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MT L GII V DEFAULT GATEWAY CHO VIC KT NI HAI MY TNH C A CH MNG KHC NHAU BNG SWITCH/HUB
A CLARIFICATION OF DEFAULT GATEWAY FOR CONNECTING TWO COMPUTERS WITH DIFFERENT NETWORK ADDRESSES TO SWITCH/HUB Phm Vn Tnh, Khoa CNTT, H Nng Lm TP HCM e-mail : pvtinh@hcmuaf.edu.vn SUMMARY
In pratice, it is usually said that, two computers with different network identifiers (network addresses) connected to a switch or hub cannot be communicated. It is also said that, the network indentifier of a default gateway and that of IP address configured on the same computer should be the same. In this article we discuss another view of the default gateway. Therefore, is help readers to understand the default gateways essence in order to suggest a new IP configuration rule. This rule could be used to establish a communication between two computers configured with different network addresses by linking them directly or by connecting them to a switch/hub.

T VN
Chng ta vn thng ni: Hai my tnh c a ch mng (Network ID) khc nhau khng th lin lc c vi nhau thng qua cc trang thit b mng lp th nht v lp th hai trong m hnh mng OSI (Open System Interconnection) nh switch hoc hub.

Computer A MAC_A IP_A : 192.168.1.1 GW_A : . . .

SW

Computer B MAC_B IP_A : 192.168.2.2 GW_A : . . .

Hnh 1 : Hai my tnh c a ch mng khc nhau kt ni qua SWITCH hai my tnh ny c th kt ni c vi nhau chng ta cn phi s dng cc trang thit b mng lp th ba (trang thit b c chc nng nh tuyn - routing) nh Router hay PC. Trong trng hp ny mi my tnh s c a ch default gateway l a ch interface tng ng ca router m my tnh ny kt ni ti, iu c ngha l a ch ca default gateway phi c cng a ch mng (Network ID) vi a ch IP ca my tnh (hnh 2).

Bi vit ny s cho chng ta mt cch nhn khc v default gateway v nguyn tc gip cho hai my tnh c hai a ch mng khc nhau lin lc c vi nhau khi chng ch kt ni vi nhau thng qua switch hay hub.
Computer A MAC_A IP_A : 192.168.1.1 GW_A:192.168.1.2 Computer B MAC_B IP_A : 192.168.2.2 GW_A:192.168.2.1

Router

Interface E0 MAC_E0 IP_A : 192.168.1.2

Interface E1 MAC_E1 IP_A : 192.168.2.1

Hnh 2 : Hai my tnh c a ch mng khc nhau kt ni qua ROUTER

NGUYN TC HOT NG
Trc tin chng ta nhc li c ch lm vic ca mng my tnh lp th hai v lp th ba trong m hnh OSI l gii vic ti sao hai my tnh hnh 1 khng to c kt ni. Trong mng LAN Ethernet, mi my tnh s c mt a ch phn cng duy nht l a ch MAC (Media Access Control Address) ca th giao tip mng (Network Interface Card - NIC). d liu c th truyn t mt my tnh trong mng LAN th nht sang my tnh ca mng LAN th hai th d liu s c ng gi km theo cc a ch sau: Destination MAC : a ch MAC my nhn Source MAC : a ch MAC my gi Destination IP : a ch IP my nhn Source IP : a ch IP my gi Khi my tnh A gi d liu cho B th frame c ng gi vi: Destination MAC = MAC_B Source MAC = MAC_A Trong qu trnh ng gi d liu th my tnh gi cn phi bit a ch MAC ca my tnh nhn. Nu my tnh gi khng c a ch MAC ca my tnh nhn, th my tnh gi s thc hin ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) tm a ch MAC ca my ch khi bit a ch IP ch. Destination MAC MAC_B Source MAC MAC_A Source IP IP_A Destination IP IP_B Data

Hnh 3 : Frame t my A gi sang my B

NIC ca my tnh s nhn c tt c cc tn hiu trn ng truyn. Nhim v ca lp th nht (Physical layer) l chuyn i cc tn hiu ny thnh frame d liu gi ln lp th hai (Data link layer). Ti lp ny a ch destination MAC s c kim tra. Nu destination MAC trng vi a ch MAC ca my tnh (a ch MAC ca NIC) th d liu s c chuyn ln lp th ba (Network layer) x l, ngc li frame ny s b hy. Lp th ba s kim tra a ch destination IP tng t nh lp th hai kim tra a ch destination MAC. Nu a ch destination IP ny trng vi a ch IP ca my tnh th d liu s c chuyn tip ln lp trn x l, ngc li d liu ny ny cng s b hy b. Ni tm li hai my tnh c th kt ni vi nhau th d liu khi ng gi (encapsulation) gi i phi c destination MAC v destination IP trng vi a ch MAC v a ch IP ca my ch. Chng ta tm gi iu kin cn v ny l K1. Xin lu chng ta ang ni ti hai my tnh A v B theo hnh 1. Trong thc t khi d liu truyn t mng ny sang mng khc th source IP v destination IP khng bao gi thay i nhng source MAC v destination MAC s thay i lin tc trn tng LAN Segment. C ngi cho rng my tnh A hon ton c th gi d liu ti B tho mn iu kin K1. Bi v d liu s ng gi km theo source IP: IP_A, destination IP: IP_B, source MAC : MAC_A, v destination MAC my A s tm thng qua ARP khi bit destination IP l IP_B (destination MAC s l MAC_B). Trong thc t theo hnh 1 th d liu hon ton khng c gi i. l gii iu ny chng ta xt hai trng hp: S Trng hp 1 : my tnh khng c khai bo default gateway. S Trng hp 2 : my tnh c default gateway thng l mt a ch IP no c cng a ch mng vi a ch IP ca my tnh, nhng thit b c a ch IP ny (theo hnh 1) khng tn ti. Trng tm ca vn l ARP. Trc khi ng gi frame my tnh gi s xc nh xem a ch IP ca my ch c cng a ch mng vi mnh hay khng. S Nu cng th ARP s phn gii MAC ch theo a ch IP ch. y l trng hp hai my tnh c cng a ch mng v chng to c kt ni. S Nu khng cng th frame s c ng gi gi ti default gateway (ARP s phn gii MAC ca default gateway theo a ch IP ca default gateway). Nu chng ta khng khai bo default gateway hoc default gateway khng tn ti th d liu s khng c gi i, bi v ARP khng th phn gii c a ch MAC ca my ch v v th my tnh gi s khng th ng gi c frame d liu.

GII PHP
Nh vy cho A c th to kt ni c ti B th chng ta ch cn m bo cho ARP phn gii ng destination MAC (MAC_B) theo a ch destination IP (IP_B) l (H1). Mun vy chng hy khai bo: GW_A (IP default gateway ca A) = IP_B (IP my tnh B) GW_B (IP default gateway ca B) = IP_A (IP my tnh A)

Hnh 4: Cu hnh a ch IP my A

Hnh 5: Cu hnh a ch IP my B Ch : Trong h iu hnh Windows khi khai bo a ch default gateway v a ch IP ca my tnh c a ch mng khc nhau chng ta khng gp kh khn g, nhng trong Linux chng ta khng th khai bo mt cch bnh thng c. Chng ta c th s dng mo vt nh sau: Gi s my tnh A cu hnh a ch IP l 192.168.1.1 Gi s my tnh B cu hnh a ch IP l 192.168.2.2 Trn my tnh A : route add net 192.168.2.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 eth0 route add default gw 192.168.2.2 route del net 192.168.2.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 Lc ny chng ta c : IP_A : 192.168.1.1 GW_A : 192.168.2.2

KT LUN
Bi vit trn cho chng ta mt cch nhn khc v default gateway. Default gateway khng nht thit phi c cng a ch mng vi a ch IP ca my tnh. Default gateway thc s l ca ng. l li thot mc nh khi my tnh ca chng ta khng xc nh c ng i cho cc gi d liu. Nh quan nim v a ch ca hai my tnh kt ni trong mt LAN Segment cng thay i, tc l chng khng nht thit phi c cng a ch mng. iu quan trng l lm sao cho d liu truyn c ng ti ch vi cc thng s cn thit my tnh ch chp thun v x l.

TI LIU THAM KHO

CCNA : Cisco Networking Academy Program, Cisco press , USA, 2003. MCSE : Microsoft Windows 2000 Network Infrastructure Administration, Microsoft Coporation, USA, 2002. RHCE : Study Guide Exam RH302, SYBEX Inc., USA 2001