Antenna Systems

Contents
  

Introduction to Antenna System Antenna Specifications Others

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BTS Antenna System Structure

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Introduction to Antenna Systems

  

An antenna is just a passive conductor carrying RF current: RF power causes current to flow in the antennacurrent flowing radiates electromagnetic fields Electromagnetic fields cause current in receiving antennas

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Antenna Specifications

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Half Wave Dipole Antenna



Half wave dipole is a classical and very popular antenna. It can be used independently , and also multiple dipoles can be combined to a antenna matrix, to be used together. Half wave dipole has two symmetrical arms, one is wave length of the Radio signal. All together, they are half wave.

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Radiation Pattern

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Antenna Gain


On the condition of same input power and same position of space , the ratio between the power radiated from the practical antenna and from ideal isotropic antenna.

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Beamwidth
 

In the radiation pattern there are several lobes, the strongest is main lobe, the others are side lobe. Beside the peak of main lobe, the radiation will become weaker and weaker. The angel between two position which is 3 dB below, is called beamwidth or half-power angle. The narrower of beamwidth, the better of concentration radiation and the higher of the gain

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Horizontal 3dB Beamwidth

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Conclusion The range of half power beam widths can be limited to 65 and 90 Field of application Urban areas : 65 Theoretically the overlapping area between the cells is too small. But due to reflections from the surrounding the half power beam width is increased. Rural areas : 90 (65) Reflection intensity is much lower. Therefore many network planners prefer 90 to provide sufficient overlapping. But also 65 is used

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Antenna Downtilt


  

Mechanical Downtilt Physically tilt the antenna. The pattern in front goes down, and behind goes up Electrical Downtilt more elegant is the electrical downtilt with the antenna remaining upright; instead of equal phases on the dipoles, particular phase distributions are selected by varying the cable lengths to the dipoles

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VSWR & Return Loss

  

Input impedance of the antenna must match the characteristic impedance of the transmission line Otherwise, a reflected wave is generated, directed back towards the energy source. The ratio between the maximum and minimum voltage is defined as the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR).

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Polarization


Polarization describes the orientation of the electric field vector with respect to the direction of propagation of signal waves.

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