MIT - 16.

20

Fall, 2002

Unit 6
Plane Stress and Plane Strain

Readings:
T&G 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16

Paul A. Lagace, Ph.D.

Professor of Aeronautics & Astronautics
and Engineering Systems

Paul A. Lagace 2001

MIT - 16.20

Fall, 2002

There are many structural configurations where we do not have to deal with the full 3-D case. First lets consider the models Lets then see under what conditions we can apply them

A. Plane Stress
This deals with stretching and shearing of thin slabs. Figure 6.1 Representation of Generic Thin Slab

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The body has dimensions such that h << a, b (Key: where are limits to <<??? Well consider later) Thus, the plate is thin enough such that there is no variation of displacement (and temperature) with respect to y3 (z). Furthermore, stresses in the z-direction are zero (small order of magnitude).
Figure 6.2

Representation of Cross-Section of Thin Slab

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Thus, we assume: zz = 0 yz = 0 xz = 0 = 0 z So the equations of elasticity reduce to: Equilibrium

11 21 + + f1 = 0 y 2 y1 12 22 + + f2 = 0 y 2 y1

(1) (2)
0=0 (f3 = 0)

(3rd equation is an identity) In general: + f = 0 y

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Stress-Strain (fully anisotropic) Primary (in-plane) strains

1 1 = [ 1 12 2 16 6 ] E1 2 = 6 = 1 [ 21 1 + 2 26 6 ] E2 1 [61 1 62 2 + 6 ] G6

(3)

(4)

(5)

Invert to get:

* = E
Secondary (out-of-plane) strains (they exist, but they are not a primary part of the problem)

3 =

1 [ 311 32 2 36 6 ] E3
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4 = 5 =

1 [ 41 1 42 2 46 6 ] G4 1 [51 1 52 2 56 6 ] G5 Note: can reduce these for orthotropic, isotropic (etc.) as before.
Strain - Displacement

Primary

11 22 12

u1 y1 u2 y 2 u2 1 u1 + y1 2 y 2

(6) (7) (8)

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Secondary

13 23 33

u3
1 u1 +
y1
2 y 3 u3 1 u2 + 2 y 3 y 2 u3 y 3
Note: that for an orthotropic material ( 23 ) (13 ) 4 = 5 = 0 (due to stress-strain relations)

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This further implies from above (since = 0) y 3 No in-plane variation u3 = 0 y but this is not exactly true INCONSISTENCY Why? This is an idealized model and thus an approximation. There are, in actuality, triaxial (zz, etc.) stresses that we ignore here as being small relative to the in-plane stresses! (we will return to try to define small) Final note: for an orthotropic material, write the tensorial stress-strain equation as:
2-D plane stress

= E

(, , , = 1, 2)

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There is not a 1-to-1 correspondence between the 3-D Emnpq and the 2-D E*. The effect of 33 must be incorporated since 33 does not appear in these equations by using the (33 = 0) equation. This gives: 33 = f() Also, particularly in composites, another notation will be used in the case of plane stress in place of engineering notation: subscript change x = 1 = L (longitudinal)along major axis y = 2 = T (transverse)along minor axis

The other important extreme model is

B. Plane Strain
This deals with long prismatic bodies:
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Figure 6.3

Representation of Long Prismatic Body

Dimension in z - direction is much, much larger than in the x and y directions L >> x, y
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(Key again: where are limits to >>??? well consider later) Since the body is basically infinite along z, the important loads are in the x - y plane (none in z) and do not change with z:

= = 0 z y 3
This implies there is no gradient in displacement along z, so (excluding rigid body movement): u3 = w = 0 Equations of elasticity become: Equilibrium: Primary

11 21 + + f1 = 0 y 2 y1 12 22 + + f2 = 0 y 2 y1

(1)

(2)
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Secondary 13 23 + + f3 = 0 y 2 y1 13 and 23 exist but do not enter into primary consideration Strain - Displacement

11 22 12

u1 y1 u2 y 2 u2 1 u1 + y1 2 y 2

(3) (4) (5)

Assumptions = 0, w = 0 give: y 3 13 = 23 = 33 = 0 (Plane strain)

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Stress - Strain (Do a similar procedure as in plane stress) 3 Primary 11 = ...

(6) (7) (8)

22 = ... 12 = ...
Secondary

13 = 0 23 = 0 33 0

orthotropic

( 0 for anisotropic)

INCONSISTENCY: No load along z, yet 33 (zz) is non zero. Why? Once again, this is an idealization. Triaxial strains ( 33) actually arise. You eliminate 33 from the equation set by expressing it in terms of via (33) stress-strain equation.
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SUMMARY Geometry:

Plane Stress thickness (y3) << in-plane dimensions (y1, y2) 33 << i3 = 0 , , u 33, u3 Eliminate 33 from eq. set by using 33 = 0 - eq. and expressing 33 in terms of

Plane Strain length (y3) >> in-plane dimensions (y1, y2) only /y3 = 0 i3 = 0 , , u 33 Eliminate 33 from eq. Set by using 33 - eq. and expressing 33 in terms of
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Loading: Resulting Assumptions: Primary Variables: Secondary Variable(s): Note:

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Examples
Plane Stress:

Figure 6.4

Pressure vessel (fuselage, space habitat) Skin

in order of 70 MPa (10 ksi)

po 70 kPa (~ 10 psi for living environment) zz << xx, yy, xy

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Plane Strain:
Figure 6.5

Dams

water pressure

Figure 6.6

Solid Propellant Rockets

high internal pressure

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butwhen do these apply??? Depends on loading geometry material and its response issues of scale how good do I need the answer
what are we looking for (deflection, failure, etc.)
Weve talked about the first two, lets look a little at each of the last three: --> Material and its response Elastic response and coupling changes importance / magnitude of primary / secondary factors (Key: are primary dominating the response?) --> Issues of scale What am I using the answer for? at what level? Example: standing on table --overall deflection or reactions in legs are not dependent on way I stand (tip toe or flat foot)
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model of top of table as plate in bending is sufficient --stresses under my foot very sensitive to specifics (if table top is foam, the way I stand will determine whether or not I crush the foam) --> How good do I need the answer? In preliminary design, need ballpark estimate; in final design, need exact numbers Example: as thickness increases when is a plate no longer in plane stress

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Figure 6.7

Representation of the continuum from plane stress to plane strain

very thin a continuum (plane stress) very thick (plane strain)

No line(s) of demarkation. Numbers approach idealizations but never get to it.

Must use engineering judgment AND Clearly identify key assumptions in model and resulting limitations
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