Chng 2: Knh V tuyn di ng

2.1 Cc c im c bn ca truyn sng trong mi tr-ng di

ng

Knh v tuyn di ng gy ra nhng hn ch c bn i vi cht l-ng lin lc. Knh v tuyn di ng c th thay i t dng LOS n dng b che chn bi cc ch-ng ngi c nh hoc di ng. Cc tham s ca -ng truyn ni chung l ngu nhin dn n m hnh ho chng l vn kh khn nht trong thit k h thng, th-ng -c gii quyt bng ph-ng php thng k. Cc yu t tc ng c bn ti truyn sng v tuyn di ng bao gm: Tn hao -ng truyn, pha-ing, hiu ng Doppler v tri tr -ng truyn.
1. Tn hao -ng truyn

L yu t quyt nh phm vi ph sng ca mt trm gc.

a. M hnh truyn sng trong khng gian t do
Pr ( d ) ! Pt G t G r P 2

4T 2 d 2 L

(1) trong :
Pt , Pr : Cng sut pht v thu Gt , G d : Tng ch ng ten pht v thu
P : B-c sng cng tc

d : Khong cch (m)

Khi L ! 1 th (1) tr thnh

Pr ( d ) ?dB A! 10 lg G t  10 lg G r  20 lg f  20 lg d  147.6 ?dB A

(2)
Suy gim c tc 20 dB/decade.

Ch : d ! 0 th (1) v (2) khng c ngha 1

: Tn hao ca phn cng h thng

m hnh ci bin.

Chn d 0 l khong gn trm (close-in distance), ti cng sut thu -c ly lm chun. Khi , (1) tr thnh:
Pr ( d ) ! Pr ( d 0 ).( d0 2 ) d d u d0 u d f

(3)
d f : c ly tr-ng xa, d f !

2D 2 ; P

D : kch th-c vt l ln nht ca khu anten pht.

Pr ( d )?dB A! 10 lg

Pr ( d 0 ) d  20 lg( 0 ) d 1mW

Ch : M hnh ny n gin song ch p dng -c cho cc vng t phng v kh v c iu kin LOS trn ton vng ph sng.
b. M hnh tn hao -ng truyn trn c ly xa (lut m n)
d PL ! E d0
n

d PLd ?dB A! PLd ?dB A 10n lg d 0

(4)
Bng 2.1. Cc s m ca tn hao trong cc mi tr-ng khc nhau

Mi tr-ng truyn sng Khng gian t do V tuyn t bo vng th V tuyn t bo vng th c che khut LOS, bn trong to nh C ch-ng ngi vt, bn trong to nh C ch-ng ngi vt, bn trong nh my Ngun: [Raymond Steele], tr.104.

n 2 2.7 z 3.5 3 z5 1.6 z 1.8 4 z6 2 z3

Thng th-ng trong cc vng th ni chung, n } 4 theo lut m 4.

c. S che khut (bng rm) chun log

tn hao tun

M hnh (4) khng hon ton chnh xc cho mi im cch u BS, m ch c ngha tn hao trung bnh. Vic d on tn hao cn ph thuc vo ti im o c b che khut hay khng... Cc o l-ng cho thy rng vi mi d, PLd ti mt im c th l mt gi tr ngu nhin, phn b log-chun (chun theo dB) quanh tr trung bnh. Ngha l:
d E PLd ! PL   10 n lg d 0  'W

(5) trong 'W l mt bin ngu nhin, Gauss, k vng bng 0, lnh qun ph-ng l W (c 'W v W u c th tnh theo dB). Hin t-ng ny -c gi l s che khut chun- log (pha-inh che khut chun log, v do tc chuyn ng ca cc my di ng khng ln nn hin t-ng pha-inh ny din ra chm, gi l pha-inh chm). iu ny hm rng, bt lun m hnh th no, gi tr thc ca PLd phi -c kim nghim v -c khp (fit) bng o l-ng.
d. M hnh Hata

Tn hao -ng truyn hin nhin ph thuc a hnh v cao anten pht v thu. M hnh Hata cho khu vc th:
LHu ! 69.55  26.16 lg f  13.82 lg hBS  ahMS  44.9  6.55 lg h BS lg d .

[dB]

(6) trong :
f ?MHz A; hBS v hMS : cao anten BS v MS (m); a hMS : h s iu chnh ph thuc a hnh; d : khong cch BS - MS (km).

Vi th nh v va:
a hMS !  .1 lg f  0.7 hMS   .56 lg f  0.8 1 1

(7) Vi th ln:
8.29?  .54hMS A  1.1 lg 1 a hMS ! 2 ! 11 3.2?lg .75hMS A  4.97
2

f e 200 MHz f u 400 MHz

Vi vng ngoi :
L Hsub ! L Hu  2?lg f / 28 A  5.4
2

?dB A

(8) Vi vng nng thn:

L Hsub ! L Hu  4.78lg f  18.33 lg f  40.94 ?dB A
2

(9) Cc gii hn ca m hnh Hata:

f : 150 z 1500Mhz hBS : 30 z 200m
hMS : 1 z 10m d : 1 z 20 km

Cc nhn xt: 1. M hnh Hata ch p dng -c cho cc mi tr-ng macro vi di tn s 150 1500 MHz, do vy vic tnh ton d on ph sng vi cc h thng bng 1800 MHz (GSM-1800, 1900) hay h thng 3G bng 2100 MHz khng p dng cng thc Hata -c (m phi s dng cc m hnh khc nh- m hnh HataCOST231, l m hnh Hata -c sa i cho ph hp vi di tn trn 1500 MHz). 2. T (6) ta c th thy rng th PL theo lg(d) l mt -ng thng vi h s dc (44.9-hBS), ngha l dc ca -ng thng ph thuc hBS. iu ny l c s cho vic nng cao chiu cao ng-ten trm gc nhm m rng vng ph sng xem 4

phn Bi ton tnh ton qu cng sut (Link budget calculation) kt hp vi vic tng gc down-tilt nhm gim nhiu ng knh ti cc trm s dng chung tn s xa trong qu trnh ti -u ha mng v tuyn.
2. Pha-ing

Khi khong cch MS BS tng, mc in thu trung bnh gim. Qua nhng khong cch t-ng i ngn, mc in thu trung bnh c th xem l khng i song mc tn hiu thu tc thi c th thay i nhanh vi nhng l-ng tiu biu ln ti 40 dB. Nhng thay i nhanh ny -c gi l pha-ing nhanh. Nguyn nhn: s truyn lan theo nhiu tia ca sng v tuyn trong mi tr-ng di ng (do phn x, nhiu x v tn x t cc ch-ng ngi) fading). Xt tr-ng hp n gin nht, khi MS dng v khng c cc ch-ng ngi di ng. Do sng ti MS theo rt nhiu -ng khc nhau v nu tha nhn rng cc tia ny c lp nhau th -ng bao tn hiu thu -c s c pdf (probability density function: hm mt xc sut) Rayleigh, c dng:
r r2 2 exp  2 f r ! W 2W 0

pha-ing ny cn -c gi l pha-ing a -ng (multipath

0 e r e g r
0

f(r)

1 e
H

1 2

0 .6065
H

1 T 2 e H 2

5
m ! T H

r: -ng bao tn hiu thu. Pha-ing -c gi l phng nu n xy ra nh- nhau vi

f W ca ph tn hiu.

3. Hiu ng Doppler

Khi MS di ng so vi BS hoc khi cc ch-ng ngi vt di ng th cc tia sng ti may thu MS cn chu tc ng ca hiu ng Doppler.
+ Xt tr-ng hp n gin nht: Khi BS pht mt sng mang f c

khng iu ch. Sng mang v tuyn ny truyn ti BS theo nhiu tia. Xt tia ti th i:

Tia sng th i

Ei

MS

Khi tn hiu thu -c theo tia sng th i c tn s b dch i mt l-ng dch tn Doppler: f D ! f m . cos E i vi f m ! tn hiu thu -c l:
v f c  f m . cosE i ! fc 1  cosE i c

f c .v . Tc l tn s c

MS chuyn ng vi vn tc v ; c: tc nh sng. L-ng dch tn Doppler f D cc i khi E i ! 0 hay 180 0 v cng ln khi v cng ln. Hin t-ng ny xu nht khi MS trn xe chy trn xa l, trong cc ng ten trm gc -c b tr trn cu v-t xa l v pht dc theo xa l. Khi E i phn b u, tn s Doppler s c phn b cosine ngu nhin. Mt ph cng sut S  f (Doppler) c th tnh -c nhsau: Cng sut tn hiu ti theo gc d E l cng sut Doppler S  f df trong df l vi phn theo E ca l-ng dch tn Doppler f m . cos E vic truyn mt sng mang khng iu ch s -c thu nh- mt tn hiu nhiu tia, c ph khng cn l mt tn s f c n na m l mt ph bao gm cc tn s  f c s f m . Ph Doppler ca mt sng mang fc khng iu ch.

S(f)

f -fm fC fm

+ Tng qut, nu tn hiu l mt sng mang c iu ch th

ph thu -c ca mt MS c tc c th dng:
S f ! A 1  f / f m
2

(10) 7

A l 1 hng s.

Ch : f m ph thuc vo tch ca v v tn s truyn.

4. Tri tr

i vi thng tin di ng s, vic truyn dn tn hiu theo nhiu tia sng trong mi tr-ng di ng dn n s tri tr.
BS t

MS D

(D

(D l-ng tri tr. tri tr c th -c xem nh- di ca

xung thu khi xung cc hp -c pht i. Hin t-ng tri tr hn ch tc truyn tin: Tc truyn (tc bt) th d trn l 1/T. khng xy ra ISI (InterSymbol Interference: Xuyn nhiu gia cc du) th T phi u (D , tc l
R! 1 T 1 (D (D cng ln, tc truyn tin cng nh.

- Vi thng tin di ng trong nh v picocell/microcell: (D th-ng

e 500 ns ! 0.5Qs

tc ti a c th t -c l 2Mb/s m c th

khng cn san bng knh (equalizer) hay ch cn san bng knh kh n gin. iu ny ct ngha vic ITU chn tc d liu 2 Mbps cho mi tr-ng trong nh (indoor) cho 3G (Release 99). - Vi thng tin di ng t bo ln (D c th ln ti hn 10 Qs bng. 2.1. M t cc knh v tuyn di ng v phn loi cc knh v tuyn di ng 8 truyn tin vi tc cao ( u 64Kb/s), nht thit phi c san

1. M t knh v tuyn di ng 1.1. M t knh bng cc hm Bello a. S bin i v khng gian

Gi s BS pht n tn khng i, cc vt gy phn tn knh u dng. Khi , s thay i ngu nhin theo thi gian ca bin v pha ca tn hiu thu ti MS ph thuc vo s di ng ca MS. Do vy, c tr-ng ca knh c th xem nh- ph thuc vo tnh trng khng gian (v tr) ca MS hn l ph thuc vo bin thi gian.
b. M t knh bng cc hm Bello

M hnh knh QWSSUS -c p dng, tc l knh -c chia theo tn s v thi gian sao cho cc c tr-ng thng k khng bin i theo dch chuyn tn s v thi gian (trong mt khong B v T kh nh), ngha l knh l WSS c v tn s ln thi gian. Vic m t mt knh QWSSUS nh- th bng cc hm Bello lin quan ti cc c tr-ng thng k ca knh v -c xt theo cc vng nh hp v vng rng ln.
*/ c tr-ng vng nh hp

Cc vng nh hp l cc khu vc c -ng knh xp x vi chc b-c sng. i vi cc vng ny, knh biu hin pha-ing nhanh do ch thay i v tr MS mt cht cng c th dn n cc thay i rt ln v pha v bin tn hiu thu, dn n giao thoa cc tia sng c pha rt khc nhau (do f c rt ln) c th lm tn hiu ooo hay qqq . i vi cc vng nh hp, c tr-ng -c knh phi tnh -c k vng v hm t t-ng quan ca cc hm Bello. Do knh di ng thun tu ngu nhin trung bnh ton th (k vng) ca n bng 0. Gii php c tr-ng knh do rt thnh xc nh hm t-ng quan ca bt k 1 trong 8 hm Bello.

Xt hm tri tr li vo ht ,X . Theo trn, bin t c th thay th bng bin v tr p (place) ca MS. Do n tr thnh hp,X . Hm t-ng quan ca hp,X vi mt vng nh hp l Ph (S ,X , (S l khong cch gia cc im tnh hp,X . Nu (S ! 0, Ph (S ,X ! Ph X -c gi l profile tr cng sut ca knh v l mt ph cng sut ca knh nh- mt hm ca tr X . Mi mt php o Php X u l mt gi tr mu ca tch
h * p, X hp, X ti mt v tr ca MS (ti mt p) v hm t-ng quan ca .

knh l h * p, X .hp,X ly trn ton khu vc:

X Ph  ! 1 K

P X ,
hp k !1

vi K l s mu profile tr cng sut -c o trn ton vng nh hp . */ c tr-ng vng rng ln Phn tch cc kt qu nhn -c trong cc vng nh hp, trn sut c nhng vng rng ln s thu -c m t v c tr-ng thng k vng rng ln, th hin pha-ing chm. Pha-ing chm gy bi cc hin t-ng che khut... Mt MS di ng trn mt vng rng ln s gp v chu c pha-ing nhanh v chm xp chng ln nhau. c tr-ng thng k vng rng ln c th -c trnh by thng qua 2 dng: + c tr-ng bng cch phn tch thng k s bin thin cc ch s din t knh t cc kt qu i vi vng hp. Chng hn vi cc knh bng rng, cc vng ln c th m t -c thng qua phn b ca tri tr v tr trung bnh ca profile tr cng sut trung bnh, hoc thng qua rng bng t-ng quan. + Phn tch s bin thin i vi cc hm Bello trn vng rng, th d nh- vi cc knh bng hp, iu ny rt li thnh nh gi s bin thin v c-ng cng sut trung bnh. 10

1.2. M t thc t knh v tuyn di ng Mc tiu: M t mi tr-ng truyn sng cng n gin cng tt

bng cch dn ra mt tp cc thng s ph hp vi vic tnh ton qu cng sut. y l cch m t knh ph hp vi cc k s- thc hnh. Th d v tnh qu cng sut:

C ly ph sng
PTx

BS

MS

Khong cch d Phn b log - chun ca pha-ing chm (do che khut) Phn b Rayleigh ca pha-ing nhanh

1z2 PRx 1z2

Do , m t thc t knh di ng quy v: - Tn hao -ng truyn (lut tn hao); - c tr-ng pha-ing chm; - c tr-ng pha-ing nhanh.
a. Tn hao -ng truyn

(Nh- trnh by trn).

b. c tr-ng pha-ing chm:

C phn b chun-logarit theo dB do cc nh h-ng che khut ngu nhin c phn b chun. Kt lun ny rt ra t phn tch thng k cc s liu o l-ng.
c. c tr-ng thng k pha-ing nhanh

11

c tr-ng thng k ca pha-ing nhanh: Bt lun cc tia truyn lan c phn b th no i vi hai thnh phn vung pha trong tn hiu thu  i , a q th phn b ca chng cng l chun do nh l gii a hn trung tm. Khi cc c tnh pha v bin ca tn hiu t-ng -ng thng thp s l:
2 a k ! a i2 k  a q k

* k ! arctg a i k / a q k

Mc ch ca ta l xc nh phn b bin ca ak khi bit a i k v a q k l c phn b chun (Gao-x). Tng qut, vi n qu trnh ngu nhin thnh phn c phn b chun vi k vng ai v c chung ph-ng sai W th qu trnh tng
y ! ai2 s c phn b G 2 c pdf:
i !1 n

1 y p y ! 2W 2 s 2

n  2 / 4

.e s

 y / 2W 2

s .I n / 2 1 y . 2 W

,yu0

(*)

s 2 ! ai
i !1

-c gi l thng s khng trung tm. Nu

a i ! 0, i

th s 2 ! 0 v phn b G 2 -c gi l trung tm, khc i th

phn b G 2 khng l phn b trung tm; I k x l hm Bessel bc k loi 1 ci bin:

I k x !
g

j !1

x / 2 k  2 j ,x u 0 j! +k  j  1

cn + -c cho theo: .
+ p ! t p 1 .e t .dt , p " 0
0 g

Tnh cht: 12

+ p ! p  1 , nu p nguyn d-ng ! T 1 3 + ! T ; + ! 2 2 2

Trong tr-ng hp ca ta, n = 2: s 2 !  i   q suy ra -ng bao a a

2 2

tn hiu

a!

2 y ! ai2  a q , a 2 ! y , p a da ! p y dy . . .

Do pa ! py .dy / da ! 2a. py . p dng vo (*) ta c hm mt xc sut Rice:

p Rice a ! a a 2  s 2 / 2W 2 as e .I 0 2 , a u 0 W2 W

t K ! s 2 / 2W 2 , gi l h s Rice th:
p Rice a ! a  a 2 / 2W 2  K a .e .e .I 0 2K 2 W W

(**)

ngha ca K: Biu th t s cng sut thu -c theo tia nhn

thng vi cng sut tng cng thu -c theo nhiu tia phn tn khng trc tip. Khi K = 0 (khng c tia no tri hn c) th e  K ! 1 v I 0 0 ! 1 , ta c pdf Rayleigh:
p Rayleigh a ! a  a 2 / 2W 2 e W2

(***)

Lin h gia cc pdf Rice v Gauss: t E ! c:

E p  ! 2 KE .e  K  E
2

a , do p E ! p a da / dE ! p a .W 2 K thay vo (**) ta W 2K

1

.I 2 KE 0

13

Do vi x ln th I 0 x }

ex 2Tx

nn:
E 1 2 1 / 2 K 2

K pg

E lim p  } lim 2 KE .e 
K pg

 K E 2 1

e 2 KE 2T 2 KE

} lim E
K pg

2T 1 / 2 K

.e

tin

ti mt pdf Gauss c k vng bng 1, ph-ng sai 1 / 2 K } 0 .

2. Phn loi cc knh v tuyn di ng 2.1. Phn loi theo rng bng tn hiu: a. Cc knh bng hp:

Cc knh bng hp l cc knh c tc nh, trong tc ng lm gin symbol thu ca s truyn lan nhiu tia khng gy nn ISI.
b.Cc knh bng rng

Trong cc knh bng rng, tc symbol l ln n ni mi mt symbol b gin ln sang vi symbol ln cn, gy nn ISI.
2.2. Phn loi knh theo mi tr-ng truyn sng: a. Knh v tuyn di ng trong nh (in-door)

Do kch th-c t bo nh, tri tr kh nh ( rng cc trng bin -th-ng khng v-t qu 500ns), tc truyn c th t ln (ti 2Mbps) m khng cn san bng knh.
b. Knh v tuyn di ng ngoi tri (out-door)

Kch th-c t bo ln, s vt gy phn tn knh ln nn tri tr c th t rt ln, do vy hn ch tc truyn v i hi san bng knh.
2.3. Phn loi knh theo c tnh pha-ing nhanh: a. Knh pha-ing Rice (Knh Rice)

14

L knh trong tr-ng hp trong s cc tia ti my thu c mt tia tri, th-ng l tia LOS. Khi pha-ing nhanh c phn b Rice: Tham s Rice: K !
c ngsuttia tri t ng ngsutcc tia tn c

b. Knh Gaus (knh tt nht, nh- knh l t-ng)

Khi K ! g (tr-ng hp ca knh ch c mt tia LOS) th phn b Rice phn b Gauss. Khi ny, tc ng ch yu ti tn hiu thu l tp m nhit c phn b Gauss. Trong cc vi t bo hon ton c th gp loi knh ny.
c. Knh Rayleigh (knh ti nht)

Khi K ! 0 (tr-ng hp khng c mt tia no tri), phn b Rice phn b Rayleigh. Th-ng gp trong t bo ln, a hnh phc tp.

Chng 3
Cc k thut c bn trong thng tin v tuyn di ng

3.1. Cc k thut tri ph 1. Gii thiu chung v phn loi a. Gii thiu chung

Cc h thng tri ph l cc h thng s dng tn hiu c bng tn rt rng, gp hng trm ln tc bit ca h thng nh s dng vic tri ph tn hiu bng cc tn hiu gi tp PN (Pseudo-Noise). C s ca k thut tri ph l nh l Shannon (Claude Elwood Shannon, 1916-2001):

15

C ! W log 2 (1 

S ) N

(3.1) C: dung l-ng h thng W: rng bng truyn dn S, N: cng sut tn hiu v tp nhiu Nh tng W, t s S/N c th gim xung rt thp, thm ch nh hn 1. c im cn bn: - Kh nng chng nhiu tp trung, c (jamming) rt cao. - Kh nng bo mt thng tin cao. Cc h thng thng tin tri ph l cc h thng c rng bng tn hiu rt rng, tuy nhin khng phi h thng tn hiu bng rng no cng l h thng tri ph. Mt h thng -c nh ngha l h thng tri ph nu: - Tn hiu truyn i chim mt rng bng truyn dn W ln hn rt nhiu ln b rng bng ti thiu B i truyn tin. - Vic tri ph tn hiu -c thc hin nh tn hiu tri, -c gi l m tri ph, c lp vi d liu cn truyn. Tn hiu tri -c la chn sao cho to ra mt ph tng cng gn vi ph ca tp m. - Qu trnh nn ph -c thc hin nh tnh t-ng quan gia tn hiu thu -c v tn hiu gii tri l bn sao ng b ca tn hiu tri s dng phn pht. Nh- vy, cc h thng iu ch bng rng nh- iu ch tn s, iu ch xung m d c ph rt rng song khng phi l cc h thng tri ph. Hiu qu chng nhiu ca h thng tri ph -c nh gi qua tng ch x l PG (Processing Gain): PG = W/Bi (3.2) 16

Tn hiu tri v gii tri -c thc hin bng cc chui PN, gi l chui chip c tc ln hn rt nhiu ln vi tc s liu.
b. Phn loi

Cc h thng tri ph -c chia lm hai loi chnh: - H thng tri ph nhy tn (FH: Frequency Hopping), trong tn hiu tri (chui chip gi ngu nhin) -c s dng iu khin tn s sng mang. - H thng tri ph chui trc tip (DS: Direct Sequence), h thng ny cn -c gi l h thng gi nhiu, trong chui chip gi ngu nhin -c s dng nhn trc tip vi chui s liu.
c. ng dng trong thng tin di ng Tri ph nhy tn: -c s dng trong h thng GSM900 nh-

mt chn la (Option) nhm chng nhiu do cc h thng khc gy nn (chng cc nhiu tp trung).
Tri ph chui trc tip: Nguyn l tri ph chui trc tip

cho php ng dng trong ph-ng thc a truy nhp: CDMA. Trong mi mt thu bao truy nhp mng bng mt m tri ph ring. Cc m tri ph ca cc thu bao khc nhau th trc giao vi nhau.
2. H thng tri ph nhy tn a. S khi n gin

Trn s(t) MOD x(t)

To PN

LO

My17 pht

W BPF

Trn tn

Bi BPF DEM

LO

To PN

My thu
x t ! s t exp j? t  [ LO A [ t [ LO : tn s t do ca b dao ng ni khi ch-a c iu khin

nhy tn.
[ t : l-ng gia s tn s iu khin bi chui chip PN.

Nu chu k ca chui PN l n th s gi tr c th c ca [ t l 2n 1 (do chui ton 0 b loi), ph tn hiu li ra x(t) c rng

W !  n  1 [ khng ph thuc vo tc chip 1/T c. 2 H

- Khi Tc > T0 - Khi Tc < T0

: nhy tn chm. : nhy tn nhanh.

T0: rng xung s liu s(t). Thng th-ng H [ -c chn sao cho cc tn s nhy nm cch bit nhau:
2T 2T H [ } max , Tc T0

(3.3)
b. Biu thi gian ca tn s tn hiu sau tri ph nhy tn (chm)

18

(th d)

3. H thng tri ph chui trc tip a. S khi n gin

s(t) MOD x(t) c(t)= s1 LO ([0) To PN

My pht

W BPF x(t) + I(t) + n(t) LO

Bi BPF DEM

s t

My thu

To PN

b. Nguyn tc hot ng trn h thng t-ng -ng thng thp

Chui s liu d(t) c ph D(f), chui chip PN c(t) c ph C(f). Tn hiu truyn i c(t).d(t) c ph C(f)*D(f) rng c ph ca C(f) do c(t) c tc ln hn tc d(t) nhiu ln.
phn thu, tn hiu nhn -c: c(t).d(t) + I(t) + n(t) trong :

I(t) l nhiu tp trung; n(t): l tp m nhit trng chun. Sau gii tri ph: 19

w(t) = c(t).d(t).c(t) + I(t)c(t) + n(t)c(t) (3.4) Do c(t).c(t) = 1 nn ta c: w(t) = d(t) + I(t)c(t) + n(t)c(t) (3.5) Nh- vy, ph nhiu tp trung I(f) -c tri rng ra. T s S/N
oo. Ch :

- Do bng chn l ca mch nhn v mch cng mod 2 t-ng -ng nhau nn trong thc t thit k, ng-i ta th-ng s dng mch cng mod 2 v r hn. - Tri ph v gii tri ph (c DS ln FH) u ch c tc ng ci thin vi nhiu tp trung m khng c tc dng ci thin i vi tp m nhit trng chun. M t nguyn tc trit nhiu ca SS/DS v nguyn tc hot ng: d(t) Pht c(t) ) Thu d(t).c(t 0 ) c(t) d(t) 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1

d(t).c(t 0

20

D(f)

C(f) f

D(f)C(f) f

I(f) D(f)C(f)+N(f)+I(f) Ph tn hiu li vo my thu

D(f)C(f)+N(f) f

D(f) I(f)C(f)+N(f)C(f) f Sau nhn gii tri ph

D(f)

21
L-ng tp nhiu f Sau gii tri v Sau lc BPF (} Bi)

3.2. S khi cc h thng TDMA v CDMA 1. S khi h thng TDMA a. S khi

M ho ting ni M ho knh

Ghp xen Tn hiu ng b

ng gi

MOD

Ting ni

To chui d knh

KNH

P Hm m

My thu u cui

Gii m knh

Gii ghp xen

San bng v DEM

DEMUX

SYN

Gii m ting ni

Ting ni khi phc

Lc phi hp DATA

Khi phc ng h

22

Chc nng cc khi: 1. M ha ting ni: M ho ting ni tc

bit thp nhm tit kim ph; 2. M ho knh: M ho chng tc ng ca nhiu trn knh; 3. Ghp xen: Tr gip qu trnh m ho, c tc dng gii t-ng quan li; 4. ng gi: Ghp cc tn hiu khc nhau thnh gi tin: tn hiu ng b, tn hiu s liu, tn hiu d knh; 5. MOD: iu ch s vi ph-ng php iu ch ph hp; 6. Knh: Knh v tuyn; 7. DEMUX: Phn knh cc tn hiu ca mt gi; 8. Hm m: Cn c chui d -ng thu -c tnh ra trng thi knh iu khin b san bng; 9. Lc phi hp: Chng tc ng ca tp /nhiu; 10. Gii ghp xen: Ng-c vi ghp xen; 11. Gii m ting ni: Tng hp li ting ni.
b. Cu trc khung tn hiu TDMA
Khung TDMA n-1 n 1 2 3 4 5 TS n-1 n 1 2 3 4 5

.. ... ..

...

SYN

DATA

DATA

TS: Time Slot: Khe thi gian; SYN: Tn hiu ng b; P: Chui d knh; DATA: S liu l-u l-ng; G: Khong phng v chng ln gia cc TS do chnh lch khong cch v BS; S: u khe; T: ui.
2. S khi h thng CDMA a. S khi h thng ca Qualcomm (tuyn pht, -ng xung)
W0
PNI

Knh ng b

Tn hiu pilot (ton 0)

W 32

Kt hp tnh trng s v iu ch

Knh paging

M chp v lp

Ghp xen

23
M chp v lp Ghp xen B to PN di

Wj

Mt n knh

Tn hiu pht CDMA

b. Mt s khi nim b xung M Walsh: - Cch to: S dng ma trn Hadamard.

HO HO

HO

HO

- Tnh cht: Cc t hp m Walsh u trc giao nhau:

Wi t .W j t ! H ij
p p

(3.6)
- S dng: phn knh -ng xung. Cc knh trong h thng CDMA (cdmaOne):

- Knh Pilot: S dng cho ng chnh tn s: W 0 = {0,0, ...0}. - Knh ng b: S dng cho ng b clock: W 32 = {0, 1, 0, 1...}. - Cc knh paging v traffic (l-u l-ng): S dng 62 m Walsh cn li. Knh paging -c s dng : + Thng bo thng tin v h thng. + p tn hiu xin truy nhp ca MS. 24

3. Cc ch tiu kinh t k thut c bn ca h thng thng tin di ng

- Hiu qu s dng ph (s ng-i s dng/ n v tn s/ cell); - Cht l-ng m thanh; - Mc phc tp ca thit b, gi thnh ca MS v BS; - Tnh tin li mang xch (kch th-c, trng l-ng); - Mc tiu th ngun; - tin cy ca thit b v tin cy ph sng; - Mc bo mt; - Kh nng p ng nhiu dch v.

3.3. M ho ting ni trong thng tin di ng 1. Gii thiu chung v phn loi a. Gii thiu chung

Cht l-ng mt h thng thng tin di ng phn ln -c nh gi qua: - Cht l-ng ting ni khi phc ( chnh xc); - Dung l-ng h thng, nh gi qua s ng-i s dng c th ng thi s dng dch v (tnh nhanh chng, hiu theo ngha rng). rng bng tn l mt ti nguyn t gi trong thng tin di ng, do cc nh cung cp dch v lun phi i mt vi cc i hi v cung cp dch v cho nhiu ng-i s dng trong mt bng tn hn ch, vi mt cht l-ng ting ni tt nht c th -c. Vi mt cht l-ng ting ni xc nh, tc bit ca ting ni m cng thp th cng c nhiu ng-i c th s dng dch v trong mt rng bng cho. Do , rt nhiu n lc -c tin hnh nhm c -c cc b

25

m ho ting ni vi mt cht l-ng chp nhn -c( thng th-ng cc nh thit k chp nhn cht l-ng near toll - quality) vi: - Tc thp; - Mc phc tp thit b thp; - Gi chm x l thp; - Mc tiu th ngun thp. Ni chung, cc yu cu trn (cht l-ng ting ni, tc bit, mc phc tp, mc tiu th ngun v tr x l) th-ng mu thun nhau, phi dung ho...
b. Cc c tnh ca ting ni Dn nhp: Cu trc v thut ton ca cc b bin i tn hiu

t-ng t thnh tn hiu s c th c lp hay ph thuc vo c tr-ng ca ngun tn hiu t-ng t, v do c th rt khc nhau. Khi tn hiu l ting ni, vic bit -c cc c tnh ca ting ni (c tr-ng ca ngun) c th cho php ti -u ho cc b m ho ting ni theo mt s tiu ch.
Cc c tnh ca ting ni: Ting ni c mt s tnh cht c th

khai thc -c trong thit k cc b m ho hiu qu cao (c nn tn hiu ln). + Tnh cht c ph hn ch: Ting ni c th hn ph m khng mang li sai s th cm ng k p C th p dng nh l ly mu vi tc mu hu hn v ting ni c th khi phc -c hon ton t chui tn hiu mu. y l c s ca thut ton ly mu - ri rc ho. + C hm mt xc sut ca tr bin l khng u: pdf ca bin ting ni l mt hm khng u: tn hiu c bin rt ln c xc sut xy ra no , tn hiu c bin } 0 th c xc sut xy ra rt ln. pdf gim n iu t cc gi tr bin } 0 ti cc gi tr bin rt ln (pdf chnh xc th ph thuc vo rng bng 26

ca tn hiu v vo cc iu kin ghi m). Lm gn ng: pdf di hn (long term pdf):

p x !  2 x 1 exp Wx 2W x

(3.7) (pdf m 2 pha hay pdf Laplace). pdf ny c nh ti x = 0 m n l do trong ting ni rt th-ng c cc on ngh v cc on c mc bin thp. pdf ngn hn (short time pdf): Th-ng -c xp x bng phn b chun (Gauss).
ng dng: l-ng t ho khng u.

+ Hm t t-ng quan (ACF: Autocorrelation Function): T-ng quan rt ln gia cc mu lin tip ca ting ni p trong mt mu ting ni, phn ln c th d dng d on -c t gi tr ca cc mu tr-c . L c s ca cc thut ton d on. ACF:
C k ! 1 N
N  k 1

x n x   k . n

n !0

(3.8) x(k): mu ting ni th k. ACF th-ng -c chun ho theo ph-ng sai ca tn hiu ting ni, do gi tr ca ACF hn ch trong [-1, 1] vi
C 0 ! 1 . Cc tn hiu ting ni tiu biu c tr hm t-ng quan mu
(

k bn (C(1)) th-ng l 0.85 z 9. + Hm mt ph cng sut (PSD: Power Spectrum Density): PSD ca tn hiu ting ni c tnh cht l mt hm khng u p c th c -c s nn tn hiu ng k nh m ho ting ni trn min tn s. o nh l-ng ca tng ch m cc i l thuyt c th t -c nh khai thc c tnh PSD khng u l SFM ( o mc bng phng ca ph : Spectral Flatness Measure). SFM l t s 27

trung bnh s hc v trung bnh hnh hc ca cc mu ca PSD -c ly trn cc khong tn s cch u:

1 N 2 N Sk k !1 SFM ! 1 N 2N S k k !1

(3.9) trong Sk l mu tn s th k ca PSD ca ting ni. Tiu biu: Cc tn hiu ting ni c gi tr SFM di hn bng 8 v SFM ngn hn bin i trong mt gii rng t 2 z 500.
c. Phn loi m ho ting ni Cc b m ho ting ni

Cc b m ho dng sng

Cc b m ho ngun

Min thi gian

Min tn s

LPC

HYBRID

VOCODER

khng vi sai

vi sai

PCM

ADPCM

DELTA

SBC

ATC

Ch gii:

LPC: Linear Predictive Coding: M ho d on tuyn tnh; SBC: Sub Band Coding: M ho bng con; ATC: Adaptive Transform Coding: M bin i thch nghi; ADPCM: Adaptive Differential PCM: PCM vi sai thch nghi.
Cc c im c bn:

28

- Cc b m ho dng sng: V nguyn tc, -c thit k c -c tnh cht c lp vi ngun tn hiu, do c th m ho nhnhau i vi mt lot loi tn hiu (ting ni, tn hiu truyn thanh, truyn hnh...). u im: n gin, thch hp vi nhiu tnh cht khc nhau ca tn hiu v kho trn mi tr-ng c tp/ nhiu. Tuy nhin, cc b m ho dng sng ch t -c mc tit kim v tc bit mt cch kh khim tn. - Cc b m ho ngun: Rt tit kim bit song ni chung phc tp cao. Chng da trn vic s dng hiu bit tin nghim v tn hiu -c m ho.
2. M ho bng con (SBC) a. M ho min tn s tn hiu ting ni

-c xut t 1979 (Crochiere v Tribolet). Tn hiu ting ni -c chia thnh mt tp cc thnh phn tn s ri -c l-ng t ho v m ho ring bit. Bng cch ny, cc bng tn s khc nhau c th -c m ho mt cch c -u tin theo mt s tiu chun th cm cho tng bng, nh m tp m l-ng t c th -c nn (kim ch) bn trong cc bng v trnh -c vic to ra cc mo hi bn ngoi bng. u im: S bit dng m c th thay i ng -c v c th chia x gia cc bng khc nhau.
b. M ho bng con

Php l-ng t ho l mt thut ton phi tuyn, gy ra cc sn phm mo c ph rng. Tai ng-i th khng nhn bit cc mo ny nh- nhau mi tn s. Do c th nhn -c mt s ci thin ng k v cht l-ng bng cch m tn hiu theo cc bng hp SBC, do c th xem -c nh- mt ph-ng php kim sot v phn phi tp m l-ng t mt cch thch hp trn ton bng tn hiu.

29

Trong SBC, ting ni -c chia thnh 4 hay 8 bng con nh mt lot cc mch lc. Sau , tng bng con -c ly mu v m ho vi chnh xc khc nhau tu theo tiu chun th cm. Vic chia bng con c th tin hnh theo hai cch: - Chia u, song tu theo tiu chun v mo th cm -c m m tng bng vi mt tc bit ring khc nhau. - Chia khng u bng ting ni thnh cc bng con c ng gp nh- nhau v l-ng mo th cm -c. Th d (Crochiere):
S th t bng con Gii tn s

1 2 3 4

200 700 Hz 700 1310 Hz 1310 2020 Hz 2020 3200 Hz

Do tai ng-i c nhy gim theo hm m i vi tn s, mt dng c bit ca cch chia bng con th nht l chia the o thang octave ch khng chia u bng thnh cc bng con.
Ph-ng php x l: Cc bng con -c -a v gc tn s nh

cc sng mang con bng iu ch n bin. S khi: + B m ho:

LP translator Decimator Encoder

s(t)

. . .
LP translator Decimator Encoder

Multiplexer

30

+ B gii m ting ni SBC:

Decoder Interpolator BP translator

DEMUX

. . . .
Decoder Interpolator

 
BP translator

st

Ch gii:

LP translator: B bin i bng gc (thng thp); Decimator: B tch/ chit (nn); Interpolator: B ni suy; BP translator: B bin i v gii thng bng con.
3. VOCODERS a. Gii thiu chung

Vocoders l mt lp cc h thng m ho ting ni thc hin phn tch tn hiu thoi ti my pht, truyn i cc thng s v m hnh ting ni c -c t qu trnh phn tch. phn thu thc hin tng hp li ting ni bng cc thng s nhn -c. V c bn, mi h thng vocoder u c m hnh ho qu trnh to ting ni nh- mt h thng ng v c nh l-ng cc rng buc vt l nht nh ca h thng. V vy, vocoders th phc tp hn cc b m ho dng sng nhiu v c -c mc tit kim bit rt cao (c th m ho ting ni vi tc bit thp qung 2Kb/s).
M hnh to ting ni:

31

m v thanh Ngun th cp Ngun tp

Ngun xung

B lc ng pht thanh Ting ni tng hp -c

m hu thanh Thng s kch thch Thng s lc

B phn tch

Ting ni li vo

Cc thng s ting ni quan trng: - Pitch frequency < 300Hz. (tch -c rt kh) - Pole frequencies (formants): Vi ng-i ln: f1 } 500Hz, f2 } 1500Hz, f 3 } 2500Hz, f4 } 3500Hz. y l cc tn s cng h-ng ca ng m thanh trong b my pht m ca con ng-i. - Cc thng s bin ca kch thch. Trong kch thch phn hai tr-ng hp: m hu thanh (kch thch l 1 xung hay mt dy xung) v m v thanh (kch thch l 1 ngun tp). Cc vocoders cho ra tn hiu ting ni m rt km chu tp m v cht l-ng ting ni khi phc th-ng ph thuc nhiu vo ng-i ni. Dng ph cp nht ca cc vocoders l LPC vocoder.
b. LPC Vocoder c im:

- Thuc lp Vocoder min thi gian, Vocoder (LPC) c gng ly cc c im quan trng trong ting ni t dng sng thi gian ca tn hiu ting ni. 32

- C kh nng truyn ting ni cht l-ng tt tc 4.8Kb/s v cht l-ng thp hn cc tc thp hn (ti 2Kb/s).
Nguyn l:

- M hnh ha ng m thanh bng mt b lc tuyn tnh ton cc c hm truyn:

H z ! G 1  bk z  k
k !1 M

(3.10) G: tng ch (Gain) ca mch lc, z  k biu th thut ton gi chm n v. - Kch thch: + L mt xung vi tn s = Pitch frequency khi m thanh l m hu thanh; + L mt tp m trng khi m thanh l v thanh. - Nguyn l d on tuyn tnh ging nh- vi ADPCM, tuy nhin thay v truyn i cc gi tr l-ng t ho ca tn hiu sai s biu th sai lch gia dng sng thc v gi tr d on, LPC vocoder ch truyn i cc c tr-ng chn lc ca tn hiu sai s, bao gm: 1. h s tng ch; 2. thng tin v pitch; 3. thng tin v m v thanh hay hu thanh. phn thu, cn c vo cc thng tin v tn hiu sai s, to li gn ng kch thch cp cho b gii m. ng thi cc thng s v b lc tng hp -c s dng iu chnh b lc ti to ting ni.
S khi nguyn l:
LPC Filter Encod er Decoder

Tin g ni

Buffer

Voice/Unvo. Decision

Encod er

Channe l

Decoder

Synthesize r

Pitch analysi s

Encod er

Decoder

33
Excitatio n

Tin g ni (i n t) tng hp

c. LPC kch thch a xung (Multi pulse Excited LPC- MPL-LPC)

Atal (1986) ch ra rng bt lun im kch thch xung nm u, nu ch kch thch 1 xung/ pitch period th gy ra cc mo rt ln, thy r -c. ng th s dng 8 xung/ pitch period vi bin v v tr xung -c iu chnh thch hp nhm cc tiu sai s trung bnh bnh ph-ng.
c im: Cht l-ng ting ni tt hn nhiu do khng ch

d- d on -c xp x tt hn bng nhiu xung/ pitch period m cn do thut ton a xung khng i hi phi nhn bit v tch pitch.
d. LPC kch thch m (Code Excited LPC: CELP coder) c im:

- Coder v Decoder cng c mt bng m gm cc tn hiu kch thch nh tr-c. Khi phn tch: b m ho tm trong bng m kch thch ph hp v gi i thng s (l-ng t ho) v kch thch chn. Phn thu, cn c vo tn hiu nhn -c s nht ra kch thch cn thit t bng m (code book) tr sn kch thch LPC filter. - Cc k phc tp v i hi s l-ng php tnh (+), ( v) rt ln (ti 500 triu php tnh/ giy). - C -c tc bit rt thp vi cht l-ng ting ni cao (thm ch ch 0.25 bit/ mu). Tc hin t -c 4.8Kb/s vi cht l-ng ting ni cao nh s pht trin trong cng ngh VLSI v DSP.
e. LPC kch thch d- (Residual Excited LPC: RELP) Nguyn l: Sau khi nh gi cc thng s m hnh (cc thng s LP

hay cc thng s lin quan) v cc thng s kch thch (V/U decision,

34

pitch, gain), ting ni -c tng hp li phn pht, sau -c trn vi ting ni gc c -c phn d- (sai s). Cc thng tin -c truyn i: (A): - Thng s LP. - Thng s kch thch. (B): - Phn d- -c l-ng t ho v m ho.
phn thu: tn hiu -c tng hp li t cc thng s (A) sau

-c cng vi phn d- (B) c -c ting ni cht l-ng cao.

4. Chn la ph-ng php m ho ting ni trong thng tin di ng a. Nguyn tc

Vic chn la ph-ng php m ho ting ni cn c vo cc yu cu v cht l-ng ting ni, mc phc tp thit b, bng tn -c s dng, mc tiu th ngun, tr x l... Vic chn la cng ph thuc kch th-c t bo: - Microcell: C th ti dng tn s p nhu cu v rng bng t-ng i d chu, s ng-i s dng/ t bo th-ng khng qu ln, iu kin truyn sng kh tt nn th-ng khng phi s dng m ho knh C th s dng m ho ting ni tc khng cn qu thp (ADPCM 32Kb/s chng hn). - Cellular radio: + S ng-i s dng/ t bo ln. + iu kin truyn sng phc tp p phi m knh. + Nhu cu v rng bng b hn ch p phi dng cc b m ho tc thp (c 10Kb/ s). - Thng tin di ng v tinh: + Bng tn -c s dng rt hp. + Vng ph sng cc ln p phi dng cc k thut vocoder vi tc bit rt thp (c 3Kb/s). 35

b. Cc b m ho ting ni -c s dng trong thng tin di ng Tiu chun GSM CD 900 VSDC (IS-54) IS 95 IS -95 PCS PDC CT 2 DECT PHS DCS 1800 PACS Loi dch v Cellular nt nt nt PCS Cellular Cordless nt nt PCS PCS RPE LTP SBC VSELP (Vector Sum ELP) CELP CELP VSELP ADPCM ADPCM ADPCM RPE LTP ADPCM 1.2; 2.4; 4.8; 9.6 14.4 4.5; 6.7; 11.2 32 32 32 13 32 13 16 8 Loi b m ho Tc bit (kb/s)

3.4. m ho knh v ghp xen 1. M ho knh a. Gii thiu chung C s l thuyt m ho kim sot li

nh l Shannon:
C ! B log
S 1 N 2

! B log

P 1 N B 0 2

(3.11) P: Cng sut tn hiu thu. P = Eb.Rb, do : 36

C ! B log

Eb Rb 1 N B 0 2

1 N B C ! log 0 2 B

Eb Rb

(3.12) C/ B: hiu qu bng tn. - M ho chng nhiu l vic -a vo l-ng d- tha (cc bit d-) vo d liu -c truyn nhm ci thin cht l-ng truyn dn khi tn hiu chu nhiu, mo, phaing, hiu ng Doppler... - Cc bit d- -c tnh t cc bit thng tin v -c s dng trong qu trnh pht hin v sa li phn thu.
Cc vn :

- Vic tng thm bit d- c th ci thin BER rt tt ti cc gi tr SNR thp, tuy vy li lm gim hiu qu bng tn do B oo p cn m ho thch hp (loi m khc nhau, tn hiu d liu v tn hiu iu khin phi -c m khc nhau, cc bit c tm quan trng khc nhau ca d liu phi m khc nhau ). -c - Cn p dng ghp xen nhm gim ti cho qu trnh m ho.
Phn loi m: - M khi: M khi l cc m FEC cho php pht hin v sa mt

s gii hn cc li m khng cn pht li, nh vy c th ci thin ng k cht l-ng truyn dn mt khi cc bin php (tng cng sut pht hay p dng cc b gii iu ch phc tp...) tr nn khng thc t. Trong m khi, cc bit kim tra -c thm vo cc bit thng tin to nn cc t m hay cc khi m. S bit ca mt t m: n. S bit thng tin: k p S bit d-: n k. + Tc m: k/ n = Rc. K hiu m: (n, k). + Thng s quyt nh kh nng sa li: khong cch ti thiu dmin , -c xc nh nh- sau: (xt vi m nh phn)

37

d  i , C j ! Ci ,l C j , l C
n l !1

(3.13) -c gi l khong cch gia cc t m C i v Cj.

Ci ,l , C j ,l : l cc bit th l ca cc t m Ci v Cj .

a d min ! Min_  i , C j dC
(3.14) + Kh nng pht hin v sa: Gi t l bi li c th pht hin hoc sa:
nh l:

Pht hin: t e d min  1 Sa: t e

M chp:
d min  1 2

Chui thng tin khng -c nhm thnh cc khi m. Vic m ho -c thc hin nh cho chui thng tin qua mt b ghi dch trng thi hu hn. Tng qut, b ghi dch gm N (k bit) tng v m b to hm i s tuyn tnh da trn a thc sinh. N: di rng buc; Tc m Rc = k/n. ngha ca N: S cc bit d liu li vo m bit li ra ph thuc. c im: Gii m phc tp song c kh nng to ln chng li. Trong thng tin di ng p dng c m khi ln m chp.

N tng
k bit d liu 1
....

....

...

....

38

b. Mt s tnh cht lin quan Ci thin cht l-ng nh kt ni tng cc b m:

Concatenated codes (Kt tng cc b m khc nhau): - Mt l-ng d- -c thm vo nh p dng 1 m no , sau nh s dng 1 m khc nhm oo l-ng d- tha. Hiu qu sa ooo.
Rt ngn m:

- Mt m (n, k) c th rt ngn -c thnh m (n-b, k-b) trong b l s bit m thng tin -c rt ngn. Khi kh nng sa ca m tng.
2. Ghp xen (Interleaving) a. Gii thiu chung

Ghp xen l mt qu trnh sp xp li trt t ca mt t m tr-c khi truyn i. phn thu, qu trnh khi phc (sp li) trt t -c gi l gii ghp xen. Mc ch l phn tp v thi gian, gii t-ng quan li (cm li trn knh do phaing, nhiu...). Tr gi: tr x l o v tn b nh tr cc t m tr-c khi truyn.
b. Cc loi ghp xen Ghp xen khi

c im : - c vo thnh cc ct. - c ra nh- nhng t m n bit (theo hng). Tr x l: 2DW, b nh: WD.
c ra cc bit, -a ti MOD (1 hng/ ln)

1
c vo cc bit t b m ho

m+ 1 m+

......... ....

. . . . .

2 .

m hng

39
(D)

2
 

2m

....

n m

Ghp xen cun:

(D-1)M
1 T b m ho

M / (D-2)M
2

/ D-1 D

(D-1)M

D-1 D

1 Knh c li cm

(D-2)M / M
D-1

2 D-1

Ti b gii m

Tr x l: W(D-1). B nh: W(D-1)/2.

3.5. iu ch v san bng trong thng tin di ng

1. iu ch trong thng tin di ng a. Gii thiu chung Nhim v: iu ch thc hin bin bn tin cn truyn (tn hiu

thoi analog trong cc h thng 1G, cc tn hiu d liu trong cc th h 2G, 3G...) thnh tn hiu cao tn dng sng lin tc truyn i. Vic iu ch cn t -c hiu qu bng tn cao v thch hp vi c tnh knh.
c tnh knh truyn:

- C phaing, tp nhiu mnh. - Bng tn rt hn ch. 40

- Mo phi tuyn ln do cng sut trm gc th-ng ln.

Cc loi iu ch thng th-ng trong cc h thng thng tin di ng:

- Th h 1 (1G): Tn hiu thoi analog c ph kh hp nn vic iu ch c th thc hin -c bng ph-ng php iu tn, cho php n gin thit b, t nhy cm vi mo phi tuyn, m rng bng vn kh hp (25 kHz/knh). - Th h 2 (2G): Tn hiu -c s ho, c ph rng. c im: Cc tn hiu t nhy cm vi mo phi tuyn. Gii php: + C ph-ng php iu ch cho ph hp vi cc h thng c bng kh hn ch, tr gi l phc tp thit b (GMSK, QPSK, DQPSK...). + p dng ph-ng php iu ch khng tit kim ph cho cc h thng c yu cu hiu qu bng tn khng cao (microcell, CT...), chng hn FSK. - Cc th h t-ng lai: Do nhu cu v dch v v loi hnh dch v pht trin (t thoi v s liu tc thp p a ph-ng tin) nn tc bit/ knh ooo. tng hiu qu ph phi s dng cc ph-ng php iu ch tit kim ph cao: QAM, ...
b. Mt vi loi s iu ch trong cc h thng TTDD tiu biu th h 2 H thng CDMA IS 95 (cdmaOne) ca M:

Loi iu ch BPSK trn mi mt trc, tng hp li nh- tn hiu QPSK (gi iu ch QPSK). S khi:

Synch.Ch . Paging.C h. Traffic.Ch .

Filter

B tn g hp tuy n tnh s

PNI

Cos 2Tf c t

Ti RF (Mixture ...)

41
PN Q

Sin 2Tf c t

Filter

H thng GSM (Chu u):

Loi iu ch: GMSK. Nguyn tc: L iu ch tn s pha cc tiu MSK vi vic lc tn hiu s tr-c khi -a ti VCO bng b lc Gao-x p ph tn hiu hp. S khi:
H(f) Chui bit

Filter

VCO

Tn hiu GMSK

Chui bit

Li ra lc

H f ! e

ln 2 2B 2

!e

ln 2 2 BT 2

T . f 2

(3.15)
ht ! 1 e
WT 2T
t2 2 WT
2

(3.16) 42

trong :

W !

ln 2 B.T

B: rng bng lc 3dB; T: rng 1 bit; Vi GSM: BT = 0.3 p ph rng } 100 kHz/ kn v tuy (c tc bit = 271 h n kb/ . s)
2. San bng trong thng tin di ng a. Chc nng ca san bng trong thng tin di ng

- Do iu ch ph hp, s to dng xung khng kt thc trong mt khong Ts p ISI (Do c tnh knh thng tin di ng l gii hn bng mt cch qu mc nhm t hiu qu ph cao). - Do knh v tuyn phn tn theo thi gian (do truyn dn a -ng ca tn hiu) p ISI. Nhim v ca san bng knh l loi b ISI ti u thu nhm khi phc tn hiu chnh xc. Do knh v tuyn di ng bin i ngu nhin theo thi gian p san bng phi c tnh thch nghi. Mt b san bng thch nghi th-ng cng tc trong 2 ch : - Hun luyn (training mode). - Bm (tracking mode). B san bng knh, xt v bn cht l mt b c nhim v b cc bin thin ca c tnh bin v c tnh tr pha ca knh v vic iu chnh thch nghi n nhm b mt gii trung bnh no cc c tnh ni trn ca knh. Vic hun luyn c th da trn mt chui bit gi ngu nhin hay mt chui bit c nh c mu bit tr-c phn thu. Sau thi gian hun luyn, c tnh knh -c b nh phn thu cn c vo chui hun luyn iu chnh thch ng ti trng thi gn opt b san bng, sau h thng -c chuyn sang ch bm. Qu trnh hun luyn c th: 43

- t tr-c phin lin lc ngay khi chuyn sang ch bm mi truyn tin cho ti ht phin. Tr-ng hp ny -c p dng vi cc knh t bin ng v bin thin chm (vi ba s chng hn). - t xen k trong sut qu trnh mt phin lin lc, p dng cho cc knh bin i nhanh nh- trong tr-ng hp thng tin di ng macrocell. Cc b san bng thch nghi hot ng trn thut ton truy ton (lp) nhm ti thiu ho ISI hay sai s trung bnh bnh ph-ng gia c tnh knh mong mun v c tnh knh thc. Cc b san bng c th thc hin ti trung tn hay bng tn gc.
b. S khi mt b san bng tng qut / S khi n gin mt h thng v tuyn s c san bng thch

nghi: x(t)

Modulator

Transmitter

Radio channel

RF rec. front - end

IF stage

d(t)

Decision maker

Equalizer heq (t)

d t

y(t)

nb(t)

f(t)

Matched filter

e(t)

/ S khi ca mt b san bng tng qut:

yk

z-1

yk-1

z-1

yk-2

...

z-1

yk-N

C0k

C1k

CN
k

Thut ton thch nghi cp nht 44 h s C k b

dk

ek

xk

xk: mode.

- Chui tn hiu training -c bit tr-c trong training - Chui tn hiu sau quyt nh trong ch tracking

mode.
c. Mt s thut ton thch nghi th-ng gp

+ Zero forcing (ZF): (Lucky - 1965) - Cc h s ca equalizer cn -c chn sao cho c-ng p cc gi tr mu ca p ng xung tng cng ca h thng (hc(t) heq(t)) ct qua 0 ti t } NTs (N{0). - c im: C th tng c-ng tp m ti cc tn s ph knh c tiu hao ln. + LMS (Least Mean Square):
dk ! y k ck ! ck y k
T T

(3.17)
lk ! d k  d k ! xk  d k ! xk  c k y k ! xk  y k c k
T T

(3.18) Nhim v ca thut ton LMS l tm ck ti thiu ho sai s

\!

(3.19) Li gii ca thut ton ny dn ti phi tnh mt ma trn nghch o kh phc tp. V vy thut ton tm
c k th-ng -c p dng l

thut ton gradient ngu nhin (stochastic gradient) do Widrow xut nm 1966. Thut ton ny cn c tn l thut ton gim dc nht (steepest descent). Th tc nh- sau: 45

trung bnh bnh ph-ng:

?l A l
 k k

d k n ! C N n y N n
T

(3.20)
en ! xk n  d k n

(3.21)
 C N n  1 ! C N n  Eek n y N n

(3.22) - Ch s N k hiu s tng gi chm ca b san bng. - E : B-c iu chnh.

Tnh n nh v chnh xc iu chnh

- E ln: thi gian iu chnh ngn (iu chnh nhanh), song sai s iu chnh tnh ln. - E qu ln: c th dn n khng n nh. - E nh: bo m n nh song thi gian iu chnh ko di.

3.6. kim sot cng sut v ng b trong ttdd

1. Kim sot cng sut trong thng tin di ng a. Mc ch ca kim sot cng sut / Kim sot cng sut trong thng tin di ng -c thc hin nh thu

o tn hiu nhm iu khin thay i thch hp cng sut pht.

/ Kim sot cng sut trong thng tin di ng nhm 2 mc ch c

bn: + Tit kim ngun cho my di ng nhm ko di thi gian gia 2 ln np cqui. + Gim thiu can nhiu gia cc ng-i s dng. Mc ch ny khc bit gia cc h thng khc nhau (CDMA v TDMA).

46

/ i vi cc h thng TDMA/FDMA nh- GSM, cc ng-i s dng

cng tc trn cc khe thi gian khc nhau hoc trn cc tn s khc nhau, do vy kh nng gy nhiu ln nhau rt nh nu vic ng b v ging thi gian (time alignement) thc hin tt. Kim sot v iu khin cng sut i vi cc h thng ny c i hi khng qu ngt ngho v ch yu nhm tit kim ngun c-qui cho my di ng.
/ i vi cc h thng CDMA, c vn v hiu ng xa gn

(near far effect), dn n i hi v kim sot v iu khin cng sut rt ngt ngho. iu khin cng sut khng tt s dn n s ng-i c th s dng ng thi trong mt t bo gim mnh. Hiu ng xa gn c th gii thch s l-c nh- sau: - Gi s khng c iu khin cng sut v mi my di ng u pht cng mt cng sut P. Ta hy xt tr-ng hp ch c 2 ng-i s dng ng thi. - Khi 2 MS cng khong cch d vi trm gc: Cng sut thu -c Pr1 =Pr2 hay Pr1/ Pr2 = 1. i vi MS th Pr1 l nhiu. 2 - Gi s MS1 tin li trm gc c ly d/2. Khi cng sut P r1 = 16Pr2 (do tn hao th-ng theo lut m 4). Tc l Pr2/ Pr1 =1/16
p mc

nhiu tng. Pr1 c th thay bng 16 ngun nhiu l 16 MS cng c ly d. Gi s Pr2/ Pr1 =1/16 l mc ng-ng t s tn/ nhiu cn cho php thu -c tt. Khi l ra 17 ng-i s dng cng khong cch d cng c th cng tc th ch cn 2 ng-i c th cng tc ng thi -c vi 1 ng-i (MS) c ly d v l MS c ly d/2. Tc l hiu ng gn xa lm gim s ng-i c th ng thi cng tc p tng s ng-i c th cng cng tc, phi thc hin iu khin cng sut sao cho Pri =Prj  i, j. Hiu ng xa gn nh- trn c th gii thchtheo hnh v sau:

/ Khi cc MS cch u BS

MS17

MS1

MS2

47

SBS

- Mt ph cng sut tn hiu thu:

MS1 MS2

f f

. . . . - Sau gii tri ph:

MS1

MS17

Ng-ng t s tn/ nhiu

. . .

MS17 MS2

f
/ Khi 1 MS tin li BS vi c ly d/2
MS1r d
r

MS2

d/ 2 BS

- Mt ph cng sut tn hiu thu:

MS1

f
MS2

48

- Sau gii tri ph:

MS1 Ng-ng MS2

f b. iu khin cng sut trong cc h thng TDMA Do iu khin cng sut trong cc h thng TDMA i hi khng qu ngt ngho nn iu khin cng sut c th thc hin -c mt cch n gin nh- sau: - Trong qu trnh cng tc, my di ng lun thu o tn hiu thu -c t trm gc v bo co v BS mc in thu -c. - Cn c vo thng s o, BS tnh ra c ly BS MS v ra lnh iu khin cng sut pht my MS v gi tr thch hp.
c. iu khin cng sut trong h thng CDMA - Gii php ca Qualcom / Trong h thng CDMA, gii php iu khin cng sut ca

Qualcomm Ltd nhm : - Duy tr cht l-ng thoi cho hu ht MS ang cng tc trong t bo. - Tng dung l-ng h thng tng cng trong khi vn duy tr cht l-ng thoi. - Gim cng sut pht trung bnh ca MS nhm tit kim pin.
/ Cc gii php iu khin cng sut ca Qualcomm Ltd bao gm:

+ iu khin cng sut h-ng i: iu khin cng sut h-ng i l mt qu trnh iu khin chm vng kn, cn c vo cc bo co v t l li khung (FER: Frame Error Rate) m cc MS bo v, trn c 49

s s n nh cng sut h-ng i cho cc knh logic khc nhau mt cch thch hp nh iu khin tng ch theo tng knh logic (knh pilot, knh ng b, knh paging, cc knh traffic). Nh vy cc MS xa cng nh- gn u c cng cht l-ng tn hiu thu. + iu khin cng sut h-ng v: Bao gm: - iu khin vng h: MS o cng sut tn hiu pilot v t tnh ra phi iu khin th cng sut pht ca mnh th no. - iu khin vng kn: Gm 2 vng iu khin: trong v ngoi. Cht l-ng thoi trong CDMA khng ch duy tr -c nh duy tr Eb/ N0 > ng-ng m cn phi nh duy tr FER < ng-ng. FER c quan h kh cht ch vi Eb/ N0. Do iu khin cng sut lin quan ti FER v Eb/ N0.
 Vng trong:

- BS o cng sut thu -c t MS trn knh h-ng v. - So snh vi mt ng-ng (n nh bi FER xc nh bi nh iu hnh). - Ra lnh iu khin cng sut pht MS, MS theo iu chnh cng sut pht ca m nh.
 Vng ngoi:

- BS o Eb/ N0 trung bnh theo tng PCG (Power Control Group) di 1.25 ms. - Eb/ N0 o -c -c so vi E b/ N0 mc tiu. - Nu Eb/ N0 < Eb/ N0 mc tiu p ra lnh up (tng cng sut) cho my di ng. - Nu Eb/ N0 > Eb/ N0 mc tiu p ra lnh down (gim cng sut). - Sau mi khung iu khin th b m FER -c i mi ni dung v -c s dng iu chnh E b/ N0 mc tiu. 50

L-u iu khin cng sut vng kn h-ng v (iu chnh tinh):

t FER mc tiu (do nh iu hnh)

t Eb/N0 mc tiu (T)

o Eb/N0 theo PCG (M)

Vng trong

So snh E b/N0 (M
T)

Vng ngoi

Ra lnh iu khin cng sut ca MS

Khung 20 ms thu -c?

Y
Tnh FER v iu chnh E b/N0 (T)

2. ng b trong thng tin di ng a. Vai tr ng b trong thng tin di ng s / ng b trong thng tin di ng c cc nhim v:

- ng b ng h, bo m ly mu cc tn hiu trong gii iu ch mt cch ng n nhm t E b/ N0 cao nht. - ng b m tri ph PN trong CDMA nhm bo m tch tn hiu CDMA khi nn nhiu, gim t nhiu. b. ng b ng h (nhp) 51

/ ng b ng h trong thng tin di ng cng -c thc hin bng cc

DPLL. c. ng b m PN trong CDMA

/ S ng b ca chui PN ti my thu vi chui PN my pht l yu

t c bn nhn ng tn hiu. Vic mt ng b gia cc chui ny gy nn t nhiu. ng b m PN trong CDMA gm 2 qu trnh: - ng b th. - ng b tinh.
/ ng b th

S khi:
s1(t ) s1(t ) s2(t )
BPF

c(t+H) s4(t ) s3(t )

Tch sng -ng

So snh

Dch m

B to m PN

Ng-ng

s1 t ! 2 P .c t cos [ 0t  U m , chui PN my thu gi s lch so vi c(t) .

phn pht 1 l-ng H (sai pha u), do li ra mch nhn:

s2 t ! s1 t ct  H . .

Tn hiu ny -c cho qua BPF sau tch sng -ng bao. Gii thng BPF rng so vi ph m(t) (tn hiu hu ch bng gc) song hp so vi ph ca c(t). Nu sng mang -c iu ch c sng mang khng i th:
H H s4 t ! ct c t  H ! Rc H , Rc  l gi tr hm t t-ng quan ca c(t). Rc  .

cc i ti H = 0, bin in p ra b tch sng -ng bao do ph thuc H . Nu bin s4 t < ng-ng th iu chnh l gim H . 52

Qu trnh thc hin cho ti khi bin s4 t v-t qu ng-ng th chuyn sang ch d tm (ng b tinh).
/ ng b tinh
Tn hiu ti

Sm

T Rc H  c 2
BPF Tch sng -ng

H
+ To PN Tr Lc mch vng e(H)

Tc

T Rc H  c 2
BPF Tch sng -ng

Nhnh sm: c(t + Tc/2). Nhnh tr: c(t - Tc/2).

e ! Rc H  H Tc
 R H  Tc c 2 2

(3.23) Sau lc mch vng nhm loi b nh h-ng ca tp m, tn hiu

e s iu khin b to m (iu khin xung nhp to m c e H H

= 0).

53