"" : (1)

(mass) (crowd) (multitude) (mob)

"" (mass) (crowd)
(multitude) (mob)
""
" "
(mass) (crowd) (multitude)
(mob)
" "
""
"" ""?

"" ""
""
""
"" "" "..." "..." "..."

" "...""
"..."


Robert Dahl ""

""
""
""


?
(modernity)


?


""



" "
"" ""


""

""

"" "" ""

? "
" "" "" ""
""


""
""
""
" 1968 "

"": (2)

"Proletariat" ""


"Proletariat" ""
"Mass" "" "" (Bolshevik)






"" "" ""
""
""
" "
" "
"" ""
"" "" ""
"" "" ""


(mass) "demos"




"
" // ""
""


(Aristotelian) Aristotle (telos)

""












Vox Populi


""
Polis [
"" (Renaissance)]
Aristotle



(nation-state)

"": (3)



(Republican)

"Populi" (res republica )

Provocatio ad Populum ""

P. Valerius
Poplicola Provocatio "" 325
Provocatio


Sallust (86-34 B.C.)
Appellatio (civil right) Populi ( )

Provocatio ad Populum
"" (dictator) Magister Populi
"" "" "" (tyrant)

"" ""

""
""
""
""
Populi Provocatio
Provocatio Imperium Imperium
Imperare Imperium Im-parare
Imperium
Ius Jubeo
Iustum
(right) Iustitia

Imperarer Augustus Imperium


Imperium "Consul"
Imperium
Provincia (Pro-Vinci )


Imperium Provocatio

"" 300 B.C.
Provocatio
Provocatio
"People" Provocatio "People"
"People" Populus Provocatio

Populi

"": (4)
Cicero (106 B.C.-43 B.C.) Scipio Aemilianus (185-129
B.C.) Populus
Levantines
( )

Titus Livius (59 B.C.-17 A.D.) Livy Populus
Livy
Publius Vergilius Maro (70
B.C.-19 B.C.) Virgil

Elaine Fantham
Populus

Populus

Provocatio Provocatio








17-46
16
Punic (264-241 B.C.) Attilius Regulus

Populus
Populus Provocatio Populus
Populus
Populus

Populus Cicero
(aristocracy) "People"
Imperium
? ?
Populus Populus
(autonomy) ? Populus Populus
? Populus " " ? Populus
Populus
(modern state) "
"? Populus (paradox)
Populus


Populus
(Medieval) Archbishop William of Tyre (1130-1185)
Plebs Vulgas Pauperes Populares
Honorabilitas " "
Vulgar, Pauper Popular Pop

"": (5)

Provocatio
Pleb

""
""
Bartolus of Saxoferrato (1313-1357) Populus

Bartolus of Saxoferrato Populus

Populus Marsilius of Padua (1275/80-1342/3)
Populus
Populus
Populus Romanus Populus

Populus
Bartolus of Saxoferrato Civitas
Populus
" " (author) "autur" Populus
Corpus Iuris
"autur" " " Populus


Bartolus of Saxoferrato
Persona "" "Civitas"



Civitas

(non iure) ""

Bartolus of Saxoferrato
Populus "" (corporation)
Populus Populus
Justinian Justinian
Populus
Princeps
Populus Bartolus of Saxoferrato Populus
(consent) Populus

Populus Corpus Iuris
"" "Populus"?
Marsilius of Padua Marsiglio dei Mainardini Defensor Pacis
Populus Populus
Marsilius of Padua Legislator Humanus
Legislator Divinus Legislator Humanus
Universitas Civium "" People ""
Cicero


Legislator Humanus
" "
Valentior Pars
(common law) "People"
(customary law) "People"

"" : (6)
Marsilius of Padua


(excommunicated)
Marsilius of Padua
Henry VIII Defensor Pacis
.. 1324

(1360) (1363)

Marsilius of Padua


" " "" Valentior Pars Marsilius of Padua

Valentior "better", "more influential",
"dominant", "prevailing", "worthier", "more notable", "more outstanding"

""

Valentior ? ?
? ()


Sanioritas "
"

"Majoritas" " "
"
"
" "




?

Marsilius of Padua (consent)

..1100-1350
William of Ockham (1288-1348)
Herveus Natalis (1260-1323)

Duns Scotus (1265-1308)
Durand of St. Pourcain (1270-1334)
""



""
George Lawson (1598-1678) Politica Sacra et Civilis
John Locke (1632-1704)
Lawson
Lawson Marisilius of Padua

( pater familia )


"": (7)

""
"" (consent)









Cicero
(res publica/commonwealth)
(consent)
St.Augustine (354-430)


"" (corporate)
? ?
? ""

"" ""?


..1430


" " Francisco
Zabarella (1360-1417) " " Council of Basel (1431-1449)
Johannes de Segovia Nicholas de Tudeschis
Conciliarist 14-15
""

Philip the Fair
(1268-1314) Pope Boniface VIII (1235-1303) 14

""

Nicolas of Cusa
(1401-1464) "" " ""


Reason

" " (moral person)
" " Valentior

Persona Ficta "" Populus Populus
""
"" ""


""
?

Civitas Populus Commune


"" : (8)
" "" " ""
Robert Filmer (1588-1653) ""
""
"" (multitude)
""
""

""
Robert Filmer "
" (popular government) Filmer Xenophon
(430 B.C.-354 B.C.)

Filmer "


(uncertainty)



Filmer "Multitude" "Multitude"
""
"Multitude"

Filmer

(arbitrary) Filmer


""
Filmer Sir Walter Raleigh " (Judah)
(Israel) "

Robert Filmer John Knox
Robert Field
(image)

Genesis 1:28 "
" John Maxwell James Ussher
""

(choices) (contract)
(divine right)
""
Robert Filmer



Filmer Vulgus

(base)

Populus Vulgus (rude
multitude) Vulgus
Vulgus


Filmer ""
""
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)


"" : (9)
Hobbes ""
"" ""
Multitude ""
Multitude
"Multitude"
"Multitude"
Robert Filmer Hobbes
Hobbesian "Multitude (unity)"








" "

Hobbes Multitude (People)

Multitude
6 De Cive "The Citizen" Hobbes Multitude ""
Multitude
(peculiar)
Hobbes Multitude



Multitude "" (person)
Multitude

Multitude
Multitude
Multitude
Multitude
Multitude ""
Multitude

""
"Persona" "" (artificial
man) "" ""
" " (common-wealth) "Civitas"

"Politicus" "Civitas" ""

(moderate)



(pre-modern)


"" : (10)

"Politia" 13
Hobbes




Hobbes "
" "" (artificial)
""

Robert Filmer Hobbes
"
" Hobbes "" (artificial man)

Hobbes Hobbes
"" "" ""

Persona Persona

(person) (actor) Persona
Hobbes Cicero " (I)
(adversary) " "" Multitude
""
Multitude ""
Persona (command)
Persona (author)
(authority)

" " " "
""
(infinity) ""
(political body) " "


"" (Sovereign Power) "" (consent)
"" ""
"" ""
(perpetual)

Hobbes
""
Hobbes

Hobbes

Hobbes " "

Hobbes John Locke

"" : (11)
" " Rationality


Hobbesian
(individualist)


"Multitude" "" Hobbes
"Multitude"


Hobbes
""
Hobbes
Multitude Multitude ""
Multitude ?
Hobbes




? "" Multitude?
"
?" Multitude
Multitude

Hobbes ""

""
Multitude
Multitude
Multitude Multitude
Multitude
Michael Hardt Antonio Negri Multitude
Hobbes
"Multitude"
"Multitude" ?



(self-determination)




Provocatio Populus


"Provincia"
"Pro" "Vinci" Hobbes
Provocatio Hobbes
Imperium Hobbes
""

"" (Representative)
"" (omnicompetent representative
forum) "" (sovereign)

"" : (12)
(representatives)
Multitude
" "

" "
""
Provocatio

""
""
""
""

""



Hobbes


Rationality
Rationality


Hobbes Hobbes

(nation-state)
Rationality Hobbesian


Rationality Hobbesian


"" (Persona Ficta) /


(nation-state)
?

(desire)







..1815

Edmund Burke

"" : (13)

""

?
"
"
1970
"
"
" "



" "





"
"

Emmanuel Abbe Sieyes
" " " " "
" " " Napoleon Bonarparte "
"

" "

Sieyes
(Enlightenment)


" " (theoretical practice)
"What is the Third Estate?"
Sieyes ""
""
""
Sieyes

" "
" " (aristocrat)
" "
" " Sieyes


" " "
" "" (nation) ""


"" ""

Sieyes
Sieyes ""
" "

""



" " " "

"": (14)





(absolute individualism)
(generality)

""
""


Sieyes
" "


Sieyes "" ""


Sieyes

Sieyes

Sieyes

Sieyes ""
"" " "
" "
""


""
""
""
""
(luxury)

"" ""
"" ""
"" "" " (political
economy) " ""
Sieyes

Adam Smith
Smith
Sieyes Smith
Smith (commercial
society) Physiocrat Physiocrat Andre Morellet
Smith The Wealth of Nation Physiocrat


Physiocrat
Physiocrat Francois Quesnay Victor Riquetti-Marquis
de Mirabeau
Madame de Pompadour


(civilize)

"" : (15)
Physiocrat
Physiocrat

Smith

Physiocrat

""



"/" ""
Sieyes
1.
2.
3.
4.

Sieyes
Sieyes


Sieyes
" " "
" Sieyes

Sieyes Sieyes



Sieyes Adam Smith


Sieyes








(society)
Sieyes
" " ""
(representatives)
Adam Smith Sieyes
The Wealth of Nation Smith


"" : (16)

"" "" Sieyes "
""

(positive law)
" Sieyes "
(constituent power) (constituted power)"
Sieyes "" "" (national sovereignty)
"" (popular sovereignty) ""

"" "Popular"

""
(Enlightenment)
"" "
" " "
Sieyes "
" ""
Sieyes "" "" Populus
Popular

""
Henry Parker 1640 "Leveller"
""
"" ""
"" ""
" " Sieyes
"" ""

""


Sieyes "
" Sieyes " "
" "
Sieyes "
"
""



Sieyes (theology) (metaphysics)


Sieyes
"" (unity)
""



""
""
Hannah Arendt


"": (17)
"" ""
"" " "
""

""
""


""
"
" ""
" "
" "
Maximilen Robespierre
"" " " ""
"" ""
" " "
"

Sieyes "" "" (constituting
power/pouvoir constituant) "" "" (constituted
power/pouvoir constitute)


" " ?
(interiority) (exteriority)?


" " "
"



"" ""

" "
""
"" "" ?
""
" " ""


""

" " ""
" " ""
"" James Madison (1751-1836)

Madison

""


" "


"" ?
" "


"": (18)
""


"" "Provocatio"


"" ""

" "
" " ..1789
..1848







" "
" "

" " (founding fathers)

" "

" "
" " "
" James Madison


Madison
Benjamin Rush (1745-1813) " " Rush ""

"" ""
" "
" "
""

"" ""






?
?
""





" "



(surplus)