Paradox Box

Paradox Box

Paradox

Paradox Box

1
2
3

bridge-crossing

1
2
3
4
5

2+2
44

1()

2
3

1


M

6
57

1:12 13

2

M


M?

3

M


M

4

M

1 2+2=4
2 3*6=17
3 8/4=2
4 13-6=5
5 5+4=9
2 4














5

M

1947

1951 8

6

M


M

1965 4

7

M

A B B
A A B
B A

8

M

9

M

10

M

M


M

M

51

11

M

M
M

[*]

1902

undesirable



[*]
A
1
={a
11
, a
12
, a
1i
}A
2
={a
21
, a
22
, a
2i
}A
i
={a
i1
, a
i2
, a
ij
}
a
ij
A
i
(i=1, 2, j=1, 2, )A
i
A
i
A={A
1
, A
2
, A
i
, ) A
i
AA A
A AAA AA AAA A


12

M

S R
S R

13

M







M

M


M

1945
4

1
2

3

4

14

M

x
x

15

M

M
A
B


M

A180
BA
CB
DC
A
B C
C

16

M

1903 1904

17

M

M

3

M3

11

18

W.V.1953

23

19

M


M

M
A 1
B 1


M

B 1

B
B 1


MB

l
B

M

B B1
1 1
B B
1
1

1973 7
1974 3

1

M

M

M

1/6


M

M
1/2
1/2
2 1/6

M

A BB A

50

2

M


V
1

V
2

V
1


V
2

V
1


V
2


V
1


V
2


V
1

M
B
G


M

2/16 1/8


M22

6/16
3/81/8


M
31
8 8/161/222


M
l1

31
22

4 100
50 31 22 33

13
158753389899
4333
4432433
3 5332

3

M

2 1


M

A
B

1950 10

2/32/3

1889

2/3

1/2

1/2

H H H T H H
H H T T H T
H T H T T H
H T T T T T

2/8=1/4

2/3
A BC

1A B C
2A C
3B C
4C A B
3/4

A B C
A C B
B A C
B C A
C A B
C B A

4/62/3
4

M

1969 7

1/2

1/2

20
1/2
5

M

M


M
V
1

M
V
2

1/10
9/10

2 3

2*2=4 4-1=3
38 0
00 738
7
382*38-1=75
6

A A
A
1/3
A
A
A l/2
1/3
A

A
A
A
A
1/2
1232
3 A

1A A A
2A A A
3A A A
4A A A
5A A A
6A A A
A4 6
12352
A A 2/4=1/2

l/3 1/2
7

M

1 6

M
5
5
53


M

216 120
90 6
[*]

216 216
216 216*61296
[]

6 120
6*120=720
90 2* 90=180
3*90=270 6*4=24
1194 102
102 1266 7.8+%
1 7.8
216 91

[]
91/2161/2

[*]
1 6
A
6
3
=6*5*41201 6
3*A
6
2
=3*6*5=90
1 6 216 1 6 6*6*6=216

[]

[]

3*5=15
5 5*5=25 3*25=75
75+15+191
8

M



M

M


M
1/2


M

1/3

M

1/2
2

1

1/2
2

1/3
3
1/2
4
1/2

1/2

?
A
A
A 1/2
AA
AA 1/2
A

AA2
J

A A
A J
A 2
A J
A 2
J 2
A
A A 1/5
A
A A 1/3

A

9

M

10





M

1/1826214

1-=,
2000

10 10
1 10

2 4
3 3 3
2
3
=8
3
4
3
=16
3

36
3
36
3
36

3 36
3

3 27
3

36
3
36
3.30

38

11

M

233

1
2

1

M

M

21 20

n
n


2

M
100

80

M90

M
100

80
90


M
100
80

90

M
100
80 20
80 90
10

M

20
110
90

3

M


M

M 20
1048576

1
2

25

4 20

20
120 104857620
2*1048576-1=2097151

49

M9
9


M1732
2 22
2221732

M
363 6 9

M

9
9

9

9
6 8141 459

9 99 9
9 9 0
9
A B CA
B C

8/9
N
N NN N
09 9
0 9N N
0 9
0 N N

9
9

9
9
9
99

5

M 40


M 40


M

M


M

40
10

M

40


M

M4
4
4 4

26 26

13
13

26
26

6

M 30
30
3 60


M30 15
30 3 10
25

M60

30 30
3 60
5

M60
3
24 25


M

5
3

3 2/3
1 l/2 1
5 30 35 60
66 1 1

b/a d/c
1/2
3 1/3 a=2c=3b=d=1
b/a d/c
a+c b+d



a=cbda>c

a=3c=2)a<c
[*]

[*]

bc-ad>0
a=c0
a>c
a<c

7

M4 4
1 16

4

M
7

4

M
34

34
4*4 4 1234
4 04812

8

1 16

4
4
4 4
8 8 344
34

6 12

30
30

10 10 100

8

M 11
5000

M
11
1/4
1/6

M11
4 6


M

M
11

M12

M
6
12 1/43 12
1/62
6 3 2 11
1

M

17 1/21/3 1/9n
1/a1/b 1/c

111/12
11/1211/12
6/123/12 2/12
11/12

9

M

cat

cat 3-0-1-0-22

M

M
a
b a/b

a b
a/b

10

M

5
1 5 5

12

001122
n
3 0314
25n
n

1
1
1 1

1

2

22 1

1
1938 1963

1966

1



M

V
1

2

M

3

M

DIXIDE

TIMOTHY
REBECCAA
A

TIMOTHY DIOXIDE

CARBON CBO
AR N

BCDEHIKOX
CHOICECOOKBOOKECHOOBOEICEBOXHIDE
DECIDEDCHOKED

R
123
4

M


M


M

5

M
13
8 21

M

8 21

13 13 1698 21 168

8 21

169
2
168
2

M
12

12

581321

112358132134

1 l

t
n
2
=(t
n-1
*t
n+1
)1
t
n
2
(t
n-1
*t
n+1
)1 n

2513
11

11

2461016
3171118
abc x


x
ba c

x a b



1.618033

1+12+13+2

1/12 12
1/12

[*]

[*]
9

9














6

M

500

500

1/9

l/10

1/8
1/7

1968 5

7

M

90

1950

179
8

M

M

M
30

1959 5

J.A.H.
A265 19623 229244
9

M

M

M

L.E.J. 1912

10

M

M


M

S
1958
MC

1964 1965 3
E
487

11

M

M


M

8/5

18/5

1

2
3
4

343 356
W
57 1964 4 219 222 E
38 1965 5 144 147
12

M

M 1

H.G.

13

M

1

M


M
5
10


M

300 75


M

100 300

300

2400 1000
250
200 10 100
6900 23

300

200


100

2
10
50
600 12 45 4
5 84 12 5

2

M

M
13

M

1

21 3
1476 1476
3

3

M

150 /

1

2100
3/4
100
7/12

1/2

4

M


M

1000
1/1000001/100

2 10 5
100

5

M

[*]

K
12

11/12
10/12
9/12
55/961 41/964/10
1/2
23
1/2
22

0.5073
+
1/21/2
23
40
7/10100
3000000 1

1
11 2
7 4
21/2
589/144
0.62
31/2
4223/3430.65
41/2
253183



[*]

6

M
710154
7 3



0 9
7 3
7 3 10
-7
710161 7
3 7

4444444 8888888121212112345677654321
7

7

M
67


M

7 3

2020
400

8

M

M


M

M

1958

26

26
26

A2345
678910JQK
13 A23 JQK

52 104

9

M


M 2/3
A B2/3 B
CA C

M

2/3


2/3


2/3

18

R xRyx y R yRz xRz

R

A B B C A C
A BB C
C A

1972

ABC

A B B C C A
ABC
ABC

2/3
A B2/3 B C
C
2/3 C A
10

M

5/11 35/77
3/7
33/77

M
84/126

81/126

x x
x
x

x x
x
x
x 23
x

x x

11

M

M34

10

12

M

1

M


M

24

M
8

8
L

12 720

2

M

M


M
A
B
A B

5
5
M
10


M15 60100

10

5 10
x
y z /
x=yz
k
2z /(y+k)2x

yz x
y=y+k
k=0

4

M

3/4


1/4

M
1

M
10

M10

A B B

C

5

M

M1
1
2
3


M

1 100,000
2
3

100,000
1n

n e
100000

1971 78
864870

6

M

M
1/4

A B1/2 A1/4
B

1971 3

7

M

M2

2 15
1
15
8
2

15
15 8
15 2

A B

1971 12

8

M

M

M

M

M

9

M30

M30

30
27

10

M
tachyon

1
1

1970 2
)

1970 7 15

11

M

M1930

M1 2


M2

M
1

1
2

M

1957

12

M

1980


M

5


M

v c T
T


C C

13

M

1Evert W. BethHaper Torch Books1966
17
2Martin GardnerDover1968
3Martin GardnerW. H. Freeman1971
4Martin GardnerSimon & Schuster1966
5Martin GardnerSimon & Schuster1968
6R. L. GoodsteinHumanities1965
7John van HeijenootMacmillan Company and
Free Press1967
8Harold JacobsW. H. Freeman1970
9Harold JacobsW. H. Freeman1974
10Robert L. MartinYale University Press1970
11W. V. Quine1962 4
12Bertrand RussellCambridge University Press
1910-131962

Warron Weaver1966 4
W. V. Quine1962 4
W. V. Quine1964 7
Anatol Rapoport1967 7

1Richard A. EpsteinAcademic Press1967
2William Felles12John Wiley and Sons1968
1971
3Harold JacobsW. H. Freeman1970
4Oswald Jacoby
5Marc Kac1964 9 Morris Kline
W. H. Freeman & Co.1968
6Mauriee KraitchikDover1953
7Frederick MostellerAddison-Wesley1965
8Edward O. ThorpJohn Wiley and Sons1966
9Warren WeaverDoubleday Ancher Books1963
10William Allen WhitworthHafner Publishing Co.1965

Warren Weaver1949 7
Warren Weaver1950 10
Rudolf Carnap1953 9
Geoge Gamow1958 1
Alfred Tarski1969 6

1Albert H. BeilerDover1964
2Tobias DantjigFree Press1967
3Martin GardnerDover1956
4Martin GardnerSimon & Schuster1964
5Paul R. HalmosVan Nostrand1960
6Harold R. JacobsW. H. Freeman1970
7Kasner, Sdwarol and Jannes R. NewmanSimon & Schuster1940
8Charls S. Ogilvy and John T. AndersmOxford University Press
1966

Paul S. Herwitz1951 7
Hans Hahn1962 11
Constance Reid1953 3
Ernest Nagel & Janes R. Newman1956 6
David Hawkins1958 12
Philip J. Davis1964 9
Paul J. Cohen & Reuben Hersh1967 12
Lynn Asthur Steen1971 8

1Hannes AlfvenW. H. Freeman1966
2Bradford ArnoldPrentic-Hall1962
3Stephen BarrT. Y. Crowell1972
4Richard Courant & Herbert RobbinsOxford University Press
1941
5H. S. M. CoxeterJohn Wiley1961
6Ya. S. DubnovD. C. HealthTopics in Mathmatics Series
1963
7Martin GardnerBasic Books1964
8Samuel Greitzer & H. M. CoxeterRandom HouseNew Mathmatical
Library1967
9David Hilbert & Stephen Cohn-VossenChelsea Publishers1952

10Harold R. JacobsW. H. Freeman1974
11Harold R. JacobsW. H. Freeman1970
12Edward Kasner & James R. NewmanSimon & Schuster1940
13C. Stanley OgilvyOxford Unversity Press1969
14Hermann WeylPrinceton University Press1952

Carl B. Boyer1949 1
Albert W. Tucker & Herbert S. Bailey, Jr.1950 1
Leonhard, Euler edited by James R. Newman
1953 7
Jean Piaget1953 11
Hans Hahn1954 4
P. Le Corbeiller1954 11
George Gamrow1954 3
Morris Kline1955 1
Morris Kline1956 3
George Gamrow1956 9
Morris Kline1964 9
Hannes Alfven1967 4
Imre Toth1969 11

1H. C. FreyerWiley1954
2Lawrence J. KplanPitman1966
3Horace E. LevinsonDover1963
4M. J. MoroneyPenguin Books1956
5F. R. MostellerRobert E Rouske & G. B. Thomas
Addison-Wesley1961
6W. Allen Wallis & Harry V. RobertsFree Press1965

Warren Weaver1949 7
Horace C. Levinson & Arthur A. Brown1951 3
A. G. Dalton1953 3
Wesley C. Salmon1973 5
A. J. Ayer1965 10

1Lewis CarrollModern Library Giomts
2Groff Conklin Vanguard1953
3Bryce S. Dewitt & Neill GrahamPriston University
Press1973
4Simon FleetOctopus Books1972
5Richard M. Gale Fernhill1968
6Martin Gardner1966 1
7Martin GardnerW. H. Freeman1971
8Adolf GrunbaumWesleyan Unversity Press1967
9Bertrand RussellHumanities1961
10Wesley C. Salmon Bobbs-Merrill Library of Liberal Arts1969
11Philip van Doren Stern Doubleday1947
12Edwin F. Taylor & John A. WheelerW. H. Freeman1966
13G. J. WhitrowHaper Torch Book1961

J. H. Rush1955 8
John M. Blatt1956 8
John Cohen1964 11
Martin Gardner1967 1
Oliver E. Overseth1969 10
Gerald Feiberg1970 2