVN 1772 : 1987 d h = 71,4 143 =100 200 B tng 4P TCVN 3118 : 1993 = 150 300 Rn = 2 = 200 400 d thin nhin d h = (40 50) TCVN 1772 : 1987 (40 110)
Rn = R a2

G TCVN 363 : 1970

a h = 20 30

Rn =

P ab

Gch TCVN 6355-1 : 1998

Cng un Xi mng 3Pl TCVN 6016 : 1995 Ru = 2 Gch c 2bh TCVN 6355-2 : 1998 B tng Pl TCVN 3119 : 1993 Ru = 2 bh G TCVN 365: 1970 Cng ko
RK = RK = p ab 4P d 2

40 40 160 220 105 60 150 150 600 20 20 300 a b = 4 20 l = 35

G TCVN 364 : 1970 Thp TCVN 197 : 1985

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V vt liu c cu to khng ng nht nn cng ca n c xc nh bng cng trung bnh ca mt nhm mu ( thng khng t hn 3 mu) . Hnh dng, kch thc, trng thi b mt mu c nh hng ln n kt qu th nghim, v vy cc mu th nghim phi c ch to v gia cng ng theo tiu chun qui nh. Tc tng ti cng c nh hng n cng mu, nu tc tng ti nhanh hn tiu chun th kt qu th nghim s tng ln v bin dng do khng tng kp vi s tng ti trng. Phng php khng ph hoi : L phng php cho ta xc nh c cng ca vt liu m khng cn phi ph hoi mu. Phng php ny rt tin li cho vic xc nh cng cu kin hoc cng kt cu trong cng trnh. Trong cc phng php khng ph hoi, phng php m hc c dng rng ri nht, cng vt liu c nh gi gin tip thng qua tc truyn sng siu m qua n. 1.3.3. cng cng ca vt liu l kh nng ca vt liu chng li c s xuyn m ca vt liu khc cng hn n. cng ca vt liu nh hng n mt s tnh cht khc ca vt liu, vt liu cng cng th kh nng chng c mn tt nhng kh gia cng v ngc li. cng ca vt liu thng c xc nh bng 1 trong 2 phng php sau y: Phng php Morh L phng php dng xc nh cng ca cc vt liu dng khong, trn c s da vo bng thang cng Morh bao gm 10 khong vt mu c sp xp theo mc cng tng dn (bng 1-3). Bng 1 - 3 Ch s Tn khong vt mu c im cng cng 1 Tan ( phn ) - Rch d dng bng mng tay 2 Thch cao - Rch c bng mng tay 3 Can xit - Rch d dng bng dao thp 4 Fluorit - Rch bng dao thp khi n nh 5 Apatit - Rch bng dao thp khi n mnh 6 Octocla - Lm xc knh 7 Thch anh 8 T pa - Rch c knh theo mc tng 9 Corin o dn 10 Kim cng Mun tm cng ca mt loi vt liu dng khong no ta em nhng khong vt chun rch ln vt liu cn th. cng ca vt liu s tng ng vi cng ca khong vt m khong vt ng ngay trc n khng rch c vt liu, cn khong vt ng ngay sau n li d dng rch c vt liu. cng ca cc khong vt xp trong bng ch nu ra chng hn km nhau m thi, khng c ngha nh lng chnh xc.
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Phng php Brinen L phng php dng xc nh cng ca vt liu kim loi, g b tng v.v... Ngi ta dng hn bi thp c ng knh l D mm em n vo vt liu nh th vi mt lc P (hnh 1- 3) ri da vo su ca vt lm trn vt liu xc nh cng bng cng thc: 2P P kG / mm2 HB = = F D(D D 2 d 2 ) Trong : P - Lc p vin bi vo vt liu th nghim, kG. F - Din tch hnh chm cu ca vt lm, mm2. D - ng knh vin bi thp, mm . d - ng knh vt lm, mm .
Hnh 1-3: Bi Brinen

1.3.4. mi mn mi mn (Mn) ph thuc vo cng, cng v cu to ni b ca vt liu. Nu khi lng ca mu trc khi th nghim l m1, khi lng ca mu sau khi cho my (hnh 1-4) quay 1000 vng trn mm quay c rc 2,5 lt ct c ht 0,3-0,6 mm l m2 v din tch tit din mi mn l F th:
Mn = m1 m 2 , g/cm 2 F

Hnh 1-4: My mi mn 1. Phu ct thch anh; 2. B phn kp mu; 3. a ngang

Tnh cht ny rt quan trng i vi vt liu lm ng, sn, cu thang. 1.3.5. hao mn hao mn Q(%) c trng cho hao ht vt liu va do c mn va do va chm. hao mn c th nghim trn my van (hnh 1.5). Nu khi lng ca hn hp vt liu trc khi th nghim l m1 (5kg) v sau khi th nghim (cho my quay 10.000 vng ri sng qua sng 2mm) l m2 th:
Q= m1 m 2 100(%) m1

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Hnh 1-5: Thit b xc nh hao mn ca vt liu:

1.3.6. H s phm cht H s phm cht KPC (kG/cm2) hay cn gi l h s cht lng kt cu ca vt liu l mt i lng c trng bng t s gia cng tiu chun (kG/cm2) v khi lng th tch tiu chun (T/m3). KPC l ch tiu c tnh cht tng i tng qut, v i vi vt liu bnh thng khi cng cao th v phi ln, do nng n, cc tnh cht v nhit v m km v KPC nh. Cn vt liu mun c KPC ln th n va phi c kh nng chu lc tt va phi nh, cc tnh cht v m v nhit tt. i vi mt s loi vt liu xy dng c KPC nh sau: g 100/0,5 = 200kG/cm2; thp cng cao 10.000/7,85 = 1.270kG/cm2; thp thng 3900/7,85= 497kG/cm2. i vi vt liu nhn to, gi tr KPC thng l: b tng nng 400/2,4 = 167kG/cm2; b tng nh 100/0,8 = 125kG/cm2; gch 100/1,8 = 56kG/cm2.

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