Leaking Underground Storage Tank

Close-Up of Leaking Underground Storage Tank This is a classic example of normal galvanic corrosion experienced on USTs.

Microbialogical Corrosion Attack

Above ground storage tanks (AST) where the ambient summer temperatures are ideal for bacterial colony growth

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Microbially-influenced corrosion of metals at sea is a big safety and financial problem caused by the production of damaging substances such as hydrogen sulphide by sulphate-reducing micro-organisms within biofilms on the surfaces.

There are manifold reasons to avoid corrosion in maritime applications above-sea or sub-sea. Suitable standards to protect parts like boltings and fasteners for many years from corrosion are the cathodic corrosion protection or the use of cost intensive duplex and super duplex steels.

Steel Life Cycle

Why Metals Corrode

Refining-Corrosion Cycle

Why Metals Corrode

Corrosion Cycle Example

Aqueous fluids, Sea Water, Acids, Alkalis, Soils Acidic gases, CO2, H2S CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENT

Carbon steel Corrosion resistant alloys Concrete, Plastics MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION

CORROSION PROCESS

ENGINEERING APPLICATION Stresses applied & residual Heat transfer & Fluid flow Thermal & Mechanical Cycles

Crystalline Structure of Perfect Solids

Unit Cells for Body-Centered Cubic, Face-Centered Cubic, and Hexagonal Close-Packed Structures

Crystalline Structure of Imperfect Solids

Self-interstitial impurity atom Matrix atom

Substitutional impurity atom

Interstitial impurity atom

Vacancy (Void)

Point Defects in a Crystalline Structure

Half-Cell Potential Measurement and Cu/CuSO4 Reference Electrode

Electromotive Force Series

Half-Cell Potential Measurement

Electromotive Force Series

Electromotive Force Series for Metals

Measurement of Pipeline Potentials

Corrosion Cell Between Dissimilar Metals

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Corrosion Cell

http://www.corrosionclinic.com/corrosion_online_lectures/dl.gif

Remove the Oxygen