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2.1 2.2

M U INTERNET QOS
QoS v c th ca mng IP nh gi QoS

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2 3

CC GII PHP QOS V ANG C TH NGHIM TRIN KHAI

3.1 Gii php 1: Cu trc IntServ--bo m cht ch cc tham s QoS nh nguyn l iu khin cc lung gi IP vi m 4 3.2 Gii php 2: Cu trc DiffServ--phn loi gi, tng tnh p dng rng 6 3.2.1 DiffServ trn nn MPLS: thc hin iu phi lu lng mng, gp phn lm tng kh nng bo m QoS 8 3.3 Gii php 3: Hon thin thm cu trc mng IP ng thi-- nng cao kh nng iu chnh lu lng da vo s phi hp gia u cui v mng 10 3.4 Gii php 4: Cu trc mng chng-- m bo QoS cho tng dch v nht nh, hoc QoS u cui-u cui. 12

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4.1 4.2

IM QUA TNH HNH TRIN KHAI IP QOS TRONG THC T

Gii php QoS hin hnh trong mng li: cung ng tha dung lng Tin ti QoS u cui -- u cui

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14 16

5 6 7

KT LUN TI LIU THAM KHO PH LC

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Pht trin v trin khai cc gii php m bo cht lng dch v trn nn mng IP
Trn Tun Hng
Trung tm nghin cu vin thng Vin, cng ho o Donaucity Strasse 1, Wien Email: tran@ftw.at in thoi: 43 1 505 28 30 50 Fax: 43 1 505 28 30 99

Tm tt: Bi bo trnh by tng quan v nhng gii php vin thng v ang c pht
trin, ng dng th nghim trong thi gian gn y hng ti mc ch m bo cht lng dch v trn nn mng IP (Internet Protocol). u im v hn ch ca tng gii php c phn tch v so snh da trn nhng tiu ch nh gi v kim nghim qua ng dng thc t. Nhng thng tin cung cp trong bi bo gip c gi c c cch nh gi v nhn nhn khi qut v nhng bc pht trin mi nht trong lnh vc bo m cht lng dch v trn nn mng IP ca ngnh cng ngh vin thng.

1 M u
m bo cht lng dch v (Quality of Service, QoS) v cung cp cc dch v cht lng cao lun lun l tiu ch hng u ca ngnh cng ngh vin thng. Theo di s pht trin ca ngnh cng ngh vin thng trong vng 30 nm tr li y, chng ta c th chng kin nhiu bc tin c du n ln trn lnh vc ny. Vi mc ch m bo cht lng dch v, qu trnh pht trin c bt u bng cng ngh X25 vo cui thp k 70 v u thp k 80, tip theo l cng ngh ATM trong thp k 90, hng ti mng s bng rng B-ISDN. Tuy vy, theo thi gian, cc trung tm nghin cu v cc nh cung cp dch v nhn ra rng, mt gii php cho QoS1 ch c gi tr tht s khi n c t nn mng trn cc thay i mang tnh n gin so vi cu trc mng hin ti. ng thi gii php QoS cn c kh nng m rng cao. Bt c mt gii php no yu cu nhiu thay i h tng phc tp v tn km s khng ph hp vi yu cu thc t ca th trng cng ngh vin thng, v do s khng c tnh kh thi cao. y cng l l do l gii ti sao cng ngh ATM khng c ng dng rng ri v mang li s p dng ph bin nh mong i v k vng ban u ca cc nh nghin cu v k s pht trin mng. Khi cng ngh chuyn mch gi IP l phng thc duy nht p dng nh cho mng Internet ton cu nh hin nay, xu hng tt yu dnh cho cng ngh vin thng l s pht trin ca cc gii php cht lng dch v trn nn tng ny. Bi bo s gip c gi c mt cch nhn khi qut v nhng bc pht trin mi nht ca cng ngh vin thng trn nn mng chuyn mch gi, tin ti kh nng cung cp cc dch v cht lng dch v cao mt cch hiu qu qua Internet. Ni dung bi bo c trnh by nh sau. Trong phn 2, bi bo ch ra nhng c th trong vic m bo cht lng dch v trn nn mng IP. Cng trong phn ny, tng quan v cc phng thc nh gi QoS c trnh by mt cch c th. Phn 3 ca bi bo i vo chi tit
1

Hai thnh ng cht lng dch v v QoS c dng thay i nhau trong bi bo vi cng mt ngha.

ca cc gii php QoS v ang c nghin cu, trin khai th nghim. Li th v hn ch ca tng gii php xt trn phng din kh thi cng c lm r. Trong phn 4, bi bo im li tnh hnh hin ti ca s trin khai QoS trong thc t. Cui cng, phn 5 cha nhng kt lun ca bi bo. Nhm to thun li cho c gi trong qu trnh tham kho cc ti liu lin quan, phn ph lc 7 tp hp nhng thnh ng vin thng dch tng ng t ting Anh c dng trong khun kh bi bo.

2 Internet QoS
2.1 QoS v c th ca mng IP
Trong khun kh bi bo ny, chng ti khng c nh i su v trnh by tng quan v nguyn l hot ng ca mng IP. Chng ti mc nhim c gi c nhng kin thc c bn v lnh vc ny. Mc d vy, trc khi i vo chi tit ca cc gii php cht lng dch v trn nn mng IP, cn thit phi nhc li mt s tnh cht c lin quan. Nh chng ta u bit, mng IP hot ng da trn nguyn l chuyn mch gi. D liu c truyn ti di dng cc gi IP lp mng (network layer). Mi gi l mt chui bit bao gm cc bit ca d liu cn chuyn v cc bit do giao thc mng gn thm. 40 byte u tin (tc l 320 bit u tin) ca gi IP mang thng tin ca cc giao thc, v d nh a ch IP ca my gi v my nhn, chng loi giao thc lp truyn ti (transport layer) ang dng vv... Phn ny thng c nhc n di tn gi phn u gi. Cn nhn mnh rng mi x l lin quan n gi IP, nh xc nh ng truyn, phn loi gi (xem phn 3.2 di), u da hon ton vo nhng thng tin nm trong phn u gi. Mng IP c tnh cht chuyn mch khng kt ni. c mt cch gii thch d hiu, chng ta cng so snh vi mng in thoi cng cng thng dng. Trong mng thoi, khi ngi gi mun bt u cuc m thoi, h nhc my in thoi v quay s. Khi , nhim v ca mng in thoi l thit lp ng ni gia ngi gi v ngi c gi, chim gi ng ni cho ring cuc gi ny. Ch sau khi ng ni c thit lp thnh cng, cuc gi mi c th bt u. Trong trng hp ngc li, ngi gi s nhn c tn hiu bo khng th bt u cuc gi, hay ni mt cch khc l cuc gi b rt. Khng ging nh mng in thoi, trong mng IP, khng c ng truyn ni no c thit lp v c nh gia u gi v u nhn t u cuc kt ni. Thay v th, u gi ch n gin bt u y cc gi IP d liu vo mng. Vic cc gi IP i theo ng truyn no n u gi hon ton ph thuc vo trng thi lu lng nht thi v s quyt nh ca cc b nh tuyn trong mng. Cc gi IP v th c th i theo nhiu ng khc nhau n u gi. Mt s gi c th b mt trong qu trnh i qua mng. Hn th na, cc gi c th i n u nhn theo th t khc vi th t chng c gi i u gi. S chuyn mch khng kt ni vi tnh cht c bn l khng c s chim gi ng chuyn c nh dn n vic bo m cht lng ng truyn, hay ni rng hn l m bo cht lng dch v trong mng IP tr nn khng n gin. Nhng bin php QoS c s dng hiu qu trong mng in thoi nh iu khin s lng cuc gi u vo phn ln khng p dng c trong mng IP. Mng Internet hin nay cung cp dch v trn c s phc v theo kh nng ti a (best-effort). Tc l khng c bt c mt cam kt no c a ra t pha nh khai thc v cht lng ca dch v. Thay vo , tu thuc vo trng thi c th ca mng, mng ch s thc hin nhng kh nng tt nht ca mnh phc v lu lng ca dch v. y chnh l nguyn nhn ch yu thc y s nghin cu mnh m v QoS trn nn mng IP trong nhng nm gn y. 2

2.2 nh gi QoS
Trc khi i vo gii thiu c th nhng gii php Internet QoS, chng ta cn nh ngha mt cch c th khi nim QoS. Nhng yu t lin quan c xem xt bao gm: phng thc nh gi cht lng dch v, tp hp cc tham s khch quan nh gi cht lng dch v, v tiu ch lin quan n cht lng dch v.

Cht lng dch v trong thc t c th c nh gi theo 2 cch ph bin: nh gi ch quan hoc nh gi khch quan. i vi ngi s dng thng thng, tc l khch hng ca cc nh cung cp dch v, cht lng dch v phn ln c nh gi mt cch ch quan da trn kin ca chnh h. V d, khi ngi s dng truy cp mt trang web, yu t u tin h nh gi cht lng dch v truy cp l kh nng truy nhp thnh cng n trang web h cn. Bn cnh , h cng nh gi mc truy nhp nhanh hay chm qua xem xt thi gian cn thit ti cc d liu t trang web ny. Da trn nhng nh gi ch quan nh th, ngi s dng s cng nhn dch v truy cp Internet l tt nu kh nng truy nhp cao, s gin on l rt hn hu, v vn tc truyn ti d liu nhanh. Mt v d in hnh khc l dch v in thoi qua Internet, c bit n rng ri di tn gi VoIP (Voice over IP). Vi loi hnh dch v ny, khi s dng, khch hng s nh gi cht lng da vo nhng yu t thoi quen bit. Dch v VoIP s c coi l tt nu cuc thoi c tnh d hiu cao. Ni mt cch khc l trong qu trnh m thoi, nhng ngi tham gia c th hiu on thoi ca ngi ni d dng. iu ny c c nu ging ngi ni khng b ng truyn lm mo m kh nghe (do nghn mch), vng m c gi mc thp, cc cu ni khng mt t, mt ch. Cn c th k ra rt nhiu loi hnh dch v khc km theo cc cch nh gi cht lng ch quan lin quan n chng. Cho d l dch v g, iu c bn chung ca cch nh gi ch quan l vi ngi s dng, s nh gi ca h ph thuc vo dch v c th h ang dng. Hn th na, v nhng nh gi ny mang tnh ch quan ca ngi s dng, chng khng c biu ho mt cch thng nht v rnh mch. Tin ti mt chun mc chung cho vic nh gi cht lng dch v, qua to ra tiu ch chun cho cc nh cung cp dch v, chng ta phi da vo nhng tham s khch quan. Ni mt cch khc, cn thit phi xy dng cch nh gi khch quan. Vi cc dch v trn nn mng IP, nhng tham s c trng khch quan thng thng lin quan n lp mng. Chng c chun ho nh sau : T l mt gi: tham s ny cho bit t l phn trm s gi IP b mt trn tng s ton b s gi IP u gi chuyn vo mng cho pha u nhn. tr gi: tham s ny cho bit khong thi gian gi IP c chuyn t u gi n u nhn. bin thin tr: tham s ny cho bit s dao ng v ln ca tr gi.

Tr li v d dch v VoIP. Theo kt qu nghin cu v trc nghim c cng nhn rng ri, VoIP c cht lng chp nhn c nu ng thi tho mn cc yu t khch quan nh 3

sau. T l mt gi di 1%, tr gi mt chiu t u gi n u nhn di 150ms, v bin thin tr di vi milli giy. Cn ni thm l vic xc nh nhng tiu chun khch quan cho tng dch v c th tun theo phng thc c nh hay phng thc xc xut thng k. Trong trng hp th nht, cc tham s QoS ca dch v khng c php vt qu cc gii hn c nh cho trc. Chng hn, tr gi ca cc gi IP cho dch v ang quan tm khng c ln hn 100 ms. Trong trng hp th hai, mt xc xut nh c s dng, cho php tham s QoS ln hn ngng cho trc vi xc xut ny. V d, c th cho php tr gi lu hn 100ms vi xc xut 0.001. Vic chn phng thc no khi nh ngha cht lng ca mt dch v tu thuc vo s thng nht gia nhu cu ca ngi s dng v nh cung cp, ng thi ph hp vi thc trng ca d lng mng ca nh cung cp. Ngoi ra, trong thi gian gn y, da trn kinh nghim thc t ca cc nh khai thc dch v v ca ngi s dng, cc k s v cc nh nghin cu mng nhn ra rng cn phi m rng tp hp cc tham s QoS ca dch v vi mt tham s mi khng km phn quan trng. l kh nng p ng ca dch v, c nh ngha song song vi nhng tham s lp mng cho cc gi IP k trn. Hiu mt cch khi qut, tham s kh nng p ng ca dch v cho bit xc xut dch v c th c s dng thnh cng trong bt k thi im no khch hng mun dng. Xt v d kh nng p ng ca dch v VoIP l 99.99% . iu ny c ngha l khi khch hng mun dng dch v VoIP, khng ph thuc vo thi gian sng, tra, chiu ti, 99,99% l cuc gi s c kt ni vi cht lng ph hp vi hp ng k kt gia ngi s dng vi nh cung cp dch v. Rt quan trng l m bo cht lng dch v c th xt theo hai cch nhn: m bo cht lng ca dch v qua cc tham s QoS khch quan v m bo s phn bit cht lng gia cc dch v vi nhau. Khi yu t th nht c nng ln hng u, nhng tham s QoS ca dch v c cam kt m bo s c gi trong mc cho php. Khi yu t th hai l tiu ch th vn quan trng l s tng quan gia cht lng ca cc dch v. C ngha l s m bo hng ti tiu ch dch v A tt hn dch v B v mt gi v tr gi. C th c hai dch v A v B u chu s xung cp ca cc tham s QoS khch quan trong mt s trng thi nht nh ca mng. Nhng cho d nh vy, dch v A vn c m bo c QoS tt hn dch v B. Tt nhin, khi tiu ch m bo cht lng qua cc tham s QoS khch quan c tho mn trit cho mi dch v tn ti, th tiu ch m bo s phn bit cht lng gia cc dch v vi nhau nghim nhin c thc hin nu mun. Nhng chiu ngc li th khng ng. Tm li, khi xt n m bo cht lng cho mt dch v trn nn mng IP, chng ta cn nh ngha c th tp hp nhng tham s QoS khch quan phi quan tm cng vi phng thc ph hp (c nh hoc xc xut thng k) cho s rng buc ca cc tham s . Bn cnh , mc tiu m bo cht lng (khch quan hay phn bit) cng cn c lm r rng.

3 Cc gii php QoS v ang c th nghim trin khai

3.1 Gii php 1: Cu trc IntServ--bo m cht ch cc tham s QoS nh nguyn l iu khin cc lung gi IP vi m
T chc IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) nhng nm u thp k 90 a ra cu trc IntServ [4] nh mt gii php hu hiu m bo QoS trn nn mng IP. Ct li ca IntServ l s p dng cc bin php m bo QoS cho tng lung IP vi m. Lung IP vi m l mt 4

chui gi IP c chung 5 tham s ging nhau. C th hn, mt lung IP vi m c xc nh bi 5 tham s: a ch IP u gi, a ch IP u nhn, s th t ca cng gi, s th t ca cng nhn, loi hnh ca giao thc c s dng trn lp truyn ti (TCP hay UDP) cho lung IP ang c xt. Mt mng IntServ in hnh cha cc b nh tuyn bin v cc b nh tuyn li (xem hnh 1). Trc khi bt u truyn d liu ca mt lung IP vi m, u gi thng bo mt s s liu lin quan n lu lng s c chuyn (nh tc gi lu lng trung bnh ca u gi, ln cho php ca nhng cm bng pht lu lng) cho b nh tuyn bin. Bn cnh , u gi cng chuyn n cho b nh tuyn bin yu cu QoS ca lung IP. Nhng s liu lu lng v QoS s c b nh tuyn bin s dng tnh ra dung lng cn thit cho lung IP ang c quan tm. C nhiu phng php tnh dung lng, chng hn p dng m hnh iu chnh lu lng mng mang tn thng d (leaky bucket) l mt cch ph bin. Sau , giao thc bo hiu RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol giao thc chim gi ti nguyn mng) s lm nhim v xc nh ng truyn (kt hp vi cc giao thc nh tuyn gi t ti cc b nh tuyn) v chim gi dung lng dc ng truyn cho lung IP. Xy dng ng truyn c thc hin vi tin PATH ca giao thc RSVP. S chim gi dung lng, theo tnh cht hot ng ca RSVP, c thc hin vi tin RESV, bt u t b nh tuyn bin u nhn v chy ngc tr li dc theo ng truyn cho ti b nh tuyn bin u gi.

cc tin trao i ca giao thc RSVP

H2

RESV PATH R2 R1 R3

H1

Hnh 1: Cu trc mng IntServ

Giao thc bo hiu RSVP s a ra quyt nh lung IP t nt H1 n nt H2 c th c mng IntServ phc v hay khng. Trc ht, RSVP xc nh v xy dng ng truyn cho lung IP bng tin PATH. ng truyn ny i qua cc b nh tuyn R1, R2, R3. Tip dung lng s c chim gi cho ng truyn theo chiu t nt nhn ngc tr li nt gi. S chim gi c thc hin bng tin RESV ca giao thc RSVP. Nu s chim gi thnh cng ti tt c cc b nh tuyn R3, R2, R1, lung IP bt u c phc v. Nu ti bt c b nh tuyn no, s chim gi khng thc hin c do thiu dung lng cn thit, giao thc RSVP s da vo kt qu ny chn lung IP.

Nu s chim gi dung lng ti tt c cc b nh tuyn dc ng truyn u thnh cng, cc gi ca lung IP bt u c truyn ti t u gi n u nhn. Trong trng hp bt k mt lin kt no dc ng truyn khng c dung lng cn thit, qu trnh chim gi s b ngng v thng tin v s chim gi khng thnh cng s c chuyn n u gi bng mt tin ring ca RSVP. Lung IP vi m s b chn khng c phc v. Cn lu l ngay 5

c khi ng truyn c xy dng thnh cng, trong qu trnh truyn ti cc gi ca lung IP vi m, cn thit phi c s kim tra dung lng c chim gi mt cch nh k, u n nh giao thc bo hiu RSVP m bo trng thi c dng s dung lng cn thit dc theo ng truyn. thc hin qu trnh chim gi dung lng, cng nh kim tra trng thi chim gi lin quan n tng lung IP vi m, mi b nh tuyn trong c ch IntServ cn phi lu tr tt c cc d liu v c tnh cp nht ca tt c cc lung gi vi m ang tn ti trong mng. ng thi tt c cc b nh tuyn phi c chc nng hot ng c cng vi giao thc RSVP. Mc d cu trc IntServ c u im l s m bo cht ch cc yu cu QoS ca tng lung IP vi m, nhc im ln cn bn ca n l khng c tnh p dng rng cao. iu ny xut pht t thc t l mt b nh tuyn bnh thng trong mng IP ngy nay phi x l cng mt lc s lng rt ln cc lung IP vi m. Con s ny c th ln ti vi trm nghn, hoc thm ch hng triu. V th, lu tr, truyn ti v x l thng tin cho tng lung IP vi m to ra mt lu lng bo hiu khng l, lm gim ng k hiu sut hot ng ca b nh tuyn. Nhc im ny l nguyn nhn v sao cu trc IntServ ch c tnh kh thi trong cc mng c tm bao ph nh. Vi mng IP tri rng ton cu nh mng Internet hin nay, trng i s u t v a vo hot ng ph bin ca cu trc IntServ l khng thc t.

3.2 Gii php 2: Cu trc DiffServ--phn loi gi, tng tnh p dng rng
Nhn ra s hn ch v tnh p dng rng ca IntServ, t chc IETF xut cu trc DiffServ [3] nh mt gii php QoS c tnh kh thi cao hn. Trong cu trc DiffServ, cc b nh tuyn c chia lm hai th loi. Cc b nh tuyn bin nm ng vnh ca t chc mng c chc nng DiffServ. Cc b nh tuyn nm bn trong t chc mng c chc nng DiffServ c gi l cc b nh tuyn li. Nh c trnh by phn 3.1, nu l t chc mng c chc nng IntServ, d b nh tuyn l li hay bin, chng u bt buc phi c kh nng x l tng lung IP vi m. im khc c bn ca cu trc DiffServ l ch c cc b nh tuyn bin cn kh nng ny. Vi cc b nh tuyn li, thay v phi x l s lng rt ln cc lung gi IP vi m nh trong cu trc IntServ, ch phi x l mt vi lung IP tng trong cu trc DiffServ. Lung IP tng cha tt c cc gi ca cc lung IP vi m thuc v cng mt chng loi. Do ch cn nh ngha mt vi chng loi c bn, yu cu i vi cc b nh tuyn li tr nn n gin hn rt nhiu. C ch DiffServ a ra s phn loi cho 3 loi hnh dch v: dch v u tin, dch v m bo v dch v ng bin theo kh nng ti a. Dch v cui cng chnh l dch v ang c cung cp bi mng Internet hin nay. ng vi mi loi dch v, DiffServ nh ngha cch thc x l cc gi IP ti cc b nh tuyn li. Ni cch khc, ti cc b nh tuyn li, cc gi IP s c x l tng ng vi loi dch v ca chng. Gi IP ca dch v u tin nhn c cch x l chuyn nhanh (EF-PHB Expedited Forwarding-Per Hop Behaviour), cn gi IP ca dch v m bo nhn c cch x l chuyn m bo (AF-PHB Assured Forwarding- Per Hop Behaviour). Nguyn l hot ng ca cu trc DiffServ bao gm nhng im c bn sau. Khi bt u i vo mng DiffServ m trc tip l ti b nh tuyn bin, gi IP s c phn loi. B nh tuyn bin thc hin vic phn loi bng cch kim tra m DSCP (DiffServ Code Point) cha chng loi dch v nm trong phn u gi cng vi mt s d liu khc lin quan n lung vi m ca gi IP (nh a ch u gi, a ch u nhn). 6

Sau khi chng loi ca gi IP c xc nh, b nh tuyn bin s p dng mt s gii php iu chnh tip theo cho gi nu cn thit. L do l gi IP cn phi tun theo nhng tnh cht c nh ngha trc cho chng loi ca n. Nhng tnh cht ny c th l mc cc i ca lu lng, bin cho php ca s bng pht ca lu lng v mt s i lng khc. Ty thuc vo mc tun th c th ca gi IP v mc cht ch ca DiffServ, gii php c b nh tuyn bin s dng c th l nh du gi, iu chnh gi (bao gm loi b gi, hoc lm tr gi mt thi gian nht nh trc khi chuyn tip). Nhng tc ng lin quan ny mang mc ch nn li tnh cht ca lung lu lung cho ph hp vi nhng tnh cht c nh ngha trc. Ti b nh tuyn li, gi IP s c x l trn c s duy nht l chng loi ca n. B nh tuyn li ch c nhim v kim tra chng loi ca gi IP v n gin chuyn tip gi IP theo cch chng loi c nhn, bao gm nh tuyn cho gi, hoc xp gi vo b m thch hp nu cn thit. V d, khi ng kt ni u ra ca b nh tuyn khng truyn ti kp lu lng u vo, cc gi IP c xc nh thuc vo dch v u tin s c xp vo mt b m ring vi cc gi IP ca dch v m bo. Ch khi no cc gi trong b m ca dch v u tin c ng kt ni phc v ht th cc gi IP trong b m ca dch v bo m mi bt u c truyn ti. Tuy khc phc c nhc im v tnh p dng rng ca IntServ, nhng ngc li DiffServ ch c kh nng m bo QoS cho lung IP tng. Nhiu nghin cu, m phng v o c trn cc mng DiffServ th nghim ch ra v chng minh rng ngay c khi cc tham s QoS ca lung IP tng c m bo th cc tham s QoS ca cc lung IP vi m to nn lung tng hon ton c th b thay i ngoi mc cho php (xem thm [7], [11]). Phng php ph bin trnh hin tng ny l s dng thm cc thut ton iu chnh u vo (CAC -Connection Admission Control) ca cc lung IP vi m. Nguyn tc chung ca iu chnh u vo l ch phc v lung IP vi m mi nu thc trng tc thi ca mng m bo c cng lc hai iu kin: lung IP mi s nhn c cc tham s QoS khch quan ng theo yu cu, v cc tham s QoS khch quan ca cc lung IP ang tn ti sn trong mng khng b tn ph ngoi mc cho php bi s xut hin ca lung IP mi. C hai phng php chnh c th tun theo khi trin khai thut ton iu chnh u vo trn nn mng DiffServ. Phng php th nht l iu chnh dng cu trc Broker dung lng (BB -- Bandwidth Broker). Phng php th hai l iu chnh da vo cc kt qu o c, gim st trng thi ca mng. phng php th nht, mt thit b c bit c gi l Broker dung lng c lp t (xem hnh 2). V cha cc tp d liu lun c lm mi v b xung nh s bo hiu u n, bt c thi im no Broker dung lng u c ci nhn c th v chnh xc v thc trng d lng mng. Khi mt lung IP vi m mi mun i vo mng DiffServ, b nh tuyn bin ni lung IP xut hin s bo hiu vi Broker dung lng. Nhn c bo hiu, Broker dung lng s xc nh ng truyn cho lung IP vi m qua mng DiffServ, ng thi kim tra xem d lng mng dc ng truyn va xc nh c theo yu cu QoS ca lung IP hay khng. Trng hp c d lng, lung IP vi m s c n nhn. Nu khng d lng, Broker dung lng s tm mt ng truyn khc v lp li qu trnh kim tra d lng ng truyn. Nu khng c ng truyn no tho mn c nhu cu d lng, lung IP mi s b t chi v khng c truyn ti qua mng DiffServ.

CAC BB H2

R2 R1 H1

R3

Hnh 2: DiffServ v iu chnh u vo ca lung IP vi m vi Broker lu lng.

Khi lung gi IP mun i t u H1 n u H2 qua mng DiffServ, b nh tuyn bin R1 s thng bo yu cu nhp mng ca lung IP cho Broker dung lng. Broker dung lng xc nh ng truyn R1-R2-R3 t H1 n H2 cho lung IP v thc hin thut ton iu chnh u vo (CAC trn hnh v) bng cch kim tra dung lng dc ng truyn ny. Nu dung lng cho yu cu QoS ca lung IP, lu lng ca n s bt u c truyn ti qua mng DiffServ.

Phng php th hai iu chnh u vo da vo nhng kt qu o c v gim st mng. Trong phong php ny, b nh tuyn bin c kh nng t quyt nh t chi hay chp nhn truyn ti d liu ca lung IP vi m mi. lm c iu ny, tt nhin cn c s phn tch hp l cc kt qu o c c thu thp. Bn c c th xem thm [9] v cc ti liu c tham kho trong c c kin thc khi qut v cc cch phn tch d liu o c c xut trong thi gian gn y cho cc thut ton iu chnh u vo trin khai trn nn mng DiffServ. Hin nay, cu trc DiffServ vn ch c trin khai ch yu vi quy m nh, c tm c th nghim trong cc phng th nghim ca cc t chc nghin cu. Mc d c nhng u im nht nh c nhc n trn, DiffServ vn cha c cc nh cung cp dch v trin khai trong mng ca h. Ngoi nguyn nhn ng sau s cn thit phi u t nng cp mng, thiu ng lc trin khai do tnh tin li ca cung ng tha dung lng (s c gii thch thm phn 4.1) cng l gii cho hin trng ny.

3.2.1 DiffServ trn nn MPLS: thc hin iu phi lu lng mng, gp phn lm tng kh nng bo m QoS
Ni mt cch ngn gn, MPLS (Multi Protocol Label Switching) l giao thc chuyn mch nhn a giao thc cho php xc nh chnh xc cc ng truyn mch nhn LSP (Label Switched Path) ngay t b nh tuyn u tin c chc nng MPLS. Dc theo ng truyn LSP, s nh tuyn ca cc gi khng da vo a ch IP thng thng, m da vo chui bits c bit c gi l nhn MPLS. lm c iu ny tt nhin cc b nh tuyn phi c chc nng MPLS. Li ch c bn ca MPLS l n cho php

iu phi lu lng mng v cn bng ti mt cch hiu qu da vo tnh cht xc nh ton b ng truyn ngay t u gi v kh nng dng ng b nhiu ng truyn cho lu lng thuc v cng mt mi lin kt, cho php iu khin mt cch chnh xc dung lng ca ng truyn LSP da trn yu cu ca cc tham s QoS, ng bin linh hot v phc hi nhanhh trong cc trng hp xy ra li v s c mng (v d nh li phn mm hoc phn cng ca cc b nh tuyn, li ca cc kt ni trong mng)

Cn nhn mnh rng, mc tiu khi u ca pht trin cng ngh MPLS khng phi hng ti m bo cht lng dch v. giai on u, MPLS n thun l cng ngh rt ngn thi gian nh tuyn cho cc gi v nng cao kh nng iu phi lu lng ca mng, to ra cn bng ti. Tuy vy, khi c p dng ng thi vi cc gii php QoS, c bit l cng vi c ch DiffServ, MPLS lm tng ng k kh nng m bo cht lng dch v ca mng. Trn thc t, IETF a ra cu trc DiffServ trn nn MPLS vi c im chnh l cc gi MPLS c phn loi v nhn s x l ging nh cch cc gi IP c x l trong c ch DiffServ. im khc so vi c ch DiffServ nguyn dng l s phn loi cc gi c da vo phn u ca gi MPLS ch khng phi dng m 4 bit DSCP ca gi IP. C hai cch nh du cc gi MPLS cho s phn loi: nh du min LABEL, hoc nh du min EXP trong phn u ca gi MPLS. Vi cch th nht, ng truyn chuyn mch nhn gi l LLSP, vi cch th hai ng truyn chuyn mch nhn gi l E-LSP c thit lp. C hai cch ni trn u cho php kh nng dn nhng gi MPLS ca cc loi lu lng c yu cu QoS khc nhau vo nhng ng LSP ring bit v x l ph hp cho loi lu lng . MPLS c kh nng chim gi v iu chnh chnh xc dung lng chim gi cho mi ng truyn LSP. Kh nng ny c thc hin bng vic s dng giao thc bo hiu RSVP-TE (Resource Reservation Protocol Traffic Enginerring) [2]. Khi cho trc yu cu QoS ca mt loi lu lng (th hin qua cc tham s QoS khch quan), p dng cc thut ton hp l ta s tnh c dung lng cn thit ca ng truyn LSP cho loi lu lng . Vi RSVPTE, MPLS c u im l dung lng ng truyn s c chim gi chnh xc nh tnh ton. Hn th na, trong qu trnh hot ng ca ng truyn LSP, tu thuc vo s bin i ca lu lng v nhng yu t khc, dung lng ca ng LSP ny c th c iu chnh mt cch chun xc. Kh nng ny to tin cho s s dng ti u ti nguyn mng, vn m bo QoS nhng li khng lng ph ti nguyn. Dng MPLS c mt thun li na l nng cao duy tr ca mng, v v th tng kh nng p ng ca dch v. Do c kh nng nh tuyn chnh xc t u gi, MPLS phc hi kh nng chuyn lu lng nhanh chng khi xy ra cc li ng kt ni hay li b inh tuyn. Cch n gin nht lm c iu ny l to ra cc ng truyn LSP ph cho lu lng. Tu theo yu cu v mc bo v ng truyn LSP chnh, ng truyn LSP ph c to ra s khng chung mt ng kt ni no (bo v kt ni n), khng chung mt s ng kt ni lin tip (bo v mt on ng truyn), hoc khng chung tt c cc ng kt ni (bo v ton b ng truyn) vi ng truyn LSP chnh. Theo kt qu c thng k trong cc mng MPLS ang hin hnh, bo v kt ni n cho php thi gian phc hi trong vng vi trm milli giy, mt thi gian ngn. Trn thc t, hu nh tt c cc mng MPLS ang c vn hnh u trin khai kh nng phc hi vi phng thc bo v kt ni n. Cn ni thm l giao thc MPLS c pht trin tip thnh giao thc G-MPLS (Generalized-Multiprotocol Label Switching), cho php cc nh cung cp dch v c th iu 9

khin cc ng LSP quang. y l mt thun li cho cc nh cung cp dch v trn nn mng IP/WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing), tn dng nhng tnh nng u vit ca cng ngh MPLS nh iu phi lu lng tt, phc hi nhanh vo mi trng mng quang. Tuy nhin, s s dng giao thc RSVP-TE trong cng ngh MPLS ko theo s xut hin nhiu lu lng bo hiu. iu ny c th gy ra nhng cn tr nht nh khi m rng s p dng ca MPLS trn mng quy m ln (nht l trong trng hp mng c tp kt ni ton b (tc l hai nt MPLS bt k no cng c ni bi mt hoc nhiu ng LSP). Mc d vy, v mt tng quan, vi u th iu phi tt lu lng mng, MPLS vn l cng ngh c xu hng c p dng mt cch rt sn sng bi cc nh khai thc dch v trong mng ca h.

3.3 Gii php 3: Hon thin thm cu trc mng IP ng thi-- nng cao kh nng iu chnh lu lng da vo s phi hp gia u cui v mng
Nh nhc n trong phn 2.1, mng Internet hin nay cung cp dch v trn c s phc v theo kh nng ti a. Mt chiu hng logic cho vic xy dng mng IP m bo QoS l chng ta c th pht trin v hon thin thm nhng giao thc, c ch hin ang hot ng trn nn mng IP hin hnh. Hng trin khai ny hin ang c cc nh nghin cu v khai thc mng quan tm. im mu cht ban u ca xu hng ny nm ch: m hnh cho s truyn ti lu lng c nhn nhn nh s hot ng phi hp ca hai thnh phn: pha u cui (chnh xc hn l u gi ca d liu) v pha mng. Nguyn tc c bn ca gii php m bo QoS s bao gm hai phn vic chnh. Mt l pha mng s lun cung cp thng tin cp nht v tnh trng nghn mng (nu c) cho pha u cui. Hai l, trn c s nh gi nhng thng tin nhn c, pha u cui s thc hin mt s hnh ng ph hp iu chnh tc gi d liu ca chnh mnh nhm gi c mc QoS cn thit. Lin quan n gii quyt phn vic th nht, tnh nng trnh nghn ca mng IP ng thi ang c l mt s la chn hp l. Kh nng trnh nghn c c l nh vo s nh du (hoc loi b) mt s gi IP nht nh ti cc b nh tuyn trong mng v tnh nng thng bo mc nh du (hoc loi b) v cho pha u cui. Tnh nng nh du (hoc loi b) gi ti b nh tuyn c thc hin bi cc c ch iu chnh b m quen bit nh RED (Random Early Detection), hoc mt vi bin th c pht trin t RED, hoc mt trong cc c ch khc nh BLUE, GREEN, REM. c gi c th xem thm chi tit v cc ti liu tham kho trong [5] v cc c ch iu chnh b m. Tnh nng thng bo mc nh du (hoc loi b) ca cc gi IP cho pha u gi c th c gii quyt bng tnh nng sn c ca giao thc TCP. Giao thc ny hin nay ang l giao thc c dng cho phn ln cc kt ni trong Internet. Trong trng hp lin kt gia hai u cui khng hot ng theo giao thc TCP m l UDP (iu ny ng cho cc mi lin kt ca dch v thi gian thc bao gm thoi, video), chng ta c th da vo tnh nng bo hiu ca giao thc lp trn RTCP (Real-time Transport Protocol). Nh vy cn nhn mnh rng c hai tnh nng nh du (hoc loi b) gi ti cc b nh tuyn v thng bo mc nh du v pha u cui u l nhng tnh nng sn c ca cc thit b v giao thc mng ang dng hin nay. Vic s dng chng cho mc ch QoS khng yu cu bt c mt s thay i tn km no v h tng c s, do khng cn thit phi tin hnh thay i v nng cp cc thit b mng sn c. 10

Xt phn vic th hai. Sau khi nhn c thng tin v tnh trng nghn ca mng, pha u gi s c mt s phn ng thch hp iu chnh vn tc truyn d liu ca chnh mnh. Trng hp in hnh nht l khi mi lin kt gia hai u cui s dng giao thc TCP. Khi phn ng cho tnh trng nghn mch ang tn ti trong mng s l s gim mt na ln ca s nghn ca giao thc TCP, ko theo s gim ca tc gi d liu. Tng qut hn, chng ta c th thit lp mt phng thc thay i tc d liu ty thch vi tiu ch ti a ha mc li tc ca pha u gi. nh ngha cht ch ca i lng li tc lin quan n hai hm s ring bit: hiu qu s dng v gi thnh nghn mch. Hm hiu qu s dng U(x): hm ny cho ta bit mc hiu qu ca pha u gi khi c c tc gi d liu x. Ni mt cch khc U(x) l i lng o mc hi lng vi QoS ca pha u gi. S bin thin ca U(x) ph thuc vo tng dch v mng c th, do mi u gi c lu lng ca dch v khc nhau s c mt hm U(x) ring. Hm gi thnh nghn mch C(x): hm ny cho bit gi thnh pha u cui phi chi tr cho pha mng c c tc gi d liu x. Gi tr c th ca C(x) c xc nh bi nh khai thc mng v tt nhin n ph thuc vo tnh trng nghn mch nht thi ca mng. Ph hp vi logic, tnh trng nghn mch cng nng n th gi tr ca C(x) cng cao.

Mc li tc ca u gi chnh l hiu s U(x)-C(x). V mt kinh t hc, c th coi tng quan gia u cui v mng ging nh hin tng mua-bn. Pha mng c dung lng bn vi mc gi phn nh tnh trng nghn ng truyn trong mng. Ty thuc vo li tc thu c, pha u gi c quyn t do quyt nh, vi mc gi dung lng pha mng cung cp, cn mua bao nhiu dung lng (cng chnh l tc gi d liu). Mi u gi thc cht l i din cho mt ngi s dng dch v. V mi ngi s dng u mun ti a ho li tc ca mnh, v do mng phc v cng mt lc nhiu ngi s dng, h thng mua-bn trn tr nn ging nh hin tng l thuyt tr chi, trong mi ngi trong cuc chi u mun ti a phn li tc ca mnh. Mt khc, v mi ngi s dng c cch phn ng khc nhau i vi thng tin nghn mch h nhn c, tc l h thay i tc gi d liu theo cch khc nhau, s phn bit QoS gia ngi s dng vi nhau c thc hin mt cc gin tip. Xt v d, mt ngi s dng tht s mun gi tc gi d liu h ang c, h s tr gi thnh m pha mng a ra da vo tnh trng nghn mch. Mt ngi s dng khc th cho rng gi thnh pha mng a ra l qu cao, h s gim tc gi ca mnh, hoc thm ch ngng gi. Nh vy, QoS cho ngi s dng th nht c m bo tt hn QoS cho ngi s dng th hai. C th thy rng, yu t mang tnh quyt nh ca gii php QoS ny l s thit lp v la chn hp l ca hai hm s U(x) v C(x). Rt quan trng l U(x) phi c thit lp sao cho n phn nh ng nhu cu QoS ca ngi s dng, cn C(x) phi c thit lp sao cho n phn nh ng gi tr dung lng sn c v tnh trng nghn mch trong mng. Xt v d chng ta n thun da vo c tnh ca giao thc TCP vi mi quan h t l 1 nghch c bn rt quen bit gia tc gi d liu v cn bc hai ca t l mt gi x ~ . p Cc nh nghin cu chng minh rng s lin h trn s ti a li tc U(x)-C(x) vi s la

11

and C ( x) = px . y, K l hng s, T l thi gian quay vng (RTTT 2x Round Trip Time) ca mi lin kt TCP. Ni mt cch khc, giao thc TCP nh ngha trc hai hm s U(x) v C(x) cho tt c cc mi lin kt dng TCP. Tt nhin trong trng hp ny kh nng phn loi QoS khng tht s c thit lp, do tt c cc ng truyn TCP c thi gian RTT ging nhau s c chung mt tc gi.
chn U ( x) = K

Trong gii php QoS ang xt, cc nguyn l, cng nh giao thc sn c trong cc thit b pha mng khng yu cu s thay i v nng cp nhiu. Thay vo , mc tinh t, phc tp trong x l d liu phn ln c tch hp vo pha u cui v cn phi xy dng hai hm U(x) v C(x). y c th nh gi l u im v kh nng thay i v nng cp cc thit b mng c cung cp t cc nh sn xut khc nhau l rt hn ch. V l do thng mi, cc nh sn xut thng khng m m ngun iu khin hot ng trong cc thit b ca h. Tch hp ti u cui do mang tnh kh thi cao hn nhiu. Tuy vy, s thit lp chnh xc v hp l ca U(x) v C(x) cng l kh khn chnh ngn cn s thnh cng ca gii php QoS ang xt.

3.4 Gii php 4: Cu trc mng chng-- m bo QoS cho tng dch v nht nh, hoc QoS u cui-u cui.
Trong vng mt vi nm tr li y, mt xu hng mi m bo QoS trn nn mng IP l thit lp c ch mng chng. hiu r ngha ca thnh ng mng chng chng ta cn nhc li l thuyt cc lp giao thc trong s kt ni mng. Trong m hnh chun ho 7 lp giao thc mng [8], cc b nh tuyn hot ng lp mng th 3 hay cn gi l lp IP. Cc gi IP v th s c chuyn tip sau khi b nh tuyn phn tch nhng thng tin c ti trong phn u gi, kt hp vi nguyn l nh tuyn OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), hoc IS-IS (Intermediate System-Intermediate System). Cc nguyn l nh tuyn ny khng ch trc tip n loi v nhu cu QoS c th ca gi IP. Chnh v th mng Internet hin nay mang tnh cht phc v theo kh nng ti a (best-effort). mang li QoS, sng kin mng chng thit lp mt mng o to bi cc im cui tham gia trong cng mt dch v v c th thm mt s nt tng cng c chc nng cho mng chng. Gi l mng o v thc cht y l mng trn lp ng dng (lp th 5) trong m hnh lin kt mng 7 lp. Mt ng kt ni gia hai nt ca mng chng tng thch vi mt chui ng kt ni trn lp IP. L do ch yu mang li cht lng cho dch v ang xt l mng chng s c nhng c ch hot ng ring, c lp vi hot ng ca lp IP di. Tt c nhng c ch hot ng ring u c thit lp ra vi mc ch h tr vic m bo cht lng cho dch v m mng chng ang quan tm. Nhng dch v mng chng in hnh l dch v truyn ti ngang hng (peer-to-peer), dch v truyn ni dung (content distribution), dch v chuyn a im (multicast). Mt trong nhng c ch ring c bn l nh tuyn trn lp mng chng. Thay v da vo s x l ca cc b nh tuyn lp IP xc nh ng truyn gi IP s i theo, mng chng p dng nhng phng php ring xc nh ng truyn cho cc gi thuc v dch v ca n. lm c iu ny, phn ln cc nt ca mng chng c kh nng o v gim st cht lng ca cc ng truyn. Cht lng ny c th l lng dung lng cn c th s dng, hoc t l mt gi, hoc tr gi dc theo cc ng truyn c th. Khi cn phi xc nh ng truyn cho gi d liu t mt nt ca mng chng n mt nt mng chng khc, nhng ng truyn khc nhau gia hai nt s c so snh da trn mt s c tnh chung
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nht nh. Nhng c tnh ny c kim nh bng o c, thc hin ti cc nt mng chng. ng truyn c c tnh tt nht s c chn la. V nh tuyn trn mng chng da vo nhng tiu ch v nguyn l c lp vi cch nh tuyn lp IP, ng truyn c la chn bi mng chng s khc vi ng truyn cc b nh tuyn lp IP chn trong trng hp thng thng. Mt c ch ring khc l cch phc hi khi xy ra s c trong mng, nh b nh tuyn lp IP b trc trc phn mm hay phn cng, ng kt ni lp IP b t on. Vi cu trc v cc bin php x l ring, mt mng chng c th rt ngn ng k thi gian sa cha, phc hi v nh tuyn li. Do mng chng c th tng kh nng p ng ca dch v. S thit lp th nghim mt mng chng mang li nhiu ha hn kh quan nh vy c ng ti cng trnh [1]. Nh dn gii v chng thc trong , ton b thi gian pht hin li mng v phc hi nhng nh hng ca li mng c hon thnh trong vng vi giy vi s hot ng ca mng chng. Thi gian ny trung bnh l vi pht i vi mng IP thng thng. Nu ch xt v mt cht lng dch v, nhng kt qu th nghim kh quan ban u u khch l s pht trin ca phng n QoS dng mng chng. Mt u im khc l mng chng cho php tch hp cc phng php x l vo cc u cui v chng chnh l cc nt ca mng chng. Hin nay, khi cc thit b ang dng trong mng (v d nh cc nh b nh tuyn), cung cp bi cc nh sn xut hu nh khng c ngun m m cho php thc hin vic nng cp, thay i nguyn l hot ng, th vic ch cn thay i phn mm ca u cui c c cht lng dch v l rt li th. Tuy th, gii php mng chng c mt s yu t cn tr cn phi c cn nhc k lng. Trc ht, mt mng chng ch c kh nng m bo QoS cho mt loi hnh dch v nht nh. S m bo song song cht lng cho nhiu dch v v th ch kh thi khi tng mc phc tp v tinh vi ca cc nt mng chng hoc p dng cng mt lc nhiu mng chng trn nn mng IP. C hai phng n u c nhc im ca n. Tng mc phc tp v tinh vi ca cc nt mng chng i hi tng ng k u t v nghin cu, thi gian, th nghim v phc tp ca mng. Tng phc tp thng i i vi tng kh nng xut hin li v s c. Thit lp nhiu mng chng trn cng mt nn mng IP c th gy ra tnh trng c s tng tc gia lu lng ca cc dch v tng ng vi cc mng chng. Tng tc ny khng ch lm nh hng n cht lng ca tng dch v ca mi mng chng m cn t nhiu c tc dng xu n lu lng ca mng IP di. Mt nhc im khc ca phng n mng chng l s xut hin ca mng chng v cc bin php x l lu lng ca mng chng c th lm ri lon s iu phi lu lng ca nh khai thc dch v mng IP di. Trong trng hp bnh thng (khng c mng chng) mng IP c trin khai mt s phng php iu phi lu lng mng nht nh. Nhng v mng chng c nhng phng php iu phi lu lng ring, v v bn cht nhng phng php ny mang tnh ch k theo ngha l chng ch quan tm n cht lng ca dch v mng chng ang phc v, nhng phng php iu khin lp IP nhiu lc s khng c tun th. Ni mt cch khc l nhng phng php iu phi lp IP b mt tc dng do s xut hin ca cc phng php iu phi lp ng dng ca mng chng. iu ny s dn n vic ri lon hot ng ca mng nn IP v s quy hoch ti u nh khai thc mong mun trn nn mng IP s khng cn l ti u na. loi b nhng yu im ca mng chng lp ng dng va c lit k trn, mt hng mi l trin khai mt mng chng c iu khin bi mt nh khai thc mng c lp vi cc nh khai thc mng ISP (Internet Service Provider) tng IP. Phng n ny c gi l phng n mng chng i tc th ba. Mng chng ny s cung cp cht lng khng ch cho 13

mt loi dch v c nh m c th cho nhiu dch v khc nhau. Nh khai thc mng chng thit lp nhng nt mng chng, ng thi mua dung lng cho cc kt ni gia cc nt mng ca mnh t cc nh ISP di (xem hnh 3).

ISP A ISP B ISP C

ISP D

Nt mng chng ng kt ni mng chng Hnh 3: M hnh mng chng i tc th ba

Cng ging nh c ch mng chng lp ng dng, mt ng kt ni gia hai nt ca mng chng i tc th ba tng thch vi mt chui ng kt ni trn lp IP. Khch hng mun s dng dch v c cht lng m bo s k hp ng trc tip vi nh khai thc dch v mng chng. Gii php ny cn c li th l mng chng cung cp c QoS ngay c trong trng hp cc dch v a mng. Tc l khi tng IP, ng truyn lu lng ca dch v i qua nhiu mng vn hnh bi cc nh khai thc dch v khc nhau. Nu khng c mng chng, dch v a mng ch c c cht lng m bo khi cc nh khai thc dch v trn ng truyn phi hp cht ch vi nhau v thit lp phng n chung cho QoS. Tuy nhin, s kt hp hnh ng gia cc nh khai thc dch v thng rt kh c thc hin mt cch tht s v gia h c rt nhiu s khc nhau trong quan im v QoS, cch thc hin QoS, v c mc tiu m bo QoS. c gi c th tham kho thm ti liu [10] v s nh gi kh nng trin khai mng chng i tc th ba, cng nh v nhng vn lin quan ang l im nng cho nghin cu.

4 im qua tnh hnh trin khai IP QoS trong thc t

4.1 Gii php QoS hin hnh trong mng li: cung ng tha dung lng
Cho d qu trnh nghin cu v th nghim cc gii php QoS trn nn mng IP Internet din ra vi cng cao trong nhng nm gn y, dng nh n cha sc thuyt phc i vi cc nh cung cp dch v. Mt thc t l cha c gii php no tht s c a vo s dng vi quy m ln. Thay vo , hu nh tt c cc nh khai thc mng li u p dng gii php cung ng tha dung lng gii quyt vn QoS. Cung ng tha dung lng c ngha l 14

tt c cc ng kt ni trong mng c trang b dung lng ln hn gp nhiu ln lu lng thc t i qua chng. Gii php ny c tnh kh thi cao nh vo s pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh truyn d liu qua cp quang, c bit l s ng dng ca cng ngh ghp knh theo bc sng quang D-WDM. u t mua dung lng v th khng cn qu t , nht l i vi nhng cng ty tm c ln ang iu hnh mng li. Khi c kt hp vi phn loi gi IP theo mu ca cu trc DiffServ, cung ng tha dung lng cng tng thm tnh thuyt phc. Th nht l vi nhu cu thc t hin nay ca khch hng s dng, thc cht chng ta ch cn phn bit 2 loi gi IP chnh: cc gi ca cc dch v thi gian thc (thoi qua Internet, video qua Internet) v cc gi ca cc dch v cn li. Cc dch v thi gian thc i hi tr, t l mt gi v bin thin tr nh. Cc dch v cn li (nh chuyn cc tp tin, th in t) c yu cu QoS kht khe hn, v thng chp nhn c tr gi v mt gi mc nht nh. Rt thun li l cc b nh tuyn ang c lu hnh c sn kh nng c bn, phn loi cc gi IP thnh hai nhm. iu c ngha l khng cn thit phi thc hin mt thay i v nng cp ng k no cho cc thit b mng sn c. Th hai, kt qu o c trong cc mng ang vn hnh u xc nhn rng lu lng ca cc dch v thi gian thc ch chim mt t l nh trn ton b lu lng mng, khong 10-15%. Nh vy, vi nguyn l phn loi gi v gn s u tin tuyt i cho cc gi ca dch v thi gian thc, hiu sut s dng (t l gia lu lng c chuyn qua v dung lng ca ng kt ni) ca bt c ng kt ni no trong mng theo phng din ca dch v thi gian thc s ch mc 10-15%. V th, cht lng ca loi hnh dich v ny chc chn c m bo mc cao. Nhng php o c v kim tra mng chng minh rng, khi hiu xut s dng ca cc ng kt ni trong mng c gi mc thp (v d nh di 15%) t l mt gi hu nh bng 0, v tr gi cng nh bin thin tr ch mc vi milli giy. Thm ch khi hiu sut ng lin kt c gi mc di 50%, tr mi gi IP phi chu mt nt mng (b nh tuyn) cng ch vo khong 1-2 ms [6]. So snh gi tr ny vi 150 ms, gi tr cho php ln nht dnh cho tr u cui- u cui ca dch v VoIP, ta thy rng m bo c QoS l s hin nhin, v mt lin kt VoIP thng ch i qua khng qu 10 nt mng. Thm ch ngay c khi c s c xy ra (nh t ng kt ni, hng phn mm ca b nh tuyn), hiu xut s dng ng kt ni ca lu lng thi gian thc c th tng 100%, tc l tng gp i, nhng vi hiu sut s dng c 30%, cht lng ca dch v vn khng b nh hng ng k. Thc trng ny t ra cu hi ti sao cn phi tn nhiu cng sc v ti tr nghin cu, khm ph v th nghim nhng gii php QoS phc tp, khi m ch cn n gin cung ng tha dung lng cho mng l mi vn c gii quyt n tho? m bo cung cp mc dung lng tha ng lc cn thit, nh khai thc dch v cn theo st c chiu hng thay i ca lu lng mng. iu ny c c khi cung ng tha dung lng c kt hp cht ch vi vic thc hin o kim, phn tch cng nh d on lu lng mng. Cn lm r rng cung ng tha dung lng tuy c u im n gin v mc m bo QoS theo yu cu tt, nhng gii php ny ch c tnh kh thi cao i vi nhng nh khai thc dch v mng li tm c, chu c mc u t ln. Ngoi ra, mt s nguyn nhn khc cng gp phn cn tr s kh thi nh s c gii thch di y. Mt mt, lu lng qua mng ngy cng c xu hng tng nhanh theo thi gian. V d in hnh l s xut hin ca loi hnh dch v ngang hng peer-to-peer cho php cc my tnh 15

truyn ti d liu n/t cc my bn. Thc trng ny i hi s nng cp ngy cng thng xuyn ca dung lng mng. Mt khc, mt tr ngi ln ca cung ng tha dung lng l do nhiu yu t khch quan, dung lng s khng c cung ng nhanh nh mong i mi khi c nhu cu thm. Thc t trong hot ng ca cc nh khai thc mng quy m ln vi nhiu chi nhnh phng ban khc nhau, thi gian t lc chi nhnh chu trch nhim quy hoch mng quyt nh cn tng thm dung lng cho ng kt ni n thi im chi nhnh chu trch nhim t thm cp quang trin khai nhim v c th ln n hng thng. Ngay c trong trng hp dung lng c th ngy cng tr nn r hn, v l do kinh t, cc nh khai thc dch v vn mun gim n mc ti thiu mc cung ng tha v mt nng cp s cung ng. y cng l mt trong nhng nhn t khng khuyn khch s p dng ca gii php cung ng tha dung lng. Hn na, khi QoS u cui-u cui l tiu ch, cn ch l ng truyn lu lng khng ch i qua mng li m cn i qua c mng truy nhp. V mng truy nhp c khai thc bi cc nh cung cp dch v tm c nh, v ti nguyn mng ti a trong nhiu trng hp l gii hn (v d nh trn nn mng truy cp v tuyn, ng kt ni khng dy ch c c dung lng ti a c nh v khng th tng thm) nn kh nng cung ng tha dung lng l khng th thc hin c. V th, cung ng tha dung lng khng gii quyt c ht nhng vn QoS v chng vn tip tc cn c xem xt, nghin cu.

4.2 Tin ti QoS u cui -- u cui

Cho ti lc ny, bi bo ch yu cp n cc phng n bo m QoS trong mng li v trong mng c vn hnh bi mt nh khai thc dch v duy nht. Bc tranh ton cnh v QoS trn nn Internet tuy th c tm c ln hn. Tiu ch m bo QoS u cui--u cui yu cu chng ta lu rng lu lng ca dch v thng phi i qua nhiu mng (bao gm c cc mng truy nhp v mng li) khc nhau, mi mng c vn hnh bi cc nh khai thc c lp. Mt mt, xu hng tin ti cung cp truy cp Internet mi lc, mi ni, cho mi i tng i hi s pht trin v tch hp hp l ca cc mng v tuyn, bao gm mng khng dy cc b WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network), mng khng dy GPRS (General Packet Radio Services, hay cn c bit n di tn gi mng di ng th h 2.5G), mng UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, hay cn gi l mng di ng th h 3G). Nghin cu trin khai QoS trong nhng mi trng mng khng dy va nhc n trn ang c xc tin mnh m trn phm v rng. Vn ch cht cn c gii quyt l thit lp nhng nguyn l iu phi ti nguyn v tuyn hiu qu c tnh kh thi cao, ng thi hot ng ph hp vi nhng c tnh c bn (bao gm hin tng nhiu sng, cn sng vv.) ca cc ng kt ni khng dy. Bn cnh , nng cao v pht trin cc thut php bo m QoS ti cc im cui, kt hp vi s hon thin thm cc c tnh ca giao thc mng (TCP, UDP) trong mi trng truyn ti khng dy cng ang l nhng im nng c gii nghin cu vin thng theo ui. Mt khc, m bo QoS u cui--u cui lm ny sinh cu hi nn p dng m hnh hot ng v m no. Hoc chng ta da vo s phi hp hnh ng ca cc nh khai thc mng ISP sn c, hoc chng ta da vo m hnh mng chng i tc th ba nh c trnh by phn 3.4. Phn tch, nh gi nhng c im, cng nh pht trin c th ca c hai m hnh ang l mng ti nghin cu v th nghim thu ht s quan tm ln, ng thi c gi tr thc tin cao. 16

5 Kt lun
Chng ta va im li v nh gi nhng gii php m bo cht lng dch v (QoS) trn nn mng IP. Lin quan n tnh kh thi v trin khai trn quy m ln, mi gii php cho IP QoS c xem xt u c nhng u im v khim khuyt ring. cng l l do ti sao mc d qu trnh nghin cu v th nghim cc gii php QoS ny c bt u v theo ui gn hai thp k qua, nhng cha gii php no tht s c c s p dng rng ri vi quy m mang tnh ton cu. Vn cn nm ch, s ph bin ca bt k gii php no khng ch ph thuc vo nhng tnh cht k thut ca n, m cn chu s chi phi mang tnh quyt nh ca cc yu t khng km phn quan trng khc nh nhu cu th trng, cc b lut hnh chnh lin quan n vin thng, s hng ng ca cc nh cung cp dch v. Pht trin, chn la, v tch hp s hot ng ca cc gii php QoS no cho hp l vn lun l ti lm vic v tranh lun mang tnh cp thit khng ch trn lnh vc nghin cu m ca c nhng cng ty vin thng, cng nh cc nh cung cp dch v. Chng ta cng ch i v theo di nhng bc tin mi trong lnh vc ny.

Ti liu tham kho

[1] D. Andersen, H. Balakrishnan, F. Kaashoek and R. Morris, "Resilient Overlay Networks", in Proceedings of ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, pp. 131-145, October 2001. [2] D. Awduche, L. Berger, D. Gan, T. Li, V. Srinivasan and G. Swallow, "RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP Tunnels", RFC3209, December, 2001. [3] S. Blake, D. Black, M. Carlson, E. Davies, Z. Wang and W. Weiss, "An Architecture for Differentiated Services", RFC2475, December 1998. [4] R. Braden, D. Clark and S. Shenker, "Integrated Services in the Internet Architecture: an Overview", RFC1633, June 1994. [5] I. Gojmerac, F. Hammer, F. Ricciato, H. T. Tran, T. Ziegler, (authors in alphabetical order), "Scalable QoS: state-of-the-art architectural solutions and developments", Technical report, FTW-TR-2004-003 [6] K. Papagiannaki, R. Cruz and C. Diot, "Network Performance Monitoring at Small Time Scales", in Proceedings of Internet Measurement Conference (IMC), pp. 295-300, October 2003. [7] P. Siripongwutikorn and S. Banerjee, "Per-flow delay Performance in traffic Aggregates", in Proceedings of IEEE GLOBECOM, volume 3, pp. 2634-2638, 2002. [8] A. S. Tanenbaum, "Computer Networks", 3nd Edition, Prentice Hall PTR, Prentice-Hall, 1996. [9] H. T. Tran, "A Short Review on QoS Architectures and Applied End-to-End CAC Mechanisms", Technical Report, 2002. [10] H. T. Tran, On the Service Overlay Network Concept for End-to-End QoS Assurances, Technical Report, 2005. 17

[11] Y. Xu and R. Guerin, "Individual QoS versus Aggregate QoS: A Loss Performance Study", in Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM, volume 3, pp. 1170-1179, 2002.

7 Ph lc
to thun li cho c gi trong qu trnh tham kho cc ti liu ting Anh c lin quan, chng ti cung cp di bng dch ting Vit ca mt s thut ng mng vin thng ph bin ting Anh c dng trong khun kh bi bo ny.
Burst traffic Connection Core router Edge router Link Micro IP flow Multimedia service Network resource Overprovisioning Overlay network Resource management Scalability Service Availabilty Signalling traffic Smooth trafic Survaivability Traffic Engineering

Lu lng vi ln c tnh bng pht cao Lin kt B nh tuyn li B nh tuyn bin ng kt ni Lung gi IP vi m Dch v a dng Ti nguyn mng (d lng mng) Cung ng tha dung lng Mng chng iu phi ti nguyn mng Kh nng p dng rng Kh nng p ng ca dch v Lu lng bo hiu Lu lng vi ln n nh Kh nng duy tr ca dch v iu phi lu lng mng

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