Bi 5: Phng trnh vi phn

BI 5: PHNG TRNH VI PHN

Cc kin thc cn c

Cc bn cn c kin thc v php tnh o hm vi phn (bi 2), s lc v hm nhiu bin (bi 4) .

Mc tiu

Thi lng

Nm c khi nim phng trnh vi phn. Lm c bi tp v phng trnh vi phn.

Bi ny c trnh by trong 4 tit l thuyt v 3 tit bi tp.

Ni dung

Bi ny s gii thiu vi cc bn cc khi nim c bn v phng trnh vi phn ni chung v mt s vn c bn nh biu din nghim, phng php gii mt s loi phng trnh vi phn cp mt, cp hai c bit.

Hng dn hc

Bn cn c k v p dng phng php gii ca cc v d lm c cc dng bi tp.

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Bi 5: Phng trnh vi phn

5.1. 5.1.1.

Cc khi nim c bn Cc khi nim chung v phng trnh vi phn

Trong thc t, khi nghin cu s ph thuc ln nhau gia cc i tng, nhiu khi chng ta khng th thit lp trc tip mi quan h ph thuc dng hm s gia cc i tng , m ch c th thit lp mi lin h gia cc i tng m ta cn tm mi quan h hm s, cng vi o hm hoc tch phn ca hm s cha bit y. Trong nhiu m hnh, h thc lin h c vit di dng phng trnh c cha o hm, l phng trnh vi phn.
5.1.1.1. nh ngha phng trnh vi phn

nh ngha: Phng trnh vi phn l phng trnh xut hin bin s, hm s cn tm v cc o hm (vi phn) cc cp ca hm s . Trong gio trnh ny, chng ta xt phng trnh vi phn trong hm s cn tm l hm s ca mt bin s. Loi phng trnh ny c gi l phng trnh vi phn thng, m ta hay gi tt l phng trnh vi phn. V d 1: Sau y l mt s phng trnh vi phn thng: a) y ' = x 2 + xy 2 + y xut hin bin s x, hm s cn tm y(x) v o hm y '(x) . a) xdy (y + x 2 )dx = 0 xut hin bin s x, hm s y v vi phn dx, dy

b)

d2 y d2 y . = axy xut hin bin s x, hm s y, vi phn cp hai dx 2 dx 2

5.1.1.2. Cp ca phng trnh vi phn

nh ngha: Cp ca phng trnh vi phn l cp cao nht ca o hm hoc vi phn ca hm s cn tm xut hin trong phng trnh . V d 2:

c) y ' = x 2 + xy 2 + y l phng trnh cp mt do phng trnh c cha o hm cp mt y '. b) xdy (y + x 2 )dx = 0 l phng trnh cp mt do trong phng trnh xut hin vi phn cp mt dy ca hm s cn tm. c) d2 y = axy l phng trnh cp hai do vi phn cp hai c mt trong phng trnh. dx 2

nh ngha: Phng trnh vi phn thng cp n l phng trnh c dng:

F(x, y, y ',..., y (n ) ) = 0 trong F l hm s ca n + 2 bin s.

96

(5.1)

Bi 5: Phng trnh vi phn

5.1.1.3. Nghim ca phng trnh vi phn

nh ngha: Nghim ca phng trnh vi phn (5.1) l mt hm s (x) xc nh trong mt

khong ( a, b ) , sao cho khi thay y = (x), y ' = '(x),..., y (n ) = (n ) (x) vo (5.1) ta c ng nht thc

F x, (x), '(x),..., (n ) (x) 0 . Gii mt phng trnh vi phn l tm tt c cc nghim ca phng trnh .
5.1.2. Phng trnh vi phn cp mt

Phng trnh vi phn cp mt c cho di mt trong cc dng sau y

dy Dng tng qut: F x, y, = 0 , F(x, y, y ') = 0 . dx Dng gii ra o hm: y ' =

dy = f (x, y) . dx

Dng i xng: M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0 . Ta thy rng c th d dng chuyn i gia hai dng ca phng trnh vi phn: Dng i xng v gii ra o hm.
5.1.2.1. Nghim v tch phn ca phng trnh vi phn cp mt

Trong phn trc chng ta bit hm s (x) c gi l nghim ca phng trnh vi phn cp mt nu nh ng nht thc F(x, (x), (x)) 0 c nghim ng. Tuy nhin c nhng trng hp ta khng gii c ra c th hm s y = (x) , m nghim ca phng trnh li c tm ra dng:
(x, y) = 0

(5.2)

Trong trng hp ny, phng trnh (5.2) c gi l tch phn ca phng trnh vi phn.
V d 3:

Phng trnh y ' = y c nghim l y = Ce x , trong C l hng s. Ta d kim tra

c y ' = Ce x = y .
Phng trnh ydy + xdx = 0 c tch phn l x 2 + y 2 = C , C l hng s dng bt k.
5.1.2.2. Nghim tng qut v nghim ring. Tch phn tng qut v tch phn ring

Ta xt mt phng trnh n gin y ' = f (x) , y l phng trnh vi phn cp mt cho dng gii ra o hm v v phi khuyt y. Trong bi 3, ta bit nghim ca phng trnh ny l y = f (x)dx , biu thc nghim c mt ca hng s C bt k.
Nghim ca mt phng trnh vi phn cp mt cng a v vic ly tch phn bt nh, do nghim y s c mt mt hng s C : y = (x, C) . Ta c nh ngha sau:
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Bi 5: Phng trnh vi phn

nh ngha: H hm s y = (x, C) c gi l nghim tng qut ca mt phng trnh vi phn cp mt nu vi mt hng s C, C thuc khong I, th hm s (x, C) tng ng l mt nghim ca phng trnh. Mi nghim nhn c t nghim tng qut khi gn cho C mt gi tr xc nh c gi l mt nghim ring ca phng trnh. nh ngha: Nghim tng qut ca mt phng trnh vi phn vit di dng hm n (x, y, C) = 0 c gi l tch phn tng qut ca phng trnh . Mi tch phn ng vi gi tr xc nh C c gi l mt tch phn ring ca phng trnh. V d 4:

a) Phng trnh y ' = x c nghim tng qut l y = Nghim y =

x2 +C. 2

x2 +1 1 l mt nghim ring ca phng trnh ng vi C = . 2 2

y3 x 2 + = C. 3 2

a) Phng trnh y 2 dy + xdx = 0 c tch phn tng qut l Vi C = 1 ta c tch phn ring 2y3 + 3x 2 = 6 .
5.1.2.3. Bi ton Cauchy

Xt phng trnh vi phn cp mt cho dng: dy = y ' = f (x, y) dx Bi ton tm nghim ring ca phng trnh (5.3) tho mn iu kin: y(x 0 ) = y0 (5.4) (5.3)

c gi l bi ton Cauchy. iu kin (5.4) c gi l iu kin ban u. Ta tha nhn nh l sau y v tnh tn ti v duy nht nghim ca bi ton Cauchy.
nh l: Gi s hm s f (x, y) xc nh v lin tc trong mt ln cn U ca im M 0 (x 0 , y0 )

v tn ti mt hng s K > 0 sao cho:

f (x, y 2 ) f (x, y1 ) K y 2 y1 , (x, y1 ), (x, y 2 ) U .

Khi tn ti mt gi tr > 0 nh sao cho trong khong (x 0 , x 0 + ) , tn ti duy nht nghim y = (x) ca phng trnh (5.3) tho mn iu kin ban u (5.4).
5.2. 5.2.1. Mt s phng trnh vi phn cp mt cu phng c Phng trnh phn ly bin s

Phng trnh phn ly bin s c dng: f (x)dx = g(y)dy . Ly tch phn hai v ta c:

f (x)dx = g(y)dy F(x) = G(y) + C

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Bi 5: Phng trnh vi phn

trong F(x) l mt nguyn hm ca f (x) , G(y) l mt nguyn hm ca g(y) . Cc phng trnh khuyt y ' = f (x) v y ' = f (y) l cc phng trnh phn ly bin s.
V d 5:

Gii cc phng trnh vi phn sau: a) (1 + x)dy = (1 y)dx .

Nhn xt:

y = 1 v x = 1 l hai nghim ca phng trnh ny. Khi y 1, x 1 , ta bin i tng ng (1 + x)dy = (1 y)dx dy dx = . y 1 x + 1

Ly tch phn hai v ta c:

ln y 1 + ln C = ln x + 1 (x + 1)(y 1) = C .

R rng x = 1, y = 1 l tch phn ring ng vi C = 0 . Vy tch phn tng qut ca phng trnh ban u l (x + 1)(y 1) = C . b) y ' = cos y sin y 2 (*) cos x sin x + 2

Nhn xt:

Nghim y ca phng trnh cos y sin y 2 = 0 l nghim ca phng trnh vi phn ang xt.

cos y sin y 2 = 0 cos y + = 1 y + = 2k y = + 2k . 4 4 4 Vy y = + 2k , k 4 Khi: y + 2k , ta c: 4 (*)

dy dx dy dx = = . cos y sin y 2 cos x sin x + 2 2 y 2x sin + cos + 2 8 2 8

l nghim ca phng trnh (*).

y x Ly nguyn hm hai v ta c cotg + = tg + + C . 2 8 2 8 Vy phng trnh cho c nghim l y = + 2k, k 4 tng qut:
y x cotg + = tg + + C . 2 8 2 8
99

v tch phn

Bi 5: Phng trnh vi phn

CH :

dy = f (ax + by) c th a v phng trnh phn ly bin s bng dx cch i bin. Tht vy, t z = ax + by z ' = a + by ' , ta c phng trnh vi phn i z ' a = f (z) z ' = bf (z) + a vi x, z : b
Phng trnh dng 5.2.2. Phng trnh thun nht (phng trnh ng cp)

Phng trnh thun nht l phng trnh c dng: y y' = f . x t y = ux , trong u(x) l hm s ca x. Ta c: y ' = xu '+ u = f (u) x Nu f (u) u , ta c du = f (u) u . dx (5.5)

du dx = , y l phng trnh phn ly bin s. f (u) u x y , nghim tng qut ca n x

Nu f (u) u th phng trnh (5.5) c dng y ' = l y = Cx .

Nu f (u) = u c nghim u = u 0 th ta c y = u 0 x cng l nghim ca (5.5).

V d 6: Gii phng trnh vi phn

a) xy ' = x sin

y + y. x t y = xu y ' = xu '+ u . Thay vo phng trnh ta c: x(xu '+ u) = x sin u + xu xu ' = sin u . Ta thy sin u = 0 u = k, k tho mn xu ' = sin u . Do y = kx l cc

nghim ca phng trnh ban u. Nu sin u 0 , ta c: du dx u y = ln tg = ln x + ln C tg = Cx . sin u x 2 2x b) (x + 2y)dx xdy = 0 v y(1) = 2 . t y = xu dy = xdu + udx , thay vo phng trnh ta c: (x + 2xu)dx x(udx + xdu) = 0 x(1 + u)dx = x 2 du . Ta thy u = 1 khng tho mn iu kin ban u, nn khng l nghim ca phng trnh. Ta c phng trnh tng ng
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Bi 5: Phng trnh vi phn

dx du = ln x + ln C = ln u + 1 u + 1 = Cx x u +1

y(1) = 2 u(1) = 2 , nn C = 1 .
Vy nghim ca phng trnh ang xt l: y = x 2 x .
CH : Phng trnh dng:

a x + b1y + c1 dy =f 1 ;(a1b 2 a 2 b1 ) dx a 2 x + b2 y + c2

(5.6)

c th a v phng trnh thun nht bng cch i bin. Tht vy, do a1b2 a2b1 nn h phng trnh

a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 = 0
c nghim duy nht ( x0 , y0 ) . S dng php i bin x = x0 + u , y = y0 + v , ta c

dx = du, dy = dv a1x + b1y + c1 = a1u + b1v + a1x 0 + b1y0 + c1 = a1u + b1v a 2 x + b 2 y + c2 = a 2 u + b 2 v + a 2 x 0 + b 2 y0 + c2 = a 2 u + b 2 v

a u + b1v dv =f 1 . y l phng trnh vi phn thun nht du a 2u + b2 v i vi bin s u v hm s v = v(u)
Phng trnh (5.6) tr thnh 5.2.3. Phng trnh tuyn tnh

Phng trnh tuyn tnh cp mt c dng: y '+ p(x)y = q(x) trong p(x), q(x) l cc hm s lin tc. Phng trnh tuyn tnh gi l thun nht nu q(x) 0 , l khng thun nht nu q(x) 0 . gii phng trnh tuyn tnh, ta chia lm ba bc: Bc 1: Gii phng trnh thun nht tng ng:

y '+ p(x)y = 0 .
p( x )dx y l phng trnh dng phn ly bin s, ta gii ra y = Ce .

Bc 2: Tm nghim ring ca phng trnh khng thun nht: y '+ p(x)y = q(x) .
p(x )dx Nghim ny c tm dng y* = C(x)e . y, ta coi C l hm s ca x.

Thay nghim y* vo phng trnh trn ta c:

[C '(x) p(x)C(x)] e

p(x )dx

p( x )dx + p(x)C(x)e = q(x) .

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Bi 5: Phng trnh vi phn

Suy ra: C '(x) = q(x)e

p( x )dx

v C(x) = q(x)e

p(x )dx

dx .

Bc 3: Nghim ca phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh ban u l y = y + y* . Nh vy nghim tng qut ca phng trnh tuyn tnh khng thun nht bng tng ca nghim tng qut ca phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht tng ng cng vi mt nghim ring ca phng trnh khng thun nht. V d 7: Gii phng trnh vi phn

a) (x 2 + 1)y '+ xy = x . Gii phng trnh thun nht tng ng: (x 2 + 1)y '+ xy = 0 Suy ra: y = C x2 +1 . dy x 1 = 2 dx ln y = ln C ln(x 2 + 1) . y x +1 2

D thy mt nghim ring ca phng trnh khng thun nht y* = 1 , do nghim ca phng trnh ang xt l: y = y + y* = C x2 +1 1 .

Nu bi ton yu cu tm nghim ca phng trnh tho mn y(0) = 2 th ta tm ra C = 3 . Nghim ca phng trnh vi iu kin ban u nh trn l: y= b) y ' = 3 x2 +1 1 .

1 (2y + xe x 2e x ) . x

Gii phng trnh thun nht tng ng: y' = 2y dy 2dx = ln y = 2 ln x + ln C . x y x

Suy ra: y = Cx 2 . Tm nghim ring ca phng trnh khng thun nht di dng y* = C(x)x 2 . Thay vo phng trnh ta c C '(x) =
ex 2 ex C(x) = 2 3 e x dx = 2 + K . x x x

(x 2)e x , suy ra: x3

Vi: K = 0 , y* = e x . Vy nghim ca phng trnh cn tm l: y = e x + Cx 2 .

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Bi 5: Phng trnh vi phn

5.2.4.

Phng trnh Bernoulli

Phng trnh Bernoulli c dng: dy + p(x)y = y q(x) dx trong l s thc khc 0 v 1. Nu > 0 th y = 0 l mt nghim ca phng trnh Bernoulli. Khi y 0 chia hai v cho y , ta c: y t z = y1 , ta c: dz dy . = (1 )y dx dx Thay vo (5.7) ta thu c phng trnh: dz + (1 )p(x)z = (1 )q(x) . dx y l phng trnh tuyn tnh i vi hm s z(x) .
V d 8:

dy + p(x)y1 = q(x) dx

(5.7)

Gii phng trnh vi phn: y '+

y = x 2 y4 . x y l phng trnh Bernoulli vi: = 4 . Ta thy y = 0 l mt nghim ca phng trnh ny.

Khi y 0 , chia c hai v ca phng trnh cho y 4 , t z = y 3 , ta c phng trnh z ' 3 z = 3x 2 . x

3 z = 0 z = Cx 3 . x 3 Tm nghim ring ca phng trnh khng thun nht z ' z = 3x 2 di dng x 3 z* = C(x)x 3 . Thay vo phng trnh ta c C '(x) = C(x) = 3ln x . x Gii phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht: z ' Vy nghim ring: z* = 3x 3 ln x . Vy phng trnh cho c nghim: y = 0 v y = x 3 (C 3ln x )
5.2.5. Phng trnh vi phn ton phn
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5.2.5.1. Phng trnh vi phn ton phn

Phng trnh vi phn ton phn l phng trnh c dng: M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0 (5.8)
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Bi 5: Phng trnh vi phn

trong M(x, y); N(x, y) l nhng hm s lin tc cng vi cc o hm ring cp M N , (x, y) D = mt trong mt min D v y x Khi tn ti hm s u(x, y) sao cho du = M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy , tc l v tri ca phng trnh (5.8) l mt biu thc vi phn ton phn. Ta c th tm c hm s u(x, y) bi mt trong hai cng thc sau y: u(x, y) = M(x, y 0 )dy + Q(x, y)dy + K
x0 x y0 x y

u(x, y) = M(x, y)dy + Q(x 0 , y)dy + K

x0 y0

trong K l mt hng s. Gii phng trnh (5.8) ta cn ly tch phn hai v v thu c tch phn tng qut: u(x, y) = C .
V d 9: Gii phng trnh vi phn:

a) (x + y + 1)dx + (x y 2 + 3)dy = 0 . V:
(x + y + 1) (x y 2 + 3) = 1 nn y l mt phng trnh vi phn ton phn. y x
x y

Chn x 0 = y 0 = 0 , ta tm c:
u(x, y) = (x + 1)dx + (x y 2 3)dy =
0 0

x2 y3 + x + xy 3y . 2 3

Vy tch phn tng qut ca phng trnh cho l: x2 y3 + x + xy 3y = C . 2 3 b)

[ xy cos(xy) + sin(xy)] dx + x 2 cos(xy)dy = 0

V:
[ xy cos(xy) + sin(xy) ] y x nn y l phng trnh vi phn ton phn. Chn x 0 = 1, y0 = 0 ta c:
y

x 2 cos(xy)

= 2x cos(xy) x 2 y sin(xy)

u(x, y) = x 2 cos(xy)dy = x sin(xy) 0 = x sin(xy) .

y 0

Vy tch phn tng qut ca phng trnh cho l: x sin(xy) = C

5.2.5.2. Phng php tha s tch phn

Trong nhiu trng hp mc d phng trnh vi phn: M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0
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khng phi l mt phng trnh vi phn ton phn, nhng ta c th chn hm s (x, y) sao cho khi nhn (x, y) vo hai v, ta thu c phng trnh vi phn ton phn: (x, y)M(x, y)dx + (x, y)N(x, y)dy = 0 (5.9) Hm s (x, y) c gi l tha s tch phn. T iu kin v tri ca (5.9) l vi phn hon chnh ta c:
[M ] y = [N ] x

(5.10)

Ni chung tha s tch phn (x, y) khng d tm m ta thng xt trng hp n gin khi tha s tch phn ch ph thuc vo mt bin s: = (x) hoc = (y) .
V d 10: Gii phng trnh:

(2xy 2 3y3 )dx + (7 3xy 2 )dy = 0 bng cch tm tha s tch phn = (y) . T iu kin (5.10) ta c: '(y)(2xy 2 3y3 ) + (y)(4xy 9y 2 ) = 3y 2(y)
y(2x 3y) [ 2(y) + y '(y) ] = 0 .

Vi iu kin y(2x 3y) 0 , ta c: 2(y) + y '(y) = 0 (y) = Chn C = 1 ta c tha s tch phn (y) = C . y2

1 , phng trnh cho tng ng: y2

7 (2x 3y)dx + 2 3x dy = 0 . y Chn x 0 = 0, y0 = 1 , ta c:

x 7 7 u(x, y) = (2x 3)dx + 2 3x dy = x 2 3xy + 7 . y y 0 1 y

Vy tch phn tng qut ca phng trnh cho l: x2

5.3. 5.3.1.

7 3xy + 7 = C . y

Phng trnh vi phn cp hai Phng trnh vi phn cp hai

5.3.1.1. Nghim tng qut v nghim ring

Phng trnh vi phn cp hai c dng tng qut:

F(x, y, y ', y '') = 0

(5.11)
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Bi 5: Phng trnh vi phn

trong F l hm s ca 4 bin. Thng thng vic gii phng trnh dng tng qut rt phc tp, nn ngi ta xt phng trnh vi phn cp hai dng gii ra o hm: y '' = f (x, y, y ') (5.11) Vic gii phng trnh cp hai l tm tt c cc hm s y = (x) sao cho khi thay vo (5.11) v (5.11) ta c cc ng nht thc: F(x, (x), '(x), ''(x)) 0 hoc ''(x) = f (x, (x), '(x)) .
V d 11: Gii phng trnh y '' = 6x .

Ta c: (y ') ' = 6x y ' = 6xdx = 3x 2 + C1 y = (3x 2 + C1 )dx = x 3 + C1x + C2 . Ta thy nghim ca phng trnh vi phn cp hai ni trn ph thuc vo hai hng s. T y ta c nh ngha:
nh ngha: Ta gi h hm s: y = (x, C1 , C2 ) l nghim tng qut ca mt phng trnh vi phn

cp hai nu khi gn cho mi k hiu C1 , C2 mt gi tr xc nh th ta c mt nghim ca phng trnh . Mi nghim nhn c t nghim tng qut khi gn cho C1 , C2 cc gi tr xc nh gi l nghim ring ca phng trnh. Trong v d 11, cho C1 = 1, C2 = 1 , ta c mt nghim ring ca phng trnh l: y = x3 + x 1.
5.3.1.2. Tch phn tng qut v tch phn ring

Tng t nh trng hp phng trnh vi phn cp mt, khng phi lc no ta cng c th gii c tng minh nghim ca mt phng trnh di dng hm s y = (x, C1 , C2 ) , m ch c th a v mt phng trnh hm n. nh ngha: Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn vit di dng hm n: (x, y, C1 , C2 ) = 0 c gi l tch phn tng qut ca phng trnh . Mi tch phn ng vi gi tr xc nh ca C1 , C2 c gi l mt tch phn ring ca phng trnh .
5.3.1.3. Bi ton Cauchy

Xt phng trnh vi phn cp hai: y '' = f (x, y, y ') = 0 Bi ton Cauchy l bi ton tm nghim ca phng trnh ni trn tho mn cc iu kin ban u: y(x 0 ) = y 0 , y '(x 0 ) = y . 0 Ta tha nhn nh l sau y v s tn ti v duy nht nghim ca phng trnh vi phn cp hai.
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Bi 5: Phng trnh vi phn

nh l: Gi s hm s f (x, y, y ') xc nh v lin tc trong mt ln cn U ca im

M 0 (x 0 , y0 , y 0 ') v tn ti cc hng s K1 , K 2 > 0 sao cho:

f (x, y 2 , y ') f (x, y1 , y ') K1 y 2 y1 (x, y1 , y '), (x, y 2 , y ') U

f (x, y, y 2 ') f (x, y, y1 ') K1 y 2 ' y1 ' (x, y, y1 '), (x, y, y 2 ') U .

Khi tn ti > 0 nh sao cho tn ti duy nht nghim y = (x) xc nh trong khong (x 0 , x 0 + ) tho mn iu kin ban u.
5.3.1.4. Mt s phng trnh cp hai h cp c

Sau y ta xt mt s trng hp phng trnh vi phn cp hai c th a c v phng trnh cp mt. Phng trnh khuyt: y, y ' : y '' = f (x) . Ta ly nguyn hm hai v hai ln: y ' = f (x)dx = g(x) + C1 y = (g(x) + C1 )dx = G(x) + C1x + C2 .
V d 12:

Gii phng trnh y''= x 2 . x3 y ' = x dx = + C1 3

2

x3 x4 y = ( + C1 )dx = + C1x + C 2 . 3 12 Phng trnh khuyt: y : y '' = f (x, y ') . t y ' = z y '' = z ' , ta a v gii phng trnh vi phn cp mt z ' = f (x, z) .
V d 13:

y' . x t y ' = z , ta c phng trnh: Gii phng trnh y '' = z' = Ly tch phn hai v ta c: 1 y = C1x 2 + C2 . 2 Phng trnh khuyt x : y '' = f (y, y ') . t z = y ' , khi :
dy d 2 y dz dz dy dz = y ' = z; 2 = = =z . dx dx dx dy dx dy

z y ' = z = C1x x

Phng trnh cho tr thnh zz ' = f (y, z) , l phng trnh cp mt ca hm z = z(y)

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Bi 5: Phng trnh vi phn

V d 14:

Gii phng trnh: y '2 + 2yy '' = 0 . t y ' = z , suy ra: y ''(x) = dz dz y '(x) = zz '(y) . = dx dy

Phng trnh cho tr thnh: z 2 + 2yzz ' = 0 . Nu z = 0 y ' = 0 , suy ra y = C l mt nghim ca phng trnh. Nu z 0 : z 2 + 2yzz ' = 0 ( yz 2 ) ' = 0 yz 2 = C1
y' = z =
5.3.2.

C1 y 2 y3 dy = dx = x + C2 . y C1 3 C1

Phng trnh tuyn tnh cp hai

Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai l phng trnh dng:

y ''+ p(x)y '+ q(x)y = f (x)

(5.12)

trong p(x), q(x), f (x) l cc hm s cho trc. Nu f (x) 0 , (5.12) c gi l phng trnh thun nht. Nu f (x) 0 , (5.12) c gi l phng trnh khng thun nht. Tng t phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp mt, ta nu ra cu trc ca nghim ca phng trnh khng thun nht trong mi lin h vi nghim ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng. Ta lun gi s f (x), p(x), q(x) l cc hm lin tc.
5.3.2.1. Phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht

y ''+ p(x)y '+ q(x)y = 0

nh l 1:

(5.13)

Nu y1 (x), y 2 (x) l hai nghim ca phng trnh (5.13) th C1 y1 (x) + C2 y 2 (x) trong C1 , C2 l hai hng s, cng l nghim ca phng trnh . Tht vy, do y1 (x) v y 2 (x) l nghim ca phng trnh (5.13) nn: y1 ''+ p(x)y1 '+ q(x)y1 = 0 y 2 ''+ p(x)y 2 '+ q(x)y 2 = 0 . Nhn ln lt hai v ca hai phng trnh trn vi hai hng s C1 , C2 tng ng, ta c: (C1 y1 + C2 y 2 ) ''+ p(x)(C1 y1 + C2 y 2 ) '+ q(x)(C1 y1 + C2 y 2 ) = 0 . Vy y = C1 y1 + C2 y 2 cng l nghim ca phng trnh (5.13).
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Bi 5: Phng trnh vi phn

nh ngha: Hai hm s y1 (x) v y 2 (x) c gi l ph thuc tuyn tnh trn tp D nu tn ti

cc s k1 , k 2 khng ng thi bng 0 sao cho:

k1 y1 (x) + k 2 y 2 (x) = 0, x [ a, b ] .

Ngc li nu ng nht thc trn xy ra ch khi k1 = k 2 = 0 th ta ni y1 (x), y 2 (x) c lp tuyn tnh trn tp D. Nhn xt: H hai hm s y1 (x) v y 2 (x) ph thuc tuyn tnh trn tp D khi v ch khi y 2 (x) l hng s trn D. y1 (x) .

V d 15: Cc cp hm s sau y c lp tuyn tnh trn

a) b)

{e

ax

, e bx } , ( a b ) .

{1, x} .

nh ngha: Cho hai hm s y1 (x) v y 2 (x) . nh thc:

W(y1 , y 2 ) = y1 y2 y1 ' y 2 ' = y1 y 2 ' y 2 y1 ' .

c gi l nh thc Wronsky ca y1 , y 2 Ta tha nhn mt s nh l sau v nh thc Wronsky ca hai hm s y1 , y 2 .

nh l 2:

Nu hai hm s y1 (x) v y 2 (x) ph thuc tuyn tnh trn on [ a, b ] th W(y1 , y 2 ) 0 .

nh l 3: Gi s hai nghim y1 , y 2 ca phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht (5.13) c nh thc

Wronsky W(y1 , y 2 )(x 0 ) 0 , vi mt gi tr x 0 [ a, b ] th W(y1 , y 2 )(x) 0 vi mi

x [ a, b ] .

nh l 4:

Nu cc nghim y1 , y 2 ca phng trnh (5.13) l c lp tuyn tnh trn on [ a, b ] th nh thc Wronsky W(y1 , y 2 ) khc khng ti mi im ca on y. Ta c nh l sau y v cu trc nghim ca phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht (5.13).
nh l 5: Nu y1 (x), y 2 (x) l hai nghim c lp tuyn tnh ca phng trnh (5.13) th nghim

tng qut ca phng trnh l: y = C1 y1 (x) + C2 y 2 (x) trong C1 , C2 l cc hng s bt k.

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Bi 5: Phng trnh vi phn

Chng minh:

Theo nh l 1, y = C1 y1 + C2 y 2 l nghim ca phng trnh (5.13). Ngc li, ta cn chng minh vi mi iu kin ban u y(x 0 ) = y0 , y '(x 0 ) = y0 ' ta lun tm c cc hng s C1 , C2 y = C1 y1 + C2 y 2 l nghim ring ca (5.13) ng vi iu kin ban u cho. Tht vy, ta cn gii h phng trnh:
y 0 = C1 y1 (x 0 ) + C2 y 2 (x 0 ) y 0 ' = C1 y1 '(x 0 ) + C2 y 2 '(x 0 ).

Hin nhin h ny c nghim duy nht (C1 , C2 ) v nh thc ca h chnh l nh thc Wronsky W(y1 , y 2 )(x 0 ) 0 (pcm).
5.3.2.2. Phng trnh tuyn tnh khng thun nht

y ''+ p(x)y '+ q(x)y = f (x)

(5.12)

Tng t nh i vi phng trnh vi phn cp mt tuyn tnh khng thun nht, ta c nh l sau v cu trc nghim ca phng trnh khng thun nht.
nh l 6:

Nghim tng qut y(x) ca phng trnh khng thun nht (5.12) bng tng ca nghim tng qut y(x) ca phng trnh thun nht (5.13) cng vi mt nghim ring y* (x) ca phng trnh khng thun nht (5.12).
5.3.2.3. Phng php bin thin hng s

Trong trng hp khng d dng nhm ra nghim ring ca phng trnh khng thun nht (5.12), ta c th s dng phng php bin thin hng s tm nghim ring ny. Gi s y = C1 y1 + C2 y 2 l nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht (5.13), ta s tm nghim ring ca (5.12) di dng: y* = C1 (x)y1 + C2 (x)y 2 . Thay y* vo phng trnh y ''+ p(x)y '+ q(x)y = f (x) , ta cn tnh:

( y ) ' = C '(x)y
* 1

+ C1 (x)y1 '+ C2 '(x)y 2 + C2 (x)y 2 ' .

Ta s chn C1 (x), C2 (x) tho mn: C1 '(x)y1 (x) + C2 '(x)y 2 (x) = 0 . Khi ( y* ) ' = C1 (x)y1 '+ C2 (x)y 2 ' . Tnh ( y* ) '' v thay vo v tri ca (5.12), ta c: f (x) = VT = C1 '(x)y1 '(x) + C2 '(x)y 2 '(x) (do y1 ''+ p(x)y1 '+ q(x)y1 = y 2 ''+ p(x)y 2 '+ q(x)y 2 = 0 ).
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Bi 5: Phng trnh vi phn

Tm li C1 (x), C2 (x) tho mn h phng trnh:

y1 (x)C1 '(x) + y 2 (x)C2 '(x) = 0 y1 '(x)C1 '(x) + y 2 '(x)C2 '(x) = f (x)

V y1 v y 2 l hai nghim c lp tuyn tnh ca phng trnh thun nht nn nh thc Wronsky ca chng khc khng, do t h trn ta c th gii ra c C1 (x) v C2 (x) . Vy ta gii phng trnh tuyn tnh khng thun nht theo ba bc sau y.
Bc 1: Tm nghim tng qut y = C1 y1 + C2 y 2 ca phng trnh tuyn tnh

thun nht.
Bc 2: Tm mt nghim ring y* ca phng trnh khng thun nht (5.12). Ta c

th nhm nghim trong trng hp n gin, hoc tm nghim bng phng php bin thin hng s.
Bc 3. Kt lun nghim y = y + y* .
V d 16:

Gii phng trnh y ''+ y =

1 cos x

(**)

Bc 1: Gii phng trnh thun nht y ''+ y = 0 , suy ra y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x

(cch gii phng trnh h s hng ny s c trnh by trong phn sau).

Bc 2: Tm nghim ring ca phng trnh (**) di dng

y* = C1 (x) cos x + C2 (x) sin x , trong C1 (x), C2 (x) l nghim ca h

cos xC1 '(x) + sin xC2 '(x) = 0 1 C1 '(x) = tg x;C 2 '(x) = 1. sin xC1 '(x) + cos xC2 '(x) = cos x Ta tm c:

C1 (x) = tg xdx = ln cos x + C1 C2 (x) = x + C2 trong C1 , C2 l hai hng s bt k. c mt nghim ring, ta c th chn:
C1 = C 2 = 0 .

Vy nghim tng qut ca phng trnh cho l:

y = C1 cos x + C 2 sin x + cos x ln cos x + x sin x .
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Bi 5: Phng trnh vi phn

5.3.3.

Phng trnh tuyn tnh cp hai h s hng

5.3.3.1. Phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht h s hng

Xt phng trnh y ''+ py '+ qy = 0 trong p, q l cc hng s thc.

nh ngha: Phng trnh c trng ca phng trnh (5.14) l:

(5.14)

2 + p + q = 0

(5.15)

Tu theo gi tr nghim ca phng trnh c trng (5.15) m ta c cng thc nghim tng qut ca (5.14). Gi s phng trnh ny c hai nghim 1 , 2 . Nu 1 2 l hai nghim thc phn bit th nghim tng qut y = C1e1x + C2 e2 x . Nu 1 = 2 th nghim tng qut y = e1x (C1 + C2 x) . Nu hai nghim phc 1,2 = i th y = ex (C1 cos x + C2 sin x) .
V d 16: Gii cc phng trnh vi phn

a) y '' 2y ' 3y = 0 . Phng trnh c trng l 2 2 3 = 0 = 1, = 3 . Do nghim tng qut ca phng trnh l y = C1e x + C2 e3x b) y ''+ 2y + 5 = 0 . Phng trnh c trng l 2 + 2 + 5 = 0 1,2 = 1 2i . Do nghim tng qut ca phng trnh cho l y = e x (C1 sin 2x + C2 cos 2x).
5.3.3.2. Phng trnh tuyn tnh khng thun nht h s hng

y ''+ py '+ qy = f (x) . Ta bit phng php bin thin hng s tm nghim ring ca phng trnh khng thun nht y* . Tuy nhin i vi mt s dng c th ca v phi f (x) , ta c cch la chn dng c bit ca nghim ring y* . Phng trnh c trng tng ng l 2 + p + q = 0 (5.15). Nu f (x) = ex Pn (x) m trong Pn (x) l mt a thc bc n , l mt hng s
o o o

M khng l nghim ca (5.15) th ta tm nghim dng y* = ex Q n (x) . M l nghim n ca (5.15) th ta tm nghim dng y* = xex Q n (x) . M l nghim kp ca (5.15) th ta tm nghim dng y* = x 2 ex Q n (x) , trong Q n (x) l mt a thc bc n.

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Bi 5: Phng trnh vi phn

Nu f ( x ) = ex Pn ( x ) cos x + Q m ( x ) sin x trong , l cc hng s,

Pn (x), Q m ( x ) l cc a thc vi bc tng ng l n, m, max ( n,m ) = 1
o

M i khc nghim phc a ib ca (5.15) th ta tm nghim dng y* = ex R1 ( x ) cos x +S1 ( x ) sin x

M i l nghim phc a ib ca (5.15) th ta tm nghim dng y* = xex R1 ( x ) cos x +S1 ( x ) sin x .

V d 18:

Gii cc phng trnh vi phn: a) y '' y = (2x + 1)e 2x . Phng trnh c trng 2 1 = 0 c hai nghim l 1,2 = 1 , nn nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng l: y = C1e x + C2 e x . v phi = 2 khng l nghim ca phng trnh c trng, nn ta tm nghim ring ca phng trnh khng thun nht dng y* = (Ax + B)ex . Thay vo phng trnh, ta thu c: 2 5 4Axe 2x + (4A + 4B)e 2x (Ax + B)e 2x = (2x + 1)e 2x A = ; B = 3 9 2x 5 2x 2x 5 2x nn y* = e . e v y = C1e x + C2 e x + 3 9 3 9 b) y '' 2y ' 3y = xe x . Phng trnh c trng 2 2 3 = 0 c hai nghim 1 = 1; 2 = 3 , nn nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng l:
y = C1e x + C2 e3x .

v phi, = 1 l nghim n ca phng trnh c trng, do ta tm nghim ring ca phng trnh khng thun nht dng: y* = xe x (Ax + B) . Thay vo phng trnh cho, ta thu c: 1 y '' 2y ' 3y = xe x A = , B = 0 8 nn y* = x2 x x2 e v y = C1e x + C2 e3x + e x . 8 8

Nu f (x) = ex [ Pm (x) cos x + Pn (x) sin x ] , trong Pm (x), Pn (x) l cc a thc bc m and n, l hng s.
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Bi 5: Phng trnh vi phn

Nu i khng l nghim ca phng trnh (5.15), ta tm nghim ring dng:

y* = ex [ Ql (x) cos x + R l (x) sin x ] , trong l = max(m, n) .

Nu i l mt nghim ca phng trnh (5.15) ta tm nghim ring dng:

y* = xex ( Ql (x) cos x + R l (x) sin x )

trong l = max(m, n) v Q l (x) l a thc bc l.

V d 19: Gii phng trnh vi phn y ''+ y = x cos x .

Phng trnh thun nht tng ng l y ''+ y = 0 . Phng trnh c trng 2 + 1 = 0 c hai nghim = i , nn nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht l:
y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x .

Ta tm nghim ring ca phng trnh khng thun nht y ''+ y = x cos x dng:
y* = x [ (Ax + B) cos x + (Cx + D) sin x ] .

Thay vo phng trnh ta c A = D = 0, B = C = y* = x ( cos x + x sin x ) . 4

1 , suy ra: 4

Vy nghim tng qut ca phng trnh cho l: y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x + x ( cos x + x sin x ) . 4

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Bi 5: Phng trnh vi phn

TM LC CUI BI

Trong bi ny chng ta nghin cu vn l: Phng trnh vi phn. Nghim, nghim ring, tch phn c bn, tch phn ring ca phng trnh vi phn (cp mt v cp hai). Mi quan h gia nghim ca mt phng trnh thun nht v nghim ca phng trnh khng thun nht. Phng php gii mt s loi phng trnh vi phn cp mt v cp hai.

Bi ny trnh by cc khi nim c bn v phng trnh vi phn: nh ngha phng trnh vi phn, cp, nghim ring, v nghim tng qut, ng cong tch phn ca phng trnh vi phn, phng php gii mt s phng trnh vi phn cp 1 v phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 2. Hc vin cn hiu r cc khi nim , nhn c cc phng trnh hc v gii cc phng trnh , hiu c ngha hnh hc v ngha thc tin ca bi ton t ra.
CU HI N TP 1. Th no l nghim tng qut v tch phn tng qut ca mt phng trnh vi phn cp n? 2. Hy nu cu trc ca nghim ca mt phng trnh tuyn tnh khng thun nht cp hai. Nu phng php bin thin hng s tm nghim ring ca phng trnh tuyn tnh khng thun nht.

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Bi 5: Phng trnh vi phn

BI TP 1. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn cp mt sau

a) tg ydx x ln xdy = 0 c) x 2 y '+ y 2 + xy + x 2 = 0 e) y ' 2xy = 1 2x 2

2. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn
x3 a) 3x 2 (1 + ln y)dx 2y dy = 0 y

b) y '(2x + y) = 1, y(0) = 1 y d) xy ' = y ln , y(1) = 1 x f) y ' = x y +1 . x+ y+3

b) ydx x(1 + xy)dy = 0 bng cch tm tha s tch phn dng (x) .
3. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn cp hai khuyt

a) y '' =

1 + 2x 2 cos x

b) xy '' y ' = 0 d) yy '' y '2 + y '3 = 0 .

c) y ''2 + y '2 = 1
4 Gii cc phng trnh vi phn sau

a) y '' 7y '+ 6y = sin x c) y ''+ 2y '+ y = e x (x + 1)

b) y '' 5y '+ 4y = e x d) y ''+ 4y = 2sin 2x .

116