, .

1.1.
:
1.
. NASA- ,
..

2. MAINFRAME , , .
, , , .
MVS/ESA, VM/ESA, VSE/ESA , IBM 370, IBM 390
M - MAINFRAME P390 (IBM PC SERVER 500 SYSTEM/390) ENTERPRISE SYSTEM/9000 ..

3. MINICOMPUTER ,
. IBM- AS/4000, VAX .

4. WORKSTATOIN .
UNIX MacOS, OS/2, iMAC , RISC
(DIGITAL ALPHA, POWERPC, MIPS, G3) .

5. PC (PERSIONAL COMPUTER) , ,
. PC- 1981 IBM- .
INTEL- 8088 , MICROSOFT- MS-DOS
.

, .

1.2.
,
.
.
Motherboard
Power Supply
Driver-

1.3. MOTHERBOARD
MOTHERBOARD .



/
BIOS
ChipSet
:
1. CPU . CPU
, ,
. CPU chip .

2. IBM INTEL . 1971 INTEL- INTEL

4004 CHIP CPU- . 8
.
3. .

- ALU (ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT)

. , , , ,
NOT, ND, OR , , ,
.

CONTROL UNIT ,
.

4.
. INTEL PENTIUM MMX
166 MHz INTEL , PENTIUM MMX
, 166MHz (1 - 166
) . Intel 86 (486 DSL, 486SX, 486DX2, 486 DX4, PENTIUM, PENTUIM PRO,
PENTUIM MMX, PENTUIM II, PENTUIM III, PENTUIM 4 . ) , INTEL- 86
( AMD) .
,
.

, .

RAM:
1.
.
.
2. .
, , .

.
3. MEGBYTE (MB) WINDOWS95
8-16MB, WINDOWS98/98SE/ME/XP 32-128MB RAM-
. , , ,
. ,
256-
.
4. RAM- NANOSECUND (ns) RAM-
. RAM- 120, 100, 80ns .
5. (MAIN RAM CPU- ),
(VIDEO RAM ) .
RAM- DYNAMICRA, STATICRAM.
6. DRAM .
FPR (FAST PAGE MODE)
EDO RAM- . SIMM ,
60-70ns . PENTIUM MOTHERBOARD- FPM RAM-
.
EDO (EXTENDED DATA OUTPUT)
FPM- , 2-5% , 50-60ns . SIMM
.
ECC ERROR CORRECTING CODE
.

SDRAM SYNCHRONOUS DYNAMIC RAM

, .

8-12ns 64 168 pin DIMM

RAM.
RAMBUSRAM
PENTIUM 4 MOTHERBOARD- RAM.

7. .
RAM RAM-
.
8. RAM RAM- . Pentium 4
2 .

SIMM

DIMM

MOTHERBOARD-

16-32 72 pin
8-16 30 pin

64 168 pin
:


.
. CACHE RAM INTERNAL ( ), EXTERNAL
( MOTHERBOARD ) .
INTERNAL CACHE RAM (L1 CACHE)- . EXTERNAL CACHE
RAM (L2 CACHE) 256-1024kb STATICRAM- .

I/O BUS:
CPU RAM . CPU
SYSTEM BUS. CPU
RAM- .

CPU 2 .

, .

INSTRUCTION .
.

PRINT, SAVE, OPEN . .

DATA . , .

RAM- PCI, ISA, EISA, USB ( ,

), AGP ( ) BUS- .
BIOS ROM CHIP:
ROM CHIP

POST ON SELF TEST

GRAPHIC

ADAPTER, BIOS, RAM

3- .

SETUP

, , , ,
, RAM- , .
BIOS

.
BOOT

BOOT

CHIPSET:
.
CONTROLLER . INTEL, SIS, OPTI, VIA, ALI CHIPSET
.
1994 6- 2 CHIPSET
82434NX NEPTUNE
PCI BUS-
82434LX MERCURY

82430FX TRITON
1995 , EDO RAM, EIDE-
82430HX TRITON
Triton-
II
Socket
7

Pentium
, SDRAM
ULTRA DMA (ATA 33 EIDE
82430TX
33MHz

1995 , 4 Pentium Pro
82450GX

MOTHERBOARD 2 CPU-
82440FX NATOMA
, AGP-
82440LX
1997 8- , USB-
1998/04/15- , 350-500MHz
82440BX
PENTIUM II, III CPU-
BX- 2GB SDRAM, 4
82440GX
USB-

1.4. DRIVER
DRIVER- , CD-ROM . IDE, EIDE, SCSI
I/O BUS- .
HARD DISC DRIVER
.
MB (MEGABYTE), GB (GEGABYTE)

40-60GB . WINDOWS

40-100MB (RAM- 2-3 ) .

5

, .

500MB .
DATA RATE CPU- (5-40
megabytes per
second), SEEK TIME
(CPU, RAM .) (10-20 millisecond)
.

2 .
CYLINDER, TRACK, SECTOR- .

ASTER BOOT RECORDS-

. 4500-10000 RPM
SEEK TIME
. WORD
.

.

SAVE

2-
MOTHERBOARD .

MOTHERBOARD .
TRACK SECTOR-
.

LBA (LOGICAL BLOCK ADDRESS) .

.

FLOPPY DISC DRIVER

3.5 . 3.5 DD 720KB, HD 1.44MB, XD 2.88MB
.
COMPACT DISC DRIVER
. :
CD ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY)

CD-R (RECORDABLE)
CD RECORDABLE
.
CD RW (REWRITABLE)
CD RECORDABLE, CD REWRITABLE
. CD RW
.

, .

DIGITAL VIDEO DISC

.
650MB DVD 4GB- .
3 .
DVD ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY)
3.86-17GB DVD
DVD-R (RECORDABLE)
DVD DVD RECORDABLE
.
DVD RW (REWRITABLE)
DVD DVD RECORDABLE, DVD REWRITABLE
. DVD RW
.
LOMEGA ZIP
3.5

100MB

ZIP

SONYHIFD
1999 SONY 3.5 200MB
. 3.5 DD, HD .
LS120
1993 IMATION 3.5 120MB
3.5 DD, HD .

1.5.

. 14-17 , 256- VGA, SVGA
. VIDEO PORT-
. .
.

.
VIDEO RAMDOM ACCESS MEMORY .

. ,
,
. SUPERVGA 16
. CRT (CATHODE
RAY TUBE) DISPLAY
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)
. CRT

, .

. PARALLEL PORT- .

.
VIDEO S-VIDEO CONNECTOR- .

KEYBOARD
. PS/2
KEYBOARD CONNECTOR- .

KEYBOARD PORT

MOUSE
WINDOWS .
SERIAL COM1, COM2 PORT PS/2 MOUSE PORT- .
.
. 3 , 2
SCROLLING .
.

.
.
2 2
.

2
.
.
. , ,
.
:
(a) .
(b) .

, .

(c) .

(d) .

JOYSTICK
JOYSTICK .
GAME PORT- .

.
USB .
:
EXTERNAL MODEM

. COM1, COM2 PORT- .
MULTIMEDIA
SPEAKER
LINE OUT CONNECTOR- .

LINE IN CONNECTOR- .
:
INTEL PENTIUM III
800MHz

CPU , ,

256RAM

512KB

CACHE

CACHE

40GB HDD

15 SVGA

3.5 1.44MB FDD

, .

CD ROM

SOUND CARD, SPEAKER

, ( )

V.90

56KBPS

INTERNAL MODEM

NETWORK
104

CARD

KEYBOARD

MOUSE+PAD

104
+

home computer ,
. ,
eMashine, Matrix, HP, Compaq
.

10