W

Ron Sedlock Education Chair rsedlock@msn.com

Data
1. What is the central tendency? 2. What is the dispersion? 3. What is the shape?

The Standard Deviation

(x-)
x x
1 2 3 4

x x
6 7 8

x
5

W!

( x  Q)
i

The Normal (Gaussian) Curve

-3W

-2W

-1W

Q
68.26% 95.46% 99.73%

+1W

+2W

+3W

River Crossing Problem

River A 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 B 1 1 3 3 3 3 6 2 2 1 C 1 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 1 1

Average Range St Dev

2.5 2 0.7071

2.5 5 1.5092

2.5 5 2.4152

Central Limit Theorem

Population (individual) Distribution

Sample (x-bar) Distribution

x s z

W
E /2

pop.

Shape Effecting the Standard Deviation

s 3W s 3W

s3W

Shape Effecting the Standard Deviation

Total Variance (W2T)

Person
(W2P)

Method
(W2MET)

Gage (W2RR) Operator (W2PO)

A B C
W2EV W2AV

Supervisor (W2PS)

Process (W2T)

Material
(W2MAT)

Machine
(W2MAC)

<10% error Acceptable 10-30% - May be acceptable based on situation. >30% error - Unacceptable

Process Capability Index (potential capability)

Process Performance Index (present performance)

Cp =

USL - LSL 6 vW

Pp =

6v s

Cpk
Cpu = Cpl =

Ppk

USL - Q 3W

Ppu = Ppl =

-X 3s X3s
Min [Cpu or Cpl]

Q - LSL 3W
Min [Cpu or Cpl]

Cpk =

Ppk =

Cpm =

(USL  LSL) 6 W  (Q  T )
2 2

Ppm =

(USL LSL) 6 s 2  ( X  T )2

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