CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking

Chapter 7: Router Startup and Configuration

Objectives
Understand router startup Describe and use the Cisco Discovery Protocol Understand configuration management commands for Cisco routers and the 1900 series switch Configure IP on the Cisco router and the 1900 series switch Troubleshoot router connectivity problems
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Router Startup
Boot process steps Test hardware Load bootstrap program Locate and load the Cisco IOS Locate and load the router configuration file

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Router Startup (continued)

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Router Startup (continued)

POST
Power-on self test (POST)
Bootstrap program Diagnostic test for hardware ROM monitor

Read-only memory (ROM)

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Router Startup (continued)

Configuration register
16-bit setting stored in NVRAM
Hexadecimal code

Configuration register controls several boot functions

Forcing the system into the bootstrap program Enabling or disabling the console Break function Setting the console terminal baud rate Loading the IOS from ROM Loading the IOS from a TFTP server

show version command

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Router Startup (continued)

CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals

Router Startup (continued)

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Router Startup (continued)

ROM monitor mode
(>) or (rommon>) ROM monitor mode initiates when
Manually configured Cannot locate Cisco IOS A forced system break

Ctrl+break keys with in 60 seconds (Hyperterm) config-register 0x2100 command

show version command copy run start command reload command
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Router Startup (continued)

RxBoot mode
Cannot boot from flash Cannot locate IOS or corrupt IOS RxBoot mode prompt
Router hostname followed by (boot) Router(boot)

Limited set of IOS commands to configure the router

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Router Startup (continued)

Cisco IOS
Usually loaded from flash memory show flash command show version command Fallback options for loading the IOS
Load from TFTP server Cannot find IOS, load from ROM (basic IOS)

Default fallback sequence to locate the IOS

Flash TFTP server ROM
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Router Startup (continued)

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Router Startup (continued)

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Boot System Commands

Alternative to the config-register command Configure router to locate IOS Boot system commands are stored in start-up configuration file Boot system commands only work when last digit of config-register is 2 Boot system command structure
boot system [location of IOS] [IOS file name] boot system tftp c1700-j-mz.122-5(t).bin
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Boot System Commands

Router will broadcast looking for a tftp a computer running TFTP software TFTP server must be on a subnet directly connected to the router broadcasting for TFTP services Multiple boot system commands maybe entered for redundancy copy run start command
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Upgrading The IOS

Upgrading IOS check list
Ensure router has enough memory
show flash command

Backup current IOS to a TFTP server

Identify the current IOS file name show flash command show version command

copy tftp flash command

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Router Configuration Files

Startup-config file
Also known as the backup configuration file

Startup-config file is loaded into RAM at which point it becomes the running-config file show startup-config command Reboot the system to revert to the settings is the startup-config file
Power off and on reload command
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Router Configuration Files (continued)

copy start run or copy tftp run merges with the current running-config settings No erase running-config command erase startup command
Not the same as erase nvram

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Methods For Making Changes

Changes can be implemented and tested without saving to the startup-config file Changes to the running configuration take place immediately Basic steps for implementing changes
Make desired changes Examine the changes and the affects Determine if the changes meet the desired results Remove changes if they do not meet the desired results or simply reboot the system If desired result have been met then save to startupconfig file
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CDP
Cisco discovery protocol (CDP) Proprietary Data Link layer protocol Shares basic system and configuration settings to directly connected Cisco devices
Routers Switches Hubs Access servers
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CDP (continued)
show cdp neighbors command provides the following options
Ethernet
Learn about Ethernet interfaces attached to neighbors

Null
Learn about interfaces of a neighbor that does not have an address assigned

Serial
Information about neighbors connected to serial interfaces

Detail
Detailed information about the CDP neighbor and all attached devices This detailed information includes device identification, remote interface type, and remote IP address
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CDP (continued)
Low-overhead protocol Broadcasts information ever 60 seconds by default Enabled on all Cisco devices by default Possible to turn off CDP
Entire router Individual interfaces

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IP On The Router
IP maybe configured by the extended setup program Steps to manually configure IP on the router and the interface
Enter global configuration mode ip routing command Enter interface mode for desired interface Assign IP address Activate the interface
no shutdown command
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IP On The Router (continued)

Two ways to have multiple IPs on an interface
Secondary IP address Subinterfaces

term ip netmask-format command

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IP On The Switch
IP address are not required on a switch Switches operate on the Data Link layer (MAC) addresses To remotely manage a switch assign
IP address for the entire switch Assign a gateway for the switch

By default switches are not configured with an IP address or a gateway

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IP Connectivity

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Telnet
Connects at the highest layer of the OSI model Provides remote access Virtual terminal ports Successful telnet connection means connectivity at all layers

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IP Host Names
Refer to a remote host or router by name Address to name mapping on the router ip host router_central 192.168.10.1 show hosts command ip host command is local service DNS is a non-local name resolution service
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IP Host Names (continued)

DNS is a non-local name resolution service ip name-server 192.168.10.3

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Ping And Trace

Test Internetwork layer connectivity of the TCP/IP model Available in User EXEC and Privileged EXEC modes ICMP
Echo request Echo reply

ping command and extended mode ping traceroute command

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Ping And Trace (continued)

Ping utility send five packets and will have the following replies
!: Successful receipt of the ICMP echo .: Request timed out U: Destination was unreachable C: Congestion experienced I: Ping interrupted ?: Packet type unknown &: Packet TTL exceeded
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Ping And Trace (continued)

Traceroute responses
!H: Indicates that a router received, but didnt forward, the ICMP echo request P: Protocol unreachable N: Network unreachable U: Port unreachable *: Request timed out

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IP Route
If ping or traceroute fail check the routing table show ip route command
Displays the routing table Routing table displays
Directly connected networks Dynamically learned networks Statically assigned routes

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Checking The Interface

If the interface is down then packets cannot be delivered show interface command
Check the status of the interface View the interface configuration

Possible interface states

Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is up Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is down Serial0/0 is down, line protocol is down Serial0/0 is administratively down, line protocol is down
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Checking The Interface (continued)

Clear counters
Routers keep detail statistics (counters) Sometimes beneficial to clear the existing counters clear interface serial 0/0

Debug
Debugs provides information on real-time router events Resource intensive
Negative impact on router performance Do not run for extended periods of time

no debug all, undebug all

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Router Password Recovery

Password recovery is not the same for all router and switch modules Cisco.com has instructions available for every Cisco network device Cannot perform password recovery through telnet or other remote means Password recovery example (2600 series router)
Connect to router via console connection
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Router Password Recovery (continued)

Password recovery example (2600 series router) (continued)
Connect to router via console connection Power cycle the router (cold boot) Enter break sequence within 60 seconds of boot
Hyperterm (Ctrl+break), Tera Term (ALT+b)

At rommon> prompt type confreg 0x2142 Enter the reset command to reboot the router Do not enter setup sequence copy start run command
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Router Password Recovery (continued)

Password recovery example (2600 series router) (continued)
Change passwords config-register 0x2102 command to reset router copy run start command

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Summary
When the router boots, it follows a set routine Although the routers boot process can vary, the typical boot process follows this sequence:
First, the router checks all of its internal hardware components during a process called the POST (power-on self-test) Next, the router loads the basic configuration routine known as the bootstrap program Then, the bootstrap attempts to locate the Cisco IOS, which in turn loads the router configuration file
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Summary (continued)
If the Cisco IOS is set to load from a TFTP server, but the TFTP server cannot be located, then the IOS will boot from flash memory If the IOS cannot be found in flash memory or on the TFTP server, then a limited version will boot from ROM If the Cisco IOS is set to load a configuration file from a TFTP server, but the file or server is not available, the configuration file will be loaded from NVRAM However, if a configuration file is not available in NVRAM or on a TFTP server, then the automated setup routine will be initialized
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Summary (continued)
The Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) is proprietary to Cisco devices This protocol shares information between Cisco devices about other local Cisco devices CDP uses broadcasts to update neighbors every 60 seconds by default (the update time interval is configurable) Devices share information about their interface configurations and connections to other devices IP configuration on Cisco switches and routers is similar: the command syntax is ip address [IP address] [subnet mask]
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Summary (continued)
When you configure an address for a router interface, you must be in interface configuration mode (config-if ) When you configure an IP address for a Catalyst 1900 switch, you need only be in global configuration mode These switches dont require IP addresses; you need only configure one if you intend to remotely manage the switch You can verify router connectivity to other systems by using telnet to determine if there is Application layer connectivity
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Summary (continued)
If you cannot get connectivity at the Application layer, try trace and ping Then, check your routing table with the show ip route command to determine if there is a problem with the Network layer One of the most important troubleshooting commands is the show interfaces command If your interfaces are not up, you cannot route packets
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