-nucleus -nucleolus -cell membrane -mitochondria -golgi Apparatus -lysosomes

-cytoplasm -cytoskeleton -vacuole -chloroplast -centrioles -ribosomes

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-endoplasmic reticulum(ER)

*Rough ER & Smooth ER

Nucleus
The brain of the cell Controls all of the cellular activities DNA is inside the nucleus

CHROMOSOMES- are found inside the nucleus carry the information that Chromosomes determines what traits a living thing will have

Nucleus

DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA carries the genetic information of a cell Consists of thousands of genes It specifies everything that is needed for the maintenance, function, and replication of the cell It is made up of 4 different bases: (A) adenine (C) cytosine (T) thymine (G) guanine

DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid

NUCLEOLUS
The dark area in the nucleus Like a tiny nucleus inside the nucleus.
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CELL MEMBRANE
holds the cell together keeps all of the pieces (like the organelles and the cytoplasm) inside the cell controls what goes in and out of the cell Example: like a big plastic bag with tiny holes in it
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How does the cell membrane work? Has 2 layers of MOLECULES = BILAYER Bi means two The layers are made up of molecules called phospholipids **THINK OF a sandwich with two pieces of bread and some stuffing on the inside
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Cell Membrane: PHOSPHOLIPIDS Each phospholipids has a HYDROPHOBIC and HYDROPHILIC end

HYDRO = means water PHOBIC = means afraid PHILIC = means loving 10

Cell Membrane: PHOSPHOLIPIDS One end of the molecule is afraid of the water and one end loves being in the water. Proteins are stuck inside the membrane Proteins are across the bilayer and make the holes that let ions and molecules in and out of the cell
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Mitochondria
Mito = Mighty / Power The Power-House of the cell They break down food molecules so the cell has the energy to live If a cell needs a lot of energyit will have more mitochondria
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The Mitochondria structure has three main parts:

OUTER MEMBRANE: covers the mitochondria INNER MEMBRANE: folds many times to increase the surface area because chemical reactions (glycolysis) occur here Sothe more space it has the more energy it 14 can create

MATRIX: a fluid that has water and proteins all mixed together (like a solution) The proteins take the food molecules in and combine them with Oxygen to release the energy

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Endoplasmic Reticulum
also known as the ER it is an organelle inside the cell that is made up of membranes that are in the CYTOPLASM of the cell There are two different Smooth ER Rough ER
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Smooth ER
Main function is to collect, maintain & transport things Shaped slightly tubular Creates steroids Stores Ions for the cell to keep nutrients balanced 17

Rough ER

It has bumps all over it giving it a rough appearance Bumps are called RIBOSOMES ER collects the proteins (built by the ribosomes) and creates a bubble around them VESICLE- is formed when the ER pinches off a part of its membrane 18

MOVEMENT of VESICLES
**The vesicle can then move to the Golgi apparatus or the cell membrane 1) If the vesicle floats to the cell membrane, the proteins are going to be sent out of the cellor (exocytosis) 2) If they move to the Golgi Apparatus, the proteins will be used inside the cell

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EXOCYTOSIS- The release of intracellular molecules (hormones or proteins)

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Osmosisthe movement of water across the cell membrane

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GOLGI APPARATUS
Also called the Golgi Complex It is made up of a stack of flattened out sacs like a loose stack of pancakes WHAT DOES IT DO?
1) it takes simple molecules and combines them to make larger molecules. 2) takes those larger molecules and puts them into packs called GOLGI VESICLES
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Think about building a model of a ship (that's the molecule). Then take that model and put it in a bottle (that's the vesicle).
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Golgi apparatus

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LYSOSOMES (primarily animal)

They combine with the food taken in by the cell The enzymes in the lysosome bond to food & digest it (acidic interior) Nextsmaller molecules are released which are absorbed by the mitochondria

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LYSOSOMES
When an organelle no longer works, the lysosome will attach itself to it and break it down like food (kind of like a cannibal) Chemicals can then be reabsorbed or excreted Lysosomes can also destroy the cell if it breaks open accidentally Suicide Sacs UV light damages lysosome membrane The enzymes inside the lysosome spread throughout the cell and digest it

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LYSOSOMES

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Lysosome Animation
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CYTOPLASM
Protoplasm- everything inside the cell membrane Cytoplasm- everything inside the cell membrane & outside of the nucleus except the cells nucleus

Cytosol: Mostly H2O Contains organelles Contains salts, dissolved gasses & nutrients
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CYTOPLASM
cytoplasm

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CYTOSKELETON
Chief functions include: movement of material through the cell for stuff not diffusion or osmosis maintaining the shape of the cell keeping the cell from getting smashed
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VACUOLE
Vacuoles are bubbles that float in the cell Vacuoles are more important to the survival of plant cells than they are to animal cells

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VACUOLE: STORAGE IN PLANT CELLS

Vacuoles in plants support structure Vacuoles hold onto things that the cell might needlike a backpack There are some vacuoles that hold onto waste products, similar to having a big septic tank Storing waste products protects the cell from contamination
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VACUOLE CONTD
So, when there is no waterthe vacuole shrinks and the cell wall is the only thing holding the plant together.

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You will know that a plant's vacuoles are shrinking when you see the plant begin to droop over

HOLDING UP THE WALLS

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Turgor Pressure- force exerted by the water entering (osmosis) the vacuole, which then swells exerting internal force on the cell wall Causes rigidity so the plant my increase by stacking cells 39

Chloroplast

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Chloroplast
the site of photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells disk-like structures composed of a single membrane surrounding a fluid containing stacks of membranous disks
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SOLAR energy radiated from the sun is captured by plants(chloroplast) Then it is instantaneously changed into ELECTRICAL energy Then packaged as CHEMICAL energy

Chloroplast

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Chloroplast
photosynthesis takes place inside the chloroplast

the process in which plant use Photosynthesis- water, carbon dioxide, and energy form the sun to make food

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Chloroplast
No energy transformation is 100% efficient Not all the solar energy captured is converted to electrical and then chemical energy. Some of it gets lost as heat or other forms of energy (light)
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generally appear in animal cells they look like two cylinders at right angles to one another when viewed with an electron microscope, the cylinders show up as nine bundles of tiny microtubules arranged in a circle they help to form the fibers that move chromosomes around when the cell is dividing as animal cells prepare for cell division these two centrioles separate and go to opposite
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Centrioles:

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Ribosomes small dot-like structures in cells they are often associated with forming rough ER Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in cells they are made in the nucleus of the cell A ribosome can make the average protein in about one minute 47

Ribosome Structure Ribosomes are made up of proteins and ribonucleic acid(RNA) These molecules are arranged into two subunits These subunits are attached to each other and together form the entire ribosome When viewed through a light microscope the ribosomes appear as dots
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Types of Ribosomes There are two kinds of ribosomes 1) Attached to the rough ER 2) floating in the cell cytoplasm Attached ribosomes make proteins that are used in the ER or transported within the ER Free ribosomes make proteins that are used in the cytoplasm
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Directions: Write-out and highlight the following questions. Then use your notes to answer them.
1. Which organelle is known as the Brain of the cell? 2. If you look at a picture of a cell, how would you recognize the nucleolus? 3. List the 3 main jobs of the cell membrane 4. Explain why the cell membrane has tiny holes made of protein in it. 5. The term hydro means _________. A. If something is hydrophobic it is _________ B. If something is hydrophilic it is __________
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Assignment Part A

(slides 1-11)

Directions: Write-out and highlight the following questions. Then use your notes to answer them.

Assignment Part B

(slides 11-23)

1. Which organelle is known as the Power House of the cell? 2. The mitochondria of a cell share the same job as the __________ (hint- an organ) in the human body. 3. Explain how you could distinguish the rough ER from the smooth ER. 4. What is the main job of the smooth ER? 5. What type of reactions occur on the inner membrane of the mitochondria? (produces energy) 6. The process of H2O moving across the cell
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Directions: Write-out and highlight the following questions. Then use your notes to answer them.

Assignment Part C

(slides 23-)

1. What is the main function of a lysosome? 2. What happens if a lysosome breaks open? 3. Explain the difference between cytoplasm and protoplasm. (draw a diagram if it will help you) 4. Why are vacuoles important to PLANTS? 5. Which organelle is the site of photosynthesis? 6. What are the three main ingredients for photosynthesis?

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Directions: Write-out and highlight the following questions. Then use your notes to answer them.

Assignment Part D

(slides 23-)

1. Centrioles are usually found in __________ cells. 2. What is the main function of a centriole? 3. List the two places you can find a ribosome in an animal cell. 4. What do ribosomes make?

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See also wksht to go with questions parts B-D

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