SCHIZOPHRENIA, UNDIFFERENTIATED Predisposing Factors Genetics (Aunt is also suffering the same condition) Biochemical alteration (increase dopamine

activity) Age Etiology - No definite and specific cause Precipitating Factors - Trauma- death of a family member - Substance abuse ( alcoholism and smoking) - Stress/

Developmental Theories Biological theories Psychosocial Theory C Decrease serotonin Increase dopamine release and synthesis Increase density of dopamine receptor site and particularly in basal ganglia D Enlarged lateral and third ventricles Decrease cortical blood flow Neuropathologic changes in the following areas of the brain E Psychosexual Theory

Biochemical Theory

Neurostructural Theory

Genetic Theory

Increase dopamine level

Excessive dopamine

Increase brain ventricular ratio

Diminished oxygen

Decrease metabolic activity

Limbic

Positive (Type 1) symptom B A Temporal lobe

Thalamic structures Frontal lobe

Amygdala

Substantia nigra

Negative (Type 2) symptom

Apathy

B A compromised

Critical judgment Altered sensory perception Altered thought process

problem solving organizing

planning

introspection

Hallucinations Neologisms

Ambivalence

tangential thinking

delusion

loose associations

thought broadcasting

Trinucleotide repeat amplification- mutation

Linkage on chromosome 6, 4, 8, 15, 22

Stretch of DNA occurs more than once

Increase risk for developing mental illness

Infant

Toddler

Preschool

School-age

Adolescence

Young adulthood

Inability to form attachment to mother

Projection of blame and one s feelings

Passivity and apathy

Avoidance of activities and pleasure

Feeling unable to gain love and affection

Difficulty learning

Inadequate problem solving

Acting out (alcoholism )

Unsatisfactory relationships with the opposite sex

Mistrust

Shame and doubt

Sense of Inadequacy Low self-esteem

Isolation (social and emotional)

Sense of inferiority

Oral

Anal

Phallic

Latency

Genital Crisis development

Development of orally - focused habits (smoking)

Expulsive character (destructiveness, cruelty to animals

Difficulty with sexual identity

Difficulty identifying with others and in developing social skills

Sense of inadequacy

Sense of inferiority

Difficulty of becoming emotionally and financially independent, lack of strong personal identity and future goals and inability to form satisfying intimate relationships

Use of defense mechanism for coping

Prolonged use of defense mechanism

Maladaptive coping

Inability to cope with frustrations and stressors in life

Inability to reconstruct personality and maintain emotional equilibrium H