Free Falling Bodies

Freefall- a much idealized motion of an object which air resistance is neglected and the acceleration is constant. Aristotles theory- heavy objects falls faster than lighter ones (based on qualitative method of observation) Galileos theory- IF air resistance is neglected, ALL objects regardless of their weight will fall at the same rate. (based on quantitative method of observation) Acceleration due to gravity MKS- 9.8 m/s2 CGS- 980 cm/s2 Factors that affect the objects rate of fall *air resistance *weight (force of fall of gravity)

Projectile Motion
Projectiles- are object thrown in the air which follow a curved path (trajectory are influenced by gravity) Projectile Motion- a combination of vertical and horizontal motion that are completely independent of each other. Two motions of projectile *Horizontal- due to INITIAL VELOCITY (Vy) - varies *Vertical- due to the PULL OF GRAVITY (Vx) - constant The actual velocity (Vs) is represented by the resultant vectors that form the diagonal of the rectangle formed by the vertical and horizontal *perfect angle to shoot a basketball is 45o Graphs of Motion

Constant speed

Incomplete speed

Inverse proportion

Constant speed

Deceleration

Not in motion nor at rest

Dynamics- is study that focuses on the way in which force produces motion. Force- is a push or a pull Net Force- a physical quantity that is capable of changing an objects state of motion. Translational equilibrium- condition where there is no change in the state of motion. Rigid Body- is an extended body that doesnt change its size and shape. Lever- a rigid bar free to rotate about a point called fulcrum Fulcrum- is the turning point of a lever. Lever arm- is the distance of a force from the fulcrum or point of rotation (known as the moment arm) Pivot point- rotating effect on the seesaw

Newtons law of Motion

*Law of Inertia *Law of Acceleration *Law of Interaction Sir Isaac Newton Born: Dec. 25, 1642 at Woolsthrpe, England Law of Inertia property of mater in which it resist being moved when it is at rest, and resist being stopped when it is in motion. - a body at rest remains at rest and a body in motion remains in motion.

Law of Acceleration- The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the next external force acting on the object and inversely proportional to the mass of the object Law of Interaction (Action- Reaction Forces)- For every force (action) there is an equal and opposite force (reaction)

Friction
Friction- refers to the force that resists motion whenever two materials or media are in contact with each other. - Caused mainly by the mechanical interlocking of irregularities on the two surfaces in contact. Types of friction: Static Friction- cases in which the frictional force is enough to prevent relative motion between surfaces in contact. *Strongest frictional force Sliding/ Kinetic Friction- occurs when there is a relative (sliding) motion at the interface of the surfaces in contact. Rolling Friction- takes place when one surface rotates as it moves over another surface but does not slip nor slide. Less than sliding friction. *Weakest frictional force Viscous Friction- comes into play when a body moves through a fluid. Factors affecting Friction *Velocity *Load *Nature of the surface *Area in contact

Reducing friction *increase the velocity *use roller bearings, wheels *use lubricants, oil or wax *make the surface smooth *streamlining Increasing Friction *make the surface rough *spread sand on slippery road or street *fire chains or snow tires are used during winter *gymnasts apply powder in their palms to have a firm grip *use of spike shoes

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Conditions of Equilibrium
*First condition * Concurrent forces- forces with lines of action through the same point - when the vector sum of these forces is equal to zero, the body is in translational equilibrium. - a body in transitional equilibrium has zero net force or zero acceleration. Equation: Fx=0 and Fy=0 Torque the product of force and the lever arm - net torque always produces angular acceleration - turning effect - is produced when force is applied w/ leverage

Parts of waves
Wavelength

crest

Node

Amplitude

Trough Characteristics of waves: Has amplitude- the energy the waves carries the energy determine its amplitude Has speed or velocity- travels in a given distance in a unit time Has frequency- the number of waves passing a given point in a given time. Has wavelength Has period- unit is second