1.

Chun nn tn hiu s gm c cc chun sau:

Chun MJPEG: y l mt trong nhng chun c nht m hin nay vn s dng. MJPEG (Morgan JPEG). Chun ny hin ch s dng trong cc thit b DVR r tin, cht lng thp. Khng nhng cht lng hnh nh km, tn ti nguyn x l, cn nhiu dung lng cha, v cn hay lm li ng truyn. Chun MPEG2: Chun MPEG l mt chun thng dng. c s dng rng ri trong hn mt thp k qua. Tuy nhin, kch thc file ln so vi nhng chun mi xut hin gn y, v c th gy kh khn cho vic truyn d liu. V d nh trong MPEG-2, ni m ni dung c to ra t nhiu ngun nh video nh ng, ha, vn bn v c t hp thnh chui cc khung hnh phng, mi khung hnh (bao gm cc i tng nh ngi, vt, m thanh, nn khung hnh) c chia thnh cc phn t nh pixels v x l ng thi, ging nh cm nhn ca con ngi thng qua cc gic quan trong thc t. Cc pixels ny c m ho nh th tt c chng u l cc phn t nh video nh ng. Ti pha thu ca ngi s dng, qu trnh gii m din ra ngc vi qu trnh m ho khng kh khn. V vy c th coi MPEG-2 l mt cng c hin th tnh, v nu mt nh truyn thng truyn pht li chng trnh ca mt nh truyn thng khc v mt s kin, th logo ca nh sn xut chng trnh ny khng th loai b c. Vi MPEG-2, bn c th b xung thm cc phn t ho v vn bn vo chng trnh hin th cui cng (theo phng thc chng lp), nhng khng th xo bt cc ho v vn bn c trong chng trnh gc. Chun MPEG4: Mpeg-4 l chun cho cc ng dng MultiMedia. Mpeg-4 tr thnh mt tiu chun cho nn nh k thut truyn hnh s, cc ng dng v ho v Video tng tc hai chiu (Games, Videoconferencing) v cc ng dng Multimedia tng tc hai chiu (World Wide Web hoc cc ng dng nhm phn pht d liu Video nh truyn hnh cp, Internet Video...). Mpeg-4 tr thnh mt tiu chun cng ngh trong qu trnh sn xut, phn phi v truy cp vo cc h thng Video. N gp phn gii quyt vn v dung lng cho cc thit b lu tr, gii quyt vn v bng thng ca ng truyn tn hiu Video hoc kt hp c hai vn trn. Vi MPEG-4, cc i tng khc nhau trong mt khung hnh c th c m t, m ho v truyn i mt cch ring bit n b gii m trong cc dng c bn ES (Elementary Stream) khc nhau. Cng nh xc nh, tch v x l ring cc i tng (nh nhc nn, m thanh xa gn, vt, i tng nh video nh con ngi hay ng vt, nn khung hnh ), nn ngi s dng c th loi b ring tng i tng khi khun hnh. S t hp li thnh khung hnh ch c thc hin sau khi gii m cc i tng ny. Chun H 2.64 Chun H 2.64AVC, cng c bit n nh l chun MPEG 10, ni ln dn u trong lnh vc cng ngh nn hnh nh. H 2.64 cng cho cht lng hnh nh tt nht, kch thc file nh nht, h tr DVD, v truyn vi tc cao so vi cc chun trc . H2.64 cng l mt chun phc hp. (Su tp)

Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) thuc ISO/IEC. Nhm cc chuyn gia hnh nh ng v m thanh k thut s. T nm 1988 nhm a ra tiu chun MPEG-1 n l nn tng sn xut cc Video CD, a CD tng tc v cc file nhc nn MP3 sau ny. Sau l tiu chun MPEG-2, n l nn tng cho cc chng trnh truyn hnh k thut s v a DVD. K tip khng phi l MPEG-3, ngi ta d nh t chc chun ny phc v cho truyn hnh c phn gii cao, nhng sau ny sp nhp vi chun MPEG-2. MPEG-4 l tiu chun cho cc phng tin a truyn thng tch hp trong trang Web tnh hay ng, truyn hnh k thut s v tng tc ha ng dng. MPEG-4 c hon tt trong thng 10/1998 v ph bin hi u nm 1999. MPEG-4 ang tr thnh chun multimedia ton cu trong giai on hin nay v s pht trin mnh m hn na tng lai gn. Tip theo l MPEG-7 tiu chun m t ni dung a truyn thng v truy tm m thanh cng nh cc ni dung trc quan khc, ri bt u t thng 6/2000 mi hn na l chun MPEG-21 Multimedia Framework Tm hiu v chun MPEG Chun Mpeg (Moving Picture Experts Group) l chun nn, gii nn v ng b ho cc tn hiu Video v Audio. Vi t l nn d liu 1.2 Mbps, vi phn gii 352x240 qut 30 Hz thng thng th cht lng Video c th so snh vi chun VHS. Cht lng hnh nh c th c ci thin ng k bng cch dng t l nn d liu ln hn m khng cn thay i phn gii. Mpeg khng phi l mt cng c nn n l m u im ca nn Mpeg chnh l ch n c mt tp hp cc cng c m ho chun, chng c th c kt hp vi nhau mt cch linh ng phc v cho mt lot cc ng dng khc nhau. Cc chun Mpeg hin c gm: +Mpeg-1 l chun lu tr v phc hi nh ng v Audio trong lu tr Media. Mpeg-1 c th nn tn hiu video ti 1.5Mbit/s vi cht lng VHS v m thanh lp th (stereo audio) vi tc 192 bit/s. N c dng lu tr video v m thanh trn CD-ROM. +Mpeg-2 l chun cho TV s. +Mpeg-4 l chun cho cc ng dng MultiMedia. Mpeg-4 tr thnh mt tiu chun cho nn nh k thut truyn hnh s, cc ng dng v ho v Video tng tc hai chiu (Games, Videoconferencing) v cc ng dng Multimedia tng tc hai chiu (World Wide Web hoc cc ng dng nhm phn pht d liu Video nh truyn hnh cp, Internet Video...). Mpeg-4 tr thnh mt tiu chun cng ngh trong qu trnh sn xut, phn phi v truy cp vo cc h thng Video. N gp phn gii quyt vn v dung lng cho cc thit b lu tr, gii quyt vn v bng thng ca ng truyn tn hiu Video hoc kt hp c hai vn trn. +Mpeg-7 cha c t thng tin, giao din cho vic tm kim thng tin. Mpeg-1 v Mpeg-2 c chun ho trong khi Mpeg-4 v Mpeg-7 ang c pht trin. D liu Mpeg bao gm 2 lp:

+Lp h thng (System Layer) cha thng tin v thi gian (Timing) v cc thng tin khc cn thit cho vic tch cc dng d liu Video v Audio ng thi ng b ho Video v Audio trong qu trnh pht (Playback). +Lp d liu nn (Compression Layer) bao gm cc dng d liu Video v Audio. H thng gii m s tch cc thng tin v thi gian t d liu h thng Mpeg v gi n n thit b h thng khc (Vic ng b ho s cn thm nhiu thng tin v thi gian). H thng gii m cng tch cc d liu Video v Audio t d liu ban u. sau gi chng n tng b gii m thch hp. B gii m Video (Video Decoder) v Audio (Audio Decoder) gii nn cc dng d liu Video v Audio. Hu ht cc s nn Mpeg u dng k thut ly mu b xung (Subsampling) v lng t ho (Quantization) trc khi m ho. Ly mu b xung nhm mc ch lm gim kch thc khung hnh u vo theo c theo chiu ngang v chiu dc, nh vy s gim s lng cc im nh trc m ho. Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta cn ly mu b xung theo thi gian lm gim s lng cc khung hnh trong cnh trc khi m ho. y c xem nh l mt k thut rt c bn nhm loi b s d tha da vo kh nng lu nh ca mt ngi cm th. Chun Mpeg nh ngha mt kiu phn cp cu trc trong d liu Video nh sau: -Cnh (Video Sequence): bt u vi mt Sequence Header, bao gm mt hoc mt nhm khung hnh v kt thc vi m End-of-Sequence. -GOP (Group of Picture): Mt dy lin tip cc nh (Picture) trong cnh. -Khung hnh (Picture): l thnh phn m ho chnh. Thng thng chng ta c th phn bit s thay i v sng ca nh (Brightness) tt hn so vi s thay i v mu (Chrominance). Do trc ht cc s nn Mpeg s tin hnh chia khung hnh thnh cc thnh phn sng Y v thnh phn mu Cb, Cr (mt thnh phn v sng v hai thnh phn v mu). Mt khung hnh s gm c 3 ma trn ng vi cc thnh phn v sng (Y) v hai thnh phn v mu Cb v Cr. Ma trn Y c s hng v ct bng nhau (ma trn vung). Ma trn Cb v Cr c s hng v ct bng na ma trn Y. Hnh 3 cho thy quan h v v tr ca Y v cc thnh phn Cb v Cr. Lu rng c 4 gi tr Y li c 2 gi tr kt hp mt ca Cb v mt ca Cr (V tr ca gi tr Cb v Cr l tng ng). -Slide: Dy cc Macroblock, th t ca cc Macroblock bn trong Slide c xc nh t tri qua phi, trn xung di. Slide rt quan trng trong vic nh li. Nu dng d liu (Bitstream) c cha li, b gii m c th b qua v tip tc Slide k tip. Nhiu Slide trn dng d liu cho php che du li tt hn v c dng ci thin cht lng hnh nh. -Macroblock: 16 pixel trong 16 hng ca thnh phn Y tng ng vi 8 pixel trong 8 hng ca thnh phn Cb v Cr. Trong hnh 3 cho thy khng gian ca thnh phn Y v Cb, Cr. Mt Macroblock cha 4 Y Block vi 1 Cb Block v 1 Cr Block nh trong hnh 4 vi cc con s ng vi th t ca Block trong dng d liu. -Block: l tp hp 8 pixel trong 8 hng cc gi tr ca thnh phn Y hoc Cb, Cr. Chun Mpeg cng nh ngha cu trc phn cp d liu c chp nhn, gii m v xut ra Audio s. D liu Mpeg Audio cng nh Mpeg Video gm hng lot cc gi (Packet). Mi gi cha Audio Packet Header v dy cc Audio Frame.

Mi Audio Packet Header cha cc thng tin sau: +Packet Start Code: xc nh gi l Audio Parket. +Packet Length: xc nh lng thng tin trong Audio Packet. Mi Audio Frame cha cc thng tin: +Audio Frame Header: cha ng b, ID, nn thng tin (Bit rate), thng tin v tn s ly mu. +Error Checking Code: cha thng tin cho vic kim tra li. +Audio Data: cha thng tin. +Ancillary Data (d liu ph thuc): cha d liu do ngi dng xc nh. Nn Mpeg l s kt hp hi ho ca bn k thut c bn: Tin x l (Preprocessing), on trc s chuyn ng ca cc khung hnh (Picture) b m ho (Temporal Prediction), b chuyn ng b gii m (Motion Compensation) v m lng t ho (Quatization Coding). Cc b lc tin x l s lc ra nhng thng tin khng cn thit t tn hiu Video v nhng thng tin kh m ho nhng khng quan trng cho s cm th ca mt ngi. K thut on chuyn ng da trn nguyn tc l cc khung hnh trong mt cnh Video (Video Sequence) dng nh c lin quan mt thit vi nhau theo thi gian: Mi khung hnh ti mt thi im nht nh s c nhiu kh nng ging vi cc khung hnh ng ngay pha trc v ngay pha sau n. Cc b m ho s tin hnh qut ln lt tng phn nh trong mi khung hnh gi l Macroblock, sau n s pht hin Macroblock no khng thay i t khung hnh ny ti khung hnh khc. B m ho s tin on trc s xut hin ca cc Macroblock khi bit v tr v hng chuyn ng ca n. Do ch nhng s thay i gia cc Macroblock trong khung hnh hin ti v cc Macroblock c tin on mi c truyn ti bn pha thu. Pha bn thu tc b gii m lu tr sn nhng thng tin m khng thay i t khung hnh ny ti khung hnh khc trong b nh m ca n v chng c dng in thm mt cch u n vo cc v tr trng trong nh c khi phc. Nn tn hiu Video c thc hin nh vic loi b c s d tha v khng gian (Spatial Coding) v thi gian (Temporal Coding). Trong Mpeg, vic loi b d tha v thi gian (nn lin khung hnh) c thc hin trc ht nh s dng cc tnh cht ging nhau gia cc khung hnh lin tip (Inter-Picture). Chng ta c th s dng tnh cht ny to ra cc khung hnh mi nh vo nhng thng tin t nhng khung hnh gi trc n. Do vy pha b m ho, ch cn gi nhng khung hnh c thay i so vi nhng khung hnh trc trc, sau dng phng php nn v khng gian (Spatial Coding) loi b s d tha v khng gian trong chnh khung hnh sai khc ny. Nn v khng gian da trn nguyn tc l pht hin s ging nhau ca cc im nh (pixel) ln cn nhau (Intra-Picture).