Elecronegativity Energy of ionization Electron affinity

By Filip Karasiewicz 2 IB

y All e s are physical properties of atoms

y Each is connected mainly with electrons

y About all of them, you ve already heard of

y A measure of how strongly the atom attracts the

electrons in a covalent bond (IB speaking)

y How hard it is for an atom to snatch another s electron

(generally speaking)

y Can be compared to pulling a rope

For alkali metals: Is very low from 1.0 for Lithium to 0.7 at the bottom For halogens: Is very high from 4.0 for Fluorine to 2.2 at the bottom Across period 3: Increases? Decreases? Explain!

y H y Ca y Fr y Na y N y O y I y The correct answer is: Fr, Na, Ca, H, I, N and O

y Pauling first proposed the concept of electronegativity in

1932 as an explanation of the fact that the covalent bond between two different atoms (A B) is stronger than would be expected by taking the average of the strengths of the A A and B B bonds.

y The difference in electronegativity between atoms A and B

is given by: y where the dissociation energies, Ed, of the A B, A A and B B bonds are expressed in electronvolts, the factor (eV) being included to ensure a dimensionless result. Hence, the difference in Pauling electronegativity between hydrogen and bromine is 0.73 (dissociation energies: H Br, 3.79 eV; H H, 4.52 eV; Br Br 2.00 eV)

y The minimum amount of energy needed to remove an

electron from an atom of one mol of gas.

y Decreases in group, increases across period y Why?

y Closely bonded with enthalpy: y The amount of heat energy possessed by a chemical

substance. It is stored in the chemical bonds as potential energy. When substances react, the difference in enthalpy between the reactants and products at constant pressure can be measured

y The enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous atoms

accept a mole of gaseous electrons under standard thermodynamic conditions.

y Or simply the ability to form an anion. That is why in

the booklet only RHS elements have it stated!

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

What is electronegativity? How does it change through periodic table? What is ionization energy? Are there any anomalies in the trend present? Where? What is enthalpy? What is electron affinity? Why does not every element has the affinity mentioned in the booklet? *What is the connection between difference in enthalpy and exo/endothermic reactions?