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(ToanHocTHPT) BatDangThuCauchyTrongCacKyTuyenSinhDaiHocCaoDang HuynhKimLinh
(ToanHocTHPT) BatDangThuCauchyTrongCacKyTuyenSinhDaiHocCaoDang HuynhKimLinh
a
1
a
2
...a
n
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
a
1
= a
2
= = a
n
2) Mt s bt ng thc lin quan n bt ng thc C si :
2.1) Cc Bt ng thc dng phn thc
Vi x, y > 0. Ta c :
1
x
+
1
y
4
x + y
(1)
1
xy
4
(x + y)
2
(2)
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y.
Vi x, y, z > 0. Ta c :
1
x
+
1
y
+
1
z
9
x + y + z
(3)
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z.
2.2) Cc bt ng thc dng a thc :
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
xy + yz + zx (4)
3
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
(x + y + z)
2
(5)
(x + y + z)
2
3 (xy + yz + zx) (6)
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z.
3) MT S BI TON THI I HC :
Bi ton 1 : thi tuyn sinh i hc khi A nm 2005
Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng tha mn :
1
x
+
1
y
+
1
z
= 4
Hunh Kim Linh Trang th 1 trong 12 trang
BT NG THC C SI TRONG CC K THI TUYN SINH I HC V CAO NG
Chng minh rng :
1
2x + y + z
+
1
x + 2y + z
+
1
x + y + 2z
1.
Li gii :
Cch 1 :
p dng bt ng thc :
1
x
+
1
y
4
x + y
Vi x, y > 0, ta c :
8 = 2
1
x
+
1
y
+
1
z
1
x
+
1
y
1
y
+
1
z
1
z
+
1
x
1
x + y
+
1
y + z
+
1
z + x
(1)
Tng t
2
1
x+y
+
1
y+z
+
1
z+x
1
x+y
+
1
x+z
1
x+y
+
1
y+z
1
y+z
+
1
z+x
1
2x+y+z
+
1
x+2y+z
+
1
x+y+2z
(2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra
8 8
1
2x + y + z
+
1
x + 2y + z
+
1
x + y + 2z
1
2x + y + z
+
1
x + 2y + z
+
1
x + y + 2z
1.
ng thc xy ra khi
x = y = z =
3
4
.
Cch 2 :
p dng bt ng thc :
1
x
+
1
y
4
x + y
vi x, y > 0, v bt ng thc Csi ta c :
2x + y + z = (x + y) + (x + z) 2
xy +
xz
Do :
1
2x + y + z
1
2
xy +
xz
1
8
xy
+
1
xz
Tng t :
1
x + 2y + z
1
8
xy
+
1
yz
1
x + y + 2z
1
8
xz
+
1
yz
xy
+
1
yz
+
1
zx
(3)
Hunh Kim Linh Trang th 2 trong 12 trang
BT NG THC C SI TRONG CC K THI TUYN SINH I HC V CAO NG
Mt khc theo bt ng thc Csi
4 =
1
2
1
x
+
1
y
+
1
2
1
y
+
1
z
+
1
2
1
z
+
1
x
xy
+
1
yz
+
1
zx
(4)
T (3) v (4) suy ra :
1
2x + y + z
+
1
x + 2y + z
+
1
x + y + 2z
1.
Cch 3 : p dng bt ng thc Csi cho 4 s dng
(x + x + y + z)
1
x
+
1
x
+
1
y
+
1
z
16
Suy ra
1
2x + y + z
1
16
2
x
+
1
y
+
1
z
Tng t
1
x + 2y + z
1
16
1
x
+
2
y
+
1
z
1
x + y + 2z
1
16
1
x
+
1
y
+
2
z
k
m
1
+ m
2
+ + m
n
Bi ton 2 : thi tuyn sinh i hc khi B nm 2005
Chng minh rng : vi mi x R ta c :
12
5
x
+
15
4
x
+
20
3
x
3
x
+ 4
x
+ 5
x
Khi no ng thc xy ra.
Li gii :
Hunh Kim Linh Trang th 3 trong 12 trang
BT NG THC C SI TRONG CC K THI TUYN SINH I HC V CAO NG
p dng bt ng thc Csi
12
5
x
+
15
4
x
2
12
5
15
4
x
= 2.3
x
15
4
x
+
20
3
x
2
15
4
20
3
x
= 2.5
x
12
5
x
+
20
3
x
2
12
5
20
3
x
= 2.4
x
Cng v theo v ba bt ng thc trn ta c :
12
5
x
+
15
4
x
+
20
3
x
3
x
+ 4
x
+ 5
x
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
12
5
x
=
15
4
x
=
20
3
x
x = 0.
t a = 3, b = 4, c = 5 ta i n bi ton tng qut sau :
M rng bi ton 2 :
Cho a, b, c l ba s thc dng ty . Chng minh rng : vi mi x R, ta c :
ab
c
x
+
bc
a
x
+
ca
b
x
a
x
+ b
x
+ c
x
Bi ton 3 : thi tuyn sinh i hc khi D nm 2005
Cho cc s thc dng x, y, z tha xyz = 1. Chng minh rng :
1 + x
3
+ y
3
xy
+
1 + y
3
+ z
3
yz
+
1 + z
3
+ x
3
zx
3
3
Li gii :
t
P =
1 + x
3
+ y
3
xy
+
1 + y
3
+ z
3
yz
+
1 + z
3
+ x
3
zx
p dng bt ng thc Csi
1 + x
3
+ y
3
3
3
x
3
y
3
= 3xy
1 + y
3
+ z
3
3
3
y
3
z
3
= 3yz
1 + z
3
+ x
3
3
3
z
3
x
3
= 3zx
T suy ra
P
xy
xy
+
yz
yz
+
zx
zx
xy
+
1
yz
+
1
zx
(1)
Li p dng bt ng thc Csi
1
xy
+
1
yz
+
1
zx
3
1
2
xyz
= 3 (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra iu cn chng minh.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z = 1.
Hunh Kim Linh Trang th 4 trong 12 trang
BT NG THC C SI TRONG CC K THI TUYN SINH I HC V CAO NG
M rng bi ton 3 :
Cho cc s thc dng
a
1
, a
2
, . . . a
n
tha mn :
a
1
. a
2
a
n
= 1
Chng minh rng :
m
1 + a
p
1
+ a
p
n1
(a
1
a
2
a
n1
)
q
+
m
1 + a
p
2
+ a
p
n
(a
2
a
3
a
n
)
q
+ +
m
1 + a
p
n + a
p
1
+ a
p
n2
(a
n
a
1
a
n2
)
q
n
m
n
Trong
m 2
l s nguyn dng, p, q l cc s thc ty
Hng dn :
p dng bt ng thc Csi cho n s
1 + a
p
1
+ a
p
n1
n
n
(a
1
.a
2
a
n1
)
p
Bi ton 4 : D B 1 KHI A Nm 2005 :
Cho x, y, z l ba s thc tha x + y + z = 0. Chng minh rng :
3 + 4
x
+
3 + 4
y
+
3 + 4
z
6
Li gii :
Ta c:
3 + 4
x
= 1 + 1 + 1 + 4
x
4
4
4
x
3 + 4
x
2
4
x
= 2.
8
4
x
Tng t
3 + 4
y
2
8
4
x
;
3 + 4
z
2
8
4
z
Vy
3 + 4
x
+
3 + 4
y
+
3 + 4
z
2
4
x
+
8
4
y
+
8
4
z
6
3
4
x
.4
y
.4
z
6
24
4
x+y+z
= 6
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z = 0.
Bi ton 5 : D B 2 KHI A Nm 2005 :
Chng minh rng : vi mi x, y > 0 ta c : (1 + x)
1 +
y
x
1 +
9
2
256
ng thc xy ra khi no?
Li gii :
Ta c:
1 + x = 1 +
x
3
+
x
3
+
x
3
4
4
x
3
3
3
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = 3
1 +
y
x
= 1 +
y
3x
+
y
3x
+
y
3x
4
4
y
3
3
3
.x
3
Hunh Kim Linh Trang th 5 trong 12 trang
BT NG THC C SI TRONG CC K THI TUYN SINH I HC V CAO NG
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi y = 3x = 9
1 +
9
y
= 1 +
3
y
+
3
y
+
3
y
4 4
3
3
1 +
9
2
16
4
3
6
y
3
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi y = 9.
Vy
(1 + x)
1 +
y
x
1 +
9
2
256
4
x
3
3
3
y
3
3
3
.x
3
3
6
y
3
= 256
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = 3 v y = 9.
Bi ton 6 : D B 1 KHI B Nm 2005 :
Cho a, b, c l ba s dng tha mn :
a + b + c =
3
4
Chng minh rng :
3
a + 3b +
3
b + 3c +
3
c + 3a 3
Khi no ng thc xy ra ?
Li gii :
Cch 1:
Ta c :
3
(a + 3b) 1.1
a+3b+1+1
3
=
1
3
(a + 3b + 2)
3
(b + 3c) 1.1
b+3c+1+1
3
=
1
3
(b + 3c + 2)
3
(c + 3a) 1.1
c+3a+1+1
3
=
1
3
(c + 3a + 2)
Suy ra
3
a + 3b +
3
b + 3c +
3
c + 3a
1
3
[4 (a + b + c) + 6]
1
3
4.
3
4
+ 6
= 3
Du = xy ra
a + b + c =
3
4
a + 3b = b + 3c = c + 3a = 1
a = b = c =
1
4
Cch 2:
t
x =
3
a + 3b x
3
= a + 3b
y =
3
b + 3c y
3
= b + 3c
z =
3
c + 3a z
3
= c + 3a
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
= 4 (a + b + c) = 4.
3
4
= 3
Bt ng thc cn chng minh
x + y + z 3
Ta c :
x
3
+ 1 + 1 3
3
x
3
.1.1 = 3x
y
3
+ 1 + 1 3
3
y
3
.1.1 = 3y
z
3
+ 1 + 1 3
3
z
3
.1.1 = 3z
9 3 (x + y + z)
Hunh Kim Linh Trang th 6 trong 12 trang
BT NG THC C SI TRONG CC K THI TUYN SINH I HC V CAO NG
V
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
= 3
Vy
x + y + z 3
Hay
3
a + 3b +
3
b + 3c +
3
c + 3a 3
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
a = b = c =
1
4
Bi ton 7 : D B 2 KHI B Nm 2005 :
Chng minh rng nu 0 y x 1 th x
y y
x
1
4
ng thc xy ra khi no?
Li gii :
Ta c
0 x 1
x x
2
x
y y
x
1
4
x
y
1
4
+ y
x (1)
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy :
y
x +
1
4
yx
2
+
1
4
2
yx
2
.
1
4
= x
y x
y y
x
1
4
Du = xy ra
0 y x 1
x = x
2
yx
2
=
1
4
x = 1
y =
1
4
Bi ton 8 : D B 1 KHI D Nm 2005 :
Cho x, y, z l ba s dng v xyz = 1. Chng minh rng :
x
2
1+y
+
y
2
1+z
+
z
2
1+x
3
2
Li gii :
Ta c:
x
2
1+y
+
1+y
4
2
x
2
1+y
.
1+y
4
= x
y
2
1+z
+
1+z
4
2
y
2
1+z
1+z
4
= y
z
2
1+x
+
1+x
4
2
z
2
1+x
1+x
4
= z
Cng ba bt ng thc trn v theo v ta c:
x
2
1+y
+
1+y
4
y
2
1+z
+
1+z
4
z
2
1+x
+
1+x
4
(x + y + z)
x
2
1+y
+
y
2
1+z
+
z
2
1+x
3
4
x+y+z
4
+ (x + y + z)
3(x+y+z)
4
3
4
3
4
.3
3
4
=
9
4
3
4
=
6
4
=
3
2
v
x + y + z 3
3
xyz = 3
Hunh Kim Linh Trang th 7 trong 12 trang
BT NG THC C SI TRONG CC K THI TUYN SINH I HC V CAO NG
Vy
x
2
1 + y
+
y
2
1 + z
+
z
2
1 + x
3
2
Bi ton 9 : thi tuyn sinh i hc khi A nm 2006
Cho hai s thc x = 0, y = 0 thay i v tha mn iu kin: (x + y) xy = x
2
+ y
2
xy
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc A =
1
x
3
+
1
y
3
.
Li gii :
T gi thit suy ra:
1
x
+
1
y
=
1
x
2
+
1
y
2
1
xy
.
t
1
x
= a,
1
y
= b
ta c: a + b = a
2
+ b
2
ab (1)
Khi a + b = a
2
+ b
2
ab (1)
T (1) suy ra: a + b = (a + b)
2
3ab.
V ab
a+b
2
2
nn a + b (a + b)
2
3
4
(a + b)
2
(a + b)
2
4 (a + b) 0 0 a + b 4
Suy ra: A = (a + b)
2
16.
Vi x = y =
1
2
th A = 16.
Vy gi tr ln nht ca A l 16.
Bi ton 10 : D b 1 i hc khi A nm 2006
Cho cc s thc x, y, z tha mn iu kin: 3
x
+ 3
y
+ 3
z
= 1.
Chng minh rng:
9
x
3
x
+3
y+z
+
9
y
3
y
+3
z+x
+
9
z
3
z
+3
x+y
3
x
+3
y
+3
z
4
.
Li gii :
t 3
x
= a, 3
y
= b, 3
z
= c. Ta c: a, b, c > 0 v
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
= 1 ab + bc + ca = abc.
Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi:
a
2
a+bc
+
b
2
b+ca
+
c
2
c+ab
a+b+c
4
a
3
a
2
+abc
+
b
3
b
2
+abc
+
c
3
c
2
+abc
a+b+c
4
a
3
(a+b)(a+c)
+
b
3
(b+c)(b+a)
+
c
3
(c+a)(c+b)
a+b+c
4
(1).
p dng bt ng thc C si ta c
a
3
(a+b)(a+c)
+
a+b
8
+
a+c
8
3
3
a
3
(a+b)(a+c)
.
a+b
8
.
a+c
8
=
3
4
a (2)
b
3
(b+c)(b+a)
+
b+c
8
+
b+a
8
3
3
b
3
(b+c)(b+a)
.
b+c
8
.
b+a
8
=
3
4
b (3)
c
3
(c+a)(c+b)
+
c+a
8
+
c+b
8
3
3
c
3
(c+a)(c+b)
.
c+a
8
.
c+b
8
=
3
4
c (4).
Cng theo tng v cc bt ng thc (2), (3), (4) ta suy ra
a
3
(a+b)(a+c)
+
b
3
(b+c)(b+a)
+
c
3
(c+a)(c+b)
a+b+c
4
.
Vy (1) ng v ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi ton 11 : D b 1 i hc khi B nm 2006
Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s: y = x +
11
2x
+
1 +
7
x
2
, vi x > 0
Li gii :
p dng bt ng thc : (a
2
+ b
2
) (c
2
+ d
2
) (ac + bd)
2
Ta c : (9 + 7)
1 +
7
x
2
3 +
7
x
2
y x +
11
2x
+
1
2
3 +
7
x
x +
9
x
+
3
2
6 +
3
2
=
15
2
Khi x = 3 th y =
15
2
nn gi tr nh nht ca y l
15
2
.
Bi ton 12 : D b 2 i hc khi B nm 2006
Cho hai s dng x, y thay i tha mn iu kin x + y 4
Hunh Kim Linh Trang th 8 trong 12 trang
BT NG THC C SI TRONG CC K THI TUYN SINH I HC V CAO NG
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc : A =
3x
2
+4
4x
+
2+y
3
y
2
.
Li gii :
Ta c A =
3x
2
+4
4x
+
2+y
3
y
2
=
3x
4
+
1
x
+
2
y
2
+ y
A =
x
4
+
1
x
+ 2
1
y
2
+
y
8
+
y
8
+
x+y
2
1 +
3
2
+ 2 =
9
2
.
Vi x = y = 2 th A =
9
2
.
Vy gi tr nh nht ca A l
9
2
Bi ton 13 : D b i hc khi A nm 2007
Cho x, y, z l cc s dng. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
P =
3
4(x
3
+ y
3
) +
3
4(x
3
+ z
3
) +
3
4(z
3
+ x
3
) + 2
x
y
2
+
y
z
2
+
z
x
2
Li gii :
Vi x, y > 0 ta chng minh :
4
x
3
+ y
3
(x + y)
3
()
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi x = y
Tht vy bt ng thc (*)
4 (x + y) (x
2
xy + y
2
) (x + y)
3
4 (x
2
xy + y
2
) (x + y)
2
dox, y > 0
3 (x
2
+ y
2
2xy)
3
(x y)
2
0
Tng t ta c
4
y
3
+ z
3
(y + z)
3
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi y = z
4
z
3
+ x
3
(z + x)
3
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi z = x
Do
3
4 (x
3
+ y
3
) +
3
4 (y
3
+ z
3
) +
3
4 (z
3
+ x
3
) 2 (x + y + z) 6
3
xyz
Ta li c
2
x
y
2
+
y
z
2
+
z
x
2
6
3
xyz
Suy ra
P 6
xyz +
1
3
xyz
12
Du = xy ra khi x = y = z = 1
Vy minP = 12 khi x = y = z = 1
Bi ton 14 : D b i hc khi D nm 2007
Cho a, b > 0 tha mn ab + a + b = 3 Chng minh :
3a
b + 1
+
3b
a + 1
+
ab
a + b
a
2
+ b
2
+
3
2
Hunh Kim Linh Trang th 9 trong 12 trang
BT NG THC C SI TRONG CC K THI TUYN SINH I HC V CAO NG
Li gii :
T gi thit a, b > 0 v ab + a + b = 3 Suy ra:
ab = 3 (a + b), (a + 1)(b + 1) = ab + a + b + 1 = 4
Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi
a
2
+ b
2
+
3
2
3a(a+1)+3b(b+1)
(a+1)(b+1)
+
3
a+b
1
a
2
+ b
2
+
3
2
3
4
(a
2
+ b
2
) +
3
4
(a + b) +
3
a+b
1
4 (a
2
+ b
2
) + 6 3 (a
2
+ b
2
) + 3 (a + b) +
12
a+b
4
a
2
+ b
2
3 (a + b)
12
a+b
+ 10 0 ()
t
x = a + b > 0 x
2
= (a + b)
2
4ab = 4(3 x)
x
2
+ 4x 12 0 x 6 hay x 2 x 2
( v x > 0)
Ta c x
2
= a
2
+ b
2
+ 2ab a
2
+ b
2
= x
2
2(3 x) = x
2
+ 2x 6
Khi bt ng thc (*) thnh
x
2
x
12
x
+ 4 0, x 2
x
3
x
2
+ 4x 12 0, x 2
(x 2) (x
2
+ x + 6) 0, x 2
hin nhin ng.
Vy bt ng thc cho c chng minh.
4) Mt s bi ton cc bn t lm :
Bi ton 15 : Cho x, y > 0 tha : x + y + z = 1. Chng minh :
x + y 16xyz
Bi ton 16 : Chng minh rng vi a + b + c = 0 th
8
a
+ 8
b
+ 8
c
2
a
+ 2
b
+ 2
c
Bi ton 17 : Cho a, b, c > 0 : a + b + c = 1. Chng minh
(1 + a)(1 + b)(1 + c) 8(1 a)(1 b)(1 c)
Bi ton 18 : Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh :
a
b + c
+
b
c + a
+
c
a + b
<
a
b + c
+
b
c + a
+
c
a + b
Bi ton 19 : Cho a, b, c > 0 tha :
1
1 + a
+
1
1 + b
+
1
1 + c
2
Chng minh :
abc
1
8
Hunh Kim Linh Trang th 10 trong 12 trang
BT NG THC C SI TRONG CC K THI TUYN SINH I HC V CAO NG
Bi ton 20 : Chng minh rng : vi a > b > 0 th
a +
4
(a b) (b + 1)
2
3
Bi ton 21 : Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh :
a
4
b + c
+
b
4
c + a
+
c
4
a + b
1
2
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
4
3
Bi ton 23 : Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c, d tha : a + b + c + d = 1. Chng minh :
P =
1
a
2
(3c + 3b + 3d 2)
+
1
b
2
(3c + 3a + 3d 2)
+
1
c
2
(3a + 3b + 3d 2)
+
1
d
2
(3c + 3b + 3a 2)
256
Bi ton 24 : Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh :
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
a + b + c
3
abc
Bi ton 25 : Cho a, b, c, d > 0. Chng minh :
1
a
+
1
b
+
4
c
+
16
d
64
a + b + c + d
Bi ton 26 : Cho a, b, c > 0 Chng minh :
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
4
2a + b + c
+
4
a + 2b + c
+
4
a + b + 2c
Bi ton 27 : Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng tha tch xyz = 1. Chng minh:
x
3
(1 + y) (1 + z)
+
y
3
(1 + z) (1 + x)
+
z
3
(1 + x) (1 + y)
3
4
Bi ton 28 : Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh :
1
ab
+
1
bc
+
1
ca
4
3
1
a + b
+
1
b + c
+
1
c + a
2
Bi ton 29 : Cho a.b > 0 v
a + b 1
Chng minh :
2
ab
+
3
a
2
+ b
2
14
Hunh Kim Linh Trang th 11 trong 12 trang
BT NG THC C SI TRONG CC K THI TUYN SINH I HC V CAO NG
Bi ton 30 : Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh :
1
(2a + b) (2c + b)
+
1
(2b + c) (2a + c)
+
1
(2b + a) (2c + a)
3
(a + b + c)
2
Bi ton 31 : Cho a, b, c > 0 tha a + b + c = 1. Chng minh :
1
a
2
+ 2bc
+
1
b
2
+ 2ca
+
1
c
2
+ 2ab
9
Bi ton 32 : Cho x, y, z > 0 tha : x + y + z = 1. Chng minh :
x
x + 1
+
y
y + 1
+
z
z + 1
3
4
Bi ton 33 : Chng minh vi a, b, c > 0 th :
a
8
+ b
8
+ c
8
a
3
b
3
c
3
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
1 + a
2
+
1 + b
2
+
1 + c
2
2 (a + b + c)
Bi ton 35 : Cho a, b, c > 0 tha a + b + c = 1. Chng minh :
a +
1
a
2
+
b +
1
b
2
+
c +
1
c
100
3
Bi ton 36 : Chng minh : vi mi x, y, z > 0 ta lun c :
x
3
yz
+
y
3
zx
+
z
3
xy
x + y + z
Bi ton 37 : Chng minh : vi a, b, c > 0 tha a + b + c = 3 ta c :
a
1 + b
2
+
b
1 + c
2
+
c
1 + a
2
3
2
Bi ton 38 : Cho a, b, c khng m. Chng minh :
a
2
a + 2b
2
+
b
2
b + 2c
2
+
c
2
c + 2a
2
1
Bi ton 39 : Cho a, b, c, d dng vi a + b + c + d = 4. Hy Chng minh
1)
a
1+b
2
+
b
1+c
2
+
c
1+d
2
+
d
1+a
2
2
2)
a
1+b
2
c
+
b
1+c
2
d
+
c
1+d
2
a
+
d
1+a
2
b
2
3)
a+1
1+b
2
+
b+1
1+c
2
+
c+1
1+d
2
+
d+1
1+a
2
4
Bi ton 40 : Cho a, b, c > 0 v a + b + c = 3. Hy chng minh :
a +
b +
c ab + cb + ca
Hunh Kim Linh Trang th 12 trong 12 trang