ey Engnering and Sytem Sujny W194) 1-17 '@ rom ler Sownee ted ‘inked in Nonherm Kein. At is cua ‘ast asz0 9875100 Inverse distributions in reliability design—a revisit Akella S. R. Murty & V..N. A. Naikan Reliability Engineering Center. Department of tndusirial Engineering & Management, Indian instinte of Technology, ‘Kharogpur—721 302, India (Received 24 September 1993: accepted 9 November 1993) ‘This is revision paper on inversion of normal and lognormal failure Uistributions, Higher order terms of the inverse series have been derived and the convergence possibility has been studied in det |. Limitations of the method are also provided. The design procedure of an I-section beam for the target reliability strength has been ilustrated. 1 INTRODUCTION ‘The stress-strength interference technique as a design tool, especially in the case of mechanical and structural design, requires inverse values of failure distcibutions. A method suggested by Akella et al.,' was cited as an elegant method by Gilboa? for the computation of inverse values of normal and lognormal distributions.” In that method an expression ‘for time as an infinite power series of reliability R was proposed. Using the four given terms of the series inverse values can be accurately computed for an initial range of values of reliability.'* Some of the limitations of that method were discussed by Gilboa.? “This paper derives higher order terms of the inverse series and discusses its convergence possibility, practical applicability and scope. The design of simply supported beam has been discussed in detail to illustrate the technique. 2 THE INVERSE SERIES ‘The inverse normal series suggested by Akella et al.t is APE A+ RA KAT KAY KATE (1) x(R-3). Ky Ky Ky ote. are constants, and Ky, =O for n= 1, Ka for 1=0=4 were computed by solving the four equations given in Ref. 1 (eqns (12)-(15)). ‘This section derives higher order terms of the series by following the same steps as in Ref. 1. All notations are standard ones, as in Refs I and 2, The following 167 formulae are obtained from the matrix (Kronecker delta) given by eqn (10) of Ref. 1 Kyo-1 2) KiCy4 KC} @ Since the numerical value of Cy is zeto it is omitted from the following equations to simplify the solution procedure: K,C3+ Ky3C3) + o Ki EKG 3CQ + KSC) +Kr=0 (5) K,Co4 KiBC; HOC C5 + CP-+ Ks(SCs + CD +KAIC)+ K=O (6) KC iy + Ky BCo + 38 + CIC, + OCG) + K (SC, + 10C3 + 20€,Cs) + K AIC. + CA) + KBE) + K=O (I) Ki Ci) + KC + 3A + ICA + 66s Co + 608) + KSC, + SC + 1003+ 20C,C, + CC) 4 KIC) + 38C} + 4235) + Ko(9Cs + 36C3) + Ky(C) + Ky 0 KC + KBCy + C+ 3CE 4 3CIC, + OCC, + 6CsCy + BCE) + K AOC + Ch + 20C3Cy + 20C4C3 + 30C3Cy + NCC, + 2005C) 4 Ky(TC, + 21C} + 35C$ + 42E,C; + 105CIC:) + KC, + 2C,C, + 90C3) 4 Ky (UIC, + 55C3) 4 Ky(13C) + Kig=0 ®168 Akella SR. Murty,V.N. A. Naikan Kile RBCs + SOG} + ICRC, FACIE, + OCC F OCC + OCG, + CCC) + KSC t SIC +1003 + 10} + 20C}C, 4 CsCo 1 20C Cy, + 3OCHCE + HOCIC, + OC ,C,C) FRAT PICA CC + EC, + 109C\C34 140CC) + KA9C.+ BOC} + TCC, + 12604 4 25280) $F Ky (IG, + MOE, + 165C9, + KSC TBC + K SSC) + Ky = 0 a9} Expressions for higher order terms are not given in this paper for the sake of brevity. However, numerical values of higher order terms ate given, which are more useful for design engineers. Numerical values of the terms (Kz,_:) are computed by substituting C's (7= 1} in the above relations. (Gs are given in Ref. 1). The terms (K.,-\) are expressed as teal numbers in this paper for easier accommodation of higher terms. In Ref. I the forms were expressed as ratios of intger numbers. ‘The following are the computed terms: k, “0 K, = 000583333 Ky = 060120397 Ki = 0-0032175 Kis 0-001 7082 Ki = 0-0009402 196809 B04 Ky = 2802362 E01 Kay 1601312 E04 Kig= 888961805 K = 4.998677 BS Kay = 2774069 ES Ky, = 1561976 8.05 Koss 8824724 B06 Kao = 4.994185 B06 Ky = 2EDIS07 E06 Kip = 1-608973 E06 Ky = 9104161 E07 Ky) = 5-164456 6-07 Kev= 2929672 E07 Kay = 1061952 E07 Kiy=OA281TRE0K Ky = 5.348653 E08 Key= 3034387 E08 Ky = 1.721482 E08 Ky = 9-T66SS1E09 Ky = 5540960 E09 Higher terms are studied in detail and an expression for the mth term (K,,-,) is obtained as given below: Constant part of ath term, 134304716 (1-76258506)" Variable part of nth term Van where A = Via (R — 4). ay Koy Ae «2 3 TEST FOR CONVERGENCE OF THE, SERIES ‘The condition for convergence given in Ref. ? cannot be considered as a general one and is found to be aot suitable for testing convergence of the inverse series. Moreover the terms as a whole should be analysed for convergence rather than only 3 part of the terms, as is done in Ref. 2, The inverse series is found to be a power series whose convergence possibilities should he rested, using the following standard procedures. In this section, convergence of the series is tested using two such methods, Method I: ratio test ‘The ratio of the (n+ ith term (W,.) to the wth term (U,) of the series in eqn (1) has been studied analytically as well as graphically. The limiting cases of this ratio (1 >) have been studied in detail to test the convergence possibility of the series It we delete even terms of the series (since Ky, =0) for all a = 1) we obtain Koes V2.8 (R peo ay From ega (11 K, 1 1-76258506 Figure | shows a graphical representation of the ratio Ky+:/ Kapaa (alter omitting even terms of the series, “since Ka, =0), This ratio approaches a constant value (see the graph) acter a number of initial terms. This is the limiting value of the ratio, From Fig. 1 the limiting value is 0:567. Then, according to the ratio test the series in eqn (1) converges when 0-56735 x [V2 (R —})P is less than unity, ic. when Li 0507385 (14) [V2 (R — dy) < 1/0:56735 «sy or _ Vin IR 1) <1:3276 R< 100965 19) ‘This is the condition tor convergence of the series Since the numerical value of reliability is always less than or equal to unity (0 R= 1), the inverse series converges over all ranges of reliability (R), Method I: integration method In this method, for a given value of R, the sum of a few terms of the series over two consecutive rangesInverse distributions in reltability design 169 t + + a we nae Fig. 1. Limiting value of the ratio of (7 + 1)th term to the th term (constant part only) Gay nto mtr and atr+l to nt 241) will de computed and compared. According to this standard technique, the series will converge (for the given value of R), if the sum of terms from (n+r+1) to (o#2r +1) is less than the sum of terms from n to (nr), The speed of convergence depends on the difference between these two values, The larger the difference, the faster the rate of convergence, We have tested this method for R= 0-999999999, ‘The following are the results. ‘Sum of terms from 101st term to 150th term: Shas o 1907-73926 E06 Similarly Siss naw = 243922 E08 Since Sor 10290 < Sir wo the series will converge for R= 0.999090999 4 SPEED OF CONVERGENCE The speed of convergence of the series has been tested for different values of ¢ and R. The series converges practically faster for ¢=:1 or R=O-84132. For higher values of f (and also of R) the speed of convergence is found to be slow. (The mumber of terms required for convergence increases approxim- ately exponentially a5 r increases). However, usage of high speed precision computers will do the job very easily in cases where such high accuracy of computation is essential in the design of components failure which results in high risk of hazard or safety (0 human life (e.g. in nuclear power plants) 5S INVERSE TABLE ‘An inverse table is given (Table 1), which will be helpful to the design engineers dealing with structural reliability problems.” ‘Table 1. Inverse values for norasal and logsormal sress-strength reliability mode! R ‘ z ' 09% 232635 149995 320059 ooo 236562 0.9986 33599 0992 3.40892 0.9987 343161 0093 245726 0.9998 3.52008 0994 251214 0.9999 371902 0095 2.57883 09S 3.8059 09% 2.65207 099999 4.26489 0997 24778 999005 4.81717 0.093 287816 0.999999 4.75342 0999 3.00023 0.999995 ROTOd seer 312139 a99999N9 5-190 09992 313591 99999095 5.32672 9993 349465 099999999 5.61200 09994 52388 6 A SIMPLE DESIGN PROBLEM Figure 2 shows a simply supported) beam carrying a uniformly distributed load ‘u’ in ke/em. Loading is found to follow a lognormal distribution with a mean of 3-Skg/em and a coefficient of variation (CV) of 12.54%. Yield strength properties of the beam material are found to follow a lognormal distribution with ‘mean strength of 1650 ke/em?* and a CV of 18-3%. Given the above values, design an tsection beam for a target reliability of 99-99%. The required beam length is 5-32 m. Also estimate the dimensions of the section and the requirement of extra material in case higher target reliability 99-9999% is to be achieved. Solution ‘A sectional view of the beam structure is given in Fig. 2 uP Maximum bendingmoment? = 4*