1

Cong thc giai nhanh vat l 12 nang cao

CHNG I: NG LC HC VT RN
1. To gc
L to xc nh v tr ca mt vt rn quay quanh mt trc c nh bi gc
(rad) hp gia mt phng ng gn vi vt v mt phng c nh chn lm mc
(hai mt phng ny u cha trc quay)
Lu : Ta ch xt vt quay theo mt chiu v chn chiu dng l chiu quay ca
vt 0
2. Tc gc
L i lng c trng cho mc nhanh hay chm ca chuyn ng quay ca
mt vt rn quanh mt trc
* Tc gc trung bnh: ( / )
tb
rad s
t

* Tc gc tc thi: '( )
d
t
dt

Lu : Lin h gia tc gc v tc di v = r
3. Gia tc gc
L i lng c trng cho s bin thin ca tc gc
* Gia tc gc trung bnh:
2
( / )
tb
rad s
t

* Gia tc gc tc thi:
2
2
'( ) ''( )
d d
t t
dt dt


Lu : + Vt rn quay u th 0 const
+ Vt rn quay nhanh dn u > 0
+ Vt rn quay chm dn u < 0
4. Phng trnh ng hc ca chuyn ng quay
* Vt rn quay u ( = 0)
= 0 + t
* Vt rn quay bin i u ( 0)
= 0 + t
2
0
1
2
t t + +
2 2
0 0
2 ( )
5. Gia tc ca chuyn ng quay
* Gia tc php tuyn (gia tc hng tm)
n
a
uur
c trng cho s thay i v hng ca vn tc di
v
r
(
n
a v
uur r
)
2
2
n
v
a r
r

* Gia tc tip tuyn
t
a
ur
c trng cho s thay i v ln ca
v
r
(
t
a
ur
v
v
r
cng phng)
'( ) '( )
t
dv
a v t r t r
dt

* Gia tc ton phn
n t
a a a +
r uur ur
2 2
n t
a a a +
Gc hp gia a
r
v
n
a
uur
:
2
tan
t
n
a
a

Lu : Vt rn quay u th at = 0 a
r
=
n
a
uur
6. Phng trnh ng lc hc ca vt rn quay quanh mt trc c nh

M
M I hay
I

Trong : + M = Fd (Nm)l mmen lc i vi trc quay (d l tay n ca
lc)
+
2
i i
i
I mr

(kgm
2
)l mmen qun tnh ca vt rn i vi
trc quay
Mmen qun tnh I ca mt s vt rn ng cht khi lng
m c trc quay l trc i xng
- Vt rn l thanh c chiu di l, tit din nh:
2
1
12
I ml
- Vt rn l vnh trn hoc tr rng bn knh R: I = mR
2
- Vt rn l a trn mng hoc hnh tr c bn knh R:
2
1
2
I mR
- Vt rn l khi cu c bn knh R:
2
2
5
I mR
7. Mmen ng lng
L i lng ng hc c trng cho chuyn ng quay ca vt rn quanh mt
trc
Gio vin: ng Thanh Ph
2
Cong thc giai nhanh vat l 12 nang cao
L = I (kgm
2
/s)
Lu : Vi cht im th mmen ng lng L = mr
2
= mvr (r l k/c t v
r

n trc quay)
8. Dng khc ca phng trnh ng lc hc ca vt rn quay quanh mt trc
c nh
dL
M
dt

9. nh lut bo ton mmen ng lng

Trng hp M = 0 th L = const
Nu I = const = 0 vt rn khng quay hoc quay u quanh trc
Nu I thay i th I1 1 = I2 2
10. ng nng ca vt rn quay quanh mt trc c nh
2

1
W ( )
2
I J
11. S tng t gia cc i lng gc v i lng di trong chuyn ng
quay v chuyn ng thng
Chuyn ng quay
(trc quay c nh, chiu quay khng i)
Chuyn ng thng
(chiu chuyn ng khng i)
To gc
Tc gc
Gia tc gc
Mmen lc M
Mmen qun tnh I
Mmen ng lng L =
I
ng nng quay
2

1
W
2
I
(rad)
To x
Tc v
Gia tc a
Lc F
Khi lng m
ng lng P = mv
ng nng
2

1
W
2
mv
(m)
(rad/s) (m/s)
(Rad/s
2
) (m/s
2
)
(Nm) (N)
(Kgm
2)
(kg)
(kgm
2
/s) (kgm/s)
(J) (J)
Chuyn ng quay u:
= const; = 0; = 0 + t
Chuyn ng quay bin i u:
= const
= 0 + t
2
0
1
2
t t + +
2 2
0 0
2 ( )
Chuyn ng thng u:
v = cnt; a = 0; x = x0 + at
Chuyn ng thng bin i u:
a = const
v = v0 + at
x = x0 + v0t +
2
1
2
at

2 2
0 0
2 ( ) v v a x x
Phng trnh ng lc hc

M
I

Dng khc
dL
M
dt

nh lut bo ton mmen ng lng

1 1 2 2

i
I I hay L const

nh l v ng

2 2
1 2
1 1
W
2 2
I I A (cng ca
ngoi lc)
Phng trnh ng lc hc

F
a
m

Dng khc
dp
F
dt

nh lut bo ton ng lng

i i i
p mv const

nh l v ng nng

2 2
1 2
1 1
W
2 2
I I A (cng
ca ngoi lc)
Cng thc lin h gia i lng gc v i lng di
s = r ; v = r; at = r; an =
2
r
Lu : Cng nh v, a, F, P cc i lng ; ; M; L cng l cc i lng vct
CHNG II: DAO NG C
I. DAO NG IU HO
1. Phng trnh dao ng: x = Acos( t + )
2. Vn tc tc thi: v = - Asin( t + )

v
r
lun cng chiu vi chiu chuyn ng (vt chuyn ng theo chiu dng
th v > 0, theo chiu m th v < 0)
3. Gia tc tc thi: a = -
2
Acos( t + ) hay a = -
2
x

a
r
lun hng v v tr cn bng
4. Vt VTCB: x = 0; | v| Max = A; | a| Min = 0
Vt bin: x = A; | v| Min = 0; | a| Max =
2
A
* Ch :
+ Vn tc nhanh pha /2 so vi li .
+ Gia tc nhanh pha /2 so vi vn tc.
+ Gia tc ngc pha so vi li .
5. H thc c lp:
2 2 2
( )
v
A x

+
6. C nng:
2 2

1
W W W
2
t
m A +
Gio vin: ng Thanh Ph
3
Cong thc giai nhanh vat l 12 nang cao
Vi
2 2 2 2 2

1 1
W sin ( ) Wsin ( )
2 2
mv m A t t + +

2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
W ( ) W s ( )
2 2
t
m x m A cos t co t + +
7. Dao ng iu ho c tn s gc l , tn s f, chu k T. Th ng nng v th
nng bin thin vi tn s gc 2 , tn s 2f, chu k T/2
8. ng nng v th nng trung bnh trong thi gian nT/2 ( nN
*
, T l chu k dao
ng) l:
2 2
W 1
2 4
m A
9. Khong thi gian ngn nht vt i t v tr c li x1 n x2
2 1
t



vi
1
1
2
2
s
s
x
co
A
x
co
A

'

v (
1 2
0 , )
10. Chiu di qu o: 2A
11. Qung ng i trong 1 chu k lun l 4A;
trong 1/2 chu k lun l 2A
Qung ng i trong l/4 chu k l A khi vt i t VTCB n v tr bin hoc
ngc li
12. Qung ng vt i c t thi im t1 n t2.
Phn tch: t2 t1 = nT +
2
T
+ t (n N; 0 t <
2
T
)
Xc nh:
*
2 2 1 1
2 2 1 1
Acos( ) Acos( )

sin( ) sin( )
x t x t
v
v A t v A t


+ +
' '
+ +

(v1 v v2 ch cn
xc nh du) Vi t* = t1 + nT +
2
T
Qung ng i c trong thi gian nT l S1 = 4nA, trong thi gian t l S2.
Qung ng tng cng l S = S1 + S2
Lu : + Nu v1 v v2 cng du th S2 =
2 1
x x
+ Nu v1 v v2 tri du th v s trc Ox tm S2.
+ Nu t = T/4, vt xut pht t v tr bin hoc VTCB th S2 = A
+ C th tm S2 bng cch s dng mi lin h gia dao ng iu ho v
chuyn ng trn u s n gin hn.
+ Tc trung bnh ca vt i t thi im t1 n t2:
2 1
tb
S
v
t t

vi S l
qung ng tnh nh trn.
13. Bi ton tnh qung ng ln nht v nh nht vt i c trong khong thi
gian 0 < t < T/2.
Vt c vn tc ln nht khi qua VTCB, nh nht khi qua v tr bin nn trong
cng mt khong thi gian qung ng i c cng ln khi vt cng gn
VTCB v cng nh khi cng gn v tr bin.
S dng mi lin h gia dao ng iu ho v chuyn ng trn u.
Gc qut = t.
Qung ng ln nht khi vt i t M1 n M2 i xng qua trc sin (hnh 1)
ax
2Asin
2
M
S

Qung ng nh nht khi vt i t M1 n M2 i xng qua trc cos (hnh 2)

2 (1 os )
2
Min
S A c


Lu : + Trong trng hp t > T/2
Tch '
2
T
t n t +
trong
*
; 0 '
2
T
n N t < <
Trong thi gian
2
T
n qung ng
lun l 2nA
Trong thi gian t th qung ng ln nht, nh nht tnh nh trn.
+ Tc trung bnh ln nht v nh nht ca trong khong thi gian t:
ax
ax
M
tbM
S
v
t

v
Min
tbMin
S
v
t

vi SMax; SMin tnh nh trn.

Gio vin: ng Thanh Ph
A
-A
M
M
1
2
O
P
x x O
2
1
M
M
-A
A
P
2 1
P
P
2

2

-A A
x
1
x
1 O
M
2 M
1
M
2
M
1
4
Cong thc giai nhanh vat l 12 nang cao
13. Cc bc lp phng trnh dao ng dao ng iu ho:
* Tnh
* Tnh A
* Tnh da vo iu kin u: lc t = t0 (thng t0 = 0)
0
0
Acos( )
sin( )
x t
v A t

'
+

Lu : + Vt chuyn ng theo chiu dng th v > 0, ngc li v < 0

+ Trc khi tnh cn xc nh r thuc gc phn t th my
ca ng trn lng gic
(thng ly - < )
14. Cc bc gii bi ton tnh thi im vt i qua v tr bit x (hoc v, a, Wt,
W, F) ln th n
* Gii phng trnh lng gic ly cc nghim ca t (Vi t > 0 phm vi
gi tr ca k )
* Lit k n nghim u tin (thng n nh)
* Thi im th n chnh l gi tr ln th n
Lu :+ ra thng cho gi tr n nh, cn nu n ln th tm quy lut suy ra
nghim th n
+ C th gii bi ton bng cch s dng mi lin h gia dao ng iu
ho v chuyn ng trn u
15. Cc bc gii bi ton tm s ln vt i qua v tr bit x (hoc v, a, Wt, W,
F) t thi im t1 n t2.
* Gii phng trnh lng gic c cc nghim
* T t1 < t t2 Phm vi gi tr ca (Vi k Z)
* Tng s gi tr ca k chnh l s ln vt i qua v tr .
Lu : + C th gii bi ton bng cch s dng mi lin h gia dao ng iu
ho v chuyn ng trn u.
+ Trong mi chu k (mi dao ng) vt qua mi v tr bin 1 ln cn cc v
tr khc 2 ln.
16. Cc bc gii bi ton tm li , vn tc dao ng sau (trc) thi im t mt
khong thi gian t.
Bit ti thi im t vt c li x = x0.
* T phng trnh dao ng iu ho: x = Acos( t + ) cho x = x0
Ly nghim t + = vi 0 ng vi x ang gim (vt
chuyn ng theo chiu m v v < 0) hoc t + = - ng vi x ang tng (vt
chuyn ng theo chiu dng)
* Li v vn tc dao ng sau (trc) thi im t giy l

x Acos( )
Asin( )
t
v t


t +
'
t +

hoc
x Acos( )
Asin( )
t
v t


t
'
t

17. Dao ng c phng trnh c bit:

* x = a t Acos( t + ) vi a = const
Bin l A, tn s gc l , pha ban u
x l to , x0 = Acos( t + ) l li .
To v tr cn bng x = a, to v tr bin x = a t A
Vn tc v = x = x0, gia tc a = v = x = x0
H thc c lp: a = -
2
x0


2 2 2
0
( )
v
A x

+
* x = a t Acos
2
( t + ) (ta h bc)
Bin A/2; tn s gc 2 , pha ban u 2 .
II. CON LC L XO
1. Tn s gc:
k
m
; chu k:
2
2
m
T
k

; tn s:
1 1
2 2
k
f
T m

iu kin dao ng iu ho: B qua ma st, lc cn v vt dao ng trong gii
hn n hi
2. C nng:
2 2 2
1 1
W
2 2
m A kA
3. * bin dng ca l xo thng ng khi vt VTCB:

mg
l
k
2
l
T
g

* bin dng ca l xo khi vt VTCB vi con lc l xo

nm trn mt phng nghing c
gc nghing :

sin mg
l
k


2
sin
l
T
g

+ Chiu di l xo ti VTCB: lCB =

l0 + l (l0 l chiu di t nhin)
Gio vin: ng Thanh Ph
l
gin
O
x
A
-A
nn
l
gin O
x
A
-A
Hnh a (A <
l)
Hnh b (A >
l)
5
Cong thc giai nhanh vat l 12 nang cao
+ Chiu di cc tiu (khi vt v tr cao nht): lMin = l0 + l A
+ Chiu di cc i (khi vt v tr thp nht): lMax = l0 + l + A
lCB = (lMin + lMax)/2
+ Khi A > l (Vi Ox hng xung):
- Thi gian l xo nn 1 ln l thi gian ngn nht vt i
t v tr x1 = - l n x2 = -A.
- Thi gian l xo gin 1 ln l thi gian
ngn nht vt i
t v tr x1 = - l n x2 = A,
Lu : Trong mt dao ng (mt chu k)
l xo nn 2 ln
v gin 2 ln
4. Lc ko v hay lc hi phc F = -kx =
-m
2
x
c im: * L lc gy dao ng cho vt.
* Lun hng v VTCB
* Bin thin iu ho cng tn s
vi li
5. Lc n hi l lc a vt v v tr l xo
khng bin dng.
C ln Fh = kx
*
(x
*
l bin dng ca l xo)
* Vi con lc l xo nm ngang th lc ko v v lc n hi l mt (v ti VTCB
l xo khng bin dng)
* Vi con lc l xo thng ng hoc t trn mt phng nghing
+ ln lc n hi c biu thc:
* Fh = k| l + x| vi chiu dng hng xung
* Fh = k| l - x| vi chiu dng hng ln
+ Lc n hi cc i (lc ko): FMax = k( l + A) = FKmax (lc vt v tr thp
nht)
+ Lc n hi cc tiu:
* Nu A < l FMin = k( l - A) = FKMin
* Nu A l FMin = 0 (lc vt i qua v tr l xo khng bin dng)
Lc y (lc nn) n hi cc i: FNmax = k(A - l) (lc
vt v tr cao nht)
6. Mt l xo c cng k, chiu di l c ct thnh cc l xo c cng k1, k2,
v chiu di tng ng l l1, l2, th c: kl = k1l1 = k2l2 =
7. Ghp l xo:
* Ni tip
1 2
1 1 1
...
k k k
+ +
cng treo mt vt khi lng nh nhau th: T
2
=
T1
2
+ T2
2
* Song song: k = k1 + k2 + cng treo mt vt khi lng nh nhau th:
2 2 2
1 2
1 1 1
...
T T T
+ +
8. Gn l xo k vo vt khi lng m1 c chu k T1, vo vt khi lng m2 c
T2, vo vt khi lng m1+m2 c chu k T3, vo vt khi lng m1 m2 (m1 >
m2) c chu k T4.
Th ta c:
2 2 2
3 1 2
T T T + v
2 2 2
4 1 2
T T T
9. o chu k bng phng php trng phng
xc nh chu k T ca mt con lc l xo (con lc n) ngi ta so snh vi
chu k T0 ( bit) ca mt con lc khc (T T0).
Hai con lc gi l trng phng khi chng ng thi i qua mt v tr xc nh
theo cng mt chiu.
Thi gian gia hai ln trng phng
0
0
TT
T T

Nu T > T0 = (n+1)T = nT0.

Nu T < T0 = nT = (n+1)T0. vi n N*
III. CON LC N
1. Tn s gc:
g
l
; chu k:
2
2
l
T
g

; tn s:
1 1
2 2
g
f
T l

iu kin dao ng iu ho: B qua ma st, lc cn v 0 << 1 rad hay S0 << l
2. Lc hi phc
2
sin
s
F mg mg mg m s
l

Lu : + Vi con lc n lc hi phc t l thun vi khi lng.
+ Vi con lc l xo lc hi phc khng ph thuc vo khi lng.
3. Phng trnh dao ng:
s = S0cos( t + ) hoc = 0cos( t + ) vi s = l, S0 = 0l
v = s = - S0sin( t + ) = - l0sin( t + )
a = v = -
2
S0cos( t + ) = -
2
l0cos( t + ) = -
2
s = -
2
l
Lu : S0 ng vai tr nh A cn s ng vai tr nh x
Gio vin: ng Thanh Ph
x
A
-A

l
Nn
0
Gin
Hnh v th hin thi gian l xo nn
v gin trong 1 chu k (Ox hng
xung)
6
Cong thc giai nhanh vat l 12 nang cao
4. H thc c lp:
* a = -
2
s = -
2
l
*
2 2 2
0
( )
v
S s

+
*
2
2 2
0
v
gl
+
5. C nng:
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
W
2 2 2 2

mg
m S S mgl m l
l
6. Ti cng mt ni con lc n chiu di l1 c chu k T1, con lc n chiu di l2
c chu k T2, con lc n chiu di l1 + l2 c chu k T2,con lc n chiu di l1 - l2
(l1>l2) c chu k T4.
Th ta c:
2 2 2
3 1 2
T T T + v
2 2 2
4 1 2
T T T
7. Khi con lc n dao ng vi 0 bt k. C nng, vn tc v lc cng ca si
dy con lc n
W = mgl(1-cos 0); v
2
= 2gl(cos cos0) v TC = mg(3cos 2cos0)
Lu : - Cc cng thc ny p dng ng cho c khi 0 c gi tr ln
- Khi con lc n dao ng iu ho ( 0 << 1rad) th:
2 2 2 2
0 0
1
W= ; ( )
2
mgl v gl ( c trn)
2 2
0
(1 1, 5 )
C
T mg +
8. Con lc trng phng
Chu k dao ng ca hai con lc l T1 v T2 ( T1 < T2). Gi t l khong thi gian
gia hai ln trng phng lin tip. Gi s khi xy ra trng phng th con lc T2 thc
hin n dao ng khi con lc T1 thc hin c (n + 1) dao ng.
Vy t = n T2 = (n + 1)T1
Suy ra n =
1
2 1
T
T T
t tnh c t = n T2
9. Con lc n c chu k ng T cao h1, nhit t1. Khi a ti cao h2,
nhit t2 th ta c:
2
T h t
T R

+
Vi R = 6400km l bn knh Tri t, cn l h s n di ca thanh con
lc.
10. Con lc n c chu k ng T su d1, nhit t1. Khi a ti su d2,
nhit t2 th ta c:
2 2
T d t
T R

+
Lu : * Nu T > 0 th ng h chy chm (ng h m giy s dng
con lc n)
* Nu T < 0 th ng h chy nhanh
* Nu T = 0 th ng h chy ng
* Thi gian chy sai mi ngy (24h = 86400s):
86400( )
T
s
T

11. Khi con lc n chu thm tc dng ca lc ph khng i:
Lc ph khng i thng l:
* Lc qun tnh:
F ma
ur r
, ln F = ma (
F a
ur r
)
Lu : + Chuyn ng nhanh dn u
a v
r r
(
v
r
c hng chuyn
ng)
+ Chuyn ng chm dn u
a v
r r
* Lc in trng: F qE
ur ur
, ln F = | q| E (Nu q > 0
F E
ur ur
;
cn nu q < 0 F E
ur ur
)
* Lc y csimt: F = DgV (
F
ur
lung thng ng hng ln)
Trong : D l khi lng ring ca cht lng hay cht kh.
g l gia tc ri t do.
V l th tch ca phn vt chm trong cht lng hay cht kh
.
Khi :
' P P F +
uur ur ur
gi l trng lc hiu dng hay trong lc biu kin (c vai
tr nh trng lc
P
ur
)
'
F
g g
m
+
ur
uur ur
gi l gia tc trng trng hiu dng hay gia tc trng
trng biu kin.
Chu k dao ng ca con lc n khi : ' 2
'
l
T
g

Cc trng hp c bit:
*
F
ur
c phng ngang: + Ti VTCB dy treo lch vi phng thng ng
mt gc c: tan
F
P

Gio vin: ng Thanh Ph
7
Cong thc giai nhanh vat l 12 nang cao
+
2 2
' ( )
F
g g
m
+
*
F
ur
c phng thng ng th '
F
g g
m
t
+ Nu
F
ur
hng xung th '
F
g g
m
+
+ Nu
F
ur
hng ln th '
F
g g
m

IV. CON LC VT L
1. Tn s gc:
mgd
I
; chu k: 2
I
T
mgd
; tn s
1
2
mgd
f
I

Trong : m (kg) l khi lng vt rn

d (m) l khong cch t trng tm n trc quay
I (kgm
2
) l mmen qun tnh ca vt rn i vi trc quay
2. Phng trnh dao ng = 0cos( t + )
iu kin dao ng iu ho: B qua ma st, lc cn v 0 << 1rad
V. TNG HP DAO NG
1. Tng hp hai dao ng iu ho cng phng cng tn s x1 = A1cos( t + 1)
v x2 = A2cos( t + 2) c mt dao ng iu ho cng phng cng tn s x =
Acos( t + ).
Trong :
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 2 1
2 os( ) A A A A A c + +

1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
sin sin
tan
os os
A A
Ac A c

+
vi 1 2 (nu
1 2 )
* Nu = 2k (x1, x2 cng pha) AMax = A1 + A2
` * Nu = (2k+1) (x1, x2 ngc pha) AMin = | A1 - A2|
| A1 - A2| A A1 + A2
2. Khi bit mt dao ng thnh phn x1 = A1cos( t + 1) v dao ng tng hp x
= Acos( t + ) th dao ng thnh phn cn li l x2 = A2cos( t + 2).
Trong :
2 2 2
2 1 1 1
2 os( ) A A A AAc +

1 1
2
1 1
sin sin
tan
os os
A A
Ac Ac

vi 1 2 ( nu
1 2 )
3. Nu mt vt tham gia ng thi nhiu dao ng iu ho cng phng cng tn
s x1 = A1cos( t + 1;
x2 = A2cos( t + 2) th dao ng tng hp cng l dao ng iu ho cng
phng cng tn s
x = Acos( t + ).
Chiu ln trc Ox v trc Oy Ox .
Ta c:
1 1 2 2
os os os ...
x
A Ac Ac A c + +

1 1 2 2
sin sin sin ...
y
A A A A + +
2 2
x y
A A A + v tan
y
x
A
A
vi [ Min; Max]
VI. DAO NG TT DN DAO NG CNG BC - CNG HNG
1. Mt con lc l xo dao ng tt dn vi bin A, h s ma st .
* Qung ng vt i c n lc dng li l:
2 2 2
2 2
kA A
S
mg g

* gim bin sau mi
chu k l:
2
4 4 mg g
A
k

* S dao ng thc hin
c:
2
4 4
A Ak A
N
A mg g

* Thi gian vt dao ng n

lc dng li:
.
4 2
AkT A
t N T
mg g

(Nu coi dao ng tt dn c tnh tun hon
vi chu k
2
T

)
3. Hin tng cng hng xy ra khi: f = f0 hay = 0 hay T = T0
Vi f, , T v f0, 0, T0 l tn s, tn s gc, chu k ca lc cng bc v ca
h dao ng.
CHNG III: SNG C
I. SNG C HC
1. Bc sng: = vT = v/f
Gio vin: ng Thanh Ph
T

x
t
O
8
Cong thc giai nhanh vat l 12 nang cao
Trong : : Bc sng; T (s): Chu k ca
sng; f (Hz): Tn s ca sng
v: Tc truyn sng (c n v
tng ng vi n v ca )
2. Phng trnh sng
Ti im O: uO = Acos( t + )
Ti im M cch O mt on x trn phng truyn sng.
* Sng truyn theo chiu dng ca trc Ox th uM = AMcos( t + -
x
v
) =
AMcos( t + - 2
x

)
* Sng truyn theo chiu m ca trc Ox th uM = AMcos( t + +
x
v
) =
AMcos( t + + 2
x

)
3. lch pha gia hai im cch ngun mt khong x1, x2

1 2 1 2
2
x x x x
v

Nu 2 im nm trn mt phng truyn sng v cch nhau mt khong x
th:
2
x x
v

Lu : n v ca x, x1, x2, v v phi tng ng vi nhau
4. Trong hin tng truyn sng trn si dy, dy c kch thch dao ng bi
nam chm in vi tn s dng in l f th tn s dao ng ca dy l 2f.
II. SNG DNG
1. Mt s ch
* u c nh hoc u dao ng nh l nt sng.
* u t do l bng sng
* Hai im i xng vi nhau qua nt sng lun dao ng ngc pha.
* Hai im i xng vi nhau qua bng sng lun dao ng cng pha.
* Cc im trn dy u dao ng vi bin khng i nng lng khng
truyn i
* Khong thi gian gia hai ln si dy cng ngang (cc phn t i qua VTCB) l
na chu k.
2. iu kin c sng dng trn si dy di l:
* Hai u l nt sng:
*
( )
2
l k k N

S bng sng = s b sng = k
S nt sng = k + 1
* Mt u l nt sng cn mt u l bng sng: (2 1) ( )
4
l k k N

+
S b sng nguyn = k
S bng sng = s nt sng = k + 1
3. Phng trnh sng dng trn si dy CB (vi u C c nh hoc dao ng
nh l nt sng)
* u B c nh (nt sng):
Phng trnh sng ti v sng phn x ti B: os2
B
u Ac ft v
' os2 os(2 )
B
u Ac ft Ac ft
Phng trnh sng ti v sng phn x ti M cch B mt khong d l:
os(2 2 )
M
d
u Ac ft

+ v ' os(2 2 )
M
d
u Ac ft

Phng trnh sng dng ti M: '
M M M
u u u +
2 os(2 ) os(2 ) 2 sin(2 ) os(2 )
2 2 2
M
d d
u Ac c ft A c ft



+ +
Bin dao ng ca phn t ti M: 2 os(2 ) 2 sin(2 )
2
M
d d
A A c A

+
* u B t do (bng sng):
Phng trnh sng ti v sng phn x ti B: ' os2
B B
u u Ac ft
Phng trnh sng ti v sng phn x ti M cch B mt khong d l:
os(2 2 )
M
d
u Ac ft

+ v ' os(2 2 )
M
d
u Ac ft

Phng trnh sng dng ti M: '
M M M
u u u +
2 os(2 ) os(2 )
M
d
u Ac c ft

Bin dao ng ca phn t ti M: 2 cos(2 )

M
d
A A

Lu : * Vi x l khong cch t M n u nt sng th bin :

2 sin(2 )
M
x
A A

Gio vin: ng Thanh Ph

O
x
M
x
9
Cong thc giai nhanh vat l 12 nang cao
* Vi x l khong cch t M n u bng sng th bin :
2 cos(2 )
M
d
A A

III. GIAO THOA SNG

Giao thoa ca hai sng pht ra t hai ngun sng kt hp S1, S2 cch nhau mt
khong l:
Xt im M cch hai ngun ln lt d1, d2
Phng trnh sng ti 2 ngun
1 1
Acos(2 ) u ft + v
2 2
Acos(2 ) u ft +
Phng trnh sng ti M do hai sng t hai ngun truyn ti:
1
1 1
Acos(2 2 )
M
d
u ft

+ v
2
2 2
Acos(2 2 )
M
d
u ft

+
Phng trnh giao thoa sng ti M: uM = u1M + u2M
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 os os 2
2 2
M
d d d d
u Ac c ft



+ + ] ]
+ +
] ]
] ]
Bin dao ng ti M:
1 2
2 os
2
M
d d
A A c

| `
+

. ,
vi
1 2

Ch : * S cc i: (k Z)
2 2
l l
k



+ < < + +
* S cc tiu:
1 1
(k Z)
2 2 2 2
l l
k



+ < < + +
1. Hai ngun dao ng cng pha (
1 2
0 )
* im dao ng cc i: d1 d2 = k (kZ)
S ng hoc s im (khng tnh hai ngun):
l l
k

< <
* im dao ng cc tiu (khng dao ng): d1 d2 = (2k+1)
2

(kZ)
S ng hoc s im (khng tnh hai ngun):
1 1
2 2
l l
k

< <
2. Hai ngun dao ng ngc pha:(
1 2
)
* im dao ng cc i: d1 d2 = (2k+1)
2

(kZ)
S ng hoc s im (khng tnh hai ngun):
1 1
2 2
l l
k

< <
* im dao ng cc tiu (khng dao ng): d1 d2 = k (kZ)
S ng hoc s im (khng tnh hai ngun):
l l
k

< <
Ch : Vi bi ton tm s ng dao ng cc i v khng dao ng gia hai
im M, N cch hai ngun ln lt l d1M, d2M, d1N, d2N.
t dM = d1M - d2M ; dN = d1N - d2N v gi s dM < dN.
+ Hai ngun dao ng cng pha:
Cc i: dM < k < dN
Cc tiu: dM < (k+0,5) < dN
+ Hai ngun dao ng ngc pha:
Cc i: dM < (k+0,5) < dN
Cc tiu: dM < k < dN
S gi tr nguyn ca k tho mn cc biu thc trn l s ng cn tm.
IV. SNG M
1. Cng m:
W P
I= =
tS S
Vi W (J), P (W) l nng lng, cng sut pht m ca ngun
S (m
2
) l din tch mt vung gc vi phng truyn m (vi sng cu th S
l din tch mt cu S=4R
2
)
2. Mc cng m
0
( ) lg
I
L B
I

Hoc
0
( ) 10.lg
I
L dB
I

Vi I0 = 10
-12
W/m
2
f = 1000Hz: cng m chun.
3. * Tn s do n pht ra (hai u dy c nh hai u l nt sng)
( k N*)
2
v
f k
l

ng vi k = 1 m pht ra m c bn c tn s
1
2
v
f
l

k = 2,3,4 c cc ho m bc 2 (tn s 2f1), bc 3 (tn s 3f1)

* Tn s do ng so pht ra (mt u bt kn, mt u h mt u l nt
sng, mt u l bng sng)
(2 1) ( k N)
4
v
f k
l
+
ng vi k = 0 m pht ra m c bn c tn s
1
4
v
f
l

k = 1,2,3 c cc ho m bc 3 (tn s 3f1), bc 5 (tn s 5f1)

V. HIU NG P-PLE
Gio vin: ng Thanh Ph
10
Cong thc giai nhanh vat l 12 nang cao
1. Ngun m ng yn, my thu chuyn ng vi vn tc vM.
* My thu chuyn ng li gn ngun m th thu c m c tn s:
'
M
v v
f f
v
+

* My thu chuyn ng ra xa ngun m th thu c m c tn s: "

M
v v
f f
v

2. Ngun m chuyn ng vi vn tc vS, my thu ng yn.

* My thu chuyn ng li gn ngun m vi vn tc vM th thu c m c tn s:
'
S
v
f f
v v

* My thu chuyn ng ra xa ngun m th thu c m c tn s:

"
S
v
f f
v v

+
Vi v l vn tc truyn m, f l tn s ca m.
Ch : C th dng cng thc tng qut:
'
M
S
v v
f f
v v
t

m
My thu chuyn ng li gn ngun th ly du + trc vM, ra xa th ly
du -.
Ngun pht chuyn ng li gn ngun th ly du - trc vS, ra xa th
ly du +.
CHNG IV: DAO NG V SNG IN T
1. Dao ng in t
* in tch tc thi q = q0cos( t + )
* Hiu in th (in p) tc thi
0
0
os( ) os( )
q q
u c t U c t
C C
+ +
* Dng in tc thi i = q = - q0sin( t + ) = I0cos( t + +
2

)
* Cm ng t:
0
os( )
2
B B c t

+ +
Trong :
1
LC

l tn s gc ring
2 T LC l chu k ring

1
2
f
LC

l tn s ring

0
0 0
q
I q
LC


0 0
0 0 0
q I L
U LI I
C C C

* Nng lng in trng:
2
2

1 1
W
2 2 2
q
Cu qu
C


2
2 0

W os ( )
2
q
c t
C
+
* Nng lng t trng:
2
2 2 0
1
W sin ( )
2 2
t
q
Li t
C
+
* Nng lng in t:

W=W W
t
+

2
2 2 0
0 0 0 0
1 1 1
W
2 2 2 2
q
CU q U LI
C

Ch : + Mch dao ng c tn s gc , tn s f v chu k T th W v
Wt bin thin vi tn s gc
2 , tn s 2f v chu k T/2
+ Mch dao ng c in tr thun R 0 th dao ng s tt dn.
duy tr dao ng cn cung
cp cho mch mt nng lng c cng sut:
2 2 2 2
2 0 0
2 2
C U U RC
I R R
L

P
+ Khi t phng in th q v u gim v ngc li
+ Quy c: q > 0 ng vi bn t ta xt tch in dng th i > 0
ng vi dng in chy n bn
t m ta xt.
2. S tng t gia dao ng in v dao ng c
i lng
c
i lng
in
Dao ng c Dao ng in
x q x +
2
x = 0 q +
2
q = 0
v i
k
m

1
LC

Gio vin: ng Thanh Ph
11
Cong thc giai nhanh vat l 12 nang cao
m L x = Acos( t + ) q = q0cos( t + )
k
1
C
v = x = - Asin( t +
)
i = q = - q0sin( t +
)
F u
2 2 2
( )
v
A x

+
2 2 2
0
( )
i
q q

+
R W=W + Wt W=W + Wt
W Wt (WC) W =
1
2
mv
2
Wt =
1
2
Li
2
Wt W (WL) Wt =
1
2
kx
2
W =
2
2
q
C
3. Sng in t
Vn tc lan truyn trong khng gian v = c = 3.10
8
m/s
My pht hoc my thu sng in t s dng mch dao ng LC th tn s
sng in t pht hoc thu
c bng tn s ring ca mch.
Bc sng ca sng in t
2
v
v LC
f

Lu : Mch dao ng c L bin i t LMin LMax v C bin i t CMin
CMax th bc sng ca
sng in t pht (hoc thu)
Min tng ng vi LMin v CMin
Max tng ng vi LMax v CMax
CHNG V: IN XOAY CHIU
1. Biu thc in p tc thi v dng in tc thi:
u = U0cos( t + u) v i = I0cos( t + i)
Vi = u i l lch pha ca u so vi i, c
2 2


2. Dng in xoay chiu i = I0cos(2 ft +
i)
* Mi giy i chiu 2f ln
* Nu pha ban u i =
2

hoc i =
2

th ch giy u tin
i chiu 2f-1 ln.
3. Cng thc tnh thi gian n hunh quang sng trong mt chu k
Khi t in p u = U0cos( t + u) vo hai u bng n, bit n ch sng ln
khi u U1.

4
t

Vi
1
0
os
U
c
U

, (0 < < /2)
4. Dng in xoay chiu trong on mch R,L,C
* on mch ch c in tr thun R: uR cng pha vi i, ( = u i = 0)

U
I
R
v
0
0
U
I
R

Lu : in tr R cho dng in khng i i qua v c

U
I
R

* on mch ch c cun thun cm L: uL nhanh pha hn i l /2, ( = u
i = /2)

L
U
I
Z

v
0
0
L
U
I
Z

vi ZL = L l
cm khng
Lu : Cun thun cm L cho dng in khng i i qua hon ton
(khng cn tr).
* on mch ch c t in C: uC chm pha hn i l /2, ( = u i = - /2)

C
U
I
Z

v
0
0
C
U
I
Z

vi
1
C
Z
C
l dung
khng
Lu : T in C khng cho dng in khng i i qua (cn tr hon
ton).
* on mch RLC khng phn nhnh
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( )
L C R L C R L C
Z R Z Z U U U U U U U U + + +
tan ;sin ; os
L C L C
Z Z Z Z R
c
R Z Z


vi
2 2


+ Khi ZL > ZC hay
1
LC
>
> 0 th u nhanh pha hn i
+ Khi ZL < ZC hay
1
LC
<
< 0 th u chm pha hn i
+ Khi ZL = ZC hay
1
LC

= 0 th u cng pha vi i.
Gio vin: ng Thanh Ph
U
u
O
M'2
M2
M'1
M1
-U
U
0
0
1
-U
1
Sng Sng
Tt
Tt
12
Cong thc giai nhanh vat l 12 nang cao
Lc
Max
U
I =
R
gi l hin tng cng hng dng in
5. Cng sut to nhit trn on mch RLC:
* Cng sut tc thi: P = UIcos + UIcos(2 t + u+ i)
* Cng sut trung bnh: P = UIcos = I
2
R.
6. in p u = U1 + U0cos( t + ) c coi gm mt in p khng i U1 v
mt in p xoay chiu u=U0cos( t + ) ng thi t vo on mch.
7. Tn s dng in do my pht in xoay chiu mt pha c P cp cc, rto quay
vi vn tc n vng/giy pht ra: f = pn Hz
T thng gi qua khung dy ca my pht in = NBScos( t + ) =
0cos( t + )
Vi 0 = NBS l t thng cc i, N l s vng dy, B l cm ng t ca t
trng, S l din tch ca vng dy, = 2 f
Sut in ng trong khung dy: e = NSBcos( t + -
2

) = E0cos( t + -
2

)
Vi E0 = NSB l sut in ng cc i.
8. Dng in xoay chiu ba pha l h thng ba dng in xoay chiu, gy bi ba
sut in ng xoay chiu cng tn s, cng bin nhng lch pha tng i
mt l
2
3

1 0
2 0
3 0
os( )
2
os( )
3
2
os( )
3
e E c t
e E c t
e E c t

'

trong trng hp ti i xng th

1 0
2 0
3 0
os( )
2
os( )
3
2
os( )
3
i I c t
i I c t
i I c t

'

My pht mc hnh sao: Ud = 3 Up

My pht mc hnh tam gic: Ud = Up
Ti tiu th mc hnh sao: Id = Ip
Ti tiu th mc hnh tam gic: Id = 3 Ip
Lu : my pht v ti tiu th thng chn cch mc tng ng vi nhau.
9. Cng thc my bin p:
1 1 2 1
2 2 1 2
U E I N
U E I N

10. Cng sut hao ph trong qu trnh truyn ti in nng:
2
2 2
os
R
U c

P
P
Trong : P l cng sut truyn i ni cung cp
U l in p ni cung cp
cos l h s cng sut ca dy ti in

l
R
S
l in tr tng cng ca dy ti in (lu : dn in bng
2 dy)
gim in p trn ng dy ti in: U = IR
Hiu sut ti in: .100% H

P P
P
11. on mch RLC c R thay i:
* Khi R= ZL-ZC th
2 2
ax
2 2
M
L C
U U
Z Z R

P
* Khi R=R1 hoc R=R2 th P c cng gi tr. Ta c
2
2
1 2 1 2
; ( )
L C
U
R R R R Z Z +
P
V khi
1 2
R R R th
2
ax
1 2
2
M
U
R R
P
* Trng hp cun dy c in tr
R0 (hnh v)
Khi
2 2
0 ax
0
2 2( )
L C M
L C
U U
R Z Z R
Z Z R R

+
P
Khi
2 2
2 2
0 ax
2 2
0
0 0
( )
2( )
2 ( ) 2
L C RM
L C
U U
R R Z Z
R R
R Z Z R
+
+
+ +
P
Gio vin: ng Thanh Ph
A
B
C
R L,R
0
13
Cong thc giai nhanh vat l 12 nang cao

12. on mch RLC c L thay i:
* Khi
2
1
L
C
th IMax URmax; PMax cn ULCMin Lu : L v C mc lin
tip nhau
* Khi
2 2
C
L
C
R Z
Z
Z
+
th
2 2
ax
C
LM
U R Z
U
R
+

v
2 2 2 2 2 2
ax ax ax
; 0
LM R C LM C LM
U U U U U U U U + +
* Vi L = L1 hoc L = L2 th UL c cng gi tr th ULmax khi
1 2
1 2
1 2
2 1 1 1 1
( )
2
L L L
L L
L
Z Z Z L L
+
+
* Khi
2 2
4
2
C C
L
Z R Z
Z
+ +

th ax
2 2
2 R
4
RLM
C C
U
U
R Z Z

+
Lu : R
v L mc lin tip nhau
13. on mch RLC c C thay i:
* Khi
2
1
C
L
th IMax URmax; PMax cn ULCMin Lu : L v C mc lin
tip nhau
* Khi
2 2
L
C
L
R Z
Z
Z
+
th
2 2
ax
L
CM
U R Z
U
R
+

v
2 2 2 2 2 2
ax ax ax
; 0
CM R L CM L CM
U U U U U U U U + +
* Khi C = C1 hoc C = C2 th UC c cng gi tr th UCmax khi
1 2
1 2
1 1 1 1
( )
2 2
C C C
C C
C
Z Z Z
+
+
* Khi
2 2
4
2
L L
C
Z R Z
Z
+ +

th ax
2 2
2 R
4
RCM
L L
U
U
R Z Z

+

Lu : R v C mc lin tip nhau
14. Mch RLC c thay i:
* Khi
1
LC

th IMax URmax; PMax cn ULCMin
Lu : L v C mc lin tip nhau
* Khi
2
1 1
2
C
L R
C

th ax
2 2
2 .
4
LM
U L
U
R LC R C

* Khi
2
1
2
L R
L C
th ax
2 2
2 .
4
CM
U L
U
R LC R C

* Vi = 1 hoc = 2 th I hoc P hoc UR c cng mt gi tr th

IMax hoc PMax hoc URMax khi

1 2
tn s
1 2
f f f
15. Hai on mch AM gm R1L1C1 ni tip v on mch MB gm R2L2C2 ni
tip mc ni tip vi nhau c UAB = UAM + UMB uAB; uAM v uMB cng pha
tanuAB = tanuAM = tanuMB
16. Bi ton v lch pha
Hai on mch R1L1C1 v R2L2C2 cng u hoc cng i c pha lch nhau
Vi
1 1
1
1
tan
L C
Z Z
R

v
2 2
2
2
tan
L C
Z Z
R

(gi s 1 > 2)
C 1 2 =
1 2
1 2
tan tan
tan
1 tan tan

+

Trng hp c bit = /2 (vung pha nhau) th tan 1tan 2 = -1.
VD: * Mch in hnh 1 c uAB v uAM lch pha nhau
y 2 on mch AB v AM c
cng i v uAB chm pha hn uAM
AM AB =
tan tan
tan
1 tan tan

+
AM AB
AM AB
Nu uAB vung pha vi uAM th tan tan =-1 1
L C L
AM AB
Z Z Z
R R



* Mch in hnh 2: Khi C = C1 v C = C2 (gi s C1 > C2) th i1 v i2 lch
pha nhau
y hai on mch RLC1 v
RLC2 c cng uAB
Gi 1 v 2 l lch pha ca
uAB so vi i1 v i2
th c 1 > 2 1 - 2 =
Nu I1 = I2 th 1 = - 2 = /2
Gio vin: ng Thanh Ph
R L C M A B
Hnh 1
R L C M A B
Hnh 2
14
Cong thc giai nhanh vat l 12 nang cao
Nu I1 I2 th tnh
1 2
1 2
tan tan
tan
1 tan tan

+
CHNG VI: SNG NH SNG
1. Hin tng tn sc nh sng.
* /n: L hin tng nh sng b tch thnh nhiu mu khc nhau khi i qua mt
phn cch ca hai mi trng trong sut.
* nh sng n sc l nh sng khng b tn sc
nh sng n sc c tn s xc nh, ch c mt mu.
Bc sng ca nh sng n sc
v
f
l =
, truyn trong chn khng
0
c
f
l =

0 0
c
v n
l l
l
l
= =
* Chit sut ca mi trng trong sut ph thuc vo mu sc nh sng. i vi
nh sng mu l nh nht, mu tm l ln nht.
* nh sng trng l tp hp ca v s nh sng n sc c mu bin thin lin tc
t n tm.
Bc sng ca nh sng trng: 0,4 m 0,76 m.
2. Hin tng giao thoa nh sng (ch xt giao thoa nh sng trong th nghim
Ing).
* /n: L s tng hp ca hai hay nhiu sng nh sng kt hp trong khng gian
trong xut hin nhng vch sng v nhng
vch ti xen k nhau.
Cc vch sng (vn sng) v cc vch ti (vn
ti) gi l vn giao thoa.
* Hiu ng i ca nh sng (hiu quang trnh)

2 1
ax
d d d
D
D = - =
Trong : a = S1S2 l khong cch gia hai
khe sng
D = OI l khong cch t hai khe sng S1, S2 n mn quan st
S1M = d1; S2M = d2
x = OM l (to ) khong cch t vn trung tm n im M ta xt
* V tr (to ) vn sng: d = k ;
D
x k k Z
a
l
=
k = 0: Vn sng trung tm
k = t 1: Vn sng bc (th) 1
k = t 2: Vn sng bc (th) 2
* V tr (to ) vn ti: d = (k + 0,5) ( 0, 5) ;
D
x k k Z
a
l
= +
k = 0, k = -1: Vn ti th (bc) nht
k = 1, k = -2: Vn ti th (bc) hai
k = 2, k = -3: Vn ti th (bc) ba
* Khong vn i: L khong cch gia hai vn sng hoc hai vn ti lin tip:
D
i
a
l
=
* Nu th nghim c tin hnh trong mi trng trong sut c chit sut n th
bc sng v khong vn:
n
n n
D i
i
n a n
l l
l = = =
* Khi ngun sng S di chuyn theo phng song song vi S1S2 th h vn di
chuyn ngc chiu v khong vn i vn khng i.
di ca h vn l: 0
1
D
x d
D
=
Trong : D l khong cch t 2 khe ti mn
D1 l khong cch t ngun sng ti 2 khe
d l dch chuyn ca ngun sng
* Khi trn ng truyn ca nh sng t khe S1 (hoc S2) c t mt bn mng
dy e, chit sut n th h vn s dch chuyn v pha S1 (hoc S2) mt on:
0
( 1) n eD
x
a
-
=
* Xc nh s vn sng, vn ti trong vng giao thoa (trng giao thoa) c b rng
L (i xng qua vn trung tm)
+ S vn sng (l s l): 2 1
2
S
L
N
i

= +



+ S vn ti (l s chn): 2 0, 5
2
t
L
N
i

= +


Trong [x] l phn nguyn ca x. V d: [6] = 6; [5,05] = 5; [7,99] = 7
* Xc nh s vn sng, vn ti gia hai im M, N c to x1, x2 (gi s x1 < x2)
+ Vn sng: x1 < ki < x2
Gio vin: ng Thanh Ph
S
1
D
S
2
d
1
d
2 I
O
x
M
a
15
Cong thc giai nhanh vat l 12 nang cao
+ Vn ti: x1 < (k+0,5)i < x2
S gi tr k Z l s vn sng (vn ti) cn tm
Lu : M v N cng pha vi vn trung tm th x1 v x2 cng du.
M v N khc pha vi vn trung tm th x1 v x2 khc du.
* Xc nh khong vn i trong khong c b rng L. Bit trong khong L c n vn
sng.
+ Nu 2 u l hai vn sng th:
1
L
i
n
=
-
+ Nu 2 u l hai vn ti th:
L
i
n
=
+ Nu mt u l vn sng cn mt u l vn ti th:
0, 5
L
i
n
=
-

* S trng nhau ca cc bc x 1, 2 ... (khong vn tng ng l i1, i2 ...)
+ Trng nhau ca vn sng: xs = k1i1 = k2i2 = ... k1 1 = k2 2 = ...
+ Trng nhau ca vn ti: xt = (k1 + 0,5)i1 = (k2 + 0,5)i2 = ... (k1 + 0,5) 1 = (k2
+ 0,5) 2 = ...
Lu : V tr c mu cng mu vi vn sng trung tm l v tr trng nhau ca tt
c cc vn sng ca cc bc x.
* Trong hin tng giao thoa nh sng trng (0,4 m 0,76 m)
- B rng quang ph bc k:

( )
t
D
x k
a
l l D = - vi v t l bc sng nh
sng v tm
- Xc nh s vn sng, s vn ti v cc bc x tng ng ti mt v tr xc nh
( bit x)
+ Vn sng:
ax
, k Z
D
x k
a kD
l
l = =
Vi 0,4 m 0,76 m cc gi tr ca k
+ Vn ti:
ax
( 0, 5) , k Z
( 0, 5)
D
x k
a k D
l
l = + =
+
Vi 0,4 m 0,76 m cc gi tr ca k
- Khong cch di nht v ngn nht gia vn sng v vn ti cng bc k:

[k ( 0, 5) ]
Min t
D
x k
a

ax
[k ( 0, 5) ]
M t
D
x k
a
+ Khi vn sng v vn ti nm khc pha i
vi vn trung tm.
ax
[k ( 0, 5) ]
M t
D
x k
a
Khi vn sng v vn ti nm cng pha i
vi vn trung tm.
CHNG VII: LNG T NH SNG
1. Nng lng mt lng t nh sng (ht phtn)
2
hc
hf mc e
l
= = =
Trong h = 6,625.10
-34
Js l hng s Plng.
c = 3.10
8
m/s l vn tc nh sng trong chn khng.
f, l tn s, bc sng ca nh sng (ca bc x).
m l khi lng ca phtn
2. Tia Rnghen (tia X)
Bc sng nh nht ca tia Rnghen

Min
hc
E
l =
Trong
2 2
0

2 2
mv mv
E e U = = + l ng nng ca electron khi p vo i
catt (i m cc)
U l hiu in th gia ant v catt
v l vn tc electron khi p vo i catt
v0 l vn tc ca electron khi ri catt (thng v0 = 0)
m = 9,1.10
-31
kg l khi lng electron
3. Hin tng quang in
*Cng thc Anhxtanh
2
0 ax
2
M
mv hc
hf A e
l
= = = +
Trong
0
hc
A
l
=
l cng thot ca kim loi dng lm catt
0 l gii hn quang in ca kim loi dng lm catt
v0Max l vn tc ban u ca electron quang in khi thot khi catt
f, l tn s, bc sng ca nh sng kch thch
* dng quang in trit tiu th UAK Uh (Uh < 0), Uh gi l hiu in th hm
2
0 ax
2
M
h
mv
eU =
Lu : Trong mt s bi ton ngi ta ly Uh > 0 th l ln.
Gio vin: ng Thanh Ph
16
Cong thc giai nhanh vat l 12 nang cao
* Xt vt c lp v in, c in th cc i VMax v khong cch cc i dMax m
electron chuyn ng trong in trng cn c cng E c tnh theo cng
thc:
2
ax 0 ax ax
1
2
M M M
e V mv e Ed = =
* Vi U l hiu in th gia ant v catt, vA l vn tc cc i ca electron khi
p vo ant, vK = v0Max l vn tc ban u cc i ca electron khi ri catt th:
2 2
1 1
2 2
A K
e U mv mv = -
* Hiu sut lng t (hiu sut quang in)
0
n
H
n
=
Vi n v n0 l s electron quang in bt khi catt v s phtn p vo catt
trong cng mt khong thi gian t.
Cng sut ca ngun bc x:
0 0 0
n n hf n hc
p
t t t
e
l
= = =
Cng dng quang in bo ho:
bh
n e q
I
t t
= =
bh bh bh
I I hf I hc
H
p e p e p e
e
l
= = =
* Bn knh qu o ca electron khi chuyn ng vi vn tc v trong t trng u
B

, = ( ,B)
sin
mv
R v
e B
a
a
=
r ur
Xt electron va ri khi catt th v = v0Max
Khi
sin 1
mv
v B R
e B
a ^ = =
r ur
Lu : Hin tng quang in xy ra khi c chiu ng thi nhiu bc x th
khi tnh cc i lng: Vn tc ban u cc i v0Max, hiu in th hm Uh, in
th cc i VMax, u c tnh ng vi bc x c Min (hoc fMax)
4. Tin Bo - Quang ph nguyn t
Hir
* Tin Bo
mn m n
mn
hc
hf E E e
l
= = = -
* Bn knh qu o dng th n ca
electron trong nguyn t hir:
rn = n
2
r0
Vi r0 =5,3.10
-11
m l bn knh Bo ( qu o K)
* Nng lng electron trong nguyn t hir:
2
13, 6
( )
n
E eV
n
=- Vi n N
*
.
* S mc nng lng
- Dy Laiman: Nm trong vng t ngoi
ng vi e chuyn t qu o bn ngoi v qu o K
Lu : Vch di nht LK khi e chuyn t L K
Vch ngn nht K khi e chuyn t K.
- Dy Banme: Mt phn nm trong vng t ngoi, mt phn nm trong vng nh
sng nhn thy
ng vi e chuyn t qu o bn ngoi v qu o L
Vng nh sng nhn thy c 4 vch:
Vch H ng vi e: M L
Vch lam H ng vi e: N L
Vch chm H ng vi e: O L
Vch tm H ng vi e: P L
Lu : Vch di nht ML (Vch H )
Vch ngn nht L khi e chuyn t L.
- Dy Pasen: Nm trong vng hng ngoi
Gio vin: ng Thanh Ph
hf
mn
hf
mn
nhn phtn
pht phtn
E
m
E
n
E
m
> E
n
Laiman
K
M
N
O
L
P
Banme
Pasen
H

n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
n=5
n=6
17
Cong thc giai nhanh vat l 12 nang cao
ng vi e chuyn t qu o bn ngoi v qu o M
Lu : Vch di nht NM khi e chuyn t N M.
Vch ngn nht M khi e chuyn t M.
Mi lin h gia cc bc sng v tn s ca cc vch quang ph ca nguyn t
hir:
13 12 23
1 1 1

+
v f13 = f12 +f23 (nh cng vct)
Gio vin: ng Thanh Ph
18
Cong thc giai nhanh vat l 12 nang cao
CHNG IX. VT L HT NHN
1. Hin tng phng x
* S nguyn t cht phng x cn li sau thi gian t
0 0
.2 .
t
t
T
N N N e
l
-
-
= =
* S ht nguyn t b phn r bng s ht nhn con c to thnh v bng s ht
( hoc e
-
hoc e
+
) c to thnh:
0 0
(1 )
t
N N N N e
l -
D = - = -
* Khi lng cht phng x cn li sau thi gian t
0 0
.2 .
t
t
T
m m m e
l
-
-
= =
Trong : N0, m0 l s nguyn t, khi lng cht phng x ban u
T l chu k bn r

2 0, 693 ln
T T
l = = l hng s phng x
v T khng ph thuc vo cc tc ng bn ngoi m ch ph thuc
bn cht bn trong ca cht phng x.
* Khi lng cht b phng x sau thi gian t
0 0
(1 )
t
m m m m e
l -
D = - = -
* Phn trm cht phng x b phn r:
0
1
t
m
e
m
l -
D
= -
Phn trm cht phng x cn li:
0
2
t
t
T
m
e
m
l
-
-
= =
* Khi lng cht mi c to thnh sau thi gian t
1 0 1
1 1 0
(1 ) (1 )
t t
A A
A N A N
m A e m e
N N A
l l - -
D
= = - = -
Trong : A, A1 l s khi ca cht phng x ban u v ca cht mi c to
thnh
NA = 6,022.10
-23
mol
-1
l s Avgar.
Lu : Trng hp phng x
+
,
-
th A = A1 m1 = m
* phng x H
L i lng c trng cho tnh phng x mnh hay yu ca mt lng cht
phng x, o bng s phn r trong 1 giy.
0 0
.2 .
t
t
T
H H H e N
l
l
-
-
= = =
H0 = N0 l phng x ban u.
n v: Becren (Bq); 1Bq = 1 phn r/giy
Curi (Ci); 1 Ci = 3,7.10
10
Bq
Lu : Khi tnh phng x H, H0 (Bq) th chu k phng x T phi i ra n v
giy(s).
2. H thc Anhxtanh, ht khi, nng lng lin kt
* H thc Anhxtanh gia khi lng v nng lng
Vt c khi lng m th c nng lng ngh E = m.c
2
Vi c = 3.10
8
m/s l vn tc nh sng trong chn khng.
* ht khi ca ht nhn
A
Z
X
m = m0 m
Trong m0 = Zmp + Nmn = Zmp + (A-Z)mn l khi lng cc nucln.
m l khi lng ht nhn X.
* Nng lng lin kt E = m.c
2
= (m0-m)c
2

* Nng lng lin kt ring (l nng lng lin kt tnh cho 1 nucln):
E
A
D
Lu : Nng lng lin kt ring cng ln th ht nhn cng bn vng.
3. Phn ng ht nhn
* Phng trnh phn ng:
3 1 2 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
A A A A
Z Z Z Z
X X X X + +
Trong s cc ht ny c th l ht s cp nh nucln, eletrn, phtn ...
Trng hp c bit l s phng x: X1 X2 + X3
X1 l ht nhn m, X2 l ht nhn con, X3 l ht hoc
* Cc nh lut bo ton
+ Bo ton s nucln (s khi): A1 + A2 = A3 + A4
+ Bo ton in tch (nguyn t s): Z1 + Z2 = Z3 + Z4
+ Bo ton ng lng:
1 2 3 4 1 1 2 2 4 3 4 4
m m m m p p p p hay v v v v + = + + = +
uur uur uur uur ur ur ur ur
+ Bo ton nng lng:
1 2 3 4
X X X X
K K E K K + +D = +

Trong : E l nng lng phn ng ht nhn

2
1
2
X x x
K m v = l ng nng chuyn ng ca ht X
Lu : - Khng c nh lut bo ton khi lng.
- Mi quan h gia ng lng pX v ng nng KX ca ht X l:
2
2
X X X
p m K =
- Khi tnh vn tc v hay ng nng K thng p dng
quy tc hnh bnh hnh
V d:
1 2
p p p = +
ur uur uur
bit

1 2
, p p j =
uur uur
2 2 2
1 2 1 2
2 p p p p p cosj = + +
Gio vin: ng Thanh Ph
p
ur
1
p
uur
2
p
uur

19
Cong thc giai nhanh vat l 12 nang cao
hay
2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 mv mv m v mm v v cosj = + +
hay
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
2 mK m K m K mm K K cosj = + +
Tng t khi bit

1 1
, p p =
uur ur
hoc

2 2
, p p =
uur ur

Trng hp c bit:
1 2
p p ^
uur uur

2 2 2
1 2
p p p = +
Tng t khi
1
p p ^
uur ur
hoc
2
p p ^
uur ur
v = 0 (p = 0) p1 = p2
1 1 2 2
2 2 1 1
K v m A
K v m A
= =
Tng t v1 = 0 hoc v2 = 0.
* Nng lng phn ng ht nhn
E = (M0 - M)c
2

Trong :
1 2
0 X X
M m m = +
l tng khi lng cc ht nhn trc phn ng.

3 4
X X
M m m = +
l tng khi lng cc ht nhn sau phn ng.
Lu : - Nu M0 > M th phn ng to nng lng E di dng ng nng ca
cc ht X3, X4 hoc phtn .
Cc ht sinh ra c ht khi ln hn nn bn vng hn.
- Nu M0 < M th phn ng thu nng lng | E| di dng ng nng
ca cc ht X1, X2 hoc phtn .
Cc ht sinh ra c ht khi nh hn nn km bn vng.
* Trong phn ng ht nhn
3 1 2 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
A A A A
Z Z Z Z
X X X X + +
Cc ht nhn X1, X2, X3, X4 c:
Nng lng lin kt ring tng ng l 1, 2, 3, 4.
Nng lng lin kt tng ng l E1, E2, E3, E4
ht khi tng ng l m1, m2, m3, m4
Nng lng ca phn ng ht nhn
E = A3 3 +A4 4 - A1 1 - A2 2
E = E3 + E4 E1 E2
E = ( m3 + m4 - m1 - m2)c
2
* Quy tc dch chuyn ca s phng x
+ Phng x (
4
2
He ):
4 4
2 2
A A
Z Z
X He Y
-
-
+
So vi ht nhn m, ht nhn con li 2 trong bng tun hon v c s khi
gim 4 n v.
+ Phng x
-
(
1
0
e
-
):
0
1 1
A A
Z Z
X e Y
- +
+
So vi ht nhn m, ht nhn con tin 1 trong bng tun hon v c cng s
khi.
Thc cht ca phng x
-
l mt ht ntrn bin thnh mt ht prtn, mt
ht electrn v mt ht ntrin:
n p e v
-
+ +
Lu : - Bn cht (thc cht) ca tia phng x
-
l ht electrn (e
-
)
- Ht ntrin (v) khng mang in, khng khi lng (hoc rt nh)
chuyn ng vi vn tc ca nh sng v hu nh khng tng tc vi vt cht.
+ Phng x
+
(
1
0
e
+
):
0
1 1
A A
Z Z
X e Y
+ -
+
So vi ht nhn m, ht nhn con li 1 trong bng tun hon v c cng s
khi.
Thc cht ca phng x
+
l mt ht prtn bin thnh mt ht ntrn, mt
ht pzitrn v mt ht ntrin:
p n e v
+
+ +
Lu : Bn cht (thc cht) ca tia phng x
+
l ht pzitrn (e
+
)
+ Phng x (ht phtn)
Ht nhn con sinh ra trng thi kch thch c mc nng lng E1 chuyn
xung mc nng lng E2 ng thi phng ra mt phtn c nng lng
1 2
hc
hf E E e
l
= = = -
Lu : Trong phng x khng c s bin i ht nhn phng x
thng i km theo phng x v .
4. Cc hng s v n v thng s dng
* S Avgar: NA = 6,022.10
23
mol
-1
* n v nng lng: 1eV = 1,6.10
-19
J; 1MeV = 1,6.10
-13
J
* n v khi lng nguyn t (n v Cacbon): 1u = 1,66055.10
-27
kg = 931
MeV/c
2
* in tch nguyn t: | e| = 1,6.10
-19
C
* Khi lng prtn: mp = 1,0073u
* Khi lng ntrn: mn = 1,0087u
* Khi lng electrn: me = 9,1.10
-31
kg = 0,0005u
HT
Gio vin: ng Thanh Ph