Chapter 3

Foundation Engineering
:
(DEEP FOUNDATION : THEORY AND DESIGN)
3.1

(Skin friction) (End bearing)
2
1) (Friction/Floating pile)
2) (End bearing pile)
3.1
3.2

)

(Filled)

) (Cast-in-situ piles)
(Precast or Prefabricated piles)

3.2

) (Bored piles) (Driven
piles) (Pre-auger piles)
(Vibrating or Ramming)
)
(Very large displacement pile) ()
(Small displacement pile) ( H)
(No displacement pile) ()
3.2
Uncased pile
Step-Tamper pile
Base pile
3.3
(Reinforced concrete pile)
(Pre-stressed pile)

Steel pile
Circular (bored pile)
Wide flange,I or H
Hollow square
Steel box
Hexagonal
Solid square
Hollow circula
3.3
()
3.3
3.3.1
Drop Hammer
( 2.5
- 12 )

(Free drop)

()
Ram
Hammer cushion
Pile cap
Pile cushion
Pile
Drop Hammer
3.3
3.3.1
Exhaust
Single-Acting Hammer (Steam)

(Air pressure) (Hydraulic
pressure)

2.5 - 20
Cylinder
Intake
Ram
Hammer cushion
Pile cap
Pile cushion
Pile
Single-Acting Hammer
3.3
3.3.1
Double-Acting Hammer

Single-Acting Hammer
3.3
3.3.1
Diesel Hammer

() Diesel Hammer
( 1.8 - 4.5 )
Ram
Anvil
Pile cushion
Pile cap
Hammer cushion
Pile
Diesel Hammer
3.4

(Cohesive soils)

(Boiling)
3.4

1) 1 - 2 (
)
Casing
3.4
2) (Drill rig)

3.4
3) 0.5
( .)
3.4
4) Drop chute
3.4
5)
3.4
6) 5-10
2-3
3.4
7) (Seismic test)
3.4
8)
3.4
9)
3.4
3.4
3.5

40-60
1 2
(Caving)
3.5
3.5

1)
2) (Drilling fluid)
3.5
1) ()
2)

50-150
3.5
3)
4)

Vibratory
Driver
Water Table
Caving Soil
Cohesive Soil
3.5
(Slurry method)
1) 3
2) /
(Drilling slurry)
3)
Cohesive Soil
Caving Soil
Soil
Slurry
3.5
(Slurry method)
4)
5) Tremie
Cohesive Soil
Cohesive Soil
Caving Soil
Sump
Caving Soil
3.6
(Hydraulic jack)
1.0
10-20
3.6

1)
3.6
2)
5-10
(Corrosion)
3.6
3) (Hydraulic jack) (Reaction

beam)
Reaction beam
Reaction
column
Hydraulic
jack
Steel
pile
3.6
4)

3.6
5)
3.6
6)
3.6
7)
3.6
8)
(Shoring)
9) I

Shoring
I-Beam
Shoring
Existing pier
3.7

(Skin friction)
(End bearing)
L1
L 2

(Adhesion)
L 3
L 4
3.7

1)
2)
3) (Pile load
test)
3.7

1)
2)
(Shear failure)
3)
3.8
(
) (Total shear
strength analysis)
3.8
(Failure load, Qf)

(Qs) (Qb)
Q f = Qs + Qb
Pf +W p = cs As + ( Nc Ab Su + qAb )
Pf Wp As
Ab Su cs
Nc q
(Overburden pressure)
3.8

(Wp) qAb (Pf)
Pf = Ps + Pb
Ps = Q f = cs As = Su
Pb = Nc Su Ab
(Adhesion factor) Pb Nc 9.0

5.0
5.0
Nc

Nc 5.0
10
Bearing capacity factor, Nc
3.8
5
0
Ratio of pile length to pile diameter
Nc (Skempton, 1951)
3.8

(Remolded state)

1.0

(Overconsolidation ratio)
3.8
Su (Horpibulsuk and Kampala, 2007)
3.8
(Visic, 1977)
3.8
American
Petroleum Institute (API)
=1.0
Su < 25 kPa (500 lb/ft2)
25kPa
u
=1 0.5
50kPa
25 kPa (500 lb/ft2) < Su < 75 kPa (15 lb/ft2)
= 0.5
Su > 75 kPa (1500 lb/ft2)
3.8
(Stiff to very stiff clay)

20
0.4 8 20
20
=1.0
Su < 25 kPa (500 lb/ft2)
25kPa
u
=1 0.5
50kPa
25 kPa (500 lb/ft2) < Su < 75 kPa (15 lb/ft2)
= 0.5
Su > 75 kPa (1500 lb/ft2)
3.8
Skempton (1966) = 0.45
Ps = 0.45Su As
Pb = 9wAb Su
w 0.8 0.75
1.0
3.9
(Wp) 0.5BN
Pf = Ps + Pb
Ps = As f s = As K vs tan
Pb = Abqb = Ab vb
Nq
vb vs
K
Nq
3.9
(Stas and Kulhawy, 1984)
/
/
/
/
/
1.0
0.8 - 1.0
0.7 - 0.9
0.5 - 0.7
0.8 - 0.9
3.9
(Stas and Kulhawy, 1984)
(Jetted pile)
(Cast-in-situ)
K/K0
0.5 - 0.67
0.67 - 1.0
0.75 - 1.25
1-2
3.9
Berezantzev et al. (1961)

90 (
45 )
(qT)
(W)
(T)
Berezantzev et al. (1961)
3.9
1000
Poulos (2001)
500
Nq

100
50
(Nq)
10
25
30
35
40
45
Internal friction angle (Degree)
Nq ( Berezantzev et al., 1961)
3.9
Meyerhof (1959)
(Zone of
volume change, b) 6 8

(Failure zone, a) 4
(Meyerhof, 1959)
3.9
Kishida (1963)

3.5
(Kishida, 1963)
3.9
Kishida and Meyerhof (1965)
1 =
0 + 40
2
1 0
40 40
3.9

Poulos (2001)
1000
500
Nq
Nq

100
50
1 = 0 + 40
2
10
25
30
35
40
Internal friction angle (Degree)
45
(0 3)
3.9
API (1984) (qbl) (fsl )

qb qbl fs fsl
(API 1984)

/
/
/

fsl (..)
4.8
6.7
8.0
9.6
11.5
qbl (..)
190
290
480
960
1200
3.10
(Closed-section pile)

H (H pile) (Open-end pipe pile)
(Open-section pile)
H
3.10
Paikowsky and Whitman (1990) ; Miller and Lutenegger (1997)

Paikowsky and Whitman (1990)
10 20
25 35
3.10
H
H

Ab As
3.11
3.11.1

Pb = Abqc
qc 4B 1B
(B ) 2.5
12
3.11
3.11.1

qc(av)
fs =
kN/m2
200
H
qc(av)
kN/m2
fs =
400
3.11
3.11.2
Meyerhof (1956) (fs)
(qb) SPT
Decourt (1982 1995)

f s = (2.8N60 +10) kN/m2
qb = Kb ( N60 )b kN/m2
N60 1
0.5 - 0.6
( N60)b Kb
3.11
3.11.2
(Decourt, 1995)
325
205
165
100
165
115
100
80
3.12
Wh
Wp
Y
R
s
A
L
E
3.12
) (Impinging particle)
)
) R
WhY Rs
WhY = Rs
3.12
)
) R

(Rebound)
3.12

= OABD
A
= OABC + BDC
WhY = R(s + c /2)
s
O
Displacement
Drop Hammer:
WhY = R(s +1.0)
Single Acting-Hammer:
WhY = R(s + 0.1)
3.12
2

OAE
Y0 WhY0
OAE = CBD = Rc/2 WhY0 = Rc/2 WhY = R(s + c /2)
WhY = Rs +WhY0
Y0
(Y) (s)

Y0 y
Height of fall of hammer ( H)
3.12
H0
Set (s)
Y0
3.12
Morrison (1868) (s1 s2)

Y1 Y2
WhY1 = Rs1 + Rc /2
WhY2 = Rs2 + Rc /2
Wh (Y1 Y2 ) = R(s1 s2 )
3.12
(Coefficient of restitution) er
)
WhY = Rs +U
3.12
)
M m V
(1 er 2 )Mm(V v)2
M = Wh/g, m = Wp/g, V
2(M + m)
(1 er 2 )W pWhY
U =
WhY = Rs +U
(Wh +W p )
v
v=0
= (2gY)0.5
WhY (Wh + er 2W p )
= Rs
(Wh +W p )
er = 0
Wh2Y
= Rs
(Wh +W p )
Dutch Eytewein
3.12
) WY = Rs + U
)
R
RL/AE R2L/2AE U
= R2L/2AE
2L
R
WhY = Rs +
2 AE
Weibach (1850)
3.12
) kWhY k
1.0
) 5
) 4

kWhY
2
= R L + Rs
(1.5 + 0.3W p /Wh ) 2 AE
Janbu (1953 )
3.12
WhY
R=
Ku s
W
Cd = 0.75 + 0.15 p
Wh
Ku = Cd 1+ 1+
WhYL
AEs2
Cd
3.12
) kWhY
) (2kWhYL/AE)0.5

kWhY = Rs + R
2
2kWhYL
AE
0.5
Danish
3.12
)
)
) (cp)
) (cc)
) (cq)
L, A, E
2)
2
2
Rc
e
(1
kWhY = Rs + kWhYW p
+ R L + R L + q
(Wh +W p ) 2 AE 2 AE 2
3.12

2
2
2
Rc
kWhY = Rs + kWhYW p (1 e ) + R L + R L + q
(Wh +W p ) 2 AE 2 AE 2
RL = c
AE p
ARLE = cc

k (Wh + e2W p )WhY

1
= R s + (c p + cc + cq )
2
(Wh +W p )
Hiley
3.12
Hiley
R=
WhY
s + cc + c p + cq / 2
= k (Wh + er2W p )/(Wh +W p )

c p = 0.72RL
A
1.8RL2
A
cq = 3.60 R
A
cc =
L2 ()
R, L A
3.13
Whitaker and Cooke (1966)

(Load cell)

0.5

10 - 20
3.13
Total
Total
Base
Load
Load
Shaft
Shaft
Base
Settlement
(a)
Settlement
(b)
3.13

P
Pa Ps + b
FSs FSb
FSs 1.2 1.5

FSb 3.0

Pa
Ps + Pb
FS
FS 2.0 2.5
3.14
(Negative Skin Friction : NF)

(Highly compressive soil)

(Neutral point)
3.14
3.14
3.14.1 (Cause of Negative Skin Friction)
1)
(Neutral point)
2)
(Pore pressure)
3)
(Excess Pore Pressure)
(Sensitivity)
3.14
3.14.2 (Negative Skin Friction Analysis)

(Longterm)
(Negative skin friction) (Burland, 1973)

NF = v (av) L
v(av) (Overburden) (Fill)
(Perimeter of pile)
3.14
3.14.2 (Negative Skin Friction Analysis)

(Burland, 1973)
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
3.15

()
National Building Code (1991)
250
3.15
3.15
3.15
3.15
3.15
Engel (1988)

()
0 1,800
1,800 3,000
3,000 6,000
6,000 9,000
9,000 12,000
()
0
1
2
3
4
3.15

30 90
ASTM D-1143 7
1) Standard Loading Procedure Slow Maintained Load Test
25
200
2.0
2) Cyclic Load Test Standard Loading Procedure
50, 100 150
3.15
3) Loading in Excess of Standard Test Load

Standard Loading Procedure
25
4) Constant Time Interval Loading Standard Loading
Procedure 1
5) Constant Rate of Penetration Method

0.25 0.5
3.15
6) Quick Load Test

4 6
7) Constant Settlement Increment Loading Method
(
) 1
Standard Loading Procedure,

Cyclic Load Test Quick Load Test
3.15
) Standard Loading Procedure

1) 200%
150%
2) 25 %
3)
25%
1
-
0.25 ./. 2
-
12
0.25 .
24
-

15%
3.15
) Cyclic Loading
1) .
2) 50 , 100 150%
50
100% 1 -
)

20
3)
50 %
20
3.15
) Quick Load Test

1) 10 15%

2.5
2)

5
-
4
5
3.16

30.5 19.0

200
3.16
0.15
D
120
D = 12 INCHES
X = 0.15 +
X = 0.25 INCHES
AE
P=
L
E = 4.3 - 106 PSI
(4 ) D/120 D

Davission (1972)
3.16

(Hyperbolic shape)
P=
c1 + c2
P=
Chin
1
c
c1 + 2
P
c1 c2
3.16
300
EXAMPLE 1
DE BEER'S METHOD
186
200
150
100
De Beer

50
log P log
40
30
0.05
0.10
0.15 0.20
0.30 0.40 0.50
1.00
MOVEMENT (INCHES)
Construction of De Beer's yield limit
De Beer
1.50 2.00
3.16
Brinch Hansen (1963)
90

(Trial and error)
90% Brinch Hansen
3.16
80 Brinch Hansen
(Pu) (u)
Pu =
= C1 + C2
P
P=
C1 + C 2
80% Brinch Hansen
1
2 C1C2
u =
C2
C1
3.16

Mazurkiewicz (1972)
( X)

Mazurkiewicz (1972)
3.16
Fuller
and Hoy (1970)

0.05 (0.14 )
Butler and Hoy (1977)
Fuller and Hoy (1970)
0.05

Fuller and Hoy Butler and Hoy
P
ln 1
P
Assumed
u
3.16
Vander Veen
Vander
Veen (1953)
(Assumed Pu)
ln (1 P/Assumed Pu)

3.17
(Pile cap)
2
(Piled foundation)
(Free
standing group of pile)

3.17

3.17
(Efficiency, )
Pf ( group)
=
n Pf
n
Pf(group)

3.17
3.17.1

(Free
standing group of pile) Whitaker (1976)
Whitaker

3.17
3.17.1

3.17
3.17.1
S = 2D

3.17
3.17.1
Whitaker (1976)

(Block
failure) (Individual
failure of piles)

(Critical spacing)

3.17
3.17.1

Pf ( groupblock ) = Nc Sub Bg Lg + 2Su H g (Bg + Lg ) < nPf
Nc
Sub
Bg
Lg
Hg
Su
0 H

3.17
3.17.1
(Whitaker, 1976)

3.17
3.17.1
(Whitaker, 1976)

3.17
3.17.2

()
0.6 1.0

3.18
+x x

3.18
(Piled foundation) R
Ve y
P = Vn Vex x2 y 2
x y
ex ey x y
x y
x y
x
y
x y

3.18
3.18.1

2Su (Su
) 8 12 Su 3 (3D)

Broms (1994a)
1.5
1.5D
3.18.1
1) (Free-Head Piles)
()

(a) (b) (Broms, 1964a)
3.18.1
(Ultimate lateral load, Hu)
L 1.5D e +
1.5D
f = Hu
9Su D

M max = Hu e +1.5D + 0.5 f
M max = 2.25Dg 2Su
3.18.1

(Yield moment, Myield)
(Mmax)
(Broms, 1964a)
3.18.1
100
Restrained
60
Free headed
40
Hu
Mmax Myield

20
e/D = 0
10
4
8
16
Hu
10
20
40
60
100
300
600
Yield moment, Myield/SuD3
(Broms, 1964a)
3.18.1
2) (Fixed-Head Piles)

Hu
(Mmax)
Hu
Myield
Mmax
Myield
1.5D
1.5D
9SuD
(a)
Deflection
Soil Reaction
9SuD
Bending Moment
(c)
Deflection
Soil Reaction

(a) (b) (c) (Broms, 1964b)
Bending Moment
3.18.1
Hu = 9Su D L 1.5D
M max = Hu 0.5L + 0.75D
()
M yield = 2.25Su Dg 2 9Su Df 1.5D + 0.5 f
2M yield
Hu =
1.5D + 0.5 f

3.18
3.18.2
Broms (1964b)
1) Active
2) Passive
Rankine
3)
4)

3.18
3.18.2
Broms (1964b)

(Conservative)
Broms
h = 3 v K p
v Kp
tan 2 45+
3.18.2
(a)
(b)
(Broms, 1964b)
3.18.2
0.5 DL3K p
Hu =
e+ L
(Broms, 1964b)
3.18.2

Hu = 3 DK p f 2
2
f = 0.82 Hu
DK p
2
M max = H e + f
3
3.18.2
3
Ultimate lateral resistance, Hu/(Kpd )
1000
500
Hu
Free-headed
100
Fixed-headed
50
D
10
5
e/D = 0 1
10-1
100
101
16
32
102
103
104
4
Yield moment,
moment, Myield
Yield
d 4)
yield/(KppD
(Broms, 1964b)
3.18.2
(Myield)
Hu
Myield
f
L
F
3DLKp
(b)
Deflection
Soil Reaction
Mmax
Bending Moment

(a) (b) (c) (Broms, 1964b)
3.18.2
Hu =1.5 L2dK p
M max = 2 Hu L
3
3.18.2
Mmax Myield
3
2
F = DL K p Hu

(Myield)
Hu
Hu =
0.5 DL3K p M yield
Myield
f
L
F
3DLKp
(b)
Deflection
Soil Reaction
Mmax
Bending Moment
3.18.2
2M yield
Hu =
2
e + f
3
3.18.2

(L < Lc)
M yield
9
Lc = 1.5D +
+
Su D 2.25Su D
(L > Lc)
Hu = 18Su D e2 + 1.5De + eL + 0.5L2 + 1.125D2 ( e + 0.75D + 0.5L )
0.5
0.5
2M yield
2
Hu = 9Su D ( e + 1.5D ) +
e 1.5D
S
D
9
3.18.2

(L < Lc)
Hu =
L3c
(L > Lc)
DK p L3
2 (e + L )
2 ( H ul e )
2 H ul
=0
Lc
DK p
DK p
H ul =
M yield
2
e+ f
3
H ul
f = 0.82
1.5 DK p
3.18.2

(L < Lcs)
H u = 9 Su D ( L 1.5 D )
M yield
9
Lcs = 2
+ D2
18Su D 16
(L L L )
cs
cl
M yield L2 9 2
H u = 18Su D
+ + D
9
S
D
2 8
u
4 M yield
Lcl = 2.25 D 2 +
9 9 Su D
(L > Lcl)
0.5
0.5
( 0.75 D + 0.5 L )
M yield
+
2.25Su D
0.5
0.5
H u = 9 Su D 2.25 D 2 + M yield 1.5 D

9
3.18.2

(L < Lcs)
H u = 1.5 DK p L2
1/ 3
M yield
Lcs =
DK
(L L L )
cs
cl
(L > Lcl)
M yield
+ 0.5 DK p
L
M yield
H ul
=0
L3cl
Lcl +
0.5 DK p
0.5 DK p
Hu =
H ul =
2 M yield
2
e+ f
3
H ul
f = 0.82
1.5 DK p
3.18.2

1) (Tension failure)
2) (Compression failure)
3) (Balanced failure)
3.18.2
Interaction diagram D/D = 0.90
3.18.2
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
D
D
1.1
pm
1.0
0.7
0.6
0.
0.
0.5
0.
0.4
0.
25
0.
8
0.
0.8
1.
0.9
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.05
0.10
0.20
0.15
0.25
0.30
0.35
Mu
D3fc
3.18.2
.0
25
0.
=1
0.3
0.6
0.8
D2fc
pm
Pu
0.2
0
0.1
5
0 .1
e/ D =
0 .0 5
3.18.2
0.9
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.1
3.19
St = Si + Sc + Ss
St (Total settlement)
Si (Immediate settlement)
Sc (Consolidation settlement)
Ss (Secondary settlement)
3.19
(Immediate settlement)
(Secondary
settlement)
(Consolidation settlement)
3.19
Terzaghi
2/3

2/3

(Hard soil)
3.19
3.19

q=
q
Bg
Lg
V
V
Bg Lg
3.19
q
30 z (Bg + z)(Lg + z)

v =
V
(Bg + z)(Lg + z)
v z
3.19
C
H
v
Sc = c log v0
v0
1+ e0
v 0 + v p
C
H
v
Sc = s log v0
v0
1+ e0
v 0 + v > p
C
H
C
H
v
p
Sc = s log + c log v0
v0 1+ e0
p
1+ e0
H Cc e logv (p)
(Compression index) Cs e - logv
(Swell index) v
3.19

2 10 (St)
US. Department of Navy (1982)
St = S0
Bg
B
S0
Bg
B
3.1
0.40 x 0.40 14
API
3.1
-
=1.0
Su < 2.5
-
Ps = Su As
Ps = (1)(2)(0.4 4 3.5) =11.2
3.1
-
3.5 : v 0 = (1.6 1)3.5 = 2.1
5.5 : v 0 = 2.1+ (1.9 1) 2 = 3.9
-
K0 =1 sin =1 sin30
K0 = 0.5
3.1
-
f s = K vs
tan
2.1
+
3.9
tan(0.8 30)
f s = (0.51)
2
f s = 0.67
< fsl (6.7 )
-
Ps = As f s
Ps = (0.4 4 2)(0.67)
Ps = 2.1
3.1
-
= 0.5
Su > 7.5
-
Ps = Su As
Ps = (0.5)(9)(0.4 4 5.5)
Ps = 39.6
3.1
-
11 : v 0 = 3.9 + (1.9 1)5.5 = 8.8
14 : v 0 = 8.8 + (2.11)3 =12.1

-
K0 =1 sin =1 sin41
K0 = 0.34
3.1
-
f s = K vs
tan
8.8
+
12.1
tan(0.8 41)
f s = (0.341)
f s = 2.3
< fsl (9.6 )
-
Ps = As f s
Ps = (0.4 4 3)(2.3)
Ps =11.1
3.1
-
vb
=12.1
-
qb = vb
Nq
qb =12.1 200 = 2420
0 + 40
2
= 40.5
Nq = 200
> qbl (960 )
qb = 960
-
Pb = Ab vb
Pb = (0.4 0.4)(960) =153.6
3.1
Ps =11.2 + 2.1+ 39.6 +11.1= 64

Pf = (Ps ) + Pb = 64 +153.6 = 217.6
- FS = 2.5
Pall = 217.6 = 87.0
2.5
- FSs = 1.5 FSb = 3.0

Pall = 64 + 153.6 = 93.9
1.5
3
87
3.2

400 250
100
40 x 40

Pb = 9Su Ab = 9100 0.42 =144

Ps = Su As = 0.5100 4 0.4 L = 80L
3.2

400 = 80L+144
2.5
L = 6.60
400 = 80L + 144

1.5 3
L =10.7
10.7

250 = 80L
2.5
L = 7.81
10.7
3.3
Hiley Janbu
20 4.0 4.5 60
21 3.4 676
( 26 x 26 ) 10
350
80 er 0.25
3.3
) Hiley
k Wh +W per 2 0.80 4.5 + 3.4 0.252

=
= 0.48
=
Wh +W p
4.5 + 3.4
c p = 0.72 20 4 21 =1.79
676
cc = 1.8 20 4 0.10 = 0.02

676
cq = 3.6 20 4 = 0.43
676
20 4 =
s = 0.50
0.48 4.5 60
1.79 + 0.02 + 0.43
s+
2
3.3
) Janbu
E = 2.3231.5 4270 350 = 282836.67
E = 282.8
Cd = 0.75 + 0.15 3.4 = 0.86
4.5
4.5 60
20 4 =
4.5
60
2100
0.86 1+ 1+
s
2
676 282.8 s 0.86
s = 0.84
10 5.0 8.4
Hiley Janbu
3.4

1.2 m
1.5 m
1.2 m
4.0 m
0.4 m-diameter-spun pile
5.5 m
4.0 m
Soft clay
= 1.6 ton/m3
sat
Su = 1.7 ton/m2
Stiff clay
= 1.8 ton/m3
sat
Su = 7 ton/m2
Very stiff clay

3
sat = 2.0 ton/m
2
Su = 15 ton/m
3.4
Spun () 20

API
Soft clay =1.0
Stiff clay =1 0.5 70 25 = 0.55
Very stiff clay = 0.5
50
3.4
-
Ps = ( As f s )Soft clay + ( As f s )Stiff clay + ( As f s )Very stiff clay
Ps = ( 0.4 4)(11.7) + ( 0.4 5.5)(0.55 7) + ( 0.4 4)(0.515)
Ps = 8.5 + 26.6 + 37.7 = 72.8
-
Pb = 9Su Ab
Pb = (9)(15) 0.42 =17.0

4
-
Pf = 72.8 +17.0
Pf = 89.8
3.4
- FS = 2.5
Pall = 89.8 = 35.9
2.5
- FSs = 1.5 FSb = 3.0

Pall = 72.8 + 17.0 = 54.2
1.5 3.0
35.9
3.4
-
n
Pf ( groupblock ) = Nc Su Bg Lg + 2(Bg + Lg ) Su,i Hi
i=1
Pf ( groupblock ) = (9)(15)(1.6)(1.6) + 2(1.6 +1.6) (1.7 4) + (7 5.5) + (15 4)
Pf ( groupblock ) = 345.6 + 673.9 =1019.5
-
Pall ( groupblock ) = 1019.5 = 407.8
2.5
-
Pall ( groupindividual ) = Pa n
Pall ( groupindividual ) = 35.9 4 =143.6
143.6
3.5
A =
0.5 H/B = 6.0/1.6 = 3.75 c = 0.64 ()
3.5
(Stiff clay)
(Medium dense sand) L 5

(L) = (1.5 + 8 + 2 5/3) = 12.8
vf
Cs H
Sc(1D) =
z ()
v (..)
4.7
50/(1.6 + 4.7)2 = 1.26
6.7
8.7
0.72
0.47
v0 (..)
(1.51.5) + (0.58) + (0.83) +

(0.94) + (0.91) = 21.25
21.25 + (0.92) = 23.05
23.05 + (0.92) = 24.85
1+ e0
log
..)
(
..)
Sc(1-D)
(.)
38.25
22.51
0.43
41.49
44.73
23.77
25.32
0.23
0.14
0.80
p (
vf
c Sc(1D) = 0.64 0.80 = 0.51
v 0
3.6
1, 6, 8 9
250 A 40
Boring log

3
1.20 m
x (+)
0.45 m
1.20 m
0.35 m
1.20 m
1.20 m
y (+)
3.6
(Stiff clay)
(Medium dense sand) L 5
(L) = (1.5 + 8 + 2 5/3) = 12.8
Ve y
P = Vn y 2 Vex x2
y x
x = 6 1.2 = 8.64
y = 6 1.2 = 8.64
Vey = 250 0.45 =112.5

Vex = 250 0.35 = 87.5
3.6
1
112.5 1.2 87.5 1.2
=0
P1 = 250 +
9
8.64
8.64
6
87.5 +1.2 112.5 0
+
= 39.9
P6 = 250 +
9
8.64
8.64
8
87.5 0 112.5 +1.2
+
= 43.4
P8 = 250 +
9
8.64
8.64
9
87.5 +1.2 112.5 +1.2
= 55.6
P9 = 250 +
9
8.64
8.64
3.6
9
3

1.0

( 55.6 )
7
1.5
3.6
1.5-3.0
Ps = 1 1.96 + 2.73 1 sin28.2 tan28.2 0.401.50 =1.2

3.0-5.5
Ps = 1 2.73 + 4.70 1 sin32.5 tan32.5 0.40 2.50 = 3.4

5.5-7.0
Ps = 1 4.70 + 7.47 1 sin44 tan44 0.40 2.50 = 5.6

7.0 ()
1 = 44+ 40 = 42
2
v Nq = 7.47300 = 2241
> qbl (= 1200 )
Pb =1200 0.42 =150.8

4
3.6
Pf =1.2 + 3.4 + 5.6 +150.8 =161.0
1.2
+
3.4
+
5.6
+ 150.8 = 57.1
Pall =
1.5
3.0
Pall = 161.0 = 64.4

2.5
57.1
40 7
3.7

40 80 9
(Free head
pile) 28 (fc)
280 (fy) 4000
3.7
Ast = 8 2.52 = 39.3

4
... 0.5%
Ast min = 0.5 802 = 25.13
100 4

p=
4 Ast 439.3
=
= 7.82103
2
2
D 80
m=
fy
= 4000 =16.81
0.85 f c 0.85 280
pm = 7.82103 16.81= 0.13
< Ast
OK.
3.7
D/D = 0.65/0.80 = 0.815, pm = 0.13 Pu = 0
M u = 0.025
D3 f c
M yield = 0.025803 280 0.7 = 2,508,800
M yield = 25.1
3.7
(Lc)
M yield
9
Lc ( ft ) =1.5D +
+
Su D 2.25Su D
0.5
D = 0.80100 = 2.67
30
Su = 4 2.2 30 = 0.79
100
M yield = 25.1 2.2100 =1857.4

30
9
1857.4
Lc = 1.5 0.79 +
+
2.25 0.79 2.67
0.79 2.67
Lc = 25.23 30 = 7.57
100
< 9.0
(Long pile)
0.5
= 25.23
3.7

2M yield
Hu = 9Su D e +1.5D +
9Su D
0.5
e 1.5D
2
Hu = 9 0.79 2.67 0 +1.5 2.67 + 21857.4
9 0.79 2.67
Hu =18.98 16.04 +195.68

Hu = 200.25
Hu = 200.25 = 91.02
2.2
0.5
4.00
0.5
0 1.5 2.67
3.8
3.6 x 100
Myield
12 -
3
1.20 m
x (+)
0.45 m
1.20 m
0.35 m
1.20 m
1.20 m
y (+)
3.8
x ( ) 6
1.0
0.7
H = 100 =14.3
9
1/3
yield
M
Lcs =
DK
3.8
M yield =12 2.2100 = 88
30
0.511.5 + 0.79 2.5 + 1.111.5

= 0.80
=
5.5
30
= 0.048
= 0.80 2.2
100
D = 0.40100 =1.33
30
28.21.5 + 32.5 2.5 + 441.5

= 34.5
=
5.5
34.5
= 3.61
K p = tan 45+
88
= 381.84
Lcs =
0.048
1.33
3.61
Lcs = 381.84 30 =114.55 > L

100
3.8

Hu =1.5 DK p L2
100
=116.2
Hu =1.5 0.0481.33 3.61 5.5
30
Hu = 116.2 = 52.8
2.2
FS = 52.8 0.7 = 2.58

14.3

Chapter 3

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Foundation Engineering

2) (End bearing pile)

(Reinforced concrete pile)

Circular (bored pile)

Single-Acting Hammer (Steam)

3) (Hydraulic jack) (Reaction

(Failure load, Qf)

(Adhesion factor) Pb Nc 9.0

Bearing capacity factor, Nc

Ratio of pile length to pile diameter

Su (Horpibulsuk and Kampala, 2007)

Su < 25 kPa (500 lb/ft2)

25 kPa (500 lb/ft2) < Su < 75 kPa (15 lb/ft2)

Su > 75 kPa (1500 lb/ft2)

(Stiff to very stiff clay)

Su < 25 kPa (500 lb/ft2)

25 kPa (500 lb/ft2) < Su < 75 kPa (15 lb/ft2)

Su > 75 kPa (1500 lb/ft2)

Skempton (1966) = 0.45

(Stas and Kulhawy, 1984)

(Stas and Kulhawy, 1984)

Berezantzev et al. (1961)

Internal friction angle (Degree)

Nq ( Berezantzev et al., 1961)

Kishida and Meyerhof (1965)

Internal friction angle (Degree)

API (1984) (qbl) (fsl )

Paikowsky and Whitman (1990) ; Miller and Lutenegger (1997)

Decourt (1982 1995)

WhY = R(s +1.0)

WhY = R(s + 0.1)

Height of fall of hammer ( H)

Morrison (1868) (s1 s2)

k (Wh + e2W p )WhY

= k (Wh + er2W p )/(Wh +W p )

Whitaker and Cooke (1966)

FSs 1.2 1.5

(Negative Skin Friction : NF)

(Negative Skin Friction : NF)

(Negative Skin Friction : NF)

3.14.1 (Cause of Negative Skin Friction)

(Negative Skin Friction : NF)

3.14.2 (Negative Skin Friction Analysis)

(Negative skin friction) (Burland, 1973)

v(av) (Overburden) (Fill)

(Negative Skin Friction : NF)

3.14.2 (Negative Skin Friction Analysis)

3) Loading in Excess of Standard Test Load

5) Constant Rate of Penetration Method

6) Quick Load Test

Standard Loading Procedure,

) Standard Loading Procedure

) Quick Load Test

0.30 0.40 0.50

Brinch Hansen (1963)

90% Brinch Hansen

80% Brinch Hansen

Fuller and Hoy Butler and Hoy

Pf ( groupblock ) = Nc Sub Bg Lg + 2Su H g (Bg + Lg ) < nPf

(a) (b) (Broms, 1964a)

M max = 2.25Dg 2Su

Yield moment, Myield/SuD3

M max = Hu 0.5L + 0.75D

Ultimate lateral resistance, Hu/(Kpd )