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Hanoi Open Mathematical Olympiad 2011

Thi gian lm bi: 180 pht (Junior Section)

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Multiple Choice Questions

1 Three lines are drawn in a plane. Which of the following is NOT possibly the total number of
points of intersection? (A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3 (E) all of the above

2 The last digit of the number 72011 is

(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 7 (D) 9 (E) none of the above

HMO 2011

3 What is the largest integer less or equal to

3

(2011)3 + 3 (2011)2 + 4 2011 + 5?

(A) 2010 (B) 2011 (C) 2012 (D) 2013 (E) none of the above

4 What is the number of the statements below on real numbers that are correct?
If a < b < 0 then a < b2 .
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 If 0 < a < b then a < b2 If a2 < b2 then a < b If a3 < b3 then a < b

If |a| < |b| then a < b. (A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

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(E) 4

Short Answer Questions

1 Let p = 7! 8! 9! 10! 11! 12!. How many factors of p are perfect squares? 2 Find all positive integers (m, n) such that
m2 + n2 + 3 = 4(m + n).

3 Find all pairs of real numbers (x, y) satisfying the system

x + y = 3, x4 y 4 = 8x y.

4 Find the minimum value of

S = |x + 1| + |x + 5| + |x + 14| + |x + 97| + |x + 1920|.

HMO 2011

5 Solve the equation

1 + x + x2 + x3 + + x2011 = 0.

6 Let ABC be a right triangle with AB = 90 , AB = c, AC = b. Let P , Q be the points on AC

and AB respectively such that AP Q = ABC and AQP = ACB. Calculate the sum P Q + P E + QF , where E, F are the projections of P and Q onto BC, respectively.

7 Given a quadrilateral ABCD with AB = BC = 3 cm, CD = 4 cm, DA = 8 cm and

DAB + ABC = 180 . Calculate the area of the quadrilateral.

8 Suppose that a > 0, b > 0 and a + b 1. Find the minimum value of

1 1 1 1 + 2 + + 2 . 2 ab a + ab ab + b a + b2

Solutions Multiple Choice Questions

1 Three lines are drawn in a plane. Which of the following is NOT possibly the total number of
points of intersection? (A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3 (E) all of the above Solutions. Answer is E. If the three liens are parallel, then the number of intersections is 0. If they are collinear, then the intersection is 1. If two of them are parallel and the other meets both, then the number is 2. If they are pairwise meeting, we get three points of intersection.

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2 The last digit of the number 72011 is

(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 7 (D) 9 (E) none of the above Solutions. Answer 3. This is a question on number pattern. Notice the pattern of the last digits turning up. They are 7, 9, 3, 1, 7, 9, 3, 1, 7 . . .. Notice that 2011 = 4 52 + 3. The last digit of 72011 is 3.

HMO 2011

3 What is the largest integer less or equal to

3

(2011)3 + 3 (2011)2 + 4 2011 + 5?

(A) 2010 (B) 2011 (C) 2012 (D) 2013 (E) none of the above Solutions. Let T be the given expression. Using the identity (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b), we have (2011)3 + 3 (2011)2 + 4 2011 + 5 (2011)3 + 3 (2011)2 + 3 2011 + 1 = (2011 + 1)3 . 3

We also have (2011)3 + 3 (2011)2 + 4 2011 + 5 (2012)3 + 3 (2012)2 + 3 2012 + 1 = (2012 + 1)3 . We get 2012 < T < 2013. The largest integer less than T is 2012.

4 Among the four statements on real numbers below, how many of them are correct?
If a < b < 0 then a < b2 . If 0 < a < b then a < b2 If a2 < b2 then a < b If a3 < b3 then a < b

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If |a| < |b| then a < b. (A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3 (E) 4

HMO 2011

Solutions. Answer: 2. The best way to solve this problem is to give counterexamples. The first and the third statements are correct.

Short Answer Questions

1 Let p = 7! 8! 9! 10! 11! 12!. How many factors of p are perfect squares?
Solutions. We rewrite p as follows p = (7!)2 (9!)2 (11!)2 8 9 12. We find the prime factorization of the numbers 7! = 7 6 5 4 3 2 = 7 5 32 24

11! = 11 10 7 53 34 25 = 11 7 54 34 26 . Hence, p = (112 )1 (72 )3 (52 )6 (32 )13 (22 )19 6. The number of factors that are perfect squares is (1 + 1)(3 + 1)(6 + 1)(13 + 1)(19 + 1) = 2 4 7 14 20 = 15680.

9! = 9 8 7 5 32 24 = 7 5 36 27

2 Find all positive integers (m, n) such that

m2 + n2 + 3 = 4(m + n). Solutions. Viewing this as a quadratic equation of m, we get m2 4m + n2 4n + 3 = 0. The discriminant is In order for the equation has solution, we need to have the discriminant to be non-negative. That is, 4n2 + 16n + 4 0, (n 2)2 5, 5 n 2 + 5. Since n is a positive integr, the possible values of n include n = 1, 2, 3, 4. If n = 2, then m2 4m 1 = 0 which does not give an integer solution. If n = 1, then we have m2 4m = 0. Thus, m = 4. 16 4(n2 4n + 3).

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or n2 4n 1 0. This gives or 2

If n = 3, then m2 4m = 0 or m = 4.

In conclusion, (m, n) = {(3, 4), (1, 4), (4, 1), (4, 3)} are the integer solutions of the equation.

If n = 4, then m2 4m + 3 = 0, or m = 3, m = 1.

3 Find all pairs of real numbers (x, y) satisfying the system

x + y = 3, x4 y 4 = 8x y. Solutions. Notice the identity x4 y 4 = (x2 y 2 )(x2 + y 2 ) = (x y)(x + y)(x2 + y 2 ) = 3(x y)(x2 + y 2 ). We also have x2 + y 2 = (x + y)2 2xy = 9 2xy. Hence, the second equation gives 3(x y)(9 2xy) = 8x y. Expanding this with y = 3 x gives (2x 3)(2x2 6x + 9) = 3x 1. Further expansion yields 4x3 12x2 + 18x 6x2 + 18x 27 3x + 1 = 0. Factoring this polynomial, we get 4x3 18x2 + 33x 26 = 0.

HMO 2011

(x 2)(4x2 10x + 13) = 0. Since 4x2 10x + 13 = (2x 5 )2 + 27 we have that x = 2 is the only root of the equation. 2 4 Hence, the system has solution (x, y) = (2, 1). 5

4 Find the minimum value of

S = |x + 1| + |x + 5| + |x + 14| + |x + 97| + |x + 1920|. Solutions. First we claim and prove that if u, v are real numbers then |u| + |v| |u + v|. Squaring this equality gives u2 + 2|uv| + v 2 u2 + 2uv + v 2 , or |uv| uv, which is obvious. Equality occurs if and only if uv 0. Rewriting S as

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S = |x + 1| + | x 1920| + |x + 5| + | x 97| + |x + 14| 1919 + 92 + |x + 14| 2011. Equality occurs when x = 14.

5 Solve the equation

1 + x + x2 + x3 + + x2011 = 0. Solutions. By factoring, we have (1 + x) + x2 (1 + x) + x4 (1 + x) + x6 (1 + x) + + x2010 (1 + x) = 0. That is, (1 + x)(1 + x2 + x4 + x6 + + x2010 ) = 0, which gives x = 1 as the only real root of the equation since the second factor is greater than or equal to 1 for all real values of x.

HMO 2011

6 Let ABC be a right triangle with AB = 90 , AB = c, AC = b. Let P , Q be the points on AC

and AB respectively such that AP Q = ABC and AQP = ACB. Calculate the sum P Q + P E + QF , where E, F are the projections of P and Q onto BC, respectively. Solutions. For convience, let a = b2 + c2 , AP = x, where 0 x b. By the Pythagoras theorem, BC = a. We can prove that right triangles ABC, AP Q, F BQ and EP C are similar. From the similarity of triangles ABC and AP Q we get AQ AC = . AP AB Hence, b AC AP = x. AB c Likewise, it follows from the similarity of triangles F BQ and ABC that AQ = QF = bc x b2 , a ac

and from the the fact that triangles EP C and ABC are similar that PE = bc cx . a a

Using the Pythagoras theorem for right triangle AP Q gives P Q = With b2 + c2 = a2 , now we have P Q + P E + QF = ax bc bc + + c a a b2 x cx + ac a

ax c .

2bc = . b2 + c2

7 Given a quadrilateral ABCD with AB = BC = 3 cm, CD = 4 cm, DA = 8 cm and

DAB + ABC = 180 . Calculate the area of the quadrilateral. Solutions. From the hypothesis DAB +ABC = 180 , we have AD is parallel to BC. That is, ABCD is a trapezoid. Through C construct a line parallel to AB meeting AD at E. Then ABCE is a parallelogram with two adjacent sides being equal. Thus, ABCE is a rhombus, which means that CE = 3 cm. Since E is on AD we get ED = 5 cm. By the Pythagoras for triangle CED, if H is the feet of the perpendicular from C onto ED, we get CH = The area of trapezoid ABCD is 66 (BC + AD)CH = cm2 . 2 5 12 CE.CD = . ED 5

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8 Suppose that a > 0, b > 0 and a + b 1. Find the minimum value of

M= 1 1 1 1 + + + . ab a2 + ab ab + b2 a2 + b2

HMO 2011

Chng minh. First we claim and prove that 4 1 1 + , for all x, y being positive real numbers.. x y x+y By the AM-GM inequality, we have 1 (x + y) 2 xy and

2 4 1 1 + . x+y xy x y Hence, M= 1 1 1 1 + + + 2ab a2 + b2 a2 + ab b2 + ab 4 1 1 4 + + =8+ . (a + b)2 (a + b)2 2ab 2ab + 1 2ab

Since (a + b)2 4ab we have ab 1. That is, M 8 + 2. The minimum is 10.