Fundamentals of Vector Spaces Additional Problems

1. Show that space C[a,b] with kxk = is not an inner product space. Hint: This can be proved by showing that parallelogram law does not hold in C[a,b] with maximum norm. Take x(t) = 1 and y(t) = (t a)=(b a) show that parallelogram law will fail to hold with above denition of the norm. 2. Which of the following subsets of R3 constitute a sub-space of R3 ? (a) All x such that x1 = x2 + 2 and x3 = 0 (b) All x such that x1 + x2 x3 = 1 max jx(t)j t 2 [a; b]

3. If Y and Z are sub-spaces of a vector space X, then Y\Z is a subspace of X, but Y[Z need not be one. Give examples from R3 to support this statement. 4. Show that p

n kxk1

kxk2

kxk1

in Rn the 2 norm (Euclidean norm) and 1 norm are equivalent. 5. Let X denote the set of all 3 x 3 matrices. Does the set of symmetric 3 x 3 matrices form a sub-space of X? What about the set of all 3 x 3 singular matrices? 6. (Convex set, segment) A subset A of a vector space X is said to be convex, if x; y 2 A implies M = fz 2 Xjz = x + (1 )y; 0 1g A

M is called closed segnment with coundary points x and y. Any other z is called interior point of M. Show that the closed unit ball B(0; 1) = fx 2Xj kxk 1g in a normed space is convex. (Hint: Apply triangle inequality to z): 7. In an inner product space, show that the condition kxk = kyk implies hx + y; x this mean geometrically in R2 ? yi = 0: What does

8. ApolloniuusIdentity: Verify by direct calculations that for any elements in an inner product space kz xk + kz
2

yk =

1 kx 2

yk + 2 z

1 (x + y) 2

Show that this identity can be obtained from parallelogram equality.

9. We know that there corresponds a norm to an inner product. Conversely, we can rediscover the inner product from the corresponding norm. Verify using direct calculations that polarization identity holds in any inner product space i 1h 2 2 kx + yk kx yk hx; yi = 4 Using of the fact that the polarization identity must hold in any inner product space, show that the following norm dened on a vector space R2 cannot be obtained from the inner product kxk = jx1 j + jx2 j